Summary of physics

concepts and laws

Haneen Ali Almehmadi
4050821
C3K
 Chapter 2
Motion in One Dimension
Displacement
It is x of a particle is defined as its change in position in some time interval.

displacement Distance

Change in position in some The length of a path followed

time interval by a particle. by a particle.

Vector quantity scalar quantity

Average velocity
It is a particle is defined as the particle s displacement x divided by the time interval t.

(The SI unit m/s).

Average speed
It is a particle, a scalar quantity, is defined as the total distance d traveled divided by the

total time interval required to travel that distance. (The SI unit m/s).
Instantaneous velocity
It is equals the limiting value of the ratio x/ t as t approaches zero:

Acceleration
It is the velocity of a particle changes with time.

Instantaneous acceleration
It is the limit of the average acceleration as t approaches zero.
Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Acceleration

Free fall
It is the object moving vertically is equivalent to the motion of a particle under constant

acceleration in one dimension.

Chapter 3
Vector
In two dimensions, this description is accomplished with the use of the Cartesian coordinate

system. Cartesian coordinates are also called rectangular coordinates.

Scalar quantity
It is completely specified by a single value with an appropriate unit and has no direction.

examples of scalar quantities

Volume, mass, speed, time, and time intervals. Some scalars are always positive, such as mass

and speed. Others, such as temperature, can have either positive or negative values.

A vector quantity

It is completely specified by a number with an appropriate unit (the magnitude of the vector)
plus a direction. example of a vector quantity is displacement and velocity

Some Properties of Vectors

Equality of Two Vectors

For many purposes, two vectors and may be defined

to be equal if they have the same magnitude and if

they point in the same direction.

Adding Vectors

To add vector to vector :

1. Draw vector on the graph.

2. Draw vector with its tail starting from the tip of .

3. The resultant vector is the vector drawn

from the tail of to tip of

Negative of a Vector

The negative of the vector is defined as the vector that when added to gives zero for

the vector sum. That is, + (- ) = 0. The vectors and - have the same magnitude

but point in opposite directions.

Subtracting Vectors

The operation of vector subtraction makes use of the definition of the negative a vector.

We define the operation as vector added to vector :

Multiplying a Vector by a Scalar

1. If vector is multiplied by a positive scalar quantity m, the product m is a vector

that has the same direction as and magnitude m .

2. If vector is multiplied by a negative scalar quantity -m, the product -m is

directed opposite .
Components of a Vector
The component represents the projection of along the x-axis, and the component

represents the projection of along the y-axis. These components can be positive or

negative. The component , is positive if the component vector , points in the positive

direction and is negative if A, points in the negative x direction. A similar statement is

made for the component .

The magnitudes of these components are the lengths of the two sides of a right tri- angle

with a hypotenuse of length A. Therefore, the magnitude and direction of A related to its

components.

Unit Vectors
A unit vector is a dimensionless vector having a magnitude of exactly 1. Unit vectors are

used to specify a given direction and have no other physical significance. We shall use

the symbols , , and to represent unit vectors pointing in the positive x, y, and z

directions, respectively. The "hats" is notation for unit vectors. The magnitude of each

unit vector equals 1.

The unit-vector notation for the vector is The resultant vector

.
 Chapter 4
Motion in Two Dimensions
Position vector

It is drawn from the origin of some coordinate system to the location of the particle in the
x,y plane.

Displacement vector

It is a particle being the difference between its final position vector and its initial position
vector.

Average velocity

It is a particle during the time interval as the displacement of the particle divided by the time
interval.

Instantaneous velocity

It is defined as the limit of the average velocity as approaches zero.

Average acceleration
of a particle is defined as the change in its instantaneous velocity vector divided by the time

interval during which that change occurs:

Instantaneous acceleration

It defined as the limiting value of the ratio as approaches zero.

Motion in two dimensions

can be modeled as two independent motions in each of the two perpendicular directions associated

with the x and y axes.

where x, y, and change with time as the particle moves while the unit vectors and remain

constant.

To determine the final velocity at any time t.

Labeling the final position vector .

Projectile motion

It is an object is simple to analyze if we make two assumptions:

1. The freefall acceleration is constant over the range of motion and is directed downward.

2. The effect of air resistance is negligible.

when solving projectile motion problems, use two analysis models:

o The particle under constant velocity in the horizontal direction

o The distance h for a Projectile is called maximum height

o The distance R for a Projectile is called horizontal range

If the car is moving on this path with constant speed v, we call it uniform circular motion. it

occurs so often; this type of motion is recognized as an analysis model called the particle in

uniform circular motion. The magnitude of the acceleration is:

Centripetal acceleration is a particle moving with constant speed in a circle of radius r in

terms of the period T.

Angular speed of the particle, measured in radians/s or s-1.

we find a relationship between angular speed and the translational speed with which the

particle travels in the circular path

To express the centripetal acceleration of a particle in uniform circular motion in terms of

angular speed by combining

 Chapter 5
The Low of Motion
Force
It refers to an interaction with an object by means of muscular activity and some change in

contact forces
It involves physical contact between two objects.

Field forces
It does not involve physical contact between two objects.

It sometimes called the law of inertia "In the absence of external forces and when viewed from

an inertial reference frame, an object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion continues

in motion with a constant velocity (that is, with a constant speed in a straight line)".

In other words, when no force acts on an object, the acceleration of the object is zero.

Mass
It is that property of an object that specifies how much resistance an object exhibits to changes

in its velocity, the SI unit of mass is the kilogram.

 of motion
"When viewed from an inertial reference frame, the acceleration of an object is directly

proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass ".

can relate mass, acceleration, and force through the following by

The SI unit of force is the newton (N).

Gravitational force

It is All objects are attracted to the Earth. The attractive force exerted by the Earth on an object.

The weight of an object, being defined as the magnitude of

Law of motion
"If two objects interact, the force F12 exerted by object 1 on object 2 is equal in magnitude

and opposite in direction to the force F21 exerted by object 2 on object 1 ".
Free-body diagram
It is force diagram or a diagram showing the forces on the object. particle in equilibrium model

is the acceleration of an object modeled as a particle is zero, the object is treated with. (the net

force on the object is zero).

Particle under a net force model an object experiences an acceleration, its motion can be

force of friction
It is resistance to the motion because the object interacts with its surroundings.

There are two types of force of friction:

1. Kinetic friction the friction force for an object in motion the force.

2. Coefficient of static friction where the dimensionless constant

( ).
 Chapter 6
Circular Motion and Other
Applications of Newton's Lows
 the net force causing the centripetal

acceleration can be related to the acceleration.

 Chapter 7
Energy of System
Universe the system
It focus our attention on a small portion and ignore details of the rest of the Universe outside of

the system.

Constant Force W
Work Done by a Constant Force W done on a system by an agent exerting a constant force on

the system is the product of the magnitude F of the force, the magnitude r of the displacement

of the point of application of the force, and cos , where is the angle between the force and

displacement vectors

The SI unit of work is Joule (J)

The Scalar Product of Two Vectors

To show that the scalar product of reduced

Approximate the work done on the particle by the force

The work done by on the system of the percale

Force constant/spring constant

It is the spring is the force required to stretch or compress a spring is proportional to the amount

of stretch or compression x. his force law for springs is known as Hooke's law

If the block undergoes an arbitrary displacement from to the work done by the

spring force on the block is

For an arbitrary displacement on the block, the work done on the system by the external agent

is
Kinetic Energy
it represents the energy associated with the motion of the particle. (It is scalar quantity and

has J unit).

work-kinetic energy theorem

When work is done on a system and the only change in the system is in its speed, the net work

done on the system equals the change in kinetic energy of the system, as expressed by

Potential energy
It is the energy storage mechanism before the object. The gravitation potential is

To describes the net external work done on the system in this situation appears as a change in

the gravitational potential energy of the system.

 Chapter 8
Conservation of Energy
Analysis Model: Non-isolated System (Energy)

Non-isolated system
It is energy crosses the boundary of the system during some time interval due to an interaction

with the environment.

Isolated system
It is if a system does not interact with its environment.

conservation of energy
It can be described mathematically with the conservation of energy equation

1- is the total energy of the system, like (kinetic, potential, and internal).

2- T (for transfer) is the amount of energy transferred across the system boundary by

some mechanism.

3- .

4- .

5- the external work on a system.

6- internal work in a system.

7- (Mechanical waves).
 8- (Matter transfer).

9- (Electrical transmission).

10- (Electromagnetic radiation).

Analysis Model: Isolated System (Energy)

Isolated System
It is a system is chosen such that no energy crosses the system boundary by any method

U represents total of all types of potential energy because the system under consideration is

isolate.

The includes all kinetic, potential, and internal energies.