SMART PATIENT HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM USING

IOT

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

Bachelor of Engineering Degree in

Computer Science and Engineering

By

SUMEET DHALI (Roll no-17CS0445)

SURAJ PRAKASH (Roll no-17CS8094)

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF
COMPUTING
SATHYABAMA
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)
Accredited WITH Grade “A” by NAAC
JEPPIAR NAGAR,RAJIV GANDHI SALAI,CHENNAI-600119

MARCH 2021

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DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINNERING

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this Project Report is the bonafide work of SUMEET DHALI (Roll

no-17CS0445) and SURAJ PRAKASH (Roll no-17CS8094) who carried out

the project entitled “SMART PATIENT HEALTH MONITORING
SYSTEM USING IOT”.under our supervision from Jan 2021 to April 2021.

Internal Guide

Dr. T. JUDGI,M.E.,Ph.D
Head of the Department

Dr.L.LAKSHMANAN ,M.E.,Ph.D

Dr.S.VIGNESHWARI,M.E.,Ph.D.

Submitted For Viva Voice Examination held on

Internal Examiner External Examiner

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 DECLARATION

I SUMEET DHALI (Roll no-17CS0445) and SURAJ PRAKASH (Roll

no-17CS8094) hereby Declare that the project Report entitled “SMART PATIENT
HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM USING IOT” done by under the guidance of
Dr.T.JUDGI, M.E,,Ph.D is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award
of Bachelor of Engineering degree in Computer Science and Engineering.

DATE:

PLACE:CHENNAI SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATE

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am pleased to acknowledge my sincere thanks to Board of Management of

SATHYABAMA for their kind encouragement in doing this project and for completing
it successfully. I am grateful to them.

I convey my thanks to Dr.T.SASIKALA ,M.E.,Ph.D.,Dean,School of

Computing and Dr.S.VIGNESHWARI ,M.E.,Ph.D. Head of the
Department,Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering for providing me
necessary support and details at the right time during the progressive reviews.

I would like to express my sincere and deep sense of gratitude to my Project Guide Dr.T.
JUDGI. M.E.,Ph.D., for her valuable guidance, suggestions and constant
encouragement paved way for the successful completion of my project work.

I wish to express my thanks to all Teaching and Non-teaching staff members of the
Department of COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING who were helpful in many
ways for the completion of the project.

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 ABSTRACT

The fundamental element of people’s needs is health .Humans face a haul of surprising death
and plenty of diseases because of varied diseases that are a result of lack of treatment to the
patients at right time. The main objective of this project is to develop a reliable sensible
patient health observance system victimization IoT so the attention professionals will monitor
their patients. The sensors will be either worn or be embedded into the body of the patients,
to unendingly monitor their health. the knowledge collected in such a fashion will behold on,
analyzed, and well-mined to try and do the first prediction of diseases. A mobile device-
based attention observance system is developed which may offer period on-line data
regarding physiological conditions of a patient primarily consists of sensors, the information
acquisition unit, Arduino, and programmed with code. The patient’s temperature, heartbeat
rate, pressure level, graph knowledge square measure monitored, displayed, and hold on by
the system and sent to the doctor’s and patient's mobile containing the appliance. The
sensible Health observance System monitors health standing and saves it on the online page.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO
1 ABSTRACT v
LIST OF FIGURE viii
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BACKGROUND 3
1.2 MOTIVATION 4
1.3 IOT DEFINATION 4
2 AIM AND SCOPE
2.1 AIM 7
2.2 OBJECTIVE 8
2.3 SCOPE 8

3 SYSTEM DESIGN
3.1 EXSISTING SYSTEM 11
3.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT 11
3.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM 11
3.4 ADVANTAGE 12
3.5 BLOCK DIAGRAM 13
3.6 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION 13

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 3.7 HARDWARE REQUIREMENT 15
3.8 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT 15

4 HARDWARE DESIGN
4.1 AURDINO UNO AND ITS PROGRAMMING 16
4.2 OVERVIEW 17
4.3 SUMMARY 18
4.4 PIN CONFIGURATION 19
4.5 TEMPERATURE SENSOR 20
4.6 PULSE SENSOR 23
4.7 WIFI MODULE 26
4.8 THING SPEAK 30
4.9 LCD DISPLAY 32

5 RESULT AND CONCLUSION

5.1 Conclusion 36
REFERENCES 37
APPENDIX
A.SOURCE 41

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. FIGURE NAME PAGE NO.

1.3 IOT ARCHITECTURE 5

3.5 BLOCK DIAGRAM 13
3.7 STRUCTURE DIAGRAM 14
4.1 AURDINO 17
4.4 PIN DIAGRAM 20
4.5 TEMPERATURE SENSOR 21
4.5 LM35 TEMPERATURE SENSOR 22
4.6 PULSE SENSOR 24
4.7 ESP8266 WIFI MODULE 27
4.8 BLOCK DIAGRAM THING SPEAK 31
5.1 SERIAL MONITOR 32
5.2 STRUCTURE OF PROJECT 34

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5.4 OUTPUT CONSOLE 35

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTIO

The Internet of things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects “things” that are
embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and
exchanging data with other devices and systems over the Internet. There are a number of
serious concerns about dangers in the growth of IoT, especially in the areas of privacy and
security, and consequently industry and governmental moves to address these concerns have
begun including the development of international standards. The Internet of Medical Things
(IoMT) is an application of the IoT for medical and health related purposes, data collection
and analysis for research, and monitoring. The IoMT has been referenced as "Smart
Healthcare" as the technology for creating a digitized healthcare system, connecting available
medical resources and healthcare services.
The IOT is generally considered as connecting objects to the Internet and using that
connection for control of those objects or remote monitoring. But this definition was referred
only to part of IOT evolution considering the machine to machine market today. But actual
definition of IOT is creating a brilliant, invisible network which can be sensed, controlled
and programmed. The products developed based on IOT include embedded technology which
allows them to exchange information, with each other or the Internet and it is assessed that
about 8 to 50 billion devices will be connected by 2020. Since these devices come online,
they provide better life style, create safer and more engaged communities and revolutionized
healthcare. The entire concept of IOT stands on sensors, gateway and wireless network
which enable users to communicate and access the application/information.
Specialized sensors can also be equipped within living spaces to monitor the health and
general well-being of senior citizens, while also ensuring that proper treatment is being
administered and assisting people regain lost mobility via therapy as well.These sensors
create a network of intelligent sensors that are able to collect, process, transfer, and analyze
valuable information in different environments, such as connecting in-home monitoring
devices to hospital-based systems. Other

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consumer devices to encourage healthy living, such as connected scales or wearable heart
monitors, are also a possibility with the IoT.
The application of the IoT in healthcare plays a fundamental role in managing chronic
diseases and in disease prevention and control. Remote monitoring is made possible through
the connection of powerful wireless solutions. The connectivity enables health practitioners
to capture patient's data and applying complex algorithms in health data analysis.
Health is a fundamental element of people’s need for a better life. Unfortunately, the global
health problem has created a dilemma because of certain factors, such as poor health services,
the presence of large gaps between rural and urban areas, physicians, and nurses
unavailability during the hardest timeThe Healthcare industry remains among the fastest to
adopt the Internet of Things. The reason for this trend is that integrating IoT features into
medical devices greatly improves the quality and effectiveness of service, bringing especially
high value for the elderly, patients with chronic conditions, and those requiring constant
supervision. According to some estimates, spending on the Healthcare IoT solutions will
reach a staggering $1 trillion by 2025 and, hopefully, will set the stage for highly
personalized, accessible, and on-time Healthcare services for everyone. Networked sensors,
either worn on the body or embedded in our living environments, make possible the
gathering of rich information indicative of our physical and mental health. Captured on a
continual basis, aggregated, and effectively mined, such information can bring about a
positive transformative change in the health care landscape. The IoT is used by clinical care
to monitor physiological statuses of patients through sensors by collecting and analyzing
their information and then sending analyzed patient’s data remotely to processing centers to
make suitable actions. Not only for patients, it also useful for normal people to check the
health status by using wearable devices with sensors.
Health has prime importance in everyone’s life. currently, attention and eudaimonia
management is one every of the foremost promising applications of knowledge technology.
Among the applications that the Internet of Things (IoT) beyond any doubt reworking the
attention trade, In general, IoT has been wide accustomed to interconnect advanced medical
resources and to supply sensible and effective attention services to the individuals. In recent
years the Internet of Things(IoT) plays

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a key role in the healthcare industry. The world population is increasing continuously. In
many parts of our country, people are not getting medical facilities at right time. Due to
covid 19, many people unable to go to the hospital because of that people are unable to do
their routine check-ups for their blood pressure and body temperature. Also, many peoples
are not going because of a lot of lengthy processes or because of not availability of doctors.
So, we are doing this project for reducing

time consumption. In recent years the application of IoT in healthcare is increasing.

so, having a smart patient health monitoring system is observed that it will reduce time, cost,
and reduce efficiency. People can easily monitor themselves and can get the report at the
same time. Because of that, it is easy for the early prediction of diseases. The body
temperature, heartbeat rate, blood pressure are the main factors or parameters to diagnose the
disease. This project gives temperature, pulse rate, and Ecg data.

1.1 Background

The Future Internet goal is to provide an infrastructure to have an immediate access to

information about the physical world and its objects. Physical objects can be applicable to
different application domains, such as e-health, warehouse management, etc. Each
application domain may have different types of physical devices. Each physical device can
have its own specifications, which is required to use in order to interact with it. To achieve
the future Internet goal, a layered vision is required that can facilitate data access. Internet of
Things (IoT) is a vision that aims to integrate the virtual world of information to the real
world of devices through a layered architecture.

The term „Internet of Things‟ consists of two words, namely Internet and Things. Internet
refers to the global network infrastructure with scalable, configurable capabilities based on
interoperable and standard communication protocols. Things are physical objects or devices,
or virtual objects, devices or information, which have identities, physical attributes and
virtual personalities, and use intelligent interfaces . For instance, a virtual object can
represent an abstract unit of sensor nodes that

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contains metadata to identify and discover its corresponding sensor nodes. Therefore, IoT
refers to the things that can provide information from the physical environment through the
Internet.

Middleware is as an interface between the hardware layer and the application layer, which
is responsible for interacting with devices and information management . The role of a
middleware is to present a unified programming model to interact with devices. A
middleware is in charge of masking the heterogeneity and distribution problems that we
face when interacting with devices .

1.2 Motivation

IoT-based system is in charge of providing knowledge from an environment to an non-expert

user. IoT-based system can be used in different environments, so it needs to be able to
address many heterogeneous devices. Thus, a major concern within developing an IoT-based
system is how to handle the interaction with the heterogeneous devices for non-expert users.
This concern can be addressed by a middleware layer between devices and non-expert users.
This layer is responsible to hide the diversity of devices from the user perspective, and
provides access transparency to the devices for the end users.
The idea of creating abstractions of devices been addressed in the literature. The middleware
we found in the literature can provide satisfaction by facilitating the interaction with devices,
but they do not support low-level device configuration .
Modern health care system introduces new technologies like wearable devices or cloud of
things. It provides flexibility in terms of recording patients monitored data and send it
remotely via IOT. In storage stage, data is stored, updated for future use. In data retrieving
stage, retrieve data from cloud.

1.3. IoT definition

In this section, we explain some of the IoT definitions. Also, we explain the layered
architecture for IoT.

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Internet of Things (IoT) has increasingly gained attention in industry to interact with different
types of devices. IoT can have influence on industry and society by integrating physical
devices into information networks . IoT impacts can be on different perspectives, namely for
private and business users. From the perspective of a private user, IoT has effect on both
working and personal fields, such as smart homes and offices, e-health and assisted living.
From the aspect of a business user the impacts would be in fields such as automation and
industrial manufacturing, logistics, business process management, intelligent transportation
of people and goods.
IoT integrates physical things into information networks. IoT covers the overall
infrastructure, including software, hardware and services, which is used to support these
information networks. The integrated physical things can exchange data about the physical
properties and information that they sense in their environment. To identify devices, we can
use identification technologies like for example RFID, which allow each device be uniquely
identified

FIG 1.3 IOT ARCHITECTURE

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International Telecommunication Union (ITU) defines IoT as “A global infrastructure for
the Information Society, enabling advanced services by interconnecting (physical
and virtual) things based on, existing and evolving, interoperable information and
communication technologies”.

IoT has a layered architecture designed to answer the demands of various industries,
enterprises and society. It shows a generic layered architecture for IoT that consist of five
layers, which are discussed, in the following:
● Edge Technology layer
This is a hardware layer that consists of embedded systems, RFID tags, sensor networks
and all of the other sensors in different forms. This hardware layer can perform several
functions, such as collecting information from a system or an environment, processing
information and supporting communication.

● Access Gateway layer

This layer is concerned with data handling, and is responsible for publishing and subscribing
the services that are provided by the Things, message routing, and hovelling the
communication between platforms.
● Middleware layer
This layer has some critical functionalities, such as aggregating and filtering the received
data from the hardware devices, performing information discovery and providing access
control to the devices for applications.
● Application layer
This layer is responsible for delivering various application services. These services are
provided through the middleware layer to different applications and users in IoT-based

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 CHAPTER 2
AIM AND
SCOPE

2.1 AIM OF PROJECT

The primary goal of this project is to develop a smart patient health monitoring

system in such a way that we can get all the necessary and detailed information of the
disease. The proposed system measures the body temperature, pulse rate and ECG data.
Health is always a major concern in every growth the human race is advancing in terms of
technology. Like the recent corona virus attack that has ruined the economy of China to an
extent is an example how health care has become of major importance. In such areas where
the epidemic is spread, it is always a better idea to monitor these patients using remote health
monitoring technology. Remote Patient Monitoring arrangement empowers observation of
patients outside of customary clinical settings (e.g. at home), which expands access to human
services offices at bring down expenses. The fundamental element of people’s needs is
health .Humans face a haul of surprising death and plenty of diseases because of varied
diseases that are a result of lack of treatment to the patients at right time. The

7
main objective of this project is to develop a reliable sensible patient health observance
system victimization IoT so the attention professionals will monitor their patients. The
sensors will be either worn or be embedded into the body of the patients, to unendingly
monitor their health. the knowledge collected in such a fashion will behold on, analyzed, and
well-mined to try and do the first prediction of diseases. The concept of Internet of things is
recent and is defined as the integration of all devices that connect to the network, which can
be managed from the web and in turn provide information in real time, to allow interaction
with people they use it5 . Another concept of IoT "is the general idea of things, especially
everyday objects, which are readable, recognizable, locatable, addressable and controllable
via the Internet - either through RFID, wireless LAN, wide area network, or by other means
"6 . IoT The term itself was first mentioned by Kevin Ashton in 1998 and aims at the
exchange of information7 . On the other hand8 , the Internet of things can be seen from three
paradigms, which are Internet-oriented middleware, things sensors oriented and knowledge-
oriented semantics. Therefore, it is appropriate, such delimitation because the
interdisciplinary nature of the subject. However the usefulness of the IoT is reflected when
crossing between the three paradigms in the development of applications9 . The Internet of
Things has a number challenges that are still working. IoT driven Fog Computing is
developed in the healthcare industry that can expedite facilities and services among the mass
population and help in saving billions of lives. The new computing platform, founded as fog
computing paradigm may help to ease latency while transmitting and communicating signals
with remote servers, which can accelerate medical services in spatial-temporal dimensions.
The latency reduction is one of the necessary features of computing platforms which can
enable completing the healthcare operations, especially in large-size medical projects and in
relation to providing sensitive and intensive services. Reducing the cost of delivering data to
the cloud is one of the research objectives.

2.1.1 OBJECTIVES
• To develop a reliable patient health monitoring system.
• To measure the body temperature, heartbeat rate and ecg.
• To design a system to store patient data.
• To do analysis of collected data of sensors.

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 • To get health related information in understandable format.

2.2 SCOPE
This project will help in monitoring the patient’s health which will be helpful for
doctors and patients both. It will help in reducing and early prediction of disease. The core
objective of this project is the design and implementation of a smart patient health tracking
system that uses Sensors to track patient health and uses internet to inform their loved ones in
case of any issues. The objective of developing monitoring systems is to reduce health care
costs by reducing physician office visits, hospitalizations, and diagnostic testing procedure
Each of our bodies utilizes temperature and also pulse acknowledging to peruse
understanding wellbeing. The sensors are linked to a microcontroller to track the status
which is thus interfaced to a LCD screen and additionally remote association with have the
capacity to exchange alarms. If framework finds any sudden changes in understanding heart
beat or body temperature, the framework consequently alarms the client about the patients
status over IOT and furthermore indicates subtle elements of pulse and temperature of patient
live in the web. In this manner IOT set up tolerant wellbeing following framework viably
utilizes web to screen quiet wellbeing measurements and spare persists time. The increased
use of mobile technologies and smart devices in the area of health has caused great impact on
the world. Health experts are increasingly taking advantage of the benefits these technologies
bring, thus generating a significant improvement in health care in clinical settings and out of
them. Likewise, countless ordinary users are being served from the advantages of the
MHealth (Mobile Health) applications and E-Health (health care supported by ICT) to
improve, help and assist their health. Applications that have had a major refuge for these
users, so intuitive environment. The Internet of things is increasingly allowing to integrate
devices capable of connecting to the Internet and provide information on the state of health of
patients and provide information in real time to doctors who assist. It is clear that chronic
diseases such as diabetes, heart and pressure among others, are remarkable in the world
economic and social level problem. The aim of this article is to develop an architecture based
on an ontology capable of monitoring the health and workout routine recommendations to
patients with chronic diseases. Through connected devices, it becomes easy for doctors and

9
physicians to monitor patients’ health. Also, real-time monitoring can save lives in a medical
emergency like diabetic attacks, heart failure, asthma attacks, etc.
By means of a smart medical device connected to the smartphone app, collecting medical and
other required health data will not be challenging. IoT devices collect and transfer health data
like- blood pressure, oxygen, and blood sugar levels, weight, and ECGs.
Data collected from these devices are stored in the cloud and can be used by an authorized
person, who could be a physician, insurance company, a participating health firm or an
external consultant, regardless of their place, time, or device. Another objective of IoT in
healthcare enables operability, machine-to-machine communication, information exchange,
and data movement that ultimately makes the healthcare facility delivery effective and
efficient.
Through connectivity protocols like Bluetooth LE, Wi-Fi, Z-wave, ZigBee, and other modern
protocols, healthcare personnel can change the way they spot illnesses and ailments in
patients and also innovating the ways of treatment.
Consequently, a technology-driven setup can cut regular visits to the health personnel while
lowering the cost factor. Without the cloud, it is impossible to store a vast amount of data
collected from healthcare mobile applications and devices. Also, for healthcare personnel, it
is quite tough to acquire data originating from various devices and sources.
In such a situation, IoT devices can collect, report and analyze the data in real-time while
cutting the need to store the raw data. In life-threatening circumstances, on-time alerts
become quite critical.
To combat such situations, medical IoT devices and applications can gather vital data and
transfer it to doctors and health personnel for real-time tracking. Also, these mobile
applications and IoT devices can also send notifications regarding a patient’s critical
conditions irrespective of place, time. By using IoT enabled devices, doctors can monitor
patients in real-time. Thus, the process of real-time monitoring at distinct places can help
patients cut down not-so-necessary visits to doctors, hospital stays and re-admissions.
Devices like Audemix reduces manual work which a doctor has to do during patient
charting.
The device is powered by voice commands and also captures the patient’s data.

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While doing so, it makes the patient’s data accessible for review.

CHAPTER 3

SYSTEM

DESIGN

3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM

● The system used before in health observance is that the fastened observance system, which
might be detected only the patient is within the hospital or bed. It takes abundant time for
doctors additionally as patients. within the existing system, the patient has to get hospitalized
for normal observance or routine medical.

● The systems are mensuration the health parameter of the patient and send by it

1
 through totally different platform like Bluetooth protocol many more.

● These are used for under short-range communication to transfer the information. The doctor

cannot fetch all the small print in the slightest degree times.

3.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

● In rural hospitals, the facilities for health caring are limited. The poor quality of health
management enables issues in health care system.

● In developing countries there is lack of resources and management to reach out the problems
of individuals.

● . A common man cannot afford the expensive and daily check up for his health.

3.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM

● In our proposed system,we are using the Arduino Uno, Temperature Sensor, Pulse Sensor,
ThingSpeak IoT platform, wifi Module, Power supply.

● An Smart patient health Monitoring System will not only help in maintaining health but also
reducing the work of doctors and saving the time of patients.

● The proposed method of patient monitoring system monitors patient’s health parameters
using Arduino Uno. After connecting internet to the Arduino uno, it is connected to cloud
database system which acts as a server. Then the server automatically sends data to the
receiver system. Hence, it enables continuous monitoring of the patient’s health parameters
by the doctor. Any abrupt increase or decrease in these parameter values can be detected at
the earliest and hence necessary medications can be implemented by the doctor immediately.

● Various varieties of sensors are interfaced with the microcontroller Arduino Uno to create the
system smart. The info will display on both LCD and in their webpage.

● The most ideal of the system is to transmit the knowledge through the webpage to

1
 continuous monitoring of the patient over the internet. Such a system would constantly detect
the important body parameters like temperature, vital signs and would compare it against a
predetermined range set and if these values cross the particular limit, it will immediately alert
the doctor, during this system, a microcontroller is employed to transmit the info.

● The doctor will simply access the patients health anytime from anyplace. An LCD is
additionally connected to the microcontroller for the patients to look at their health status
live.

3.4 ADVANTAGES

● Simple system to monitor the health parameters

● Response time is too good
● Immediately update in the IOT cloud web server
● Easy to implement
● Cost effective system

3.5 BLOCK DIAGRAM

FIG
3.5

BLOCK DIAGRAM

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3.6 Project Implementation

The system is implemented using the combination of hardware components. The smart
patient health monitoring system will have sensors to detect body temperature, pulse rate and
ECG data. The health monitoring sensors are used to collect health related data i.e. for data
acquisition. Communication can be done by controller for sending data on internet wirelessly.
Data processing has been done at server. All data collected and aggregated at server point. To
get health related information in understandable format it can be shown on web page using
Thing Speak IOT. All these data will be accessible in real time scenario for continuous
monitoring. Health monitoring is the major problem in today’s world. Due to lack of proper
health monitoring, patient suffer from serious health issues. There are lots of IoT devices now
days to monitor the health of patient over internet. Health experts are also taking advantage
of these smart devices to keep an eye on their patients. With tons of new healthcare
technology start-ups, IoT is rapidly revolutionizing the healthcare industry.

Here in this project, we will make an IoT based Health Monitoring System which
records the patient heart beat rate and body temperature and also send an email/SMS alert
whenever those readings goes beyond critical values. Pulse rate and body temperature
readings are recorded over ThingSpeak and Google sheets so that patient health can be
monitored from anywhere in the world over internet. A panic will also be attached so that
patient can press it on emergency to send email/sms to their relatives.

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 FIG-3.6 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3.7 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

● Arduino

● Temperature Sensor

● Pulse Sensor

● WIfi Module

● IOT Module

● Power Supply

● Connecting Cable

3.8 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

● Arduino IDE

● Language: C

● ThingSpeak (IOT Cloud Server)

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 CHAPTER 4

HARDWARE

DESIGN

4.1 ARDUINO UNO AND ITS PROGRAMMING

Arduino is a tool for making computers that can sense and control more of the physical world
than your desktop computer. It's an open-source physical computing platform based on a

1
simple microcontroller board, and a development environment

1
for writing software for the board.
Arduino can be used to develop interactive objects, taking inputs from a variety of switches
or sensors, and controlling a variety of lights, motors, and other physical outputs. Arduino
projects can be stand-alone, or they can be communicate with software running on your
computer.
The boards can be assembled by hand or purchased preassembled; the open-source IDE can
be downloaded for free. The Arduino programming language is an implementation of
Wiring, a similar physical computing platform, which is based on the Processing
multimedia programming environment. The USB connection with the PC is necessary to
program the board and not just to power it up. The Uno automatically draw power from
either the USB or an external power supply. Connect the board to your computer using the
USB cable. The green power LED (labelled PWR) should go on. The Arduino platform
has become quite popular with people just starting out with electronics, and for good reason.
Unlike most previous programmable circuit boards, the Arduino does not need a separate
piece of hardware (called a programmer) in order to load new code onto the board -- you can
simply use a USB cable. Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++,
making it easier to learn to program. Finally, Arduino provides a standard form factor that
breaks out the functions of the micro-controller into a more accessible package. Arduino is a
great tool for people of all skill levels. However, you will have a much better time learning
along side your Arduino if you understand some basic fundamental electronics beforehand.
We recommend that you have at least a decent understanding of these concepts before you
dive in to the wonderful world of Arduino.

Arduino Uno:

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 Fig 4.1 ARDUINO UNO

4.2 Overview

The Arduino microcontroller is an easy to use yet powerful single board computer that has
gained considerable traction in the hobby and professional market. The Arduino is open-
source, which means hardware is reasonably priced and development software is free. This
guide is for students in ME 2011, or students anywhere who are confronting the Arduino for
the first time. For advanced Arduino users, prowl the web; there are lots of resources.
The Duemilanove board features an Atmel ATmega328 microcontroller operating at 5 V
with 2 Kb of RAM, 32 Kb of flash memory for storing programs and 1 Kb of EEPROM for
storing parameters. The clock speed is 16 MHz, which translates to about executing about
300,000 lines of C source code per second. The board has 14 digital I/O pins and 6 analog
input pins. There is a USB connector for talking to the host computer and a DC power jack
for connecting an external 6-20 V power source, for example a 9 V battery, when running a
program while not connected to the host computer. Headers are provided for interfacing to
the I/O pins using 22 g solid wire or header connectors.
The Arduino programming language is a simplified version of C/C++. If you know C,
programming the Arduino will be familiar. If you do not know C, no need to worry as only a
few commands are needed to perform useful functions.

An important feature of the Arduino is that you can create a control program on the host PC,
download it to the Arduino and it will run automatically. Remove the USB

1
cable connection to the PC, and the program will still run from the top each time you push
the reset button. Remove the battery and put the Arduino board in a closet for six months.
When you reconnect the battery, the last program you stored will run. This means that you
connect the board to the host PC to develop and debug your program, but once that is done,
you no longer need the PC to run the program.

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328.It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz
ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It
contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer
with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial
driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed
as a USB-to-serial converter.

4.3 Summary:

Microcontroller ATmega328

Operating Voltage 5V

Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V

Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V

Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

Analog Input Pins 6

DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA

1
Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader

SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328)

EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)

Clock Speed 16 MHz

4.4 Pin Configuration

The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply.
The power source is selected automatically.

External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall- wart) or
battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the
board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of
the POWER connector.

The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V,
however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using
more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended
range is 7 to 12 volts.

The power pins are as follows:

• VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source
(as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can
supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through
this pin.

• 5V. this pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be
supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector (5V), or
the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the
regulator, and can damage your board.

2
• 3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw
is 50 mA.

• GND. Ground pins.

• IOREF. This pin on the Arduino board provides the voltage reference with which the
microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the IOREF pin voltage and
select the appropriate power source or enable voltage translators on the outputs for working
with the 5V or 3.3V.

FIG-4.4 PIN DIAGRAM

4.5 Temperature Sensor

2
 FIG-4.5 TEMPERATURE SENSOR PIN DIAGRAM

The LM35 is one kind of commonly used temperature sensor that can be used to measure
temperature with an electrical o/p comparative to the temperature (in °C). It can measure
temperature more correctly compare with a thermistor. This sensor generates a high output
voltage than thermocouples and may not need that the output voltage is amplified. The
LM35 has an output voltage that is proportional to the Celsius temperature. The scale
factor is .01V/°C.

FIG 4.5 LM35

Temperature Sensor

The LM35 does not need any exterior calibration and maintains an exactness of
+/-0.4°C at room temperature and +/-0.8°C over a range of 0°C to +100°C.One more
significant characteristic of this sensor is that it draws just 60 microamps from its supply and
acquires a low self-heating capacity. The LM35 temperature sensor available in many
different packages like T0-46 metal can transistor-like package,

22
TO-92 plastic transistor-like package, 8-lead surface mount SO-8 small outline package.

Pin Configuration

Pin Name Description

1 Vcc Input voltage is +5V for typical applications

There will be the increase in 10mV for raise of every 1°C. Can
2 Analog Out
range from -1V(-55°C) to 6V(150°C)

3 Ground Connected to ground terminal of the circuit

LM35 Temperature Sensor Circuit Diagram

The LM35 temperature sensor is used to detect precise centigrade temperature. The output of
this sensor changes describes the linearity. The o/p voltage of this IC sensor is linearly
comparative to the Celsius temperature. The operating voltage range of this LM35 ranges
from-55˚ to +150˚C and it has low-self heating. This is operated under 4 to 30 volts. The
most extensively used electronic devices are operational amplifiers, which are certain kind of
differential amplifiers. Temperature sensor circuit has terminals such as two inputs like non-
inverting (+) and inverting (-) and only output pin. IC741 is used as a non-inverting
amplifier. The variation between the i/p terminals amplifies the circuit.

2
 FIG.4.6 LM35 Circuit Diagram

The amount produced by IC2 amplifies in an amount to the temperature by 10 mV per

degree. This unstable voltage is supply to a comparator IC 741. OP Amplifier is the most
generally used electronic devices today. The IC 741 op-amp is one sort of differential
amplifier. We have used IC741 as a non-inverting amplifier which means pin-3 is the input
and the output is not inverted. This LM35 temperature sensor circuit amplifies the difference
between its input terminals. The advantages of temperature sensor include It has no effect on
the medium, more accurate, It has an easily conditioned output and It responds instantly.

4.6 Pulse Sensor

The sensor clips onto a fingertip and plugs right into Arduino with some jumper cables. It
also includes an open-source monitoring app that graphs your pulse in real time. A person’s
heartbeat is the sound of the valves in his/her’s heart contracting or expanding as they force
blood from one region to another. The number of times the heart beats per minute (BPM), is
the heart beat rate and the beat of the heart that can be felt in any artery that lies close to the
skin is the pulse.

Pulse Sensor is a well designed plug and play hear rate sensor for Arduino. It can be used by
students, artists, athletes, makers and game & mobile developers who want

2
 FIG.4.6 PULSE SENSOR

to easily incorporate live heart rate data into their projects. The sensor clips onto a fingertip
and plugs right into Arduino with some jumper cables. It also includes an open-source
monitoring app that graphs your pulse in real time. A person’s heartbeat is the sound of the
valves in his/her’s heart contracting or expanding as they force blood from one region to
another. The number of times the heart beats per minute (BPM), is the heart beat rate and the
beat of the heart that can be felt in any artery that lies close to the skin is the pulse.

Features

● Biometric Pulse Rate or Heart Rate detecting sensor

● Plug and Play type sensor
● Operating Voltage: +5V or +3.3V
● Current Consumption: 4mA
● Inbuilt Amplification and Noise cancellation circuit.
● Diameter: 0.625”
● Thickness: 0.125” Thick

Pin Number Pin Name Wire Colour Description

1 Ground Black Connected to the ground of
the system

2 Vcc Red Connect to +5V or +3.3V

supply voltage
3 Signal Purple Pulsating output signal.
Pin Configuration:

2
 Two Ways to Measure a Heartbeat

● Manual Way: Heart beat can be checked manually by checking one’s pulses at two locations-
wrist (the radial pulse) and the neck (carotid pulse). The procedure is to place the two fingers
(index and middle finger) on the wrist (or neck below the windpipe) and count the number of
pulses for 30 seconds and then multiplying that number by 2 to get the heart beat rate.
However pressure should be applied minimum and also fingers should be moved up and
down till the pulse is felt.
● Using a sensor: Heart Beat can be measured based on optical power variation as light is
scattered or absorbed during its path through the blood as the heart beat changes.

Working

The working of the Pulse/Heart beat sensor is very simple. The sensor has two sides,
on one side the LED is placed along with an ambient light sensor and on the other side we
have some circuitry. This circuitry is responsible for the amplification and noise cancellation
work. The LED on the front side of the sensor is placed over a vein in our human body. This
can either be your Finger tip or you ear tips, but it should be placed directly on top of a vein.
Now the LED emits light which will fall on the vein directly. The veins will have blood flow
inside them only when the heart is pumping, so if we monitor the flow of blood we can
monitor the heart beats as well. If the flow of blood is detected then the ambient light sensor
will pick up more light since they will be reflect ted by the blood, this minor change in
received light is analysed over time to determine our heart beats.

Applications
● Sleep Tracking
● Anxiety monitoring
● Remote patient monitoring/alarm system
● Health bands
● Advanced gaming consoles

4.7 Wifi Module

2
The ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi microchip, with a full TCP/IP stack and microcontroller
capability. The chip first came to the attention of Western makers in August 2014 with the
ESP-01 module, made by a third-party manufacturer
Ai-Thinker. This small module allows microcontrollers to connect to a Wi-Fi network and
make simple TCP/IP connections using Hayes-style commands. However, at first there was
almost no English-language documentation on the chip and the commands it accepted. The
very low price and the fact that there were very few external components on the module,
which suggested that it could eventually be very inexpensive in volume, attracted many
hackers to explore the module, the chip, and the software on it, as well as to translate the
Chinese documentation. The ESP8285 is an ESP8266 with 1 MiB of built-in flash, allowing
the building of single chip devices capable of connecting to Wi-Fi. These microcontroller
chips have been succeeded by the ESP32 family of devices, including the pin-compatible
ESP32-C3. The ESP8266 WiFi Module is a self contained SOC with integrated TCP/IP
protocol stack that can give any microcontroller access to your WiFi network. The ESP8266
is capable of either hosting an application or offloading all WiFi networking functions from
another application processor. Each ESP8266 module comes pre-programmed with an AT
command set firmware, meaning, you can simply hook this up to your Arduino device and
get about as much WiFi-ability as a WiFi Shield offers (and that's just out of the box)! The
ESP8266 module is an extremely cost effective board with a huge, and ever growing,
community.

This module has a powerful enough on-board processing and storage capability that allows it
to be integrated with the sensors and other application specific devices through its GPIOs
with minimal development up-front and minimal loading during runtime. Its high degree of
on-chip integration allows for minimal external circuitry, including the front-end module, is
designed to occupy minimal PCB area. The ESP8266 supports APSD for VoIP applications
and Bluetooth co-existance interfaces, it contains a self-calibrated RF allowing it to work
under all operating conditions, and requires no external RF parts.

2
 FIG.4.7 Wifi Module

ESP8266-01 Module Pin Description

3V3: - 3.3 V Power Pin.

GND: - Ground Pin.

RST: - Active Low Reset Pin.

EN: - Active High Enable Pin.

TX: - Serial Transmit Pin of UART.

RX: - Serial Receive Pin of UART.

GPIO0 & GPIO2: - General Purpose I/O Pins. These pins decide what mode (boot or
normal) the module starts up in. It also decides whether the TX/RX pins are used for
Programming the module or for serial I/O purpose.

To program the module using UART, Connect GPIO0 to ground and GPIO2 to VCC or leave
it open. To use UART for normal Serial I/O leave both the pins open (neither VCC
norGround).

ESP8266 comes with capabilities of

● 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi (802.11 b/g/n, supporting WPA/WPA2),

2
 ● general-purpose input/output (16 GPIO),
● Inter-Integrated Circuit (I²C) serial communication protocol,
● analog-to-digital conversion (10-bit ADC)
● Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) serial communication protocol,
● I²S (Inter-IC Sound) interfaces with DMA(Direct Memory Access) (sharing pins with
GPIO),
● UART (on dedicated pins, plus a transmit-only UART can be enabled on
GPIO2), and
● pulse-width modulation (PWM).

It employs a 32-bit RISC CPU based on the Tensilica Xtensa L106 running at 80 MHz
(or overclocked to 160 MHz). It has a 64 KB boot ROM, 64 KB instruction RAM and 96 KB
data RAM. External flash memory can be accessed through SPI.

ESP8266 module is low cost standalone wireless transceiver that can be used for end-point
IoT developments.

To communicate with the ESP8266 module, microcontroller needs to use set of AT

commands. Microcontroller communicates with ESP8266-01 module using UART having
specified Baud rate.

Working

The ESP8266 is a very user friendly and low cost device to provide internet connectivity to
your projects. The module can work both as a Access point (can create hotspot) and as a
station (can connect to Wi-Fi), hence it can easily fetch data and upload it to the internet
making Internet of Things as easy as possible. It can also fetch data from internet using
API’s hence your project could access any information that is available in the internet, thus
making it smarter. Another exciting feature of this module is that it can be programmed using
the Arduino IDE which makes it a lot more user friendly. However this version of the module
has only 2 GPIO pins (you can hack it to use upto 4) so you have to use it along with another
microcontroller like Arduino, else you can look onto the more standalone ESP-12 or

2
ESP-32 versions. So if you are looking for a module to get started with IOT or to provide
internet connectivity to your project then this module is the right choice for you. The
ESP8266 is a very user friendly and low cost device to provide internet connectivity to your
projects. The module can work both as a Access point (can create hotspot) and as a station
(can connect to Wi-Fi), hence it can easily fetch data and upload it to the internet making
Internet of Things as easy as possible. It can also fetch data from internet using API’s
hence your project could access any information that is available in the internet, thus making
it smarter. Another exciting feature of this module is that it can be programmed using the
Arduino IDE which makes it a lot more user friendly. However this version of the module
has only 2 GPIO pins (you can hack it to use upto 4) so you have to use it along with another
microcontroller like Arduino, else you can look onto the more standalone ESP-
12 or ESP-32 versions. So if you are looking for a module to get started with IOT or
to provide internet connectivity to your project then this module is the right choice for you.
There are so many methods and IDEs available to with ESP modules, but the most commonly
used on is the Arduino IDE. So let us discuss only about that further below.
The ESP8266 module works with 3.3V only, anything more than 3.7V would kill the
module hence be cautions with your circuits. The best way to program an ESP-01 is by
using the FTDI board that supports 3.3V programming. If you don’t have one it is
recommended to buy one or for time being you can also use an Arduino board. One
commonly problem that every one faces with ESP-01 is the powering up problem. The
module is a bit power hungry while programming and hence you can power it with a 3.3V
pin on Arduino or just use a potential divider. So it is important to make a small voltage
regulator for 3.31v that could supply a minimum of 500mA. One recommended regulator is
the LM317 which could handle the job easily

Applications

● IOT Projects
● Access Point Portals

3
 ● Wireless Data logging
● Smart Home Automation
● Learn basics of networking
● Portable Electronics
● Smart bulbs and Sockets

4.8 Thing Speak

ThingSpeak is an open-source Internet of Things (IoT) application and API to store and
retrieve data from things using the HTTP and MQTT protocol over the Internet or via a Local
Area Network. ThingSpeak enables the creation of sensor logging applications, location
tracking applications, and a social network of things with status updates".ThingSpeak was
originally launched by ioT Bridge in 2010 as a service in support of IoT
applications.ThingSpeak has integrated support from the numerical computing software
MATLAB from MathWorks,allowing ThingSpeak users to analyze and visualize uploaded
data using Matlab without requiring the purchase of a Matlab license from
Mathworks.ThingSpeak has a close relationship with Mathworks, Inc. In fact, all of the
ThingSpeak documentation is incorporated into the Mathworks' Matlab documentation site
and even enabling registered Mathworks user accounts as valid login credentials on the
ThingSpeak website.

FIG.4.8 ARCHITECTURE OF THINGSPEAK

3
ThingSpeak enables sensors, instruments, and websites to send data to the cloud where it
is stored in either a private or a public channel. ... Once data is in a ThingSpeak
channel, you can analyze and visualize it, calculate new data, or interact with social media,
web services, and other devices. ThingSpeak™ is an IoT analytics platform service from
MathWorks®, the makers of MATLAB® and Simulink®. ThingSpeak allows you to
aggregate, visualize, and analyze live data streams in the cloud. ThingSpeak provides instant
visualizations of data posted by your devices or equipment. Execute MATLAB code in
ThingSpeak, and perform online analysis and processing of the data as it comes in.
ThingSpeak accelerates the development of proof-of-concept IoT systems, especially those
that require analytics. You can build IoT systems without setting up servers or developing
web software. For small- to medium-sized IoT systems, ThingSpeak provides a hosted
solution that can be used in production.

3
 FIG.4.8 BLOCK DIAGRAM
4.9 LCD Display

Flat panel LCDs can be of various types, so depending on your project needs, you will have
to go with the right screen.

The most basic version uses “seven-segment displays” commonly seen in calculators, digital
alarms and gas station pump displays. These simply consist of vanes which can be lit in
various combinations to produce a numerical reading.

On the other hand, there are “thin-film transistor (TFT) LCDs” used in television sets,
laptops, smartphones and complex electronic devices. They utilize pixel algorithms to
provide fast response times, wide viewing angles, high contrast and accurate color schemes.

“Dot-matrix LCD” lies somewhere in the middle of the basic and the most advanced LCD
technologies. They are useful in displaying alphabets, numbers and upper and lower cases of
letters.

One of the most common dot matrix LCD displays is the 2×16 module which refers to two
rows and sixteen columns of LCD display pins. This is what we will be using in our
connections with the Arduino board. The Arduino website offers a detailed example
of an assembly. It is compatible with the built-in library example available for Arduino IDE.

While the circuit may look complex at first glance, here is a simple step-by-step explanation
of the various stages.

First, all sixteen pins of the LCD should be connected to the bottom positive rail of the
breadboard.

3
The first and last pins of LCD are then connected to the negative rail on the top. Arduino’s
GND and 5 V pins on the power-source side are connected to the positive rail contrasting
with the LCD connections.

FIG.4.9 PIN DIAGRAM OF LCD DISPLAY

LCD screens are one of the most useful applications of Arduino smart device projects. As
shown in this tutorial, it is possible to interface an LCD screen using a standard example
from Arduino library. IOT 16×2 LCD can be used for the remote data monitoring using
Nodemcu Esp8266 wifi Module and Blynk Application. I have been using 16×2 LCD for
displaying the sensors data. 16×2 LCD Physical interfacing

3
with Arduino or Mega or Nodemcu esp8266 wifi module is really a hectic job, as it needs
a lot of soldering and needs many IO pins to control a 16×2 LCD.

FIG.4.9- LCD DISPLAY

3
 CHAPTER 5
RESULT AND CONCLUSION

Our goal is to implement a smart patient health monitoring system that can monitor the
heartbeat and body temperature. The smart patient health care monitoring system developed
by us has numerous applications. These types of healthcare systems can be implemented in
hospitals as well as at home places where a person needs to have immediate medical attention
whenever his/her health goes unstable. As we are using the Thing Speak IoT platform with
the help of Thing Speak we can easily capture sensor data. This allows to keep a track of
patients' heartbeat and body temperature value with change in time. This would give the
doctor a more wide perspective of treating the patient in a much effective way within less
time. The system developed patient monitoring based on Internet of things, is an alternative
that can be used to help patients with chronic diseases. Likewise with this set of solutions the
aim is to improve the quality of life of patients, not just monitoring them, but also to enable
direct them to improve their eating habits and workout routines. The context model
developed for the system proved to be efficient when making inferences related to the
context, such as recommendations for taking measures through sensors, as well as
recommendations and workout routines tips to improve the eating habits of patients.

5.1 Conclusion

The Internet of Things is considered now as one of the feasible solutions for any remote
value tracking especially in the field of health monitoring. It facilitates that the individual
prosperity parameter data is secured inside the cloud, stays in the hospital are reduced for
conventional routine examinations and most important that the health can be monitored and
disease diagnosed by any doctor at any distance. In

3
this paper, an IoT based health monitoring system was developed. The system monitored
body temperature, pulse rate and room humidity and temperature using sensors, which are
also displayed on a LCD. These sensor values are then sent to a medical server using wireless
communication. These data are then received in an authorized personals smart phone with
IoT platform. With the values received the doctor then diagnose the disease and the state of
health of the patient. The main objective of the experiment was successfully achieved. All the
individual modules like Heartbeat detection module, fall detection module etc. and remote
viewing module gave out the intended results. 55 The designed system modules can further
be optimized and produced to a final single circuit. More important fact that came up during
project design is that all the circuit components used in the remote health detection system
are available easily.
In this paper, we found the importance and fruitful benefits of implementation of IoT in
remote health monitoring systems.The compact sensors with IoT will make a huge impact
on every patient’s life, that even though they are away from home and physician, this helps
them to reduce the fear of danger. The sensory data can be acquired in home or work
environments. Also, the challenges in sensing, analytics and prediction of the disease are
also highlighted and those can be addressed to provide a seamless integraton.. The
fundamental element of people’s needs is health .Humans face a haul of surprising death and
plenty of diseases because of varied diseases that are a result of lack of treatment to the
patients at right time. The main objective of this project is to develop a reliable sensible
patient health observance system victimization IoT so the attention professionals will
monitor their patients. The sensors will be either worn or be embedded into the body of the
patients, to unendingly monitor their health. the knowledge collected in such a fashion will
behold on, analyzed, and well-mined to try and do the first prediction of diseases

3
FIG.5.1 SERIAL MONITOR

FIG.5.1 SERIAL MONITOR

3
 FIG.5.2 STRUCTURE OF PROJECT

FIG.5.3 THING SPEAK PLATFORM

3
 FIG.5.4 OUTPUT CONSOLE

REFERENCE PAPERS:

● Mohammad M. Masud, Mohamed Adel Serhani, and Alramzana Nujum Navaz “Resource-
Aware MobileBased Health Monitoring”, 2168-2194 (c) 2015 IEEE.

● M.A. Miah et al., “Continuous heart beat and body temperature monitoring system using
Arduino UNO and Android device, International Conference on Electrical Information and
Communication Technology (EICT), pp. 189-194, 2015.

● Maradugu Anil Kumar, Y.Ravi Sekhar, “Android Based Health Care Monitoring System”
IEEE Sponsored 2nd International Conference on Innovations in Information Embedded and
Communication Systems ICIIECS'1.

● Hamid Al-Hamadi and Ing-Ray Chen, “Trust-Based Decision Making for Health IoT
Systems” DOI 10.1109/JIOT.2017.2736446, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

● Gulraiz J. Joyia, Rao M. Liaqat, Aftab Farooq, and Saad Rehman, Internet of Medical Things
(IOMT): Applications, Benefits and Future Challenges in Healthcare Domain, Journal of
Communications Vol. 12, No. 4, April 2017.

● . Shubham Banka, Isha Madan and S.S. Saranya, Smart Healthcare Monitoring using IoT.
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 13, Number
15, pp. 11984-11989, 2018. 4.

● K. Perumal, M. Manohar, A Survey on Internet of Things: Case Studies, Applications, and

Future Directions, In Internet of Things: Novel Advances and Envisioned Applications,
Springer International Publishing, (2017) 281-297.

4
SOURCE CODE:

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
float pulse = 0;
float temp = 0;
SoftwareSerial ser(9,10);
String apiKey = "OO707TGA1BLUNN12";

// Variables
int pulsePin = A0; // Pulse Sensor purple wire connected to analog pin 0 int
blinkPin = 7 ; // pin to blink led at each beat
int fadePin = 13; // pin to do fancy classy fading blink at each beat int
fadeRate = 0; // used to fade LED on with PWM on fadePin

// Volatile Variables, used in the interrupt service routine!

volatile int BPM; // int that holds raw Analog in 0. updated every 2mS volatile
int Signal; // holds the incoming raw data
volatile int IBI = 600; // int that holds the time interval between beats! Must be
seeded!
volatile boolean Pulse = false; // "True" when User's live heartbeat is detected. "False"
when nota "live beat".
volatile boolean QS = false; // becomes true when Arduoino finds a beat.

// Regards Serial OutPut -- Set This Up to your needs

static boolean serialVisual = true; // Set to 'false' by Default. Re-set to 'true' to see
Arduino Serial Monitor ASCII Visual Pulse
volatile int rate[10]; // array to hold last ten IBI values

4
volatile unsigned long sampleCounter = 0; // used to determine pulse timing
volatile unsigned long lastBeatTime = 0; // used to find IBI
volatile int P = 512; // used to find peak in pulse wave, seeded volatile
int T = 512; // used to find trough in pulse wave, seeded
volatile int thresh = 525; // used to find instant moment of heart beat, seeded
volatile int amp = 100; // used to hold amplitude of pulse waveform, seeded
volatile boolean firstBeat = true; // used to seed rate array so we startup with
reasonable BPM
volatile boolean secondBeat = false; // used to seed rate array so we startup with
reasonable BPM

void setup()
{
lcd.begin(16, 2);
pinMode(blinkPin,OUTPUT); // pin that will blink to your heartbeat!
pinMode(fadePin,OUTPUT); // pin that will fade to your heartbeat!
Serial.begin(115200); // we agree to talk fast!
interruptSetup(); // sets up to read Pulse Sensor signal every 2mS

// IF YOU ARE POWERING The Pulse Sensor AT VOLTAGE LESS THAN THE
BOARD VOLTAGE,

// UN-COMMENT THE NEXT LINE AND APPLY THAT VOLTAGE TO THE A-REF
PIN

// analogReference(EXTERNAL);

lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print(" Patient Health");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(" Monitoring ");

4
delay(4000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Initializing....");
delay(5000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Getting Data......");
ser.begin(9600);
ser.println("AT");
delay(1000);
ser.println("AT+GMR");
delay(1000);
ser.println("AT+CWMODE=3");
delay(1000);
ser.println("AT+RST");
delay(5000);
ser.println("AT+CIPMUX=1");
delay(1000);

String cmd="AT+CWJAP=\"Alexahome\",\"98765432\"";
ser.println(cmd);
delay(1000);
ser.println("AT+CIFSR");
delay(1000);
}

// Where the Magic Happens

void loop()
{
serialOutput();
if (QS == true) // A Heartbeat Was Found

4
{

// BPM and IBI have been Determined

// Quantified Self "QS" true when arduino finds a heartbeat
fadeRate = 255; // Makes the LED Fade Effect Happen, Set 'fadeRate' Variable to 255 to
fade LED with pulse
serialOutputWhenBeatHappens(); // A Beat Happened, Output that to serial. QS =
false; // reset the Quantified Self flag for next time
}
ledFadeToBeat(); // Makes the LED Fade Effect Happen
delay(20); // take a break
read_temp();
esp_8266();
}
void ledFadeToBeat()
{
fadeRate -= 15; // set LED fade value
fadeRate = constrain(fadeRate,0,255); // keep LED fade value from going into
negative numbers!
analogWrite(fadePin,fadeRate); // fade LED
}
void interruptSetup()
{
// Initializes Timer2 to throw an interrupt every 2mS.
TCCR2A = 0x02; // DISABLE PWM ON DIGITAL PINS 3 AND 11, AND GO INTO
CTC MODE
TCCR2B = 0x06; // DON'T FORCE COMPARE, 256 PRESCALER
OCR2A = 0X7C; // SET THE TOP OF THE COUNT TO 124 FOR 500Hz SAMPLE
RATE
TIMSK2 = 0x02; // ENABLE INTERRUPT ON MATCH BETWEEN TIMER2 AND
OCR2A
sei(); // MAKE SURE GLOBAL INTERRUPTS ARE ENABLED

4
}
void serialOutput()
{ // Decide How To Output Serial.
if (serialVisual == true)
{
arduinoSerialMonitorVisual('-', Signal); // goes to function that makes Serial Monitor
Visualizer
}
else
{
sendDataToSerial('S', Signal); // goes to sendDataToSerial function
}
}
void serialOutputWhenBeatHappens()
{
if (serialVisual == true) // Code to Make the Serial Monitor Visualizer Work
{
Serial.print("*** Heart-Beat Happened *** "); //ASCII Art Madness
Serial.print("BPM: ");
Serial.println(BPM);
}
else
{
sendDataToSerial('B',BPM); // send heart rate with a 'B' prefix
sendDataToSerial('Q',IBI); // send time between beats with a 'Q' prefix
}
}
void arduinoSerialMonitorVisual(char symbol, int data )
{
const int sensorMin = 0; // sensor minimum, discovered through experiment const int
sensorMax = 1024; // sensor maximum, discovered through experiment int
sensorReading = data; // map the sensor range to a range of 12 options:

4
int range = map(sensorReading, sensorMin, sensorMax, 0, 11);
// do something different depending on the
// range value:
switch (range)
{
case 0:
Serial.println(""); /////ASCII Art Madness
break;
case 1:
Serial.println("---");
break;
case 2: Serial.println("
------------------------")
;
break;
case 3:
Serial.println("---------");
break;
case 4:
Serial.println("------------");
break;
case 5:
Serial.println("--------------|-");
break;
case 6:
Serial.println("--------------|- - -");
break;
case 7:
Serial.println("--------------|-------");
break;
case 8:
Serial.println("--------------|----------");

4
break;

4
case 9:
Serial.println("--------------|----------------");
break;
case 10:
Serial.println("--------------|-------------------");
break;
case 11:
Serial.println("--------------|-----------------------");
break;
}
}

void sendDataToSerial(char symbol, int data )

{
Serial.print(symbol);
Serial.println(data);
}
ISR(TIMER2_COMPA_vect) //triggered when Timer2 counts to 124
{
cli(); // disable interrupts while we do this
Signal = analogRead(pulsePin); // read the Pulse Sensor sampleCounter +=
2; // keep track of the time in mS with this variable
int N = sampleCounter - lastBeatTime; // monitor the time since the last beat to avoid noise
// find the peak and trough of the pulse wave

if(Signal < thresh && N > (IBI/5)*3) // avoid dichrotic noise by waiting 3/5 of last IBI
{
if (Signal < T) // T is the trough
{
T = Signal; // keep track of lowest point in pulse wave
}

4
}
if(Signal > thresh && Signal > P)
{ // thresh condition helps avoid noise P
= Signal; // P is the peak
} // keep track of highest point in pulse wave
// NOW IT'S TIME TO LOOK FOR THE HEART BEAT
// signal surges up in value every time there is a pulse if (N
> 250)
{ // avoid high frequency noise
if ( (Signal > thresh) && (Pulse == false) && (N > (IBI/5)*3) )
{
Pulse = true; // set the Pulse flag when we think there is a pulse
digitalWrite(blinkPin,HIGH); // turn on pin 13 LED
IBI = sampleCounter - lastBeatTime; // measure time between beats in mS
lastBeatTime = sampleCounter; // keep track of time for next pulse

if(secondBeat)
{ // if this is the second beat, if secondBeat == TRUE
secondBeat = false; // clear secondBeat flag
for(int i=0; i<=9; i++) // seed the running total to get a realisitic BPM at startup
{
rate[i] = IBI;
}
}
if(firstBeat) // if it's the first time we found a beat, if firstBeat == TRUE
{
firstBeat = false; // clear firstBeat flag secondBeat
= true; // set the second beat flag sei(); // enable
interrupts again
return; // IBI value is unreliable so discard it
}
// keep a running total of the last 10 IBI values

4
word runningTotal = 0; // clear the runningTotal variable
for(int i=0; i<=8; i++)
{ // shift data in the rate array
rate[i] = rate[i+1]; // and drop the oldest IBI value
runningTotal += rate[i]; // add up the 9 oldest IBI values
}
rate[9] = IBI; // add the latest IBI to the rate array runningTotal
+= rate[9]; // add the latest IBI to runningTotal runningTotal /=
10; // average the last 10 IBI values
BPM = 60000/runningTotal; // how many beats can fit into a minute? that's BPM! QS =
true; // set Quantified Self flag
// QS FLAG IS NOT CLEARED INSIDE THIS ISR
pulse = BPM;
}
}
if (Signal < thresh && Pulse == true)
{ // when the values are going down, the beat is over
digitalWrite(blinkPin,LOW); // turn off pin 13 LED
Pulse = false; // reset the Pulse flag so we can do it again amp
= P - T; // get amplitude of the pulse wave
thresh = amp/2 + T; // set thresh at 50% of the amplitude P =
thresh; // reset these for next time
T = thresh;
}
if (N > 2500)
{ // if 2.5 seconds go by without a beat
thresh = 512; // set thresh default
P = 512; // set P default T
= 512; // set T default
lastBeatTime = sampleCounter; // bring the lastBeatTime up to date
firstBeat = true; // set these to avoid noise
secondBeat = false; // when we get the heartbeat back

5
}
sei(); // enable interrupts when youre done!
}// end isr
void esp_8266()
{
// TCP connection AT+CIPSTART=4,"TCP","184.106.153.149",80
String cmd = "AT+CIPSTART=4,\"TCP\",\"";
cmd += "184.106.153.149"; // api.thingspeak.com
cmd += "\",80";
ser.println(cmd);
Serial.println(cmd);
if(ser.find("Error"))
{
Serial.println("AT+CIPSTART error");
return;
}
String getStr = "GET /update?api_key=";
getStr += apiKey;
getStr +="&field1=";
getStr +=String(temp);
getStr +="&field2=";
getStr +=String(pulse);
getStr += "\r\n\r\n";
// send data length
cmd = "AT+CIPSEND=4,";
cmd += String(getStr.length());
ser.println(cmd);
Serial.println(cmd); delay(1000);
ser.print(getStr);
Serial.println(getStr); //thingspeak needs 15 sec delay between updates
delay(3000);

5
}
void read_temp()
{
int temp_val = analogRead(A1); float
mv = (temp_val/1024.0)*5000; float
cel = mv/10;
temp = (cel*9)/5 + 32;
Serial.print("Temperature:");
Serial.println(temp);
lcd.clear(); lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("BPM :");
lcd.setCursor(7,0);
lcd.print(BPM);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Temp.:");
lcd.setCursor(7,1);
lcd.print(temp);
lcd.setCursor(13,1);
lcd.print("F");
}