CG History CoCo

SECTION - 1
HISTORY OF CHHATTISGARH
01
Naming of Chhattisgarh
In the ancient copper plate, inscriptions and sacred books, the present Chhattisgarh is mentioned as Dakshin
Kosal, Kosal, Mahakosal, Chedisgarh, Dandakaranya and Mahakantar.
Dakshin Kosal
● In ancient times this regions was known as "Dakshin Kosala". From the religious text called 'Kosalakhand'
we come to know about a king "Kosala" who ruled near Nagapatnam somewhere in the south of Vindhyan
hills. Hence the area came to be known as Kosal.
● Later in this dynasty ruler named Bhanumant ruled this area, whose daughter Kaushalya was married to
the king of Ayodhaya 'Dasharatha'. Since Bhanumanth did not have any son. There for the kingdom of
Bhanumant got merged in Kosal of king Dashrath.
● Lord Ram spent most of the period of his exile in the area of Chhattisgarh. In the Valmiki composed Ramayan
there is a mention of North Kosal (उत्तर कोसल) and South Kosal (दिक्षण कोसल). After Ram, Uttar Kosal was ruled
by Luv which was probably on the bank of Saryu River and Dakshin Kosal was ruled by Kush which was
geographically in South of Vindhyan Hills.
● Before Raja Dashrath Kosal region was so large and vast that it was divided into seven parts. The seven kosal
is mentioned in Yayu Puran :
1. Maikal Kosal 2. Dakshin Kosal
3. Kaling Kosal 4. Kranti Kosal
5. Kashi Kosal 6. Chedi Kosal
7. Purva Kosal 8. Eest Kosal
In the Ratanpur inscription of Kalachuri king Jajalladev (I) this region is mentioned as Dakshin Kosal.
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Kosal
● Kalidas has used the name of Uttara Kosal and Kosal in his 'Raghuvansh'. During the time of Kalidas, Awadh
region was called Uttar or North Kosal and present Chhattisgarh region was called Kosal.
● 'Kosal' is mentioned in the Harisen'sPrayagPrasasti in Allahabad Fort. Thus, Chhattisgarh region was called
Kosal during Gupta period.
● Panini has written formulas on the rules related to 'Kalinga and Kosala' in his grammar, in which the word
Kosal was used for the Chhattisgarh region.
Mahakosal
● The Famous archaeologist Alexander Cunningham in his archaeological report 'Archaeological Survey of
India' have used 'Mahakosal' for Chhattisgarh region.
● In 1930, Pt. Dwarka Prasad Mishra proposed to name Mahakosal for hindi speaking Madhya Pradesh in the
Provincial Congress Conference held in Raipur, it was unanimously accepted.
Chedisgarh
● In the Mahajanapada period, this region was ruled by the rulers of Chedi dynasty and this region was known
as Chedisgarh and in the span of time it was misspelled as Chhattisgarh. RaibahadurHiralal has mentioned
Chhattisgarh as 'Chedisgarh'.
Chhattisgarh
● In literature, the name 'Chhattisgarh' was first used by the poet Dalram Rao in 1494 AD during the reign of
King Laxminidhi Rai of Khairagarh : 'लक्ष्मीिनिध राय सुनो िचत दे , गढ़ छत्तीस में न गढ़ैया रही।'
● The Kalchuri ruler Kalyan Sai had mentioned 36 Gargh's in his revenue book. It was observed by Chism
during the time of settlement of Bilaspur district that these Garh's does not have the remains of any fort or
citadels rather it gives a description of the villages.
● According to this revenue book, the group of 12 villages was called 'Barho' and 7 Barho was called 'Garh'
during the administrative system of Kalchuri. Among which 18 garh's were situated to the north of Shivnath
river and 18 garh's were situated to the south of Shivnath river. The number of such garh's kept on increasing-
decreasing.By the way ,the number of garh's changed but the term Chhattisgarh remained popular.
● The poet Gopalachandra Mishra of Ratanpur mentioned the name Chhattisgarh in verse 7 (1686 AD) of his
book Khoob Tamasha. Ratanpuriya poet Babu Revaram has used the word Chhattisgarh in his book 'Vikram
Vilas' (1896 AD) as :
'ितनमें दिक्षण कोसल देसा, जहां हिर औतु के सरी बेसा,
तासु मध्य छत्तीसगढ़ पावन, पुण्यभूिम सुर मुिनमन भावना।
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Naming of Chhattisgarh
Kosal Chhattisgah Chedisgarh other

Shatpath Brahaman(8-6 BC)
Dalram Rao (15th century) Mahajanapada (600 BCE)
Vayupuran
Kalyan Sai (16th century) Raibahadur Hiralal Shukla
Raghuvansh Khoob Tamasha (1686) (19th century)
Harisens Prayag Prashasti Vikram Vilas (1896) Wengler
Panini (700 BC) Ptolemy
Dakshin Kosal
Ramayan Mahakosal
Vrihad Samhita (6th century)
Cunningham (1871)
Shuklal Prasad Pandey
Dwarika Prasad Mishra (1930)
Ratanpur Inscription (12th century)
02
Ancient History of Chhattisgarh
The History of Chhattisgarh can be divided into three part according to the sources of evidences used :
History
Prehistoric period (from Protohistoric Historic period

unknown times-2500 BC) period(2500–1500 BC) (1500 BC-1964 AD)
● Paleolithic period ● Indus Valley Vedic civilization Historical era

● Mesolithic period Civilization (1500–600 BC) ● Ancient India
● Post-Stone Age (2500–1500 BC) ● Rigvedic period (600-712 AD)
● Neolithic period (1500–1000 BC) ● Medieval India
● Later-Vedic period (712–1707 AD)
(1000–600 BC) ● Modern India
(1707–1964 AD)
Pre Historic Age

● Prehistoric age is that period of history, when humans existed but there was no written description of these
events.
● In this period, the man used to make tools and weapons of stone only to fulfil his needs.
● At that time, humans used to live in the forest, hills and caves in the same way as the animal, and used to
make rock painting in those rock shelters. The evidences of stone tools, various figures on the rocks etc.
made by humans of this period were found in various regions of India along with Chhattisgarh, hence this
period is also known as the Stone Age.
● The prehistoric period has been divided into 4 parts based on the changes of development :
1. Paleolithic Age 2. Mesolithic Age
3. Post Stone Age 4. Neolithic Period
1. Paleolithic Age :
In this period, the human burials were not found anywhere, the humans evolved from animals to humans
in this period. The basis of human livelihood was hunting in the pre-stone age. The fire was invented during this
period.
● In this period, the human burials were not found anywhere, the humans evolved from animals to
humans in this period. The basis of human livelihood was hunting in the pre-stone age. The fire was
invented during this period.
● Mahanadi Valley and Sighanpur Caves : In Singhanpur, various figures of the Paleolithic Age were
found. In which the straight and staircase like human figure, hunting figure,tools and weapons figures,
geometric designs etc are prominent. The rock painting of Singhanpur is dark red or ochre colour.
● Other Places : KabraPahad, Botalda,Chhapamada,Bhanwarkhol,Gidha,Sonbarsa in Raigarh district.
2. Mesolithic Age :
Scenario : This age falls between the Palaeolithic and Neolithic era, hence this period is called the Mesolithic
Age. During this period, humans used to do the activity like fishing, collecting honey and hunting etc. Hence till
this period human become a food collector.
● KabraPahad (Raigarh) : The figures like crescent shaped stone tools, long flakes, human figures, alligator,
sambhar, lizardetc of ochre colour were found from the rock shelter of this hill.
● Bastar : Kalipur, Kharagghat, Ghatlohang, Bhatewada, Rajpur.
3. Post Stone Age :

Scenario : This period comes after the Mesolithic period. The tools of this period had been improved
significantly and were relatively small and pointed.
● Dhanpur (Gaurela-Pendra-Marwahi) Singhanpur Caves & Mahanadi Valley : Human Shaped figures.
Rock painting. Small Stone Tools From Mahanadi Valley, Miniaturized stone tools.
● From Odisha’s Kalahandi, Balangir, Sambalpur district And From Tel River bank many tool have been
discovered of this age.
4. Neolithic Period :
Scenario : During the Neolithic period human became a producer of food and started agriculture, animal
husbandry and house building etc. The tendency of permanent residence developed in human and invented the
wheel.
● Chitwadongri (Rajnandgaon), Bontila, Teram (Raigarh) and Arjuni (Bemetra) - Hammers (punched
cube tools), human figures, animals and other figures.
● 'Iron tools' have been found on the Dhamtari-Balod road.
Note :
● After the Neolithic period, the use of copper and stone was started therefor this period is called
Chalcolithic age.
● The use of iron started in South India around 1100 BC which was called "Iron Age". During this period
huge blocks were used for burial, which is known as megalithic monument, these monuments are also
been found in Chhattisgarh.
Megalithic Age
In this period, the dead were buried between the stones in the cemetery far away from the inhabited area. The
evidences of this period are found mainly in South India.
● Karhi Bhadar, Chirchari, Sorar of Balod : The remains of megalithic monuments or menhirs.
● Raipur : Large rock blocks for burial.
● KarkaBhanta (Balod) : Iron tools, pottery, menhirs.
● Dhanora (Balod) : Around 500 megalithic monuments (surveyed by J.R. Kabal and Dr. Ramendranath
Mishra)
● Apart from Chhattisgarh, Copper tools were found from Gungeria of Balaghat and Stone circles have
been found in the village Sonabhir of Nawapara tehsil under Kalahandi district.
Other Facts :
● Most Ancient Cave : Singhanpur, Kabra pahad
● Most Evidence : Kabra pahad
● Longest Cave : Botalda Caves.
● Stone age tools have been found form : Garhdhanora Garhchandela, Rajpuri etc of Kondagaon.
● Raigarh District : Karmagarh, Basnajhar Ongna, Lekhabhada, Benipat Botalda etc (Rock painting have
been found). So, Raigarh is known as Districts of Rock shelters.
● 1910 – Amarnath Dutt discovered many Cave Paintings.
● The maximum rock paintings in Chhattisgarh have been found in Raigarh district. In addition to this,
the rock paintings have also been in the Koriya, Sarguja, Durg, Kanker and Bastar etc districts.
S.No. Important Discovery Discoverer

1. Singhanpur & Kabra Hills (Raigarh) Anderson
2. Chitwadongri (Rajnandgaon) B.S. Baghel & Ramendra Nath Mishra
3. 500 Megalithic monument (Dhanora, Kondagaon) J.R. Kambley & Ramendra Mishra
4. 29 Gold Coins Of Varahraj (Adenga Kondagaon) Ramendra Nath Mishra & Vishnu Thakur
5. Sitabengra Caves (Sarguja) Colonel Ausley
Note :
● Kandra - A large pit dugged or found naturally in a mountain (or ground).
● Rock paintings - The figures or painting made by stone tools on the rocks of the cave.
● Pottery - Pottery of clay, stone or porcelain.
● Megalithic Menhirs - To cover the burial by stones.
● Rock Inscription - A written work or article engraved on a stone or rock.
● Copper Plate - A piece of copper stone or copper sheet on which antiquities or citation etc. were written
in ancient times.
Inscription :
● Important articles, sermons, documents or orders carved on relatively hard surfaces like stone or metal.
● Normally, the rulers had their orders engraved in such a way that people could see, read and follow it.
Proto Historic Age (2500-1500 BC)

That period of history, where writen evidence related to the incidents of human beings was found but could
not be deciphered.
Indus Valley Civilization (2500 - 1500 BC) :
Inscription
● The Indus Valley Civilization was first discovered by 'Raibahadur Dayaram Sahni' in 1921 by the
excavation of a place called Harappa (Pakistan).
● The development of this civilization mainly took place along the valley of Indus river; hence it is known
as Indus Valley Civilization. the geographical extent of Indus Valley Civilization -
● In the north : Mand (Jammu and Kashmir), on the bank of Chenab river
● In the south : Daimabad (Maharashtra), on the bank of Godavari.
● In the East : Alamgirpur (Uttar Pradesh), on the bank of Hindon River
● In the west : Sutkagendor (Baluchistan), on the banks of the Dashk River.
● The inhabitants of this civilization were Mediterranean and Dravidian which extended in the
northwestern India. Therefore, no information related to this period was got in Chhattisgarh. People of
this civilization used stone tools and equipment, but they were also familiar with bronze.
Historic Age (1500 BC-1947 AD)
Vedic period Chhattisgarh (1500 BC-600 BC)

● The Vedic period started with the arrival of Aryans in India. This period is divided into two parts.
1. Rig Vedic Period
2. Later Vedic Period
1. RIG VEDIC ERA : (1500 BC – 1000 BC)

● The Rig Veda is the oldest book among the Indo-European languages. It was compiled or composed by
the sages /rishis of various gotras.
● It includes the praises of the deities like Agni, Indra, Varun etc.
● It consists of 10 Mandal, 1028 Sukta and 10462 Richa.
● The information’s about the Aryans is got from this Veda, their original residence was around the eastern
region of the Alps Mountains. The arrival of Aryans was from Central Asia and from Iran.
● The civilization developed by Aryan was 'rural civilization' and their main occupation was animal
husbandry.
● In this period only from the region from Munj Mountains to the north to the Vindhyachal region have
been described, therefore evidence of this period has not been found in Chhattisgarh.
2. Later Vedic period :

● In the later Vedic period, the Samaveda (Poetic collection), Yajurveda (Yagya and sacrificial mantra),
Atharvaveda (Tantra-mantra for the prevention of calamity and disruption) were composed.
● The Aryans are considered to be the mother of Indian civilization and culture. During this period,
Aryans moved from the Indus valley region to the banks of the Ganga-Yamuna doab.
● In the later vedic period the Aryans arrived in Dakshin Kosal in 800 BC.
● During this time Narmada River was known as "Rewa River". A description of the sea located to east &
west if found in the Shatapath Brahman.
● In Kaushtaki Brahman there is a mention of Vidhyanchal Hills.
03
Mythologic Era
Ramayan Era
● According to Hindu calendar, Ramayana period comes under Tretayuga.
● The Ramayana was probably composed in 600 BC.
● It is a Sanskrit epic which has 7 chapters (Kand) and 24,000 verses. It describes the saga of King Shri Ram of
Raghuvansh.
● Author of Ramayana – Valmiki
Other Books Related Ramayan Author

Ramcharitmanas Tulsidas
Ramayan Mimansa Swami Karpatriji
● According to the unpublished treatise 'Kosal Khand', there was a powerful king named Kosal near Nagapattan
in the south of Vindhya region in Ramayana. hThus, this region was named Kosal on the name of him.
● Later in this dynasty, there was the King Bhanumant his daughter was Kausalya. Kaushalya was the princess
of Kosal and wife of King Dasharatha of Ayodhya.
● According to folklores, the village Kosal in Bilaspur district was the center of Dakshin Kosal in the Ramayana
period and Bhanumant had no son.Due to which this regionwent under the authority of King Dashrath.
● Language of Dakshin Kosal : Kosali (Hence this was first Language of Chhattisgarh)
● Name of Chhattisgarh during Ramayan Era :
○ Mahanadi Basin or Middle Chhattisgarh : Dakshin kosal.
○ Bastar : Dandkaranya.
● As per Kalidasa’s Raghuvansham Lord Rama gave state work of Dakshin Kosal to Kush (capital-Kushsthali)
and Uttar kosal’s state work to Luv (Capital-Shravasti).
● Dandkaranya was the center of Aryan's culture during Ramayan Era. It seems that Rama organised the Vanar
Sena from the dynasties scattered in the region from Chhota Nagpur to Bastar and from Cuttak to Satara.
PLACES RELATED TO RAMAYAN ERA
As per the folktales, lord Rama spent most of the period of the exile (10 years) in Chhattisgarh
No. District Place Importance
Sitamadhi Ghaghra
Sitamadhi Chhatoda Stayed in Siddha Baba’s ashram
There are 17 chambers in the caves on the banks of the
01 Koriya Sitamadhi Harchuaka
river Savai, also known as Sita’s kitchen.
The waterfall is situated on Hasdeo river , lord Rama
Amritdhara
reasted here
Sarasor Kund Attack of a demon named sara
Vishrampur Sita rested here after getting hurt
02 Surajpur Mata wrote Jai Shri Ram with the blood of her foot on
Sita Lekhni Hills
the hill.
Raksganda Lord Rama killed the demons
Maheshpur Lord shiva was worshiped on the bank of Rend river.
Sitabengra (Mata Sita’s room), Jogimara,
Ramgarh Hills Laxmanbengra, Anjanitila, Kisakindha hills, Hathkor
03 Sarguja
Cave
Bandarkot On Ambikapur-Darima route
Mainpat
04 Jashpur Kilkila Ashram (Pathalgaon)
(Nar-Narayan and Sabari temple) shabri fed stale berry
Shivrinarayan in Matang Rishi Ashram, the kewat helped them cross
Janjgir- river here
05
Champa
Chandrapur
Kharod Slaughter of Khardushan, Lakshmaneshwar Temple
Pooja at Siddheshwar Mahadev (on the banks of Bal
Pallari
Samund Pond)
06 Balodabazar
Lavan, Kasdol The place is named after Lav-Kush.
Turturiya Maharishi Valmiki’s ashram, Lav-Kush’s birthplace
07 Mahasamund Sirpur Gandeshwar Mahadev Temple
Arang Kaushalya Kund
08 Raipur
Chandrakhuri Kaushalya Mata’s birthplace, Mata Kaushalya’s temple
Lomash Rishi’s ashram, temple of Kuleshwar Mahadev
09 Gariyaband Rajim
(Sri Rama worshiped Lord Shiva)
Saptarishi’s Ashram (Shringi, Sharabhang, Gautama,
10 Dhamtari Sihava
Agastya, Muchkund, Kankar, Angira)
11 Kanker Panchavati Kidnapping of mata Sita (as per legends)
Farasgaon Jatayushila
12 Kondagaon
Keshkal Gardhanora
Rakashada Shri Ram broke the bones of the demons
13 Narayanpur
Chhotedongar Ancient Shiva Temple
14 Dantewada Barsur
Chitrakot Rama-Sita Leela
15 Bastar Tirathgarh Sita
Kutumbsar caves Shri Ram, Sita and Lakshman spent some time here
Chitpitin Mata Temple Footprints of Shri Rama, Ramaram fair is organized
16 Sukma
Konta Ancient Shiva Temple at Injaram Village
Ram Vanpath Gaman Marg in Chhattisgarh :
Lord Rama, Sita and Lakshmana spent about 10 years out of 14 years of their exile in Chhattisgarh. A total of
75 places in Chhattisgarh were identified where Shri Ram visited out of which at 51 places he spent some time.
Thus, there are many such places in Chhattisgarh which are important on the basis of mythological, religious
and historical beliefs. In order to promote tourism in Chhattisgarh and to make people aware of all these areas,
the government is trying to connect all these places in the Ramvan Gaman Path (scheme) and develop them as
tourism. 9 sites have been identified for development in the first phase of the project, the remaining 42 sites will
be developed in the second phase. Research work on the subject of this Ram Van Gaman Path has been done by
the institute Chhattisgarh Asmita Pratishthan Raipur. The book; Dandakaranya Ramayana; has been published
by Shri Manulal Yadu on this subject, Dr. Hemu Yadu has published a book called; Chhattisgarh paryatan me
Ram Vanagman Path . According to the above research books, the forest path of Shri Ram has been taken. 9
places of Phase-I are Sitamarhi Harchauka, situated on the banks of Savai River (Koriya) Ramgarh Hill (Surguja)
Shivrinarayan (Janjgir-Champa) Turturiya (Balodabazar) Chandrakuri (Raipur) Rajim (Gariaband) Sihawa
(Dhamtari) Jagdalpur (Bastar) Ramaram (Sukma).
Mahabharat Era
● The period of the composition of Mahabharata was probably between 3100 BC. - 600 BC.
● It is a Sanskrit epic containing 1,10,000 verses.
● It is the longest poetic epic in the world, based on the struggle between Kaurava and Pandav.
● Author of Mahabharata - Shri Ganesh
● Compiler - Ved Vyas
● First the Mahabharata contained 8,800 verses, then it was named Jai Samhita (a collection of conquests).
Later the number of verses increased to 24000 and became famous by the name of Bharat. When the verses
became 1,10,000 then it was called Mahabharata.
Mahabharata
S. No. Number of verses Name
1. 1,800 Jaysamhita
2. 24,000 Bharata
3. 1,10,000 Mahabharata
Name of Chhattisgarh during the Era :

● Middle Chhattisgarh : Prakosal/Kosal.
● Region : Kantar
Places related to Mahabharat :

S.No. District Place Ancient Name Facts
01 Janjgir – Champa Gunji Rishab Tirth Bhima Talab
02 Bilaspur Ratanpur Manipur Capital of Mordhwaj & Tamradhawaj
Sirpur Chitrangadpur Capital of Arjun’s Son Babruvahan
03 Mahasamund
Khallari Khalvatika Laksha Grih (Bhimkoh) Bhim's Foot Print
04 Raipur Arang Bhander Mordhwaj ruled here
Other Facts :
● According to the Mahabharata, the Prakosal was one of the states won by Sahadev.
● Kosala is also mentioned in the conquest of Karna (son of Kunti) as well as in the context of Raja Nal and
Shishupala (king of the Chedi kingdom).
● King Nal mentions the state of 'Kosala' in the south of Vindhya while making the path towards south.
● Lakshagriha : a lac-built building, which was built by Duryodhan for the Pandava's stay.
04
FROM 600 BC TO 323 BC
Mahajanapad Period (From 600 BC )

● India was divided into 16 mahajanpada’s during Gautam Budha’s period in 600 BC.
● Some part of Chhattisgarh was included in Avanti Mahajanpad and Some in Chedi Mahajanpad during
this poriod.
● During this time this region was called Chedisgarh and in the Span of time the name Chedirgarh became
Chhattisgarh.
● The capital of Chedi Mahajanpad was Suktimati and it came under the area of Bundelkhand plateau.
● As per Jain Text Bhagwati Sutra :

Kosal was Mahajanpad which was divided into :
1. Uttar Kosal
2. Dakshin Kosal
○ Chhattisgarh came under Dakshin Kosal :
● As per Buddhist text Avadanshatak. Mahatma Buddha came to Dakshin Kosal and stayed here for three
months.
● As per Buddhist text Anguttar Nikay present Chhattisgarh came under Dakshin Kosal.
● There are 16 Mahajanapads mentioned in the Bhagvati Sutra (Jain scriptures) and Anguttar Nikya
(Buddist texts) but there is a difference in their list.
Buddhism
● Gautam Buddha was the founder of Buddhism. He was born at Lumbini of Kapilvastu (Nepal) in 563
B.C.
● He was contemporary of 24th Jain tirthankara Mahavir.
● His childhood name was Siddharth.Siddharth left home at the age of 24 and spread his teachings by
travelling for a long time.
● On the day of Baishakh Purnima at the age of 35 Siddhartha attained enlightenment under the Peepal
tree on the banks of the Niranjana River. After attaining enlightenment, Siddhartha was called Buddha
and that place was called Bodhgaya (Bihar).
● Buddhism is atheistic, it believes in rebirth.
● The Triratna of Buddhism-Buddh, Dhamma, Sangha.
● From Buddhist Text Avadanshatak we come to know that Gautam Buddha stayed in Sirpur for almost three
months. Which is mentioned in Hsuan Tsang Travel accounts.
● Chhattisgarh is mentioned. In Buddhist Text Angutar Nikaye.
● In 6th century Buddhist Monk “Prabhu Anand” constructed Swastika Vihar and Anand Kutir Vihar.
● Related Places : Sirpur - Turturiya (Buddhist Statue), Malhar - Buddhist Temple and Chaitya, Bhongapal -
Kondagaon (Budha Vihar)
Jainism
● The founder of Jainism was 24th tirthankara Mahavir swami.

● Mahavir was born at Kundalgram (Vaishali) in 540 B.C. and his childhood name was Vardhman.
● Mahavir took renunciation (sanyas) life at the age of 30 and gave up clothes after attaining Kaivalya at
the age of 42.
● After attaining enlightenment, he was called Jin (conqueror), Arhat (revered) and Nirganth (bondless).
● The meaning of Jainism is - 'religion promoted by Jin’, means the conqueror and who is the follower of
Jin is called Jain.
● Those who preach about Jainism are called Acharya tirthankaras.
● There were 24 Tirthankaras in Jainism.
● Triratna of Jainism : 1. Samyak Gyan (right knowledge), 2. SamyakDarshan (right faith), 3. Samyak
Acharan(right conduct).
● 1st Tirthankar - Rishabdev - Gunji (Janjgir-Champa)

● 23nd Tirthankar - Parshwanath - Nagpura (Durg)
● 2nd Agitnath, 11th Shreyansnath
● 21th Tirthankar - Naminath - Bhandal Dev Temple, Arang (Raipur)
Note :
● As per Pyarelal Gupta Ratanpur was Capital in all four Eras its varius names in the four era' s all :
○ Satyug – Manipur
○ Tretayug – Manikpur
○ Dwaparyug – Hirapur
○ Kalyug – Ratanpur
05
CHHATTISGARH IN MAURYAN PERIOD (323-184 BC)
Facts :
● Chandra Gupta Maurya was the founder of this Dynasty.
● In 322 BC Chandragupta with the help of his minister Chanakya defeated the last ruler of Nanda
Dyanasty i.e. Dhananand.
● Chadragupta ruled from North western India to Northern Karnataka in South (except Kalinga). Later
Ashoka annexed the Kalinga and establised rule approxinately over whole Indian subcontinent.
● Ashoka was the first king who with the help of his inscription directly addressed his people.
● The area of Chhattisgarh was under Nanda Dynasty and Later under Mauryan Dynasty.
● Capital of Maurya & Patliputra.
● Important Rulers : Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka.
1. Chandragupta Maurya : No evidence has been found that Chandragupta Maurya ruled the area of
Mahakosal.
2. Ashoka : From Ashoka’s inscription, we come to know that Ashoka ruled over Kalinga & Roopnath
Area (Jabalpur). Chhattisgarh became the part of Mauryan Empire after his kalinga victory. He built
stupa here which is known by chinese traveller Hentsany.
Mauryan Era Inscription :
● Sitabengra Cave : It was the theater of cultural and artistic events, which is the oldest theater in Asia, it
was studied by Dr. Santlal Katare.
● Jogimara Caves : The lovestory of an artist Devdutt and devdasi Sutnuka is described in this cave.
Devdutt engraved his feelings of his heart full of sorrow of separation in the cave. This wall paintings are
of the same style like the cave temples of Ajanta and Ellora.
● Tthe Ashokan language and script had been used in this cave (Language : Pali, Script : Brahmi, Colour
: Brown)
● Both the caves are situated in the Ramgarh hills in Sarguja District. Col. Ausley (1848) & Dr. Blass
(1904) had threw light on it.
Other Evidence :
Shrigupta (founder of Gupta dynasty)
1. Mauryan coins : Bilaspur, Bargaon (Raigarh) ↓
2. Punchmarked Coins : Chandragupta (I) (319 - 335 AD)
The real founder of the Gupta dynasty
● Bilaspur ↓
Samudragupta (court poet - Harisen) (335 - 380 AD)
● Akaltara (259 punched silver coins) Title - Kaviraj, Yashwamegh, Param Bhagwat
● Thathari (Janjgir - Champa) Other name - Napoleon of India
Brother ↓
● Tarapur (Raipur), Ramgupta←Chandragupta (II) (380-412 AD)
Title - Vikramaditya
● Arang, Tarapur, Udela (Raipur) Arrival of Chinese traveller Fahian
3. Ashokan Era Statue : Kotadol (Raipur) ↓
Kumargupta (415 - 455 AD)
● In 1969 -70 Dr. Ramendra Nath Mishra Title - Mahendraditya
discovered Punchmarked Coins from Founder of Nalanda University
↓
Arang and Gujra.
Skandagupta (455 - 467 AD)
● 253 Coins were got from Thathari Huna's invasion
haveing small marks on it. ↓
Bhanugupta
Vishnu Gupta (Last Ruler)
06
CHHATTISGARH IN POST MAURYAN PERIOD
Satavahana dynasty (60 BC - 194 AD)
● Satavahanas were the successors of Mauryas in the Deccan and Central India.
● In 60 BC Shimuk , the ruler of Satavahana dynasty attacked Magadha and defeated King Susarma of
Kanva dynasty and established its power over some parts of central Indian.
● Capital : Pratisthan (Maharashtra)
● Important ruler : Gautami putra Shatkarni
● Gautamiputra Shatkarani ruled over Kalinga and Kosala thus this region come under the influence of
Satvahans in 2nd contuary.
● Kharavela ruled Orissa during this reign. Some part of the eastern Chhattisgarh came under the rule
of King Kharavel of Chedi dynasty.
The Historical remains of Satavahana Period :

1. Coins – Coins of King Apilak - Balpur Founder – Shimuk (60 BC - 37 BC)
(Raigarh), Malhar ↓
Krishna (I) (37 - 27 BC)
The rectangular coins were found ↓
in the second century, in which Shatakarni Pratham (27 - 17 BC)
the standing woman or snake and ↓
Haal (20 - 24 AD)
elephant were inscribed.
↓
Roman golden coins - Chakarbeda Gautamiputra Shatkarni (106 - 130 AD)
(Bilaspur) ↓
Vishishtiputra Pulumavi (130 - 154 AD)
2. Inscriptions – Place - Gunji (Sakti) ↓
Last Ruler - Yajna Shri Shatkarni (165 - 194 AD)
Language - Prakrit
The inscription of the Satavahana King Varadatta belongs to first century.
Varadatta donated 1000 cows to Brahmana to increase his life.
3. The wooden pillar – It was discovered in 1921 in an ancient pond in village Kirari (Janjgir Champa),
(yagyayupa) is presently kept in the Gurughasidas Museum.
4. Clay seals – Found in Malhar , in which Vedashree (Vaidasiris) article is written.
5. Scripted statue – Found in Budhikhar near Malhar belongs to the first century BCE. The
of lord Vishnu script was Brahmi. This statue was made by women named Prajavati and
Bhardwaj.
6. Kshatrapa Coin – A coin of Western Kshatrap has been found in the Arang.
Notes :
1. At this time Ptolemy traveled Chhattisgarh.
2. According to the travelogue of Hieun Tsang’s Si-yu-ki, in the Satavahana period, the buddhist monk
Nagarjuna came to Chhattisgarh for whom the Satavahana rulers built the 5-storey building Sangharam.
3. After this, probably the Megh dynasty established control over the region.
Mahameghavahan Dynasty (200 BC - 5th century)

● After the decline of the Maurya dynasty, the majestic king named Mahamegavahana established his
independent kingdom in Kalinga.
● In the third generation of Mahameghavahana, there was a ruler named Kharavel.
● "Hathigumpha inscription" engraved by King Kharavel is found in the cave of Udayagiri hill in Orissa.
It infors about after the rule of the Mauryans, King Kharavel ruled in some part of South Kosala till the
2nd century AD.
Kushan Dynasty
● The Kushan were the first ruler who issued gold coins on a wide scale in India. These coins were purer
than the Gupta gold coins. The credit of issuing maximum copper coins goes to the Kushan's.
● The coins found in Chhattisgarh of Kushan rulers Kanishka and Vikramaditya makes it certain that
Kushan ruled this territory. It seems that Kushan ruled the area for very short period.
● Kushan coins : Telikot (Kharsia Tehsil)
● Copper coins : Bilaspur
07
GUPTA, VAKATAKA AND NAL DYNASTY
Gupta Dynasty (319 AD - 550 AD)
● The Gupta Empire emerged as the power after suppressing the Kushan Empire in the third century after
the post-Mauryan period.
● When the Gupta dynasty had tied the entire north India in the thread of political unity, During that
time in southwestern India Vakataka Dynasty ruled. In South India : Kadamba Dynasty, Gang Dynasty,
Pallava Dynasty, Chola dynasty, Cher Dynasty and Pandya dynasty was ruling.
● Capital of Gupta Dyansty : Patliputra.
Name of Chhattisgarh in Gupta period :

● Central Chhattisgarh : Kosal
● Bastar : Mahakantar
● Source :
○ The Gupta period coins, Harisen's Prayag Prasasti.
○ 20 Gupta gold coins were found from Banabarad (Durg). From which there were 1 kanch, 1 of
Samudragupta and 7 of Chandragupta- (II) coins.
Important Gupta Rulers :
1. Samudragupta :
● Samudragupta being an able ruler was also a scholar, proficient in music and poetry.
● He decided to conquer India as soon as he sat on the throne.
● According to Balchand Jain, Magadha impacted
Chhattisgarh when Samudragupta defeated
the kings of Aryavarta or nothern India and Shri Gupta (founder of Gupta dynasty)
conquered Southern empires. ↓
Chandragupta (I) (319 - 335 AD)
● From the 19th verse of the Harisen's prayag The real founder of the Gupta dynasty
prasasti we come to know that Samudragupta ↓
defeated the Kosal’s king Mahendra(probably Samudragupta (court poet - Harisen) (335 - 380 AD)
Title - Kaviraj, Yashwamegh, Param Bhagwat
the ruler of Sharabhpuri dynasty or Vakatakas Other name - Napoleon of India
feudal( samant) and Mahakantar king Brother ↓
Vyaghraraj (Nal Dynasty) in the war but did not Ramgupta←Chandragupta (II) (380-412 AD)
rule directly and returned his kingdom. Since Title - Vikramaditya
then, the influence of the Guptas on Dakshin Arrival of Chinese traveller Fahian
Kosala has progressively increased. ↓
Kumargupta (415 - 455 AD)
● According to legend, Samudragupta encamped Title - Mahendraditya
on the banks of the Mahanadi during the Founder of Nalanda University
↓
Southern Expedition. And hence the place was
Skandagupta (455 - 467 AD)
named "Mahasamund". Huna's invasion
● The evidence of Rupadevi (wife of ↓
Bhanugupta
Samudragupta) has been found in the village of Vishnu Gupta (Last Ruler)
(Mahasamund).
Note :
● Samudragupta did not merged the kingdoms of Central India in his empire even after defeating them in
battle. They were only subordinate states. These states, along with paying taxes to Samudragupta, gave
military assistance when required.
● Prayag Prasasti : Prayag is the name of the place and the meaning of Prasasti is to describe or praise. It
was composed by “Harisen”. the court poet of Samudragupta. This article was brought by Samudragupta
from Kaushambi in 200 AD. It was also carved in the pillar of Ashoka brought from Kaushambi. This
article describes the conquests of Samudragupta.
2. Chandragupta (II) :
● Chandragupta married his daughter Prabhavati to the Vakataka king Rudrasen (II).
(Wife)
Chandragupta (II) Dhruvaswamini
(Daughter)
Prabhavati (Married) Rudrasen (II)

(Vakataka king )
3. Kumar Gupta :
● Kumaragupta's gems studded peacock copper coin of the fifth century has been obtained from Arang .
In which "Param Bhagavat" Mahadhiraj Shri Kumaragupta Mahendradityasya is inscribed.
● 54 coins of Kumaragupta have been found in the place named Khairtal (Raipur), in which
"Mahendradityasya" is inscribed.
● 40 coins have been found in Pitarivald village (Raipur), in which the names of Mahendraditya and
Vikramaditya are mentioned.
4. Bhanu Gupta :
● In the Eran inscription of Bhanugupta (510 AD), there is mention of the sharabpuri kings of Chhattisgarh.
In this the Sharabraj is called the as the Grand Parent of Gopraj but it is not clear.
● Eran Records : Records obtained in a village called Eran in Sagar district of Madhya Pradesh.
● Gupta temple architecture : Vishnu temple of Talagaon and the temple of Kevatin mata of Baramakela
(Poojaripali) are example of nagar style of Gupta architecture.
Vakataka Dynasty (250 AD - 500 AD) :

After the Satavahanas the Vakataka dynasty ruled in northern Maharashtra and Vidarbha (Berar). Dakshin
Kosala region went sometimes under the area of Vakataka and sometimes under the influence of the Guptas, the
Vakataka rulers called themselves Maharajas and the Guptas as Maharajadhiraj.
● Capital : 1. Purika (Berar) -First Capital, 2. Nandivardhan (present Nagpur)
Important ruler
● Vindhyashakti (250 - 270 AD)
● Pravarsen (I) (title of "Maharaja")
● Rudrasen (I) (330 - 355 AD)
● Prithvisen (I) (355 - 380 AD)
● Rudrasen (II) (380 - 385 AD) wife→Prabhavati Gupta (385-405 AD)
● Pravarsen (II)
● Narendrasen (II) (440 - 460 AD)
● Prithvisen (III) (460 - 480 AD)
● Devasen (450 - 475 AD)
● Harisen (475 - 500 AD)
1. Pravarsen (I) (270 - 330 CE) :
● According to Dr. Mirashi, Vindhyashakti was succeeded by his son Pravarsen (I).
● Pravarsen (I) ruled Dakshin Kosala. But after the death of Pravarsen, the kingdom of Guptas was
established in Chhattisgarh.
2. Pravarsen (II) :
● He was the son of Rudrasen (II) and Rani Prabhavati.
● Prabhavati Gupta (385 - 405 AD) ruled as guardian of her minor sons due to the sudden death of
Rudrasen II.
● At the same time, Chandragupta (II) sent his court poet Kalidas to Prabhavati Gupta's court for the
upbringing of Pravarsen (II).
● During the journey, Kalidas called Sarguja the "gate of heaven" and composed "Meghdootam" on the
hill of Ramgarh in Surguja district.
● The composition was translated into Chhattisgarhi by Mukutdhar Pandey,
● In due course, Yuvraj Damodarsen ascended the throne in the name of Pravarsen (II).
● The Vakataka Empire expanded from Bundelkhand to Hyderabad during the reign of Pravesen (II).
● An incomplete copperplate has been found from Durg of Pravarsen (II).
3. Narendrasen (440 - 460 CE) :
● It is known from the Balaghat copper plate of Prithvi Sen (II) that, his father Sri Narendrasen had won
the regions of Malwa and Maikal.
● According to Riddhipur copper plate, Nal ruler Bhavadattavarma invaded the Vakataka king Narendrasen,
defeated him and destroyed his capital Nandivardhan
● Thus Bhavadattavarma expanded his empire to Nagpur and Berar.
● He defeated the vakataka and issued the copperplate from its capital. Thus, surprised the then kings.
● Narendrasen ← Battle ← Bhavduttverma(Victor)
४. Prithvi sen (II) (460 - 480CE) :
● According to Kesaribeda and Pandiapathar (Odisha) copperplate, the son of Narendrasen, Prithvisen
(II) regained power over Bhavadattavarm’s successor Arthpati-Bhattarak and regained control over the
eastern part of his empire.
● Prithviasen (II) destroyed Pushkari, the capital of the Nal dynasty in this battle and Arthapatibhattaraka
died was killed in this battle.
● Prithvisen ← Battle ← Bhavduttverma (Victor).
५. Devasen :
● Artapatibhattaraka's brother Skandavarma attacked Devasen by reorganising the army. Devasen was
defeated in the battle.
● Devasen ← Battle ← Skandverma (Victor).
६. Harisen-
● The last ruler of the Vakataka dynasty
Nal Dynasty (4th - 10th century)

● On the basis of the archaeological survey, the history of Dakshin Kosal starts from 4th century.
● It is known from the Samudra Gupta's Prayag Prasti. During this time the Area of Chhattisgarh had the
impact of Gupta and Vakataka. But the area was ruled by regional mandliks. The credit of issuing coins
and permanent rule over Bastar region goes to Nal dynasty.
● Regional Dynasty Contemporary of Gupta : Nal, Rajrishitulya, Sharabpuriya, Pandu Dynasties.
sources :
● Prayag Prashasti of Harisen
● Riddhipur copperplate of Prabhavati Gupta (Vakataka)
● Aihole inscription of Pulkeshin II
● Udayendiram copperplate of Nandivarman (II) of Pallava dynasty
● 32 gold coins of Nal rulers have been found in the village of Adenga in Kondagaon. Of which 29 coins
belonged to Varaharaj, 1 to Bhavadatta Verman and 2 to Arthapatibhattarak.
State Expansion :
● Their administration was in the southern part of Dakshin Kosal, Dandakaranya and Western Utkal.
'Nalwara' village located near Kondagaon, possibly the name of the "Nal dynasty" may have been named
after this village.
● The empire was exllented upto Vidarbha (Maharashtra), South Kosala, Bastar (Kanker, Bijapur), Koraput
(Orissa)
● Capital- Puskari (Bhoppalapatnam)
Important rulers of Nal Dynasty
Nal Dynasty Vakataka Dynasty
Shishuk
Vyaghraraj
Varahraj Vindhyashakti
Bhavduttvarman Praversen (I)
Arthpati Bhattarak Narendra Sen (II)
Skand Varman Prithiv Sen (II)
Sthambhraj Dev Sen
Nandraj Harisen
Prithvivyaghra
Virupraj/Virupaksh
Vilastung (R)
Prithvivyaghra
Bhimsen
Narendra Thabal
1. Shishuk :
● The founder of Nal dynasty.
2. Vyaghraja :
● According to the Prayag Prasasti of Harishen, Samudragupta defeated the Nal dynasty ruler Vyaghraraj
during the southern campaign and took the title of Viyaghrahanta.
3. Varaharaj (400-440 AD) :
● Varahraj was the real founder of Nalavansh or Nal dynasty.
● 29 coins of Varahraj were found. From Kondagoan-Tehsil-Adenga.
● There was peace and prosperity in the rule of Varahraj and he was ruling as the independent ruler in
Bastar.
4. Bhavadattavarma (440 - 460 AD) :
● Bhavadattavarma was the successor of Varaharaj and the most important ruler of the Nal dynasty.
● Bhavadattavarman was a devotee of lord Shiva.
● He took the title of Maharaja and he was the independent ruler.
● According to the Riddhipur copperplate (Amaravati), Bhavadatta Varma defeated the king of Vakataka
dynasty Narendrasen, and destroyed his capital. After establishing empire in Bastar and South Kosala
region, he expanded his empire upto Nagpur and Berar.
● Bhavadatta also introduced gold coins. (Adenga - 1 coin)
● Bhavadatta Varma had two sons - 1) Arthapati Bhattarak (eldest son) 2) Skanda Verma
5. Arthapatibhattarak (460 - 475 AD) :
● Arthapati Bhattarak became the ruler after Bhavadatta Varma.
● "Bhattarak" is the declaration of the crowned Prince, There fore, it can be said that he was the eldest son.
● According to Kesaribeda and Pandiapathar copperplate, Vakataka king Prithvisen defeated
Arthapatibhattarak and destroyed his capital Pushkari and took away the territory of Nagpur and
Vidarbha from them.
● Arthapati Bhattarak was killed in this war.
● Arthapati Bhattarak also issued gold coins. (Adenga - 2 coins).
6. Skanda Verma :
● Skanda Verma was the brother of Arthapati Bhattarak.
● According to the Podagarh Inscription Skandverma established Podagarh as his capital and He attacked
on the Vakataka king Devsen and defeated him in the battle and regained his lost empire. Thus, this
proves that he was a powerful ruler.
● The inscription of Podagarh begins with "vijeta the, vijeta hain aur vijeta rahenge".
● He constructed a Vishnu Temple in Podagarh.
● He established contral over the maximum period of vidarbha.
Notes :
● The evidence of conversion to Vaishnav from Shaiva is got from the Podagarh inscription.
● Thereafter (up to a few years) there is no authentic information regarding the kings of Nal dynasty.
● During this period, the eastern Chalukya king Kirtivardhan (I) (567 - 597 AD) attacked the Nals.
7. Nandanraj :
● He was the son of Skandavarma.
● He studied at Nalanda University.
● The golden coins of Stambharaj and Nandanraj have been obtained from Kulia village of Durg. From
which we come to know that Stambharaj and Nandanraj ruled after Skandvarman.
8. Vilasatunga (700 - 74 CE) :
● Later, The state of the Nal dynasty shifted towards the south-eastern part of Dakshin Kosala.
● The inscriptions got from Rajim informs about of 3 kings.
a) Prithviraj
b) Viruparaja or Virupaksha
c) Vilasatung
● Vilasatung was a worshiper of Vishnu.
● According to Rajim inscription, the famous "Rajiv Lochan Temple" of Rajim was constructed by
Vilasatung in the 8th century in the memory of his it son.
Notes :
● The Rajiv Lochan temple is related to Vaishnavism build in the Panchayatan style of Dravid architecture
art.
● It is known from the Rajim inscription that, the Chalukya ruler Kirtiverman attacked on the Nals during
the reign of Prithvivyaghra.
9. Prithvivyaghra (740) :
● The "Vdayendiram donation letter" of Nadiverman (II) of Pallav dynasty gives us the information that
Prithviyaghra was the successor of Vilastunga.
10. Bhimsen (900 - 925) :
● No information about any ruler is got till next 150 years after Prithvivyaghra.
● After that the Bhimsen became the king of Nal dynasty.
● Copper plate - Ganjam (Koraput)
11. Narendra Thabal :
● The lost ruler of Nal dynasty.
● After wards possibly the Nag and Som dynasty rulers took the place of Nals in the Dandkarnya region.
Other Memorable Facts :
● Rulers who issued gold coins -
○ Bhavadatta Verma
○ Arthapati Bhattarak
○ Varaharaj
● These were light weighted coins with the picture of Nandi on it. Below which the names of rulers were
mentioned.
Notes :
Records Ruler
● Riddhipur copperplate (Amaravati) - Prabhavati Gupta
● Pandiapathar records and Kesribeda copperplate (Odisha) - Arthapati Bhattarak
● Rajim inscription - Vilasatung
● Podagarh inscription (Jaipur kingdom) - Skanda Varma
08
LOCAL DYNASTIES OF CHHATTISGARH
Local Dynasties of Chhattisgarh
Ancient History Medivial History
Rajrishi tulya Sharabhpuriya Pandu Bann Som Dynasty of Faninag Dynasty

Kul Dyansty (5th-6th Dynasty Dynasty Kankar (10th-14th
(5th-6th Century) (5th-7th (9th (10th-14th Century) Century)
Century) Century) Century)
Maikal Sirpur Odisha Kanker

(5th-7th Century) (5th-7th Century) (10th-12th Century) (12th-14th Century)
Rajarshitulya kul dynasty (5th - 6th century)

● Rajarshitulya kul dynasty was the first local dynasty to rule in South Kosal.
● Time :
○ According to Raibahadur Hiralal - 282 Gupta Samvat
○ According to Mahamahopadhyay Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi - 182 Gupta Samvat
○ 282 +319 = 601 (6th century)
○ 182 + 319 = 501 (5th century), but this modification of Mirashi is not considered by scholars.
● It is revealed from Gupta Samvat that he accepted the subjugation of Guptas.
● Location - Arang
Prominent Rulers :
1. Sura
2. Dayit
3. Vibhishan
4. Bhimsen (I)
5. Dayit Varman (II)
6. Bhimsen (II)
● The copperplate discovered from Arang has the names of its previous rulers written on it. Moreover
it also mentions that Bhimsen (II) donated a village named Bhatpallika in Donda to Hariswamy and
Boppaswami.
● The founder of the Rajarshitulya dynasty was Sura, hence it is also called "Sura dynasty".
● The Rulers of this dynasty took the title of "Rajyogi" this title is equivalent to Rajadhiraj Shri title, which
is taken from the Udaygiri cave inscription of Chandragupta (II)
● In the commendation of Kharvel of Kalinga in Odisha, "Rajarshri vansh tulyakul vinsut",is written from
which it appears that Kharavel may have also have belonged to the Rajarshi clan.
Parwatdwarak Dynasty
● After the fall of Pushkari, in the later half of 5th century the region of Tel river valley came in the control
Parvatvara dynasty.
● Location - Devbhog (Gariaband)
● Evidence - copperplate: Maharaj Tushtikar - Terasinga copperplate
Important ruler :
Somnaraj (Mother's Name Kaustubh Sheshwari)

↓
Maharaj Tushtikar
↓
Nandraj Deba
● Tustikar and Somanraj both of these kings had donated Devbhog and Parvatdwarak area respectively to
Dronaswamy Kashyapa Gotriya Brahmins. When Somanraj's mother Kaustubh eshwari was ill, Somanraj
donated the Debhog (Devbhog) area.
● They were worshipers of the Sthambeshvari Devi, Its temple was located in the Parvatdwarak region, which
is compared to Parthla Kalahandi.
● Sambaleshwari Temple is located in Doomarbahar (southern bank of Udayanti River).
Sharabhapuriya Dynasty (5th - 6th century)
● Around the end of the fourth century, a new royal dynasty "Sharbpuriya Dynasty" was established in South
Kosala.
● Capital : Sharabhpur, Sarangarh, Sripur, Prasannpur. The different historians had different views related to the
Sharabhpuriya region. The capital of Sharabhpuriya dynasty according to the various historians are -Malhar
(Dr. ShyamKumarPandey), Sharbhgarh, Orissa (Pt. Lochan Prasad Padey), Sambalpur (Cunningham), Area
around Sirpur (Dr. P.L. Mishra).
● Evidence : Copper plates and coins issued by them and the Eran record of Bhanugupta.
● Period : Sharabhapuri rulers did not use any Samvat or calendar in their copper plate.
● Administration area : Malhar, Bilaspur, Raigarh, Sambalpur and Raipur etc.
● Contemporary rule : Rajrishitulya kul dynasty
Important ruler :
Sharabhraj
(Brother)
Mahendra (390 - 420AD) Narendra (390 - 420AD)
Prasanmatra
(Brother)
Jairaj Durgrajmanmatra
Sudevraj Pravaraj (I) Vyaghraraj

(Maha) Pravaraj (II)
Notes : According to the copperplate of Vyaghraraj , they were called Amaraj kul (Amarya kul) and in other
inscriptions “Amaraya”.
1. Sharabhraj :
● Possibly Sharabhraj was a feudal of Vakataka ruler Pravarsen (I). After the death of Pravarsen (I),
Sharbharaj declared his independence and named its capital Sharabhpur.
● Sharbharaj is mentioned in the Eran inscription (510 AD) of Bhanugupta.
● Sharabharaj was the founder of the Sharabhapuri dynasty and the name and capital of this dynasty is
named after Sharabharaj.
● He issued the coins in which Sanskrit language was used instead of Prakrit language.
● In this inscription it is written that Sharbhraj is the maternal grand father of Gopraj and the peudal of
Bhanugupta. But it is not clear that these both Sharabhraj were the same.
2. Narendra :
● He was the son of Sharabhraj.
● Copperplate issued by Narendra:
○ In his third year : Pipardula copperplate, Sarangarh in which he described himself the son of
Sharabharaj.
○ 24th Year : Kurud Copperplate
○ Other copperplate : Ravan Copperplate
● In the Ravan copperplate, he called himself "Param Bhagavat".
● He was a follower of Vaishnavism.
● No mention of Narendra is found in any copper plate or inscription of his descendants.
Note : The son of Sharabhraj i.e. King Mahendra of Kosala was defeated by Samudragupta during his south
campaign.
3. Prasannamatra :
● Then, Narendra's son Prasannamatra became the ruler.
● He issued gold and silver coins in large quantities. (From Cuttack to Chanda, his 116 total coins have
been found).
● Script used in his coins were : Petika Shirsh.
● Prasannamatra established the city of Prasannapur (Malhar) on the banks of the Lilagar River.
● Prasannamatra had 2 sons : 1. Jayaraj 2. Durgrajmanmatra
4. Jairaj :
● He was the eldest son of Prasanmatra. He ruled for about 15 years but due to his early death, his brother
Durgrajmanmatra sat on throne.
● Jairaj merged the Rajarshitulyakul area into his kingdom.
● A total of 03 copper plate (obtained from 1 Arang 2 Malhar) of Durgaraja Manamatra were issued from
Sharabhpur.
● According to Lochan Prasad Pandey, the city named Durg was established by Durgraj.
Note : Balachandra Jain and Dr Shyam Kumar Pandey - belived that Manmatra, Jairaj and Durgaraja - are names
of the same person unlike Dr. Ajay Mishra and Dr. PL Mishra who thought they were different rulers.
Durgaraja had 3 sons
Sudevraj Pravaraj (I) Vyaghraraj
5. Sudevraj :
● Sudevraj was the eldest son of Manmatra.
● The highest number of copperplate in the Sharabhapuri reign has been found of Sudevaraja (6 -
Sharabhpur, 2 - Sirpur).
● He issued donation letter from both the places of Sharbhpur and Sirpur.
● A person named Indrabal is mentioned in its copperplate.
● Indrabal was his Feudal which is written in Mahasamund Inscription and Kaunwatal Inscription
Indrabal is called “sarwadhikarikrit” in the records.
● In the Khariar copperplate, Sudevraj has been described as a glorious valiant and worshiper of Bhagwat
religion.
● From the Arang copperplate we come to know that Sudevraj ruled in Arang.
● During the rule of Sudevaraja, the ruler of Rajarshitulya Kul dynasty, Bhimsen (II) invaded Sirpur region.
Pravaraj (I) played prominent role in winning the battle.
● At the same time, the city of Sirpur was founded by Sudevaraja (Dr. Ajay Mishra Shastri). Sirpur was
made his second capital for security point of view. Appointed his Brother Pravaraj (I) as the Governor
of Sirpur.
6. Pravaraj (I) :
● Pravaraj (I) was the younger brother of Sudevraj.
● Pravaraj (I) became the ruler after the death of Sudevaraja and shifted his capital from Sharabhpur to
Sirpur.
● Cropperplate : Thakurdia (Sarangarh) and Malhar
● Pravarsen had entrusted his brother Vyaghraj with the responsibility of the rule of Prasannapur, i.e.
Vyaghraraj as the Feudal of Pravarraj ruled in Prasannapur.
● Vyaghraja's Malhar Tamrapatra mentions this dynasty as Amaraya Kul.
7. Pravaraj (II) :
● He was the last ruler of the Sharabhapuri dynasty.
● Capital -Sirpur.
● After the death of Sudevaraja, his feudal Indrabal conquered the northeastern part of South Kosala and
laid the foundation of Pandu dynasty in this region.
Memorable facts :
● They were the followers of Vaishnavism.
● All the inscriptions of these rulers are in the "box-headed alphabets" prevalent in 8th and 9th CE.
● The royal emblem of the Sharabhapuris was Gajalakshmi. It was inscribed in their seals.
● The names of "Sarva dhikirit" feudols and officers were found in their copperplate.
● Some Sharabhapuri rulers had put "Maha" in front of their names.
○ Mahajayraj
○ Mahasudevraj
○ Mahapravaraj
Administrative Unit :
● The king was the head but not dictator.
Administrative unit
Rajya or state
↓
Rastra (Division)
↓
Aahaar (District)
↓
Bhog / Bhukti (Tehsil)
↓
Gram
Memorable facts :
● The ancient "Deorani - Jethani" temple (Talagaon) and "Rudrashiva's eigth faces (ashtamukhi) idol"
(Talagaon) of Chhattisgarh was built during the reign of Sharabpuri.
● The brahmins had very respectable status in the society. The inscription tells that the villages were
donated to brahmins on the days of eclipses and festivals.
Pandu Dynasty (6th - 7th century)

● There were two branches of Pandu dynasty in Chhattisgarh
a) Pandu dynasty of Dakshin Kosala
b) Pandu dynasty of Maikal
● Actually the were Somvanshi Kshatriya they considered their origin from the Moon. The Pandu
dynasty were the first such ruler, who gave this area the name Kosala and gave themselves the title of
"Kosaladhipati".
a) Pandu Dynasty of Dakshin Kosala :
● After the Sharabhpuris, Somvanshi rulers ruled in Dakshin Kosala.

● In the inscriptions, they are mentioned as Pandu dynasty to distinguish them from the later Som dynasty.
● Evidence : Their copperplate and inscription (in 1785 AD, the first copper plate of Tivaradeva was found
in Rajim).
● Capital : Sirpur
Important Rulers
Udayan
Indrabal (Bharatabal)
Nannaraj (I) Ishandev Surbal Bhavadeva (Ranakesari)
Brother
Tiverdev Chandragupta
Nannaraj (II) Harshagupta
Brother (Marriage)
Ranakesari Mahashivagupta Balarjun Vasatadevi
Shivnandi
1. Udayan (485 - 510 AD) :

● The first ruler of the dynasty was "Udayan". He is mentioned in Bhavadeva Ranakesari's "Bhandak
inscription" as the first ruler of this dynasty.
● He ruled over the area between Kalingar and central province (His direct link with the history of
Chhattiagarh is not established).
2. Indrabal (Bharatabal) (510 - 53AD) :
● Indrabal was the son of Udayan and was considered the real founder of the Dynasty.
● He is mentioned in Sudevaraja's copperplate as "Sarva Dhikarikshakrita".
● His son Ishan Dev is mentioned in Kharod's Lakshmaneshwar Temple Incriptions, in which it is said
that the temple was built under the supervision of Prince Ishan Dev.
● He established the city of Indrapur (Kharod).
● Indrabal was also known as Bharatbal.
3. Nannaraj (530 - 540 AD) :
● He was the successor and son of Indrabal.
● He was completely self-sufficient and filled the region with Shiva temples.
● In Sambalpur District Gazetteer of 1971, the sons of Nannaraj Tivardev and Chandragupta are mentioned.
● According to Shyam Kumar Pandey, during this period Bhavdeva was ruling in Bhandak region and
Ishandev was ruling in Kharod.
4. Tiverdev (540 - 556 AD) :
● He was the eldest son of Nannaraj.
● His name is mentioned in the copperplate as - Mahashivtivar and in coins is - Tivaradev.
● At the time of Indrabal's rule, a small part of the state was ruled by the Pandu dynasty , Tivara Dev
expanded the kingdom.
● After winning Kosal and Maikal he was conferred with the title of "Sakalakosaladhilapati" and in the
currency he called himself "Sakalakosaladhipati".
● According to Adbhar (Janjgir) copperplate, he expanded his kingdom upto Orissa and also ruled on
Kalinga for some time. He did nilitary expeditions on the bordering areas of Orissa.
● His three copperplates :
○ Rajim (1785)
○ Balod
○ Boda (Raigarh, 1958).
● In Rajim and Balod copperplate the bravery and valour of Tivaradeva is mentioned.
● He was a Vaishnavite and Garunas were engraved in the currency issued by him.
● He was the adopted son of Nannaraja Dev.
● In the Rajim copperplate , Tivardev has been called "Paramvaishnava".
● According to Nannaraj (II) Adhabhar copperplate we come to know that he ruled over utkal mandal
hence he was called “Sakalkosalamandaladhipati”.
● Tivaradeva was defeated in the war by ruler of south, Vishnu Kundin Madhavavarman and Tivardev
died in this war.
5. Nannaraj (II) :
● We get the information about Nannaraj (II) from Adbhar copperplate.
● He has mentioned more about his father than himself in his copperplate.
● Since Nannaraja had no son, his uncle Chandragupta became the ruler after him.
● Nannaraja (II) had lost his authority over Utkal, but he had spread his kingdom to Wardha (Maharashtra).
● Nannaraja (II) was a worshipper of Lord Vishnu.
6. Chandragupta :
● He was the younger brother of Tiverdev.
● We get information about Chandragupta from the Sirpur inscription.
7. Harsh Gupta :
● He was the successor and son of Chandragupta.
● He was married to "Vastadevi", daughter of Suryavarma, the Maukhari ruler of Magadha.
● Harshagupta was a Vaishnava.
● After the death of Harsha Gupta, Queen Vasata built 'Vishnu Temple' in Sirpur (Lakshman Temple).
This temple is the perfect example of Indian Architecture made of red bricks. The construction of the
temple was completed during reign of Mahashivgupat Balarjun.
● Harsha Gupta had two sons :
1. Mahashivagupta Balarjuna
2. Ranakesari
8. Mahashivagupta Balarjun (595 - 655 AD) :
● Mahashivagupta succeeded after Harshagupta.
● According to the Sirpur inscription, Shivgupta was given the title of "Balarjuna" due to his skill in
archery since childhood.
● He took the titles of "Parammaheshwar" and "Matapitridanudhyata" as Malhar's copperplate.
● According to the inscriptions, Mahashivagupta followed Shaivite religion. Taurus and Trishul were
inscribed in his currency.
● The maximum inscription and copper plates of this dynasty have been found belongs to Mahashivagupta.
(Sirpur = 27 copper sheets).
● He donated for "Gandheshwar Temple" of Sirpur.
● Sirpur was developed as a Buddhist center during his reign. Along with this, Shaiva, Vaishnav, Jain,
Buddhist etc religions also developed into important centers, which were confirmed by the huge
Buddhist statues, viharas, inscriptions found from Sirpur excavation.
● During Mahashivgupta reign chinese traveller Huien Tsang visited Sirpur and Malhar.
● According to Huien Tsang, there were 100 sangharams (viharas) in Sirpur, where 10,000 Buddhist
monks resided.
● Huien Tsang has described Chhattisgarh as "Kiya-sa-lo" in his book Si-yu-ki.
● He was influenced by Mahashivagupta's sense of tolerance towards other religions.
● Mahashivagupta's ruled for 60 years. Mahashivagupta extended his empire up to Kalahandi Sambalpur,
His period was called the "Golden Age" of the Pandu dynasty Chhattisgarh.
● Contemporary rulers during the reign of Mahashivagupta :
○ In North India : Harsh Vardhan (Pushyabhuti dynasty)
○ In South India : Pulakeshin (II) (Chalukya), Narsingh Varman (Pallav, Kanchipuram).
● According to the Aihole inscription of Pulakeshin II, Mahashivagupta Balarjuna was defeated by
Pulakeshin (II) in 634 AD.After that Mahashivagupta accepted the subjection of Pulakeshin II.
● Before defeating Harsha, near the river Reva, Pulakeshin defeated Mahashivagupta.
● The Nal ruler Vilasatung and the Bann ruler Vikramaditya were responsible for the decline of this
dynasty.
b) Pandu dynasty of Maikal; (5th - 6th century) :

● On the basis of inscription in 5 AD a branch of Pandu Dynasty ruled in Maikal.
● Capital : Amarkantak
● Prominent rulers :
Jaybal
↓
Vatsaraj
↓
Nagbal (title -maharaj)
↓
Bharatabal (married to Lokprakasha)
↓
Surbal
● From Bahmani Copperplate of Bharatabal, We get the knowledge of this dynasty.
● Bharatabal has mentioned the Sharabhapuri ruler Narendra and his queen Lokprakasha (Narendra's
sister) in his copperplate.
● Surbal, the last ruler of this dynasty, is mentioned in the Malhar copperplate.
● Jaibal and Vatsaraja are mentioned in the records without any title, it can be saidthat they may have been
ordinary feudals of Magadha in the past, but in later years, after the decline of the Gupta dynasty, Nagbal
became independent and assumed the title of "Maharaj".
Som Dynasty
1. Som dynasty of Orissa (10th - 12th century) :

● This Som dynasty did not consider themselves as Pandu clans.
● Only two kings of this dynasty were prominent : Mahashivagupta Mahavabhagupta The birth names of
each were individual, but they used to bear the state name as soon as they sat on the throne. It the name
of father was Shivgupta then the name of the son could be Bhavgupta.
● Capital : Sirpur, Yayatinagar
Important rulers :
Shivgupta
↓
Janmejaya Mahabhava Gupta (I) (Dharmakandarpa)
↓
Mahashivagupta I (Yayati) (950 - 1000 AD)
↓
Mahabhava Gupta (I) (Bhimrath) (1000 - 1015 AD)
↓
Mahashivagupta II (Dharmastha) (1015 - 1020 AD) Mahabhavgupta (III) Nahush
↓
Yayati Mahashivagupta (III) (Chandihar)
↓
Mahabhavgupta (IV) (Udyogkesari) (1055 AD)
● They considered themselves as the master of Kosal, Kalinga and Utkal, hence assumed the title of
"Trikalingadhipati".
2. Som dynasty of Kanker (12th-14th century) :

● In the 12th -14th century, the region of Kanker of Bastar was ruled by the som dynasty. The incription
shak samvat 1242 (1320) have been found in which the genealogy of Bhanudev and his ancestors is
given -
Singhraj
Vyaghraraj
Bopdev
Krishna Somraj
Jaitaram Pampraj Dev
Somachandra (Mahamandalik)
Bhanudev
● Two copperplate of Pampraj Dev have been found of Kalchuri Samvat 965, Kalchuri Samvat 966 (Bastar)
at Tahankapar -
1. In Kalchuri Samvat 965 there is a mention of donating Japra and Chikhali village to the Brahmin
Lakshmidhar.
2. In Kalchuri Samvat 966 the names of Pampraj's father Somraj and Somraj's father Bopdev were
mentioned. During the reign of Bopdev Somvanshi kingdom was divided into two branches.
Karna Raj :
● From the Karnaraj’s inscription of shak samvat 1114(1191-92) found in sihava we come to know that
Karnaraj built six temples in Devhrad, from which the 6th temple was built for his queen “Bhopalla
devi”.
Bhanudev :
● There is a mention of the construction of three temples, a building and two ponds by Nayam Vasudeva
in Bhanudeva's inscription Saka Samvat 1242 (1320 AD).
● The use of Kalchuri Samvat in the inscriptions of Karnaraja and Bhanudev and the copper plates of
Pamparaja Dev shows that this Somvanshi kings have shown independent rule under partly dominance
of the Kalchuris.
Bann dynasty (9th century)

● The power of Pandu dynasty in the Bilaspur division of central Chhattisgarh was abolished by the Bann
rulers. The Bann ruler, ruled the area called "Pali" (Korba).
● Capital - Pali
Important rulers :
Mahamandaleshwar Malladev
↓
Vikramaditya (870 - 895 AD)
● Shiva temple in Pali was constructed by Vikramaditya.
● This Shiva temple was renovated by Kalchuri king Jajalladev (I).
● Kalchuri ruler from (Tripuri) "Shankargarh II Mugdhatunga" invaded the Pali region and took it udner
his control.
Faninag dynasty of Kawardha (10th - 14th century)

● In the 10th and 14th century, the "Faninag dynasty", of Nag Dynasty ruled the Kawardha district of
Chhattisgarh for about 400 years. The Faninag Dynasty accepted the sovereignty of the Kalchuri of
Ratanpur, moreover the inscription by some of their rulers also mention the Kalchuri samvat .
● Location : Kawardha
● Evidence : Inscription (Madwa mahal) and inscription.
● Important rulers : Ahiraj, Gopal Dev, Ramchandra Dev, Moning Dev.
1. Ahiraj :
● It is known from the inscription of "Madva Mahal" located in Chauragram that the first king of this
dynasty and from Ahiraj to Ramachandra There were a total of 24 rulers mentionel in this inscription.
1) Ahiraj 9) Kirtipal 17) Lakshmivarma
2) Rajbel 10) Jaipal 18) Kharagdev
3) Dharanidhar 11) Mahipal 19) Bhavavail Mall
4) Mahimdev 12) Vishampal 20) Arjun
5) Sarvavadan 13) Jandu 21) Bhima
6) Gopal Dev 14) Janpal 22) Bhoj
7) Baldev 15) Yashoraj 23) Laxmandev
8) Bhuvanpal 16) Kanhar Dev 24) Ramachandradev
● This inscription is currently preserved at the Mahant Ghasidas Museum, Raipur.
2. Gopal Dev :
● According to the Idol inscription (Kalchuri Samvat 840 AD ie 1089 AD) obtained from Chhapri,
Gopaldev was the sixth ruler of this dynasty.
● Gopaldev was a contemporary of Prithvi Dev (I) (1065 - 1095 AD), the ruler of Ratanpur.
● The temple named 'Bhoram Dev' was built by Laxman Dev Rai and Gopal Dev of Faninag Dynasty near
Chhapri in Chauragram. Information about it is clearly engraved in the statue of a sage (0.89 cm high
and 0.67 cm wide) with moustache - beard kept in the dome (mandap) at present and also mentions the
date of Kalchuri samvat (840).
Bhoramdev temple
● This temple is dedicated to the Tribal diety - Bhoramdev.
● Bhoramdev's temple is situated at Chauragram near Chhapri 18 km from Kabirdham (Kawardha)
district of Chhattisgarh. This temple is surrounded by Maikal range from all sides.
● Its archilectural style is Nagara style (chandel style).
● The hall of this temple has a idol of Gopaldev (Kalchuri 84 AD) followed by passage leading to the
Garbhagri where chief deity, Shiva in form of Shiva Linga is worshiped. (Bhoramdev is a form of Shiva,
which means this temple is basically a Shiva temple.)
● Typical architectural feature which represents the Khajuraho style of architecture built in the 9th-10th
century and so is known as the "Khajuraho of Chhattisgarh".
Ramachandradev :
● Ramchandra Dev (son of Lakshman Dev) who is believed to be the 24th ruler of this dynasty as
mentioned in the 'Madwa mahal' inscription (1349 AD).
● Madwa Mahal was built by Ramachandradev in 1349 AD.
● Ramchandra was married to Kalchuri princess Ambikadevi in the Madwa Mahal.
Madwa Mahal
● Madwa Mahal is about 1 km south of Bhoramdev Temple located in Chauragaon.
● Madwa in local dialect means - marriage hall. The shape of this palace is like a marriage canopy
(Shamiana).
● Nangwanshi king Ramchandra Dev and Kalchuri princess Ambikadevi were married in the Madwa
Mahal.
● Madwa Mahal is also called Dulhadev and its main gateway is called Hathigate.
● The Chief deity, Shiva in form of Shiva Linga is deified & it rests on 16 peripheral pillars.
● This palace is a symbol of infinite love and beauty.
Monning dev :
● Moning Dev was the last ruler of the Faninag dynasty.
● Haribramhadev Rai (1402 - 1415 AD), ruler of Lahuri branch of the Kalchuris, defeated the Faninag
ruler Moning Dev in a battle.
● Thus the faning dynasty ruled this region for a long period.
09
KALCHURI DYNASTY IN CHHATTISGARH
Kalchuri dynasty (550 - 1741 AD)

● The Kalchuri dynasty ruled some part of India between 550 to 1741 AD. But in Chhattisgarh, they
established their rule in 1000 AD.
Introduction -
● The ruler of Kalchuri dynasty were Chandravanshi Kshatriya and they considered themseves as the
successor of Sahastrarjun.
● In the various inscriptions available they are mentioned as :
○ Katchuri, Kalchurya, Kalchti
○ Kalchurya Kalchuri (Chalukya)
○ Kalachuri / Kalachuri (in inscription)
● In "Prithvirajraso", Chandrabardai called them foreigners, but Dr. Marashi disapprored this fact.
● There is no dynasty in the Indian history to rule for such a long period.
Capital :
Outside Chhattisgarh In Chhattisgarh
(1) Kalinjar (Bundelkhand, Uttar Pradesh) (1) Tumman
(2) Tripuri (Present, Tewar) (2) Ratanpur
(3) Mahishmati (Madhya Pradesh) (3) Chhuri Kosgai
(4) Prayag (Allahabad) (4) Khallari
(5) Kashi (Varanasi) (5) Raipur
Note : The Kalchuri's used the "Trikutak Samvat" beginning from 248 AD which lasted for 1000 years.
The History of kalchuri dynasty before establishing their rule in Chhattisgarh
● Kalchuri is considered as the firstman or Adipurusha of Kalchuri dynasty acc. to Inscription.
● He established this dynasty at Mahismati in 550. After Krishnaraj, Shankargada and after him Budhraj
became the ruler.
Krishnaraj (550-575 AD)
↓
Shankargana (575-60 AD)
↓
Budhraj (600-62 AD)
● During the reign of Budhraj in 620 AD, the Chalukyas invaded here and defeated Budhraj After that the
Kalchuri dynasty was gradually weakened and did not receive any commendations for about 150-200
years.
● It is known from other inscriptions that even after the defeat from Chalukyas, they continued to achieve
their glory. But it proved completely unfruitful and eventually had to accept the subordination of the
Chalukyas.
● Later on, the descendants of Budhraj, left Mahishmati and settled towards Chedi area.
Kalchuri Rulers of Tripuri :
Vamarajdev (7th century)
Shankargarh (I) (mid-8th century)
Laxmanaraj (I) (825-850 AD)

(But no information about Laxmanaraj and Kokalla Dev(I) is mentioned)
Kokalladev (I) (825-890 AD)

(One of the 18 sons)
Shankargarh (II) 'Mugdhatung' (890-910 AD)
Balharsha (910-915 AD) Yuvrajdev (I) (910-950 AD)
Laxmanaraj (II) (950-970 AD)
Shankargarh (III) (970-980 AD) Yuvrajdev (II) (980-990 AD)

Kokalladeva (II) (990-1015 AD)
(18 SONS)
Gangeyadev (1019-1040 AD) Kalingaraj (1000 AD)
● At the end of the seventh century, the Kalchuri king Vamarajadeva first conquered Kalinjar & made
it his capital. Then he crossed Ganges & Gandhak Rivers and subjugated the region around. He made
his younger brother Lakshmanaraja sit on throne their whose descendents were called 'Kalschuri of
Saryupar'.
● Vamarajadeva established the Kalchuri dynasty in Tripuri by making it his second capital.
● Tripuri is a village located 6 miles away from Jabalpur, which is currently known as Tevar Gram.
● However, the credit for making Tripuri a permanent capital goes to Kokalla Dev (I).
● According to the inscription of Bilhari (Jabalpur) Kokalla Dev (I) was a very powerful king. His
victories delscribed in Bilhari inscription. The eldest of the 18 sons of Kokalla Dev (I) was Shankaragan
(I) 'Mugdhatunga', who ruled on Tripuri from 900 - 925 AD.
● According to the Bilhari inscription, Shankaragan (I) 'Mugdhatung' defeated the Bann ruler Vikramaditya
who ruled over South Kosala in 900 AD.He took control over the Pali region and made his brothers
Mandaladhipati of some divisions of Bilaspur and left for Tripuri
● Tumman in Bilaspur division was under Lafa Zamindari. This branch of Kalchuri remains here for a
long time and continued to make Mahakosal Independent. But after a few years their power began to
decrease and Somvanshi rulers of Orissa took possession over the Kosala region in about 950 AD.
● At the same time, when Somvanshi king Mahashivagupta Yayati was ruling South Kosal, then Yuvraj
Dev; and his son Lakshmanaraja II attacked South Kosala. Yuvraj Dev(I)and his son Lakshmanaraja II
had to face the defeat. But attacked again and this time somvanshi rulers had to face defeat.
● Around 1000 AD during the reign of Kokalladeva; his son Kalingaraja conquered all the janpads of
South Kosala and established his real control over the region and made his capital "Tumman".
Kalchuri of Dakshin Kosal

● The Kalchuri dynasty of Tripuri established their political control in Chhattisgarh in around 1000 AD.
Important rulers :
1. Kalingaraj (1000 - 1020 AD)
2. Kamalraj (1020 - 1045 AD)
3 Ratnadev (I) (1045 - 1065 AD)
4. Prithvi dev (I) (1065 - 1090 AD)
Ancient name of Ratanpur :
5. Jajalladev (I) (1090 - 1120 AD)
● Mahabharat period : Mainpur
6. Ratnadev (II) (1120 - 1135 AD)
● Kalchuri period : Kuberper/Ratanpur
7. Prithvi Dev (II) (1135 - 1165 AD)
● Present : Ratanpur
8. Jajall Dev (I) (1165 - 1168 AD)
9. Jagatdev (1168 - 1178 AD)
10. Ratnadev (III) (1178 - 1198 AD)
11. Pratapmal (1198 - 1222 AD)
Kalingraj (1000-1020 AD) :
● In 1000 AD Kalingraj, made Tumman his capital, and became the real founder of the Kalchuri's in
Dakshin Kosal. In the local language Tumman is called "Tumman Khol". (khol means hole). Hence
There is a fort, which is surrounded by hills all around, which has only two natural routes to enter.
● Kalinguraj ruled from Tumman under the kalchuri of Tripuri and destroyed all his enemies [from
Amodacopperplate inscription of Prithvidev (I)].
● The "Mahamaya Temple" in Chaiturgarh was built during his reign.
Kamalraj (1020-45 AD) :
● After Kalingaraj, his son Kamalraj ascended the throne and ruled till 1045 AD.
● During the reign of Kamalraj, the Kalchuri ruler of Tripuri, Ganga Dev invaded Orissa in which Kamalraj
with his army helped him.
● Amoda copper plate of Prithvi dev(I) we come to know that , Kamalaraja defeated the king of Utkal
[possibly Karvanshi Shubhankar-(II)].
● While returning from Utkal, a warrior named Sahil came here along with Kamalraj, he and his
descendants had conquered. And expanded the kingdom.
Ratnadev (I) (1045-65 AD) :
● Kamalraj was succeeded by his son Ratnadev and ruled from 1045-65 AD.
● He built Bankeshwar, Ratneshwar etc. temples and many gardens in Tumman, and made the town
beautiful.
● It is known from the inscription of Ratanpur that, "Nonalla", the daughter of King Vaju Verma of
Komomandal (which is the present-day Pendra Road) married, Ratnadev and hence Rantadev rule
extended to Pendra.
● The ancient village Manipur was established as a city of "Ratnapur in 1050 AD by Ratnadev,". Then he
transferred his capital from Tumman to Ratanpur.
● He built many temples, temples, ponds, gardens and buildings here, chief among which is "Mahamaya
Temple"(1049–50 AD).
● Ratandev (I) was famous for his construction and architecture not for his state expansion.
Prithvi Dev (I) (1065-1090 AD) :
● In 1065 AD. Prithvi Deva(I) became the ruler after Ratnadev.
● In the copperpate found from Raipur and Amoda, Prithvi Dev(I) was called "Mahamandaleshwar" and
"Samadhi Gatashesh Panchamahashabd" From Which, it is known that he ruled here as a feudal lord of
the main branch of Tripuri.
● He was the owner of 21000 villages. He expanded his kingdom and assumed the title of "Sakalakosadhipati".
● During his reign, construction works took place at Tumman and Ratanpur, at the same time, he built the
temple of Prithadeveshvar in Tumman and A huge pond was built in Ratanpur.
● Prithvi Deva was a devotee of Bankeshwar Mahadev of Tumman. In this temple he built "Chatushka"
(four-pillared pavilion)
● Prithivadev (I) married Rajalla and they had son Jajjaladev .
Jajalladev (I) (1090-1120 AD) :
● After Pithvidev his son Jajalladev(I) sat on throne in 1090AD.
● He was the most powerful king of the Kalchuri dynasty.
● He declared his independence from Tripuri during his reign the coins of gold and copper of his name.
● "Srimajjalla Dev" and Gajshardul" (elephant hunter) was inscribed in his gold coin and "Sri Hanuman
Ji"was marked in copper coins.
● The inceriptions of his reign have been obtained from Pali and Ratanpur.
● It is known from the Ratanpur records that he deafeted Andhra, Khimiri (Khimiri Zamindari in
Ganjam district), Lajika (present Lanji,Balaghat), Bhanar (Bhandara), Talhari (Southern part of Bilaspur
and Northern part of Raipur), Nandavali, Vairagar (Vairagarh Maharashtra),Dandakpur (capital of
Dandamukti in Midnapore district of South Bengal) and Kukkut etc were subjugated. The rulers of these
territories paid annual taxes to Jajalladev.
● He defeated and impousoned king Bhujbal of Suvarnapur (Sonpur region of Orissa).
● It is known from the Kurusapala inscription of Chhindakanag king Someshwara Dev of Chakrakote
that he attacked on Ratanpur.Took a lot of territory under Kosal. As a result, Jajalladeva (I) attacked
him and he was imprisoned along with ministers and queens. But later on Someshwar Dev's mother
"Gundamahadevi", request he left Someshvar dev.
● In these victory journeys of Jajalladev, Jagapala, a descendant of his commander Sahil, demonstrated his
amazing valor.
● Jajalladeva established a city named Jajallapur (Janjgir) and there he built the huge pond (Bhima Talab),
Amravan, Math, Ponds and a Vishnu temple which he engraved. This Vishnu temple is made of red
sandstone, also known as "Nakta Mandir".
● He renovated the "Shiv Mandir" in Pali, on "Sri Majajalla Devasya Kirti" on the walls. Which was built
by Vikramaditya of Ban dynasty ruler.
● During the time of Jajalladeva, the rule of Kalchuri dynasty was first established over Malhar.
● Jajalladev married Lachhalladevi and they had a son named Ratnadev (II) .
Ratnadev (II) (1120 -1135 AD) :
● After Jajalladev, his son Ratnadev (II), became the ruler.
● 4 inscription of his reign - Akaltara, Shivrinarayan, Paragaon and Sarkh have been found.
● He also did not accept the sovereignty of Tripuri like his father and issued gold and silver coins.
● Tripuri king Gyakarna and Gangavanshi ruler Anantavarma Chodagung invaded Dakshin Kosal during
the reign of Ratnadev (II). But both of them had to face defeat. Vallabhraj and Minister Purushottamraj
played important role in this battle.
● This victory increased the courage of Ratnadeva (II) and after that he attacked the Gaur ruler Shashank
and Bhanja king Hakhodu and defeated them as well.
● From Prithvidev(II) Rajim inscription it is known that Ratnadev-(II) did great work in Talhari mandal
for which he conferred the title of “Jagat Singh”.
Prithvidev-(II) (1135-1165) :
● It is known from the inscription kept in the Raipur Museum of Vallabhraj that, Ratnadev; the emperor
had 2 sons :
1. Prithvidev
2. Jai Singh
● After Ratnadev(II), his eldest son Prithvi dev became the ruler .
● During Prithvidev(II) the kingdom of Kalchuri was greatly expanded, his feudal lord Jagatpal (Jagpal),
who was Sahil's descendant had won the fort of Sarhagarh (Sarangarh) and Machka Sihawa (Mechaka
Sihawa, Dhamtari) for his ruler. He took the land of Bhramarkhand (Bhramarkotya), Kantar (Kanker),
Kusumbhog (Kusmarra, Dhamtari), Kandadongar (Southern part of Bindranavagarh zamindari's) and
conquered Kakarya Pradesha.
● After conguering a large part of ancient Chhattisgarh into his kingdom, Prithvi Dev (II)attacked
Chakrakot, Conquered Chakrakot and destroyed it and drove the Gang kings towards the sea the Ganga
king attacked him. After this incident. To take the avenge the attack on him, he attacked his kingdom
Kalinga. Meanwhile, Anant Varman died. His son Jateshwar Madhukabhargava sat on the throne of
Ganga dynasty. Prithvi Dev, (II) attacked his kingdom and captured him too.
● The highest number of inscriptions (13 inscriptions) have been found of Prithvi Dev (II), among the
Kulchuri rulers.
● According to the Rajim inscription Jagatpal (Jagpal), the commander of the Prithvi Dev (II), Renovated
the Rajiv Lochen Temple of Rajim.
● His second feudal Vallabhraj was proficient in the art of horse riding and capturing elephants, he built
two lakes in Ratanpur one was Rataneshwar and the other lake was built. The Khutaghat dam built on
Kharang river is an extension of this lake.
● His feudal Brahmadev had built Dhurjati Temple in Narayanpur and Narsihnath in Sambalpur district
● His brother Akaldev established the city of "Akaltara".
● Prithvi Dev(II) also issued gold and silver coins.
● Prithvidev (II) has two son :
1. Jagaddev (Eldest son)
2. Jajall Dev(III)
● According to the Kharaud inscription, Jagaddev was fighting with the Ganga kings in the eastern border
to protect the kingdom, so in 1165 his younger brother Jajalladev sat on the throne.
Jajall Dev (II) (1165-68 AD) :
● The three inscriptions of Jajalladev (II); Amoda, Malhar and Shivrinarayan have been found.
● During his reign, the ruler of Tripuri Jaisingh attacked the kingdom near Shivrinarayan, in which the
feudal of Jajalladev "Ulhanadev" was killed, causing all three of his queens to become sati. After that
Jajalladev took care of his son Amanadev.
Jagad Dev (1168-78 AD) :
● After the sudden death of Jajalladev; the chaos in the state had spread, then his elder brother,who was in
war with the Ganga rulers in the eastern border came back and took the throne. He established peace
and order by becoming the ruler. He ruled till 1178 AD.
Ratnadeva (III) (1178-98 AD) :

● He was the son of Jagaddev and Rani Somalla Devi.
● At that time, there was chaos in the state. But his Brahmin minister Gangadhar handled the situation
efficiently and the state re-established the glory and peace.
● Ratnadev (III) in Rattanpur built the temple of "Lakhani Devi" and his minister Gangadhar built the
"Ekveera Temple".
● Gangadhar also renovated the "Lakshmaneshwar Temple" located in Kharod.
Patrapamall (1198-1222 AD) -

● He used Kalchuri Samvat for the last time.
● According to the copperplate of Pratapamall, after Ratnadev(III), his son Pratapamall became the ruler.
● His copper plates : Pendrabandh (1213 AD), Konari (1916 AD) and Bilaigadh (1217 AD) and 12 copper
coins have been found from Balpur.
● He issued the circular and hexagonal coins.
● After Pratapamall, no information related to the Kalchuri dynasty was received till 1494 AD, i.e. about
300 years, so this paid is called the "Dark Age of Kalchuri History".
Note :
● According to unpublished the Haihavavanshiyon ka Itehas written by Babu Revaram and Shivdutt
Shastri Gauraha and from the inseription of yadavs the king of the Yadav dynasty- Singhan (1210 - 1247
AD), Krishna, Ramchandra (contemporary of Alauddin) invaded Dakshin Kosala.
● During the reign of Singhan, a king named Jajjalla was ruling in Dakshin Kosala. Possibly this Jajjalla
(III)was the successor of Pratapamall.
● At the end of the 14th century, Kalchuri was divided into two parts -
1. Main Branch (in Ratanpur)
2. Lahuri branch of kalchuris (in Raipur)
● According to Babu Revaram, Ratanpur was ruled by King Jagannath in the 14th century. He had two
sons :
1. Veerasingh Dev
2. Devasingh Dev
● Jagannath Singh divided the kingdom between his two sons, the eldest son Veerasingh Dev got the
throne of Ratanpur. And younger son Devasingh Dev was given the state of Raipur.
Kalchuri dynasty of raipur (Lahuri branch)
● Just as a branch of Tripuri was established in Tumman for the purpose of management and later this
branch became independent from Tripuri. Similarly, a branch of the Haihayavans of Ratanpur was
established in Khallari, in which the reign of Lakshmidev was from 1300 to 1340AD.
Order of kalchuri rulers :
Kalchuri of Ratanpur (14th century) Khallari Branch
Jagannath Singh Lakshmidev (1300-1340 AD)
Veershirang Dev Devnath Singh Dev Singhanddev
Kamaldev Keshavdev Ramachandradev
(Raipur) Brahmadeva (1400-1420 AD)

Baharsai (1480-1544 AD)
Keshavdev * (1420-1438 AD)
(State of 16 rulers)
Amarsingh singhdev(1741–1750)
● At the end of the 14th century, the Lahuri branch of the Kalchuris established their kingdom in Raipur
in the south of the river Shivnath.
● Capital : Khallari and Raipur
Chief Ruler :
Lakshmidev (1300-1340 AD)
Singhan (1340-1380 AD)
Ramachandra (1380-1400 AD)
Brahmadeva or Haribrahmadeva (1400-1420 AD)
Keshavdev (Ruler of Ratanpur) (Founder of Branch of Raipur)

(State of 16 rulers)
Amarsingh Dev (1741–1753)
1) Lakshmidev (1300-1340) : Two inscriptions of Brahmadev Rai - Raipur (Vikram Samvat 1458 or 1402 AD)
and Khallari (Vikram Samvat 1472 or 1415 AD) have been found. The inscription of Brahmadev Rai states
that Lakshmidev was the Kalchuri king of Ratanpur. He Ruled as a representative of Kalchuri in Khallari but
due to differences the Raipur Branch made themselves independent of Kalchuris of Ratanpur.
2) Singhan(1340-1380) : Singhanhdev, the son of Lakshmidev was a very powerful king, he defeated his enemies
and ruled over the 18 garhs (forts) of Raipur.
3) Ramachandra (1380-1400) : The name of Ramachandradev is mentioned in the Raipur inscription as
"Ramchandra" and in the Khallari inscription as "Ramdev". Ramchandradev established the city of Raipur on
the name named Raipur after his son "Brahmadev Rai". According to the Kallari inscription, Ramachandra
defeated Nagavanshi ruler "Moningdev". Mirashi describes Moningdev belonged did to the Faninag dynasty
of Kawardha while Balachandra Jain states that "It is difficult to say that to which Nagvansha Moningdev
belonged Kawardha or Bastar.
4) Brahmadev or Haribramdev Rai (1400-1420) : His initial capital was Khallari and later he made Raipur his
capital in 1409 AD He Built "Budha talab " and "Doodha dhari Math". From Raipur inscription (1402 AD),
it is known that a person named Hajiraj built "Hattakeshwar Mahadev Temple" in Raipur and According
to the Khallari inscription, in 1415 AD, a cobbler named Devapal constructed Narayana Temple (Vishnu
Temple) in Khallari (Mahasamund).
5) Keshav dev (1420-1438AD) : After Brahmadevar Rai, Keshavdev became the ruler of the Raipur branch
According to Cunningham's report, Keshavdev was the founder of Lahuri branch in Raipur, total 16 rulers
ruled from Keshavdev to Amarsingh Dev.
List of kings found :
S.No. Name of Rulers End of Ruling Period
01 Keshav (father Devnath Singh) 1407 to 1437
02 Bhubaneswar Dev 1438
03 Man Singh Dev 1463
04 Santhos Singh Dev 1478
05 Surat Singh Dev 1498
06 Sanman Singh Dev 1518
07 Chamund Singh Dev 1528
08 Vanshi Singh Dev 1563
09 Ghan Singh Dev 1582
10 Jait Singh Dev 1603
11 Fateh Singh Dev 1615
12 Yadav Singh Dev 1633
13 Somdtta 1650
14 Baldev Singh Dev 1663
15 Umed Singh Dev 1685 (Mersingh-Revaram)
16 Banbir Singh Dev 1705 (Bariyar Singh-Revaram)
17 Amar Singh Dev 1741 to 1750
Amarsinghdev (1741 - 1753 AD ) :
● Amarsingh was a good poet, Gopala Mishra's son Pingalacharya poet Makhan was in his court.
● He was the last ruler of the Kalchuri dynasty of Raipur.
● copperplate of Amar Singh Dev (Vikram Samvat 1792 ie 1735 AD) has been found, according to which
Marathas in 1750 AD without any resistance took away his kingdom from Amarsingh , he was given
the area of Raipur, Rajim and Patan for which Amarsingh had to pay 7000 takoli to Marathas annually.
● After the death of Amarsingh in 1753 AD, his son Shivraj Singh was declared the heir of the remaining
area, but Shivraj Singh went on a pilgrimage at the time of Amarsingh's death, the Marathas took over
the area before he returned and seized it.
● After this, in 1758 AD Bimbaji Bhosle established his direct rule in this area.
● Bimbaji gave the Badgaon area (Mahasamund) as pardon to Shivraj Singh . Bimbaji also Empowered
him to collect 1-1 rupees from each village. This system lasted till 1822 AD.
● After death of Shivraj Singh Dev, his son Raghunath was given the villages of Morena, Nandgaon and
Bhalesar by the marathas.
● Thus the rulers of the Kalchuri dynasty ruled Chhattisgarh for the longest period of time and they ruled
for 750 years.
● After this, the Ratanpur and Raipur branch of the Haihaya dynasty in Chhattisgarh was ended and the
Maratha kingdom was established in Chhattisgarh.
Ratanpur Raipur
Satyuga Manipur Kanakpur
Tretayug Manikpur Hatakpur
Dwaparyug Hirapur Kanchanpur
Kalyug Ratanpur Raipur
Modern era Raipur
Kalchuries of Ratanpur
● Capital : Ratanpur Kosagai (present Chhuri)
● Evidence : The information about the Kalchuris of Ratanpur is obtained from the Ratanpur and Kosgai
inscriptions of Vahrendrasai and the information about the history of the last phase of the Kalchuris is
obtained from the Raipur and Khallari inscriptions of Haribhramadeva Rai.
Important rulers :
Vahrendra Sai
Kalyan Sai
Laxman Sai
Takhat Singh Brother Sirdar Singh Brother Raghunath Singh
Raj Singh Mohan Singh
1. Vahrendra Sai / Baharisai :

● At the end of the 15th century, we get the information about the reign of a king named Vahrendrasai in
Ratanpur. An inscription by Vahrendra Sai is found from Ratanpur (1495-96 AD) and two inscriptions
are found from Kosanga (1513 AD) :
1. Ratanpur (1495 AD)
2. Kosgai (1513 AD and dateless)
● Vahrendra Sai was the son of Ratnadeva. He shifted his capital from Ratanpur to Kosanga (Churi). He
had a minister named Madhav.
● According to the Kosgai inscription, there was an attack of Pathans to capture elephants during the reign
of Vahrendra Sai, the king had to take shelter in Kosgai Fort. Vahrendra Sai defeated Pathan and drove
them to the Son River. Then he shifted his capital from Ratanpur to Kosanga (Churi).
● He built the "Fort of Chaiturgarh", Mahishasur Mardini's temple at Lafagarh, treasury at Kosagai and
renovated the auditorium (Garbhgrih) of Mahamaya temple of Ratanpur.
● Vahrendra Sai gave Sonakhan's zamindari in lieu of military service to the ancestor of Veeranarayan
Singh.
2. Kalyan Sai :
● Many scholars believe that Kalyana Sai who was a contemporary of Mughal Emperor Akbar was in his
court for 8 years. Where as per the song "Gopalla song" and "Tujuk-e- Jahangir" Kalyan sai lived for 8
years, in Jahangir court. Tujuke-e-Jahargir cleary depicts that my son. Parvej came from Allahabad who
sent his troop against Kalyan Sai in return Kalyan Sai offered him a donation of 1 lakh and 80 elephants.
● Kalyan Sai issued a 'Revenue Manual' - in the Jamabandi system (the then administrative system) This
manual had the information about the revenue and army available at that time developed before Akbar.
● In 1868 based on this revenue manual of Kalyan Sai, the first British Settlement Officer of Bilaspur Mr.
Chishm divided Ratanpur and Raipur into 18-18 garhs (forts).
● After Kalyan Sai, Lakshmansai, Shankar Sai, Tribhuvan Sai, Jagmohan Sai, Adalisa, Ranjit Sai became
the rulers.
3. Takht Singh :
● King Ranjit Sai had 3 sons :
1. Takhat Singh
2. Sirdar Singh
3. Raghunath Singh
● In 1685 AD, Takhat Singh became the king. At the end of the 17th century Takhat Singh established
Takhatpur (District Bilaspur).
4. Raj Singh :
● Rajpur city (present day Juna city near Ratanpur) was established by him where he resided.
● Raj Singh was a contemporary of Aurangzeb, the famous poet in his court was Gopal Chandra Mishra,
who wrote a book called 'Khoob Tamasha'.
● Raj Singh built Badal Mahal in Ratanpur.
● Raj Singh's son was Vishwanath Singh. On the death of Vishwanath Singh, Raj Singh left Rajpur in
mourning and started living again in Ratanpur.
5. Sirdar Singh :
● Mohan Singh of Raipur branch was declared the successor by Raj Singh the successor but as he was not
present during the sudden death of Raj Singh - Sirdar Singh was throned who ruled for 20 years.
6. Raghunath Singh :
● Since Sirdar Singh didn't have any heir so his brother Raghunath Singh was throned as the king of
Ratanpur. In 1741 AD Raghuji Bhonsale of Nagpur passed through Chhattisgarh for the campaign of
Orissa and Bengal under the leadership of his commander Bhaskar Pant. He attacked Ratanpur and
conquered it. Raghunath Singh didn't have a strong army.
● The old aged Raghunath Singh surrendered his kingdom, power, wealth and prestige to the commander
Bhaskar Pant, without any resistance and he levied Rs. 1 lakh.
● Bhaskar Pant took Rs 1 lakh from the residents of Ratanpur State as a penalty and confiscated the money
of the government treasury.
● Raghunath Singh was given the right to rule in Ratanpur as a representative of Raghuji (I) and appointed
Kalyan Giri (Kulinagir) for administration.
● Thus the Maratha rule in Ratanpur started indirectly from 1741 AD and the fall of Kalchuri started.
7. Mohan Singh :
● After Raghunath Singh, the Marathas appointed Mohan Singh of Raipur branch as the ruler of Ratanpur.
Mohan singh had good relation with Marathas.
● In 1757 AD, Bimbaji Bhonsle, son of Raghuji (I), came to Chhattisgarh and started direct rule from 1758
AD in Chhattiagarh.
Administrative system during Kalchuri

● The Kalchuri rulers ruled Chhattisgarh for the longest period from 1000 AD to 1741 AD. In the beginning,
the Kalchuri administrative system in Chhattisgarh was in fluenced completety by the admistratvion of
the Kalchuri dynasty of Tripuri, but in the course of time, after the declaration of independence of his
kingdom from Tripuri by Jajalyadev, the rulers developed different admistrative system as per the local
needs.
● The information of kalchuri administration and revenue system is derived from the revenue handbook
of Kalyansai written in the 16th century.
Administration :
● The administration of Kalchuri dynasty was powerful & centralised Governance in which the king was
the head and other administrative posts assisted him in governnance.
● Kalchuris formed several administrative units to facilitate administration.
Administrative units Head
Rashtra (division) King
Vishay(district) vishpati
Desh or Janpad (Tehsil) Mahamandaleshwar
Mandal (like current division) Mandlik
● The whole state was divided into Garhs in terms of administrative convenience, the garh was divided
into Barho's and Barho's into village. The smallest unit of governance was village. Each officer worked
independently in his jurisdiction.
Administrative unit Head
Mandal(Group of 1 lakh villages) Mandlik
Garh (Group of 84 Villages(7 Barho = 1 Garh) Diwan /Garhadhpati
Barho (Group of 12 villages) Dau / Taluqadhipati
Gram Gautia
● The Shivrinarayan copperplate of Ratnadeva (II) mentioned 'Vishay '.
● Is the 'desh' Mention of in the inscription of Prithvi Dev (II) - Madhya Pradesh - Vadhar, Bhattville,
Bhramravdra, Kakarya, Tamnal, Vittashdesh
● "Mandal" is mentioned in various Kachuri records.
● Mandal like – upper mandal, Ewandi mandal, Komo mandal, Jaipur mandal, Talhari mandal, Samant
mandal etc.
Cabinet :
● The Council of Ministers was called the Amatya Mandal. The following ministers were included under
king's cabinet :
1. Crown Prince or Yuvraj
2. Head Minister or mahamantri (Chief Officer, Administrative Advisor to the King)
3. Mahamatya
4. Mahasandhivigrahak (Foreign Minister)
5. Mahapurohit (Rajguru, Head of Religious Department)
6. Mahapratihar (Head of the Department of Communications)
7. Mahaprabhatri ("Head of Jamabandi Department", Governor of Revenue, Revenue Minister)
Officials of the king :
● Under the king's office, heads of various departments :
○ Chief Officer of Secretariat - Mahadhyaksha (Amedium between king & subject)
○ Office of Military Administration - Mahasenapati
○ Chief Police Officer - Dandpashik
○ Officer for Protecting forts - Mahakottapal
Judicial Officer and Police Management Officer :
● Justice Officer - Dandik
● Law & Order Officer - Bhath
● Thief Catcher (Peacher) - Dushta sadhak
● Police were employed to take care of revenue and in cities to protect property, but their entry into the
donated villages was prohibited.
Religion Department :
● Officer keeping records of accounts, donations-Dharmalekhi
War defence :
● Supreme Officer of the Army - Mahasenapati
● Head of the Army of Elephants - Mahapilupati
● Chief of the horse Army - Mahashvasadhnik
● Elephants, horses, infantry, chariots, Chaturangi army were organised for war and defense.
Other :
Tax collecting officer - Sholik
Traffic Officer - Gamagamik
Head of city - Purpradhan
Head of village - Gramkut
State employees :
● The state employees appointed to visit the villages of the state were Chat, Bhat, Pishun, Vetrik etc. They
are mentioned in the records of Kalchuri.
Local Administration :
● There was an organization called “Panchakul” in the towns and villages for the operation of local
operations.
● There were 5 members in Panchkul, but in some places 10 members were also recognized.
● The member of Panchkula was called Mahtara and its head (chief) as Mahtam.
● Their members were elected by the people of the village.
● Panchkul used to collect the taxes from villages and land and was also responsible for justice. The king
had authority for Hearing the appeal against Panchkul's decision
Economic status :
● The main occupation of the people during the reign of the Kulchuris were agriculture, animal husbandry,
forest produce, commodity exchange, mining etc.
● Land revenue and taxes were the main source of the Kalchuri economy. The gifts received from the
allied states and the taxes from samants were also the soursc of income of the state.
● The villages had more importance in this period than cities. Each village was surrounded by a wide
border line.
● The king was the owner of land who distributed agricultural land to the local people for agriculture.
● The farmers used to give revenue from their crop to the king and after the death of the farmer, the land
was passed on to the heir of the farmer.
● The plow was used for agriculture and for measuring land.
● Major cities of this period : Ratanpur, Raipur, Malhar, Jajallnagar etc.
● Transportation was developing and Different types of units of measurenents were prevalent.
Currency Measurement
4 Kauri 1 Ganda Mana (8 panseri)
5 Ganda 1 Kori Panseri (5 Serie)
16 Kori 1 Dagoni Seri
11 Dagoni 1 Rupee
Rupees (11 Dagoni)
Dagoni (16 Kori)
Kori (5 Ganda)
Ganda (4 Kauri)
Kauri
● The king's expenditure was mainly for the army, religious works and the happiness of the subjects(praja).
● Coinage was prevalent. In this way, we can say that Chhattisgarh's economic situation was prosperous
during Kalchuri period.
Social Status :
● Varna system took its place in the Kalchuri period, but there was lack of religious or thodoxy in the
society.
● The people of each Varna lived with mutual cooperation and harmony. Marital relationships were often
within their caste. But inter-caste marriage was looked upon with respect.
Brahmin :
● Brahmins had a lot of respect in the society. They Participated in Veda studies, religious activities,
teaching and administrative work of the state.
● Brahmān was always appointed to the position of minister, to advise the king at the time of problems.
E.g.- The minister of Ratnadeva (III) was Gangadhar Brahmin who handled the disorganized state
efficiently.
● Brahmins were also proficient in arts. They also wrote Rajprasasti and texts.
● Pt. Gopal Mishra, Pt. Madhav Mishra and Pt. Bhagwan Mishra were poets in Kalchuri court.
● Brahmans were given tax-free land in donation. On the day of solar eclipse, lunar eclipse, Makarsankranti
and Akshayatritia
Kshatriya :
● The Kshatriyas were also respected in the society like the Brahmins. The Kshatriyas used to protect the
entire society-state and they were appointed at higher ranks in administration
● In ancient times kings were generally Kshatriyas. The Kalchuri rulers were also Kshatriyas and they had
marital relationship with Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Chandels, Palas.
Vaishyas :
● Vaishya were employed in higher positions in Panchayat and Panchkula along with trade and industry
etc. They also had a respectable place in society
● The feudal lord of Kalchuri ruler Prithviraj (II) was Vallabhraj Vaishya who built the ponds and garden.
● Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas are mentioned in the records of the Kalchuris, but not the Shudras.
● According to the Khallari inscription of Brahmadevarai, the cobbler named Devpal (Shudra) built the
Narayana temple at Khallari (Mahasamund), which shows social harmony. Apart from this, many caste
and class resided in the society.
● In the Kalchuri period, women had an important place. They used to participate in state functions, but
practices like polygamy and sati existed. According to the Kharaud inscription of Ratnadeva (III), had
two queens : 1. Ralha, 2. Padma
● According to the Shivrinarayana inscription of Jajalladeva (II), Alhadeva, the feudatory of Jajaladeva
dead while fighting Jai Singh of Tripuri. At that time all three of his queens had become sati.
● There were also superstitious beliefs like ghosts and witchcraft in the society. Baiga, Guniya people had
a place in society and There was fear in villages against "Tonahi". (Black Magic)
Religious and cultural life :

● There was Shaivite, Vaishnavite, Jain, Buddhist influence in Chhattisgarh during the Kalchuri period.
● Kalchuris were Shaivite. But during their rule, many Vaishnava temples,like Mahamaya, Ek-Veera
temples etc. were built.
● Their kul devi was 'Gajalakshmi'. "Lakshmi Devi" was inscribed on their coins and the copperplate and
begin, with "Om Namah Shivaya".
● “" Gajalakshmi "or" idol of Shiva "is found at the entrance of the Kalchuri period temple.
● "Om Namah Shivaya" is inscribed on the main gate of Mahamaya Temple in Ratanpur.
● Shiva idols found from Tumman, Malhar, Ratanpur, Pali, Janjgir, Kharod and other places are evidence
that the Kalchuri kings were shaivite.
● The remains of Ram temple is kept in "Dudhadhari Temple" of Raipur.
● The Kalchuris had built many temples, dharamshalas and monasteries etc. The Nakta temple of Janjgir
Narayan Temple of Khallari, Mahamaya Temple of Ratanpur, Vishnu Temple of Shivrinarayan, Ekveera
of Ratanpur and Lakhanidevi Temples, Mahamaya Temple of Chaiturgarh, Prithivadeveshwara Temple
of Tumman etc. were built during their reign.
● Mahaprabhu Vallabhacharya was born in 1479 AD during Kalchuri rule in a place called Champaranya
(Gariyaband). Vallabhacharya was the prophet of sudha or pure advaitvad or pure nondualism and
pushtimarg. He was the pillars of the Krishna Bhakti branch of Bhakti era. He was called the "agnee ka
avtar" or Incamation of fire. In honor of Mahaprabhu Vallabhacharya, the Government of India issued
a postal stamp of Rs. 1 in 1977.
Education, Literature and Language :

● The schools and colleges received state grants by the Kalchuri rulers.
● The tradition of Guru-Ashram also existed.
● The administration of Kalchuri used "Sanskrit language" for administrative functions.
● In this period, there were more Prashantikar (panegyrist)poets than litterateurs, who were mainly from
Brahmins and Kayasthas.
● There were many Sanskrit poets in the court. Apart from this, Prakrit poets were also their .
● Narayan, Alhan, Kirtidhar, Vatsaraja, Kumarapala, Dharmaraja, Narasimha etc. were poets of Kalchuri
Era.
● Chhattisgarhi language was prevalent among the common people and in the court of Kalchuri, there
were poets of Sanskrit and Prakrit language.
S.No. Poet Composition

01 Narayan Ramabhadaya
02 Pt. Shivdutt Shastri Ratanpur Akhayan, Itihas Samuchya
Khoom Tamasha (1746), Gemini Ashwamegh, Sudamacharit, Chintamani,
03 Gopal Chandra Mishra
Rampratap
Taarikh-E-Haihayavanshi Raja ki, Ratanpur ka itehas, Vikram vilas,
04 Babu Revaram
Narmadakantak
For the first time in his litchature, Gopal Mishra had used the name of this region as "Chhattisgarh".
10
MARATHA RULE IN CHHATTISGARH
Introduction :
● The Maratha Empire was founded in 1674 by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. They ruled in India till 1818
AD. The Maratha expanded its empire in Central and South-West India, the Marathas had different
Branch such as Peshwa in Pune, Bhonsle in Nagpur, Scindia in Gwalior and Holkar in Indore.
Decline of Kalchuri's
1. Maratha invasion in Chhattisgarh :

● Maratha ruler Raghuji(I)’s commander Bhaskar Pant invaded Ratanpur in 1741 AD during the Orissa
campaign.
● At that time the Kalchuri ruler Raghunath Singh, was ruling at Ratanpur state, he was 68 years old.
● The old Raghunath Singh was in grieve on the death of his only son.
● Raghunath Singh surrendered to Bhosle commander Bhaskar Pant due to weakness and no strong army
he also surrendered the remaining power, wealth and prestige of his kingdom.
● Bhaskar Pant fined of Rs. 1 lakh on the residents of the state of Ratanapur and siezed the money of the
state treasury .
● Raghuji(I) gave Raghunath Singh the right to rule Ratanpur as a representative and the Maratha
representative "Kalyangiri Gosai"appointed to look after the state in affairs Ratanpur for this
● Thus, the rule of Marathas in Ratanpur started indirect rule from 1741 ADand the decline of the ancient
Kalchuri dynasty.
● After some time the differences raised between Raghunath Singh & Kalyangiri (arrocding to Bhagwan
Singh-Kulinagir) Raghuji in removed Raghunath Singh and appointed Mohan Singh as the ruler of
Ratanpur 1745 AD.
● Mohan Singh ruled in Ratanpur till 1757 AD. After his death, the Bhonsle established their direct rule in
Ratanpur. As a result, in 1757 AD, Raghuji (I) son of Bimbaji Bhonsle ruled directly in Ratanpur.
2. Causes of Maratha invasion :

i. The invitation of Mir Habib : Odisha Governor Mir Habib and Nawab of Bengal Alivardi Khan did not
have good relations. As a result, Mir Habib invited the Maratha ruler Raghu ji(I) to attack Bengal. Since
Chhattisgarh was situated between the Orissa-Bengal route the Marathas invaded Chhattisgarh and
took it under its control.
ii. Chattisgarh being in between the route of the Orrisa-Bengal : Marathas invaded Chhattisgarh due
to the prosperity of Chhattisgarh and its location between Orissa-Bengal land route. They invaded
chhattisgarh so that they can safely lead the expedition of Bengal.
iii. The weak rulers of Chhattisgarh : By the end of the eighteenth century, the Kalchuri rulers in Ratanpur
became weak and inactive towards the state. In 1741 Raghunath Singh was 68 years of age at the time of
Marathas invasion and due to weakness he was unable to keep control on army.
iv. The fertility of the land of Chhattisgarh : Chhattisgarh, which is called rice bowl is rich in forests and
has immense mineral wealth. Fertile land of the state led to the attraction of Marathas.
v. Indebtedness of Raghu Ji (I) : For the organization of his army, Raghuji(I) borrowed a lot to finance his
huge army. To get free from the indebtedness Raghu ji attacked the eastern states looted the money and
took those states under their control.
vi. Lack of unity between kalchuri rulers : The army of the Kalchuris was not well organized. At the time
of Maratha’s invasion, the Zamindaras of Ratanpur region did not support the Kalchuri ruler.
Due to the above reasons, the Marathas invaded Chhattisgarh and took the Kalchuris under their
dominion.
3. Results of Maratha invasion :

i. Authority over Kalchuris : In 1741 AD, Marathas invaded Ratanpur, defeated the Kalchuris and
took them into their dominion. Raghunath Singh was allowed to sit on the throne of Ratanpur as a
representative and maratha ruled indirectly over Chhattisgarh.
ii. The authority over the treasure of the Kalchuri : Ratanpur was a very prosperous state before the
Maratha invasion, but after the Marathas conquered Ratanpur they captured the state treasury.
iii. Penalty on the people of Ratanpur : After the surrender of Raghunath Singh, Marathas attacked the
residents charged a penalty of 1 lakh rupees.
iv. Raghunath Singh continued to rule : After accepting the subjugation of the Marathas, Raghunath
Singh remained in his post. Raghuji (I) appointed a representative of marathas called "Kalyangir" in
Ratanpur.
v. Chhattisgarh became the area of earnings : After the Chhattisgarh came under the dominion of
marathas, it became a place to loot for the Marathas. Much of the resources of the region and money
were looted. In1741, Bhonsle rule was started in Chhattisgarh and after that the policies of Chhattisgarh
were decided from Bhonsle headquarters Nagpur.
Maratha rule in Chhattisgarh
1. Indirect 2. Direct 3. Suba rule 4. Maratha rule 5. Maratha rule

Maratha rule Maratha rule (1787-1818 AD) under British again
(1741-1757 AD) (1757-1787 AD) Vyankoji Bhonsle (1818-1830 AD) (1830-1854 AD)
Raghunath Singh Bimbaji Bhonsle (1787-1818 AD)
(1741-1745 AD) (1757-1787 AD)
Mohan Singh
(1745-1757 AD)
Bhonsle of Nagpur
Raghu (I) (1739-1755 AD)
Janu ji (1755-1772 AD) Madhu ji (1772-1788 AD) Saba ji *Bimbaji (1758-1787 AD)
Raghu ji (1788-1816 AD) *Vyankoji (1787-1818 AD)
Parasoji killed Appa Saheb (Madhu Ji II) (1817-1818 AD)
Raghu ji (III) (1818-1853 AD)

* - Rulers who ruled in Chhattisgarh
Direct Bhonsale rule (1757 – 1787AD)
● A branch of the Maratha Empire ruled in Nagpur where Raghu ji(I) established Bhonsle kingdom. After
the death of Raghuji (I), in 1757, his son Bimbaji Bhonsle decided to rule Chhattisgarh directly.
Bimbaji Bhonsle(1757 - 1787 AD) :

● Mohan Singh, the last Kalchuri ruler of Ratanpur ruled in Chhattisgarh under the Marathas. He died in
1757 after that Raghu ji(I) son , Bimbaji Bhonsle ruled Chhattisgarh independently in 1758 AD.
● Bimbaji Bhonsle was the first Maratha ruler who directly ruled over Chhattisgarh. He made Ratanpur
his capital.
● Bimbaji Bhonsle was appointed as an assistant to the Nagpur king to rule in Chhattisgarh, but he became
independent here.
● Bimbaji did administrative integration of Raipur and Ratanpur and adopted independent administrative
policy. They collected revenue themselves and did not send any part of the revenue to Nagpur.
● He himself signed the treaty letter which was received from the zamindars, it was not necessary to
confirm it from the Nagpur court.
● Bimbaji Bhonsle brought some experienced people from Nagpur to Ratanpur for administrative work.
Like -
1) Ghodo Mahadev - Chief Administrator of the state
2) Krishnabhatta Upadhyay - Raj Pandit
3) Krishna Ji Mohite - Revenue Department
4) Kader Khan - Army Department
5) Neelu Pandit - Army
6) Madho Ramchandra Vathi - Accounts Department
● Muslims and Marathi came to Chhattisgarh with Bimbaji. During his rule, he made Marathi and Modi
script as the official language. In addition, Urdu language was also practiced.
● Bimbaji had a sense of religious tolerance. He built the temple of "Ram tekri" on the hill of Ratanpur and
the mosque was built for the Muslims.
● He started the practice of giving gold letters on the festival of Vijayadashami.
● A regular "court" was established in Ratanpur for providing justice.
● During his rule, development works were done in all areas such as building construction, art, music and
literature etc.
● The renovation of the "Dudhadhari Math" was done.(which was built by Bramhadev Rai.)
● At that time, the administrative system of Ratanpur was similar to that of the Kalchuri regime. Bimbaji
had good relations with the zamindar's . The landlords that revolted against the Bhonsle were suppressed
by them.such as :
Landlords of Khairagarh,Dhamadha (Durg) and Korba.
● He started two new zamindari in Rajnandgaon and Khujji (Dongargarh).
● Bimbaji undertook many administrative reforms. He was the architect of the "pargana system" in
Ratanpur.
● Bimbaji died on 7 December 1787 AD. After his death, his wife "Umabai" became Sati, in whose name
Satichaura was built in Ratanpur.
● Colebrooke's travelogue mentions about Bimbaji's reign. He wrote that "with the death of Bimbaji
Chhattisgarh was shocked, since he worked for public welfare, he was a well-wisher of the people and
sympathetic to them.
● Bimbaji, instead of expanding the empire, laid more emphasis on public welfare works and development
in different areas. As a result of these actions he was proved to be popular in the public.
● Bimbaji offered prayers in Amarkantak by constructing a tank and temple in Narmada Mai's temple and
appointed a Maharashtrian priest .
Suba rule in Chhattisgarh (1787 - 1818 AD)
Vyankoji Bhonsle (1787 - 1818AD) :

● After the death of Bimbaji Bhonsle in 1787 AD, Vyankoji Bhonsle, brother of Raghu (II), established his
kingdom in Chhattisgarh.He decided to rule the state indirectly from Nagpur. Therefore, he appointed
the subedars in Chhattisgarh.These subedars were to rule the entire jurisdiction of Chhattisgarh by
staying in Ratanpur under the leadership of Marathas. Subadari system started in Chhattisgarh from
1787 AD.
● Vyankoji Bhonsle did not take personal interest in governing while staying in Chhattisgarh. During his
reign he visited Ratanpur only thrice.
Subedari System :
○ Vyankoji Bhonsle started the subedari system in Chhattisgarh. It was a colonial system of Marathas.
○ Subedar was appointed according to contractual arrangement.
○ The person who claimed to recover the maximum revenue was appointed to the rank of Subedar.
○ The criteria for appointment of Subedars was not on their talent and functional skills, but the economic
benefit from them.
○ The rank of Subedar was neither permanent nor hereditary. There is no evidence of their salary in the record.
Subedars in Chhattisgarh :
According to British Superintendent P. Vance Agnew, there were 8 subedars in Chhattisgarh. But some
records also mentioned 9 Subedars :
1) Mahipat Rao Dinkar (1788 - 1790 AD)
2) Vitthal Rao Dinkar (1790 - 1796 AD)
3) Bhavani Kalu (Karu Pant) (1796 – 1797AD)
4) Keshav Govind (Pant) (1797 - 1808 AD)
5) Vykoji Pindri and Diro Kullalkar (1808 - 1809 AD)
6) Bikaji Gopal (Bhika Bhau) (1809 - 1816)
7) Sakharam Bapu or Sarkar Hari (3 months)
8) Sitaram Tantia (8 months)
9) Yadavrao Diwakar (1817 - 1818 A.D.)
1. Mahipat Rao Dinkar :
● Mahipat Rao Dinkar was appointed as the first Subedar by the Maratha's, but during his reign entire
Chhattisgarh state was under “Anandibai” widow of Bimbaji.
● During this time European traveller "George Forester" travelled to Chhattisgarh. He came to Raipur on
17 May 1790 AD. As per Forestor , the state's revenue was reduced to half since the time of Bimbaji . He
praised Raipur and said Ratanpur to be a beautiful region, where rice is grown in abundance.
2. Vitthal Rao Dinkar (1790 - 1796 AD) :
● Vitthal Rao Dinkar was the second Subedar of Chhattisgarh. He introduced a new system of "pargana".
Which was prevalent in Nagpur.
● He abolished the garh system in Chhattisgarh and divided 36 garhs into 27 parganas. Hence Vitthal Rao
Dinkar is called the "father of the pargana system".
Parganas system :
● Vithal Rao Dinkar started this system for revenue determination and recovery work. Parganas system in
Chhattisgarh was started in 1790 to 1818.
● Under Maratha administration, the state was divided into parganas and parganas into gramas.
● The head of the pargana was the Kamawisdar who was responsible to the Subedar.
● Under the Pargana system, the old Diwans and Dau were removed from the post and Kamavinsdars,
Fadnavis, Badarkar, Potdar etc. were appointed, but the post of village officer Gauntia remained
unchanged.
● According to this arrangement, the revenue was divided into two parts :
1. Land Tax
2. Additional tax (tax levied in addition to land tax)
● During the reign of Vitthalrao Dinkar, in 1795 AD, the European traveler "Captain Blunt" visited
Chhattisgarh.
● He arrived Raipur on 31 March 1795 AD and reached Ratanpur on 13 May 1795 AD.
● Blunt has written in his travel details that Raipur was a big city in terms of trade and population even
without being the capital, and there were 30,000 houses Ratanpur, the capital of Chhattisgarh, seemed
to be a shattered village instead of being a big city where the subedar had his headquarters.
3. Bhavani Kalu (1796 – 1797AD) :
● The period of his rule was short-lived.
4. Keshav Govind (1797 - 1808 AD) :
● Keshav Govind has the longest tenure.
● He was a good administrator of Chhattisgarh. Keshav Govind is considered important due to many
political events during his period.
● At this time European traveler Colebrooke visisted Chhattisgarh. Colebrooke has told in his travel
details that Wheat, paddy and sugarcane etc were cultivated in Chhattisgarh and these crops had good
yield, but the merchant did not pay justified price for grains.
5. Vykoji Pindri and Diro Kullalkar (1808 - 1809 AD) :
6. Bikaji Gopal (1809AD) :
● The events in Nagpur changed rapidly during Bikaji Gopal's reign.
● Raghuji (II) died in 1816 AD.
● After that Bhonsle ruler of Chhattisgarh Vyankoji also died.
● At the same time (in 1817 - 1818 AD) there was a third Anglo-Maratha war. In the hope of regaining
their lost rule, the Marathas waged war against the British. As a result,in 1817 AD the Peshwa left the
presidency of "Maratha Confederation" and the Marathas came under British.
● Appa Saheb was greedy, he demanded a lot of money from Subedars for annual tax, Subedar were unable
to collect much amount. As a result Appa Saheb removed all the subedars successively. Bikaji Gopal was
first removed in 1817 AD.
● Pindaris disturbance started in Chhattisgarh region during the rule of Bikaji Gopal.
7. Sakharam bapu
8. Sitaram Tantia
9. Yadavrao Dinkar
● He was the subedar appointed for a short period.
● Chhattisgarh came under British control after the declaration of British Resident Jenkins on 31 May
1818, and the subedar-rule ended.
Evaluation of the subedar system :

● The subedari system has been mentioned by European travelers Forester, Blunt and Colebrook in
their travelogue. Subedari system of Marathas was a colonialist system, It was started by Bhonsle king
"Vyankoji Bhonsle".
● Vyankoji Bhonsle and Appa Saheb ruled Chhattisgarh indirectly from Nagpur. They were involved in
the struggle for power in Nagpur. They had no interest in administration of chhattisgarh. Due to which
the people of Chhattisgarh had to suffer. There was only relationship of tax transactions between the
king and the subjects.
Maratha rule under the British (1818 - 1830 AD)
● Raghuji (II) ruled Nagpur from 1788-1816 AD. After the death of Raghu ji (II) on 22 March 1816 AD.His
son Parsoji Bhosle became the ruler of Nagpur. But due to his physical and mental weakness, Appa
Saheb, son of Vyankoji, was appointed as the guardian of Parsoji to look after the administeration. Appa
saheb was selfish and greedy. For his personal gain he Signed the subsidiary alliance with Lord Hastings
the then Governor General on 27 May 1816 AD.
According to the subsidiary alliance :
○ They were not allowed to keep any European servant in court without the prior permission of the
British.
○ Rupees 7.11 lakh tax to be paid to British every year.
○ In Nagpur state, the conditions for keeping British army at Maratha expense and keeping British
resident at Nagpur were accepted.Thus Appa Saheb for his personal interest surrendered the
freedom of the state to the British. And hence British rule was started.
● On 10 February 1817 AD, Parsoji, son of Raghu ji (II), died accidentally. It is said that Appa saheb killed
Parsoji by conspiring against him. After Parsoji's death, his wife Kashibai became Sati. Consequently, on
April 21, 1817, Appa ji was crowned. But as soon as he became the ruler, dissatisfied with the subsidiary
treaty, Appa Saheb tried to set the state free from the subsidiary alliance. He turned against the British
and joined the Maratha Union on 14 November 1817, and took the title of "Sena sahib" from Peshwa.
● Appa Saheb supported the Peshwa Bajirao (II) in 1817 AD in the "Third-Anglo-Maratha" war against
the British and took up arms. As a result, on 27 November 1817, the British defeated Appa Saheb's army
in the "Battle of Sitabardi" took the entire kingdom under British control.
● British appointed “Richard Jenkins” to govern the administration in Nagpur Appa Saheb continued to
rule under the Bristish on certain conditions.
● After some time, on 2 January 1818 A.D. On the order of Governor General, Appa Saheb was removed
from the post and took the decision to put Raghu (III) on the throne. Appa Saheb, decided to revolt
against the British. As a result, on 17 March 1818, he was taken into custody by the British. Later he
escaped from there and died in 1840 AD.
● After the fall of Appa Saheb, on 26 June 1818 A.D. Raghuji (III), the grandson of Raghuji (II), became
the successor of the Nagpur state.
● Raghu (III) was a minor. Therefore, to stabilise the power and control the rule of Raghu (III) the British
took over the administration of the Nagpur state.
● On 31 May 1818, resident Jenkins announced the British policy for the administration of power in the
state of Nagpur. With this announcement, the Chhattisgarh became under British control. Resident
Jenkins appointed British Superintendent for the administration of Chhattisgarh, it has to remain under
the control of the Resident.
● In 1818, Chhattisgarh came under British control for the first time. Maratha continued to rule in
Chhattisgarh but the actual control was under British.
● Therefore this time is called Maratha rule under British.
● There were 6 British Superintendents appointed in Chhattisgarh from 1818-1830 A.D :
1) Captain Edmund (181 AD 8)
2) P. Agnew (1818 - 1825 AD)
3) Capt. Hunter
4) Mr. Sandis (1825 - 1828 AD)
5) Mr. Wilkinson
6) Mr. Crawford
1. Captain Edmund (1818 AD) :
● Captain Edmund was the first British Superintendent in Chhattisgarh.
● His tenure was only for a few months, he spent all his time in establishing peace, law and order in
Chhattisgarh.
● Under the influence of Appa Saheb, the Zamindaras of Dongargarh revolted against the British rule
during the reign of Captain Edmund but Captain Edmund regained control.
2. P. Agnew (1818 - 1825 AD) :
● After the death of Captain Edmund. Agnew became the Superintendent of Chhattisgarh.
● His tenure was the longest and he did many important administrative works which are as follows :
i. Transfer of capital : He first shifted the capital of Chhattisgarh to Raipur from Ratanpur in view of
administrative convenience. Raipur being situated in the center of Chhattisgarh, it was an important
commercial center at that time.The credit for developing Raipur as capital goes to Mr. Agnew . For
the first time, he made Raipur the capital of Chhattisgarh with necessary facilities. Thus Raipur
became the headquarters of the British Superintendent and the capital of Chhattisgarh.
ii. Reorganisation of the administrative structure - (1819 - 1820 A.D.) :
○ The second major task of Agnew was to organise the administrative structure of Chhattisgarh.
○ Chhattisgarh was divided into 27 parganas by Subedar Vitthalrao Dinkar. Agnew restructured
them into 8 parganas. In these parganas, 8 kamavisdar were appointed working under the
Superintendent. The reorganization of Parganas, administration operations and the economic
outlook proved beneficial. After this political development of Raipur took place.
○ The Paragana's mentioned in the report of resident Jenkins :
1) Raipur
2) Ratanpur
3) Rajahro
4) Dhamtari
5) Durg
6) Dhamdha
7) Nawagarh
8) Kharaud (After some time, in 1820 A.D., a new pargana Balod was created).
9) Balod (The lorgest Pargana was Raipur and the smallest pargana was Rajhro)
iii. Reform in Trade : Mr. Agnew put an end to the unneccesary taxes in business. Which increased the
production and exchange. And hence Farmers then improved the their economic condition.
iv. Land reforms :
○ Agnew forced zamindars of Sonakhan to return the Khalsa land occupied by them. He settled
the dispute between Bastar and Jaipur related to the Kotpada pargana. On the request of the
Kaktiya ruler Mahipal Dev, he requested the British Resident to intervene and resolve the
matter by providing Kotpad Pargana to Mahipal Dev.
○ Before the British rule, the Zamindars were completely independent of their own rule in
the region, the tax payment was the only relation between them and central power. But the
Superintendent Agnew re-evaluated the existing administrative system here and signed a
prescribed document to make the relationship between the zamindar's and the central power.
v. Reform in the military system :
○ He formed an interim irregular army for this area and determined 3000 horses for Chhattisgarh.
○ Agnew supressed the rebellion of the Gond king of Dhamdha,Due to many reform and
development works his Tenure had special importantance in the history of Chhattisgarh.After
governing from 1818 to 1825 AD, Agnew resigned.
○ He demanded for military and civilian rights to be concentrated in one person, which was
accepted by the British rule.
○ Mr. Agnew removed the dilemma of the existing government in Chhattisgarh and made it
systematic, scientific, developing and dynamic.
Note : British Residentent Mr. Jenkins stayed in office till 1827 AD. After him, on 12 April 1827, Mr. Willder was
appointed for the post of Resident.
3. Captain Hunter (1818 AD) :
● After Agnew, Captain Hunter became the superintendent of Chhattisgarh, his rule lasted only for a few
months.
● There is no information related to his rule.
4. Mr. Sandis (1825 - 1828 AD) :
● Mr. Sandis became the fourth superintendent of Chhattisgarh.
● Earlier he was a military officer of the Nagpur cavalry.
● Sandis was given both military and civil rights of Chhattisgarh on the recommendation of Agnew.
● Sandis established tahudari system and formed two talukas named Lormi and Tarenga.
● He introduced the English calendar for the first time in place of Hindu-Muslim calendar. English became
the language of governmental affairs for the first time during his reign. Earlier, the use of local languages
was done for the official work.
● The development of post telegram was started in Chhattisgarh
● The important event of the rule of Sandis was the treaty between the British and Raghuji (III) in 1826 AD,
according to which As an experiment, Raghuji (III) was given the administration of Nagpur district, but
the rule of Chhattisgarh remained unaffected by this.
● Two British Superintendents were appointed after the sandis. Between 1828 and 1830 AD,
4. Wilkinson
5. Crawford
5. Crawford :
● Under the rule of Crawford, on 27 December 1829 AD, a treaty was signed between the British resident
and Bhonsla ruler Raghu (III), according to which the rule of Chhattisgarh was to be transferred to
Bhonsle.
● On 6 June 1830, Superintendent Crawford transferred the power and rule to Maratha representative
Krishnarao Appa.
● Thus after 12 years in British control, the rule of Chhattisgarh was re-assigned to the Marathas. But in
these 12 years in Chhattisgarh, many development works were done in terms of peace, security and good
administration. On the other hand, they adopted, imperialist tendency at the time of revenue collection.
● For the purchase and sale of goods, a person was sometimes forced to buy foreign goods and sell
indigenous goods.A person who did not do so had to suffer punishment.
● British always took full care of the financial position of the company in its administrative policy.
Re-Establishment of Bhonsle rule in Chhattisgarh (1830-1854)

● On June 6, 1830, Raghuji (III) became adult and on this day, Bhonsle rule was re-established under the treaty
with the British. At the same time, British rule ended in Chhattisgarh.
● The Governor General of India at this time was William Bentinck. He was of a liberal nature, he did not
interfere in the management of the kingdom of the Indian kings and hence, without disturbing the Marathas,
he gave the kingdom on certain conditions.
● Raghuji (III) appointed a Maratha officer to rule in Chhattisgarh, who was called a Jiledar. Between 1830-
1854 AD, there were a total of 8 jiledar, of which Krishnarao Appa was the first jiledar.
1. Krishnarao Appa : Krishnarao Appa was in the post of Sadar Fadnavis in Nagpur before becoming
Jiledar of Chhattisgarh. He was calm in nature and had good experience in revenue and accounting
work.
Other Jiledars :
2. Amritrao
3. Sadruddin
4. Durgaprasad
5. Indukrao
6. Sakharam Bapu
7. Govindrao
8. Gopalrao : Gopalrao was the last jiledar. The headquarters of the jiledar was Raipur and The Jiledar gave
information about governance directly to the king.
● The situation of Chhattisgarh was different from before in Bhonsle rule, now the people here could complain
to the British Resident against the exploitation and the terror policy of the Maratha authorities, according
to the subsidiary alliance, the Marathas remained under the dominion of the British army. But the people of
Chhattisgarh unaware of the central power had negligible response to the change in governance.
● At that time, the begari (bonded labour) system existed, from which the British and Marathas could not
emerge. The number of patels in the village was high, revenue was not much collected in the first year and the
government got trapped into economic difficulties.
Influence of British Resident in Nagpur :

● According to the treaty of 1829 AD, British residents could not interfere in Bhonsle rule. Under the treaty,
the British Resident had to work in the interest of British rule as ordered by the Court of Directors.
● The resident used to get the details of the revenue, defence and other important things of the state and
the resident continued to interfere in the governance for the improvement of the virtues prevailing in the
government.
● Even at that time, the zamindars subordinate to Chhattisgarh were not completely independent from the
influence of the English rule. This is confirmed by the fact that the zamindars of Khairagarh and Rajnandgaon
had complained to the Bhonsle king about the increase in tax.
● During the reign of Raghuji (III), the following important reforms were done in Chhattisgarh with the help
of the British :
1. Abolition of Sati :
The British had circulated an order to abolish the practice of sati in the Bengal Presidency on 4September
1829, they asked the king of Nagpur to issue a similar order ,which was issued by the king in September
1831 AD.
2. Ban on human sacrifice (nar bali) in Bastar :
● The only record in Bastar regarding these practice is obtained from the Rajpur copperplate of
Chhindaka Nagavanshi ruler Madhurantakdev, in which the Shaka Samvat 987 or 1065 AD is
inscribed. It is mentioned in the copper sheet that in the Manipureshwari Devi (Danteshwari Devi)
village of Rajpur (Bhramarkot Mandal) of Bastar, the practice of human sacrifice was prevalent.
● The practice of human sacrifice was prevalent in the Danteswari temple for the long time.,during
the course of the reign of Mahipal Dev (1800-1839 AD) and Bhairamdev (1853-91), British got
information about the human sacrifice in some zamindaris of Chhattisgarh and among the tribes
of Bastar and Karaud. For the abolition of this practice, the British assured the king of Nagpur of all
kinds of assistance and in order to take effective steps, the king gave the British agent full rights of
police and criminal justice.
● Governor General Lord Harding (1844 - 1848 AD) sent British officer John Campbell as British
representative to Bastar and Karaud to end this practice.
● The army was stationed there under the leadership of John Campbell and strict instructions were
given to military officers to assist Campbell, resulting in the abolition of the human sacrifice.
3. Elimination of thugs and bandits :
● Gangs of thugs and robbers had been in Chhattisgarh for many years, the gang of Multani people
from Multan was famous for looting. Multani people were involved in agricultural work earlier.
There was a severe famine during Akbar's reign, they were unable to pay annual tax to the king, for
which they were arrested.
● Due to helplessness, they started looting. These people used to give 1/4th (part of the looting) to
the zamindars. In Chhattisgarh, the head of the Multanis gang was Salavat, Udahusan and Pyare
Zamindars.
● Some other leaders of this gang :
○ Umar Khan
○ Dilavar Khan etc.
● The British had arranged the punishment of death penalty or Kalapani to destroy their gang.
On the orders of Governor General William Bentinck(1828-1835), Colonel Sleeman (General
Superintendent) took strict action against the thugs. Colonel Sleeman had completely eliminated
the thugs by 1830 AD .The thugs and bandits caught in the Nagpur state border were kept in Jabalpur
jail with harsh punishment. The industrial school was opened in Jabalpur for the education of the
children of thugs so that their children could get a good education.
The merger of Bhonsle in the British Empire :

● On 11 December 1853, Raghuji (III), the last king of Nagpur died. British Resident Mansel took over the
administration of the state on the same day.
● Raghuji (III) did not have any heir and the adopted son was invalidated by Governor General Lord Dalhousie
for succession (Doctrine of lapse). For the purpose of merging the Nagpur State into the British Empire,
Dalhousie announced the merger of Nagpur State into the British Empire on 13 March 1854 by the doctrine
of lopse on the basis of misrule, internal chaos and no successor .
● After this announcement, Resident Mr. Mansel was appointed as the first commissioner of the state of Nagpur
and Charles C. Elliott was appointed the first superintendent of Chhattisgarh under British.
● On 1 February 1855, Gopalrao, the last Maratha jiledar of Chhattisgarh handed over the rule of Chhattisgarh
to the first deputy commissioner Charles C. Elliott the British representative. Thus, Chhattisgarh came under
direct British control.
Governance during Maratha period

The governance during Maratha period can be demonstrated as follows :
1. Administrative System :
● The administrative system of the Kalchuri era was ancient, glorious and centralized. But by the 18th century,
it started to weaken and uncontrollable. After the invasion of Marathas during the reign of Raghunath Singh
in 1741 AD, the Kalchuri's accepted the subjection of Marathas without any war. The onset of Maratha rule
in Chhattisgarh had an impact on peace and order here.
● Bimbaji Bhonsale became the first Maratha ruler in this region. He ruled here directly (1757-1787), the
administrative system during his period was similar to that of the Kalchuris. He did administrative integration
of Raipur and Ratanpur and did many public welfare works.
● After Bimbaji, Vyankoji Bhonsle took over the state province of Chhattisgarh, he ruled here indirectly
through the subedars. In 1790, the Second Subedar Vitthalrao Dinkar made a special change in the revenue
system. He removed the Diwanas and Daus posted by the Kalchuri's in the garhs of Chhattisgarh further
also ended the garh system and divided Chhattisgarh into 27 parganas. This system existed from 1790-1818.
● From 1818-1830, Chhattisgarh remained under the control of British rule, where many reforms in
administration were done by the British. After that, in 1830 AD, Raghuji (III) ruled Chhattisgarh through
the jiledars.
● After the death of Raghuji (III) in 1854, Chhattisgarh was merged into British empire under Dalhousie’s
doctrine of lapse.
Administrative Units :
Unit Officers
State Subedar
Pargana Kamavisdar
Group of villages Patel
village Gautia
Important officers during Maratha rule :
● Bhonsle made some changes in the administrative system of Chhattisgarh in accordance with the system
in Nagpur. The administrative system of the Bhonsles was divided into four units - the state(rajya), the
parganas, the cluster of villages and the village. All these units had the following officers :
a) State Officials :
i. Subedar -
● The chief official of the state served as the representative of the Bhonsle rulers in Chhattisgarh.
● The Subedar was appointed by the Bhonsle ruler and was responsible to the king.
● The Subedar's jurisdiction included military, civil, criminal and thus goods departments and
other officials related to administration in the state were also under the subedar.
● The rank of Subedar was neither permanent nor hereditary, the one who assured the king to
collect the highest taxes was eligible for the post.
ii. Fadnavis :
● He was the accountant general who kept a record of income and expenditure.
● The Nayab-Fadnavis, was oppointed to assist Fadnavis.
iii. Potdar :
● He was the treasurer (Khazanchi). Who used to keep accounts of the amount that would be deposited
and released from the treasury.
b) Officers of Parganas :
i. Kamavisdar :
● The Kamavisdar was the supreme officer of the Parganas who was responsible to the Subedar for his
duties.
● He carried out the tasks of maintaining peace and security and revenue collection in its region. He was
the head of the military, civil, criminal and goods related departments under the pargana.
● The salary of the Kamavisdar was between Rs. 200-500.
ii. Fadnavis : He used to be an accountant in the pargana, who kept accounts of the income and
expenditure of the parganas.
iii. Potdar : He was the cashier of the pargana, who kept the account of the amount deposited and
released in the pargana.
iv. Barkar : He used to work under the Kamavisdar in the pargana and informed the Kamawisdar
about the agriculture, general condition and other matters.
v. Barar Pandey : He used to visit each village and prepare the revenue documents of the area based
on the status of agriculture and other information available to the Kamavinsdar. On the basis of this
document, the revenue of each area of the pargana was determined.
vi. Pandari Pandey : He used to keep a record of the income from liquors.
vii. Maal Chaprasi : He worked under kamavisdar in pargana. Their task was to protect the government
property, visit the areas from time to time and report the search of criminals and collect tax on the
orders of the Kamawinsdar.
c) Village officials :
i. Gautia :
● Gautia was a Kalchuri administrative post which was not abolished by the Marathas.He was the
head officer of the village who was responsible for rural governance.
● This position was not hereditary and could not be sold.
● Gautia in village, allotted the land and determined revenue on the advice of farmers.
● He was the magistrate and police of the village.
● He took care of the village and provided the facility of housing and tenant to the farmers. For
discharging this responsibility, they used to keep additional land in the village called Seradoli,
in this land the farmers did farming and from the income they used to manage the food and
accommodation of the officials and passengers coming to the village.
● He was the trusted person of the village and protech the rights of the people.
ii. Patel :
● Marathas introduced this post.
● Patel used to look after one or more villages and assist the government in dertermination of tax
and collection revenue.
● They used to get I anna per Rs. 1 in revenue or a maximum of a commission of 17%
iii. Kotwal :
● He was a night guad from the security point of view in the village
● When any type of insecurity was felt in the village then he used to inform it to Gantia and
Kamavinsdar.
● He used get a small farm and grains as waye for this work.
iv. Chauhan :
● He used to be a village guard. He worked under Gautia and assisted Gautia in security work.
2) Revenue System :
● In Maratha period, the main source of revenue was land tax. Apart from this there were other taxes
which were means of increasing revenue.
Land Tax :
● The revenue system During Bimbaji's rule, was similar to the Kalchuri period revenue system. But after
his death, Vyankoji Bhonsle left the whole administration to the Subedars and got himself entangled in
the politics of Nagpur.
● In 1790, the Second Subedar Vitthal Rao Dinkar introduced the Pargana system the numbers of parganas
were 27, the entire administration of Chhattisgarh was divided into two parts :
1. Khalsa Region : The region ruled directly by the Marathas.
2. Zamindari Area : Zamindar had independent rule in this area. Zamindars regularly paid the
amount fixed by the Marathas.
● There was neither a general principle nor any definite rule for tax collection.
● The task of determining the land tax was done at the village level; changes in this rule were made from
time to time in accordance with the rule of Nagpur.
● The task of determining 'tax' at the village level was done on the basis of mutual agreement between the
Gautia and the farmers. But it was according to the policy set by the government.
● The land covered under a plow has was 2-21/2 acres. The basis of the name of the land was the number
of plows of the farmers and the annual tax was determined by considering the amount of fallow land,
weather conditions and numbers of animals etc.
● The tax of parganas was determined by the kamavisdar on the basis of the prevailing tradition, the
contemporary condition of the region and the number of villages, of that region but the final approval
was given by the Subedars. The Subedar used to determine the annual tax of parganas Based on the
report of the kamavisdar.
● There was a common practice of increasing revenue reqularly.
● The total revenue was collected in three installments in an interval of three months.
● The harvest year started from June every year. At that time, the subedars and the kamavisdar encouraged
the regional farmers to bring more and more land under their holdings. The Gautia of the village used to
distribute the land according to their satisfaction after hearing the collective complaints of the farmers.
1. The kamavisdar collected one- third of the total revenue by the end of August and deposited it in the
treasury till October. Along with this, the Subedar also ordered the kamavisdar to recover the previous
dues.
2. The kamavisdars used to visit the area before tax collection to know the conditions there. One-third
(second installment) of revenue was charged till 5th January and the last date for the third recovery was
5th April.
● The Fadnavis of Pargana used to prepare the report (document) which gave details of revenue, past dues,
current year's revenue amount, installment etc. which were sent to Nagpur.
● The Marathas started a new system of the land arrangement called 'Tahutdari System".
Tahutdari System :
● Land that was not fertile was given to an influential person on a fixed-term lease through contracts
which he converted into cultivable land with the help of resources. The contractor of the land was called,
Talukdar. Talukdar used to deposit the amount of the contract in the treasury. Tarenga and Lormi were
the two taluka at the time of Captain Sandis.
● There was a loot in the recovery of revenue in the entire state and in addition to the land tax, the following
other taxes were also collected :
1. Takoli : Annual tax, which was paid by the zamindar to ruler.
2. Sayer : a tax on the import-export of goods.
3. Kalali : Excise tax, which was charged for sale of intoxicants.
4. Pandri : A tax to be taken from non-farmers, under which carpenters, potters, barbers, etc., used to
give 10% of their income.
5. Sewai : Taxes taken for cases of punishments etc. (It was a group of small temporary taxes)
6. Zamindari Tax : a tax levied on the import of grain.
● Apart from this, on various festivals, the people of the state gave 1rupee per village to , kamavinsdars,
fadnavis etc.
● Thus many taxes were prevalent during Maratha rule. The Subedars here were influenced by personal
benefits and wealth accumulation. The condition of the subedar's offices was highly disorganized, they
were free to spend independently and there was no sense of public interest in them as the question of
their stability was uncertain.
● As a result, there was a state of terror, chaos, uncertainty and disorder in Chhattisgarh. During this time,
many villages of Chhattisgarh became un in habited the condition of agriculture became miserable and
people struggled with difficulties. Till 1818 AD, the revenue here did not increase by more than 3lakhs,
whereas the item of revenue before the Suba rule was about six and a half lakhs.
3. Judicial System :
● There was no courts or other Judical arrangements during Maratha period. The Gautia or Patel were
made reponsible for all these in the village. Other issues were settled by the Kamavisdar and Subedars.
As well as some kind of disputes were settled by the King of Nagpur.
● The Kamavisdar had to give the details related to judiciary to Subedars.
● The Subedar had the rights to to give death penalty to every one execpt the Brahmins, Bairagi and Gosai
and Women.
● During the reign of Bimbaji, justice was accessible as king directly ruled from Ratanpur, but later it
became difficult for the people to get justice under the Suba rule.
i. Panchayat :
● In Maratha rule, justice was also provided by traditional panchayats.
● The Gautia, the kamavisdar and other high officials dealt with the matters through the Panchayat from
time to time.
● Panchayats were organized both at the individual and public level, but their members did not get salary.
● The decision taken by the panchayat was clear and fair and the case was not unnecessarily delayed. But
the panchayats did not have the right to compel the parties concerned follow their decisions, that is, they
could only work under social fru me work.
ii. Police :
● There was no police system in Chhattisgarh during the Maratha rule. The Harkare Spies wree spread all
over to collected information, sent and it to their headquarters. This system was not effective.
● The Kotwal used to guard the villages and the used to provide security to the village. Chauhan's was
commandel by the Goutia.
4. Military System :
● The Marathas had an army to deal with internal and external threats.
● During the reign of Bimbaji there were 5000 soldiers in this area and all came from Nagpur.
● Bimbaji established a peaceful kingdom during his time. But his later rulers spread unrest and terror in
Chhattisgarh.
5. Economy :
● The basis of Chhattisgarh's economy was agriculture, which was completely depended on the monsoon.
The economic situation of Chhattisgarh declined during the period of Marathas, as Marathas exploited
this region in great amount for personal selfishness and wealth accumulation.
i. Agriculture :
● Most of the people of Chhattisgarh were depended on agriculture for their livelihood. Here rice, wheat,
gram, pulses, kodo and kutki etc. were cultivated under irrigated crop and sesame, castor, groundnut,
flaxseed etc. were produced in the non-irrigated crop.
● But there was no arrangement of market for the sale of agricultural produce and no means of transport
were developed. He farmers were forced to sell their grain to the local traders at a low price causing great
loss to the farmers.
● Here, the farmers used to work as laborers at the rate of three rupees per month or 5-10 paise per day.
They did not get any loan from the government. As a result, they used to take loans from moneylenders
at high interest rates by mortgaging their land; these loans were in the form of food grains.
ii. Trade :
● The tribal were depended on forests for their livelihood. They collected forest products like - Harra,
Amla, honey, gum, lac, etc. and sold it to middlemen.
● Minor minerals were excavated here. Such as - coal, iron, floor stones, ocher etc.
● Cattles such as cows, bulls, buffaloes, goats, sheep, etc. were traded in the only cattle market of Ratanpur
province.
● Cotton was also cultivated in this area. Thick cotton cloths were made by weavers and kosa cloths in
Bilaspur region.
● The trade here was limited to some areas, thus this region was backward in trade.
iii. Measurement and Exchange :
● In the Maratha period, the transaction were done through the Kaudi.
● Kaudi was the lowest mean of transaction. The Exchange units mentioned in Hewitt's Settlement Report
:
One Rupee (16 dogani)
Dogani (20 kori)
Kori (5 ganda)
Ganda (4 Kaudi)
Kaudi
● After some time, Nagpuri rupee was issued in place of the kaudi, as well as Raghuji's rupee, silver rupee
and Jabalpuri rupee were prevalent. These coins were made from a mixture of silver and other metals.
● The prevailing units for the transaction of goods were as follows :
Gara (20 Khandi)
Khandi (20 katha)
Katha (4 Chauthiya, = 4 Payali)
Chauthiya (2 Adheliya)
Adheliya (2 Fohai)
Fohai (49/16)
Chhataank
● Units for distance measurement :
Hanf (1/2 Dhap)
Dhap (1/2 Kos)
Kos (3 Mile)
Mile
(Land was measured based on the number of Hal. One Hal = 2-2.5 acres.)
● The following units of measurement were prevalent for some precious items like cotton, ghee, jaggery
and lac etc :
Mana (8 Panseri)
Panseri (5 Ser)
Ser
6. Religious condition :
● The people of every religion resided in Chhattisgarh. But the people were mainly Hindus here.
● The original tribal inhabitants of Chhattisgarh were Gonds. They worshiped Budhadev and satnamils
resided here in the second order, they considered Gurughasidas to be the originator of their sect (panth)
and the first Guru of this sect.
● The Satnam Panth of Gurughasidas was spread in Chhattisgarh between 18th - 19th century and had a
large number of followers here.
● In the middle of the 17th century, the Kabir Panth spread in Chhattisgarh, it was followed by both
Hindus and Muslims Kabirpanthi did not consume meat and liquor.
● Each village had a Thakur dev who was the deity of the village. He was worshiped on every auspicious
occasion and at the beginning of agriculture and other occasions.
7. Social status :
● The semi-urban civilization was found in the inhabitants of the plains coming from another state in the
region and the tribal civilization was found among the people of the tribal region. Varna system existed
in the society, but it lacked orthodoxy.
● Brahmins had good status. Kshatriya and Vaishya got equal respect.
● Baiga, Gunia people were respected and people such as blacksmiths, barbers, washermen, etc. were
respected on a favorable occasion.
● The social evils such as Superstition, untouchability, child marriage, polygamy were also prevalent in
the society.
● The practice of human sacrifice was prevalent in the Gond tribe.
Education :
● The Marathas did not try for education in a planned manner during their rule. Education was often
provided at home. Sometimes the people of the village used to keep Brahmins, Kshatriyas or Goldsmiths
as teachers and gave them food as an annual gaift.
● At that time the medium of instruction was Hindi and Marathi. In Ratanpur and Raipur, some
arrangements for education were made by the states, but regular classes were not available in the cities.
8. Cultural Status :
● There were no new changes in the culture of Chhattisgarh during the Maratha period. Chhattisgarh has
been rich in cultural elements like its folk art, folk dance, folk paintings and folk songs. The tribes had
their own special culture, festivals, songs, dances etc. They were also proficient in crafts and handlooms.
● The state language was Chhattisgarhi,but the tribal language like halbi,gondi etc was also prevelant.
Maratha Administrative system
1. Administrative 3. Judicial 5. Economy 7. Social status

System Arrangements
4. Military 6. Religious 8. Culture
2. Revenue
status Status
System Agriculture, Education
Trade,
Land Other taxes : Measurement and
Tax Takoli, Panchayat Transaction
Sayar, Police
Kalali,
Pandri,
Sevai,
Land holder tax
Administrative Unit Chief Officer
States - Subedars, Fadnavis, Potdars
Parganas - Subedars, Fandavis, Potdars, Badkar,
Berarpande, Pandri, Panday, Malchaprasi
Village - Gautia, Patel, Kotwal, Chauhan
11
Division of Garh in Chhattisgarh
● There were a total of 36 garh (Fort) in Chhattisgarh and hence Chhattisgarh was named on the basis of
these garh.
● The two types of Garhs can be seen in Chhattisgarh :
1. Garh with the fortified citadel
2. Garh with the circulating trench.
● In Kalchuri period, the garh system came under the administrative unit, headed by the Diwan.
● The first British settlement officer of Bilaspur, Mr. Chishm divided the state into 36 garh in 1868, of
which 18 garhs were situated to the north of Shivnath River (under Ratanpur) and 18 Garh to the south
of Shivnath River (under Raipur).
● According to the then census, there were some 5722 villages in Chhattisgarh.
○ Ratanpur - 3586 villages
○ Raipur - 2136 villages
Description of 36 Garhs of Chhattisgarh

S. Ratanpur The Number of Present Raipur The Number of Present
No. Branch village at that time District Branch village at that time Distric
1 Ratanpur 360 Bilaspur Raipur 640 Raipur
2 Marro 326 Bemetra Patan 152 Durg
3 Vijaypur 326 Bilaspur Simga 74 Baloda Bazar
4 Kharod 145 Janjgir Singarpur 84 Rajnandgaon
5 Kotgarh 84 Janjgir Lavan 52 Baloda Bazar
6 Nawagarh 84 Bemetra Omera 252 Baloda Bazar
7 Sodigarh 84 Janjgir Durg 84 Durg
8 Orakhgarh 32 Bilaspur Saradha 84 Bemetra
Pandarabhatta
9 324 Mungeli Sirsa 84 Bemetara
(Pandarabhata)
10 Semaria 84 Raipur Mohandi 74 Mahasamund
Madanpur
11 153 Janjgir Khallari 84 Mahasamund
(Champa)
Kosgai
12 220 Korba Sirpur 84 Mahasamund
(Chhuri)
13 Lapha 200 Korba Rajim 84 Gariaband
14 Kenda 84 Bilaspur Fingeshwar 84 Gariaband
Singargarh
15 Matin 84 Korba 84 Rajnandgaon
(Singhangarh)
16 Uparoda 85 Korba Suarmar 84 Mahasamund
17 Pendra 84 Bilaspur Tenganagarh 84 Dhamtari
Karakattee- Akalbada
18 600 Shahdol 84 Balod
Kandri (Akaltara)
12
History of Bastar
Naming of Dandakaranya :
The present day Jeypore area, Bastar division and Chanda district was within the boundary of Dandakaranya.
Formerly Dakshin Chhattisgarh i.e. Bastar division was called 'Dandakaranya'. Geographically Bastar division
is an important part of Dandakaranya. When Ikshvaku dynasty ruled here, the third son of Ikshvaku ruled
Dandak region. According to the Ramayana, Mahabharata, etc. Maharishi Shukracharya, was the Rajguru of
Raja Dand, the Raja Dand due to which the Dandak was burnt/destroyed and in the course of time it got the name
Dandakaranya.
Capital of Dandak Janpad – Kunbhavati.
The ancient name of Dandakaranya is 'Mahakantar'
Chidank Naga dynasty (1023-1324 AD)

● The Nal dynasty was the first to establish permanent ruler in Bastar. After that, Chidanknag dynasty and
Kakatiya dynasty ruled in this area.
● In the 11th century Bastar region was ruled by Chidanknag dynasty. At that time, the Kalchuri
Dynasty was ruling in Dakshin Kosal, hence Chhindak Nagvanshi were contemporary to the Kalchuri
dynasty. Chakrakot was the capital of the Chhindaknag dynasty, so their rulers were famous as the
'King of Chakrakot'. (This information is found in the Someswara Dev-I (1063-1111 AD).Khurusapala
inscription of Chhindaknag king).
● Capital - Chakrakot / Bhramarkot
● Founder - Nripati Bhushan
● Chief Ruler –
Nripati Bhushan
Dharwarsha Jagdev Bhushan (1060 AD)

(Relative) (Son)
Madhurantak Dev (1065-69 AD) Someshwar Dev (I)
Kanhardev
Someshwar Dev (II)
Jagdev Bhushan Narasimhadev
Jai Singhdev
Harish Chandra
1. Nripati Bhushan :
● Nripati Bhushan was the founder of the Chhindaknag dynasty.
● He is mentioned in the Telugu inscription of Errakot (date-Shak Samvat 945 i.e. 1023).
● There is no clear information about his reign.
Barsur(City of ponds and temples) :
● Barsur is a city of temples and ponds. In ancient times there were 147 temples and similar ponds, these
temples have been destroyed and the ponds have dried up. Just as the Himachal’s mandi is called 'Chota
Kashi', similarly it has the same status due to the abundance of temples in Barsur of Chhattisgarh.
2. Dharavarsh Jagdevbhushan :
● He was the successor of Nripatibhushan and after Nripatibhushan he became the ruler.
● According to the inscription of Barsur (Saka Samvat 983 or 1060 AD), his samant Chandraditya built a
pond, Shiva temple and Chandraditeshwara temple in Barsur.
● The reign of Dharavarsha was the perid of political disturbances. The of Chola, Gang, Munj, Chalukya
of Kalyani and Vengi and Paramaras were all fighting amongst themselves for power. Chakrakuta was
also affected by all this.
3. Madhurantak Dev :
● He was relative of to Jagdevhushan Dharwarsha, but relationship between them clear so far.
● His copperplate was got from the Rajpur (Jagdalpur), in which Chakrakotya was called 'Bhramar kotya
Mandal'. The evidence of human sacrifice was found in Rajpur.
● The reign of Madhurantar Dev was short. After him, Someshwar Dev-I, the son of Dharvarsha Jagdev
Bhushan became the ruler.
4. Someshwar Dev I (1063–1111 AD) :
● Someshwar Dev I was a great warrior and mighty ruler. He was proficient in archery.
● The Kurusapala inscription of Someshwar Dev I gives information about his reign (1063-1111 AD) and
the extent of the Chakrakuta kingdom.
● Godavari river was in the south of Chakrakoot the Shabari River and Bhogavati were in east.
● Someshwar Dev-I was the lord of the 6 lakh 96 villages; in addition, he also conquered the areas of
Vengi, Bhadapatna, Vajra etc.
● He was contemporary to Jajalyadev I, ruler of the Kalchuri dynasty.
● According to the Telugu inscription of Gundamahadevi, the mother of Someshwardev, Jajalyadev (I)
defeated Someshwar Dev I in a battle and all his ministers as well as the queen were kept captive. But
later on the request of ‘Gundamahadevi’, the mother of Someshwar Dev I, Jajalyadev(I) liberatel all his
ministers and queen.
5. Kanhar Dev II :
● He was the son of Someshwar Dev I.
● The Kurusapala inscription and the Rajpur copperplate provide information about the rule of Kanhardev.
6. Someshwar Dev :
● He became the ruler after Kanhardev.
● The inscription of Someshwar Dev's queen Gangmahadevi is found in Barsur (shak 1130 or 1208 AD).
According to the inscription he built Battisa temple and the Shiva temple on his name.
7. Jagdev Bhushan Narasimha Dev :

● The Jatanpal inscription states about his period as shak Samvat 1140 i.e. 1218 AD and it is engraved in
pillar inscription in shak Samvat 1147 i.e. 1224 AD.
● According to the inscription of Bhairamgarh (Bijapur), Jagdev Bhushan was a worshiper of ManikyaDevi.
● Manikya Devi is considered as the form of Danteshwari Mata.
8. Jai Singh Dev :

● No information has been received about the reign of Jai Singh Dev.
● Jai Singh Dev's inscription is found in a place called 'Sunalpal'.
9. Harishchandra :
● He was the last ruler of the Chhindaknag dynasty.
● The last inscription of this dynasty has been obtained from 'Temra' which is a sati memorial inscription
.In this, the date written is shak samvat 1246 i.e. 1324 AD.
● According to legends, Harishchandra was defeated by the Kakatiya dynasty of Warangal and thus laid
the foundation of Kakatiya dynasty in the region.
Architeeture :
● During the rule of Chidanknag dynasty, many construction works were done in Barsur. The Mama-
Bhanja temple in Barsur, the large Ganesh idol and the Battisa temple are architeeture of the time.
During their reign, there was political and cultural development of Bastar.
Mama-Bhanja Temple :
● This temple was built in one day by two craftsmen named Mama-Bhanja. Hence the temple is named
'Mama-Bhanja' after them. This Nagar style temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva.
● Ganesha idol : There are two idols of Ganesha both the idols are rock-cut. The specialty of these idols
that, Ganesh ji is offered laddus in one idol and hidden laddus in another idol.
Battisa Temple :
● This temple has 32 (8 x 4 rows) columns; hence the name of this temple is Battisa.There is a Shivling in
its sanctum. As the watermill rotates, the Shivling also starts rotating due tothe fall of water. Thus it was
used in Tantra-composition.
Other facts :
● The Chidanknag dynasty considered themselves as 'Chhindak clans or Chhindak kul'.
● Their title was 'Chhindak Kul Kamal Bhaskar' and 'Chhindak Kul Tilak'.
● Bhogavati was the name of a place, and hence, the Chhindknagvansh had assumed the title of 'Bhogavati
Pureswar'.
● Chhidank Nagavansh had two branches - 1. Shaiva, 2. Vaishnava.
● The inscription found in the north of Indravati - are in Sanskrit language and in Devanagari script.
● The inscription found in the south of Indravati –are in Telugu language and Telugu script
● Thus both Sanskrit and Telugu languages were recognized in Nagy period.
Kakatiya Dynasty (1324–1936 AD)

Introduction : In the 13th century Warangal was ruled by King Ganapati of Kakatiya dynasty. Ganapati had
two Daughters - Rudramba and Ganapamba.King Ganapati made Rudramba (1261–1293 AD) his successor and
she ruled from 1261–1293 AD.Rudramba was married to Veer Bhadreshwar (Western to Kalyani Chalukya). They
had a Daughter Mammadamba Devi. Rudramba made Prataparudradev her successor, the son of Mammadamba
Devi. Mammadamba was married to Mahadev, a Chalukya of Anihalvada (Gujarat).With whom she had 2 sons
- Prataparudra Dev and Annamdev and 1 daughter Raila Devi.
Prataprudradeva I (1163-1195 AD)
Kakatiya King Ganapati of Warangal (1198–1261 AD)
(Marriage)
Veerbhadreshwar Rudramba (1261-1298 AD) Ganpamba
(Western Chalukyas of Kalyani) (Marriage)
Mammadamba Devi Mahadev (Chalukyas of Anhilwara)
Prataprudrdev (II) 1295-1324 AD Annamdev Railadevi
Note : Raila Devi is worshiped in Dussehra of Bastar.
The Kakatiyas were originally Chalukyas :

● Rudramba Devi did not have a male successor, so she adopted her grandson Prataprudra Dev and made
him her successor.
● Prataprudradev II was the son of Chalukya dynasty king Mahadev. But after adoption by Rudramba,
Pratap Rudra Dev, was called Kakatiya despite being Chalukya according to the rules.
Prataprudra Dev II :
● Prataprudradev II (1295-1324 AD) became the ruler of Warangal after Rudramba's death.
● He was a powerful ruler. Prataprudra Dev II was given the title of 'Yuvraj' by his father.
● He went on a Vijay Yatra or victory campaigne after attaining the title of yuvraj. Its details are found in
the ancient drama ‘Pratapaditya’.
● Prataprudradev II is known as ancient man (Adipurush) of Kakatiya dynasty. He was a worshiper of
Kakatiya Devi ( Goddess Durga). The temple of Kakatiya Devi is located in ‘Ekashila’ (Telangana).
● The ancient name of Telangana was Trilinga : Because three peeth of Shiva is found here. Later it was
named as Trilangana and then Telangana.
● During the rule of Prataparudrdev, Warangal was attacked thrice by the rulers of Delhi Sultanate.
1. The first Muslim invasion of Warangal was in 1309-10 AD by Alauddin Khilji's commander
Malik Kafur. Prataprudra Dev surrendered to the powerful Muslim army and accepted Alauddin's
subjection.
2. The second invasion on Warangal (1320–25 AD) was led by Muhammad bin Tughluq under the
flag of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq. When Prataparudra Dev refused to pay khiraj (land revenue) to the
Sultan, Gayasuddin Tughlaq sent his army under the leadership of Muhammad bin Tughlaq. But
this time due to the rumors of the death of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, left Muhammad bin Tughlaq and
went back.
3. In the third Muslim invasion (1224 AD) was led by Muhammad bin Tughlaq. He took Prataparudra
Deva imprisioned and renamed Warangal to Sultanpur.
● After that, Prataprudra Dev's brother Annamdev went towards Bastar looking at the decline of the
Kakatiya dynasty.
● In 1324 AD, Annamdev defeated the Chhindanknag dynasty of Bastar and laid the foundation of
Kakatiya dynasty there.
(Kakatiya Dynasty in Bastar)

Capital :
● Mandhota (during the reign of Annamdev)
● Bastar (during the reign of Purushottamadev)
● Jagdalpur (under the reign of Dalpatdev)
Chief Ruler :
● From 1324-1947 AD, 20 rulers of Kakatiya dynasty ruled Bastar for 623 years.
1. Annamdev (1324-1369 AD) founder of Kakatiya dynasty in Bastar
2. Hamirdev (1369-1410 AD)
3. Bhairamdev (1410-1468 AD) Meghi Saree on the name of wife Meghavati
4. Purushottam Dev (1468-1534 AD) title of Rathpati.
5. Jai Singh Dev (1534-1558 AD)
6. Narasimha Dev (1558–1602 AD)
7. Pratapraj Dev (1602-1625 AD)
8. Jagadishraj Dev (1625–1639 AD)
9. Veernarayan Dev (1639–1654 AD)
10. Veersingh Dev (1654–1680 AD)
11. Dikpal Dev (1680–1709 AD)
12. Rajpal Dev (1709-1721 AD)
Chandelmama (1721-1731 AD)
13. Dalpat Dev (1734-1774 AD)
14. Ajmer Singh (1774–1777 AD) leader of revolution in Bastar
15. Dariya Dev (1777–1800 AD)
16. Mahipaldev (1800-1842 AD) (ruler under Marathas)
17. Bhupaldev (1843–1853 AD)
18. Bhairamdev (1853–1891 AD)
19. Rudrapratapdev (1891–1921 AD) - Saint of Jerusalem
Prafulla Kumari Devi (1921–1936 AD) - under British rule (the only female ruler).
20. Praveerchandra Bhanjdev (1936–1947 AD)
● The princely state of Bastar merged into Union of India on 10 January 1948.
1. Annamdev (1324-69 AD) :
● He was the founder of the Kakatiya dynasty of Bastar and ruled for 45 years.
● Annamdev made Mandhota his capital.
● He built the temple of Goddess Danteshwari at the village called Tarala.
● In the Dantewada inscription, Annamdev has been called 'Annamraj' and in Halbi-Bhatri folklore, he
has been called 'Chalkibansh Raja'.
● The queen of Annamdev was ‘Sonkunwar Chandelin'.
● Annamdev fought battle with Chamelidevi.
Bastar : It is said that Danteshwari Maa was pleased with the Kakatiya ruler Annamdev and gave him a
blessings that his kingdom would extend as far as she would go with Annamdev. The condition was that the king
should not look back. While Annamdev and Mata moved towards north, they walked till the confluence of the
Shankhini-Dankini Rivers. While crossing the river, the anklets of Danteshwari mata immersed in the river, got
stucked in the sand and the sound of her anklets stopped. 'Maybe Maiya is not coming', the king looked back in
confusion. According to the promise, Maiya became immobile and she spread her clothes. The area which came
under mother's cloth was known as vastrajanya bhukhand and later as Bastar. At the same place, the king built
the temple of Danteshwari Mata. Near the Danteshwari temple,there is a foot mark of the Goddess the confluence
of the Shankhini-Dankini River. Here the black granite statue of mother Danteshwari with six arms is unique.
Danteshwari Mata is the Kul Devi of Bastar region. One has to go wearing a lungi and dhoti in the temple it is
prohibited to go in the temple wearing sewn clothes.
2. Hamir Dev (1369-1410 AD) :

● Hamirdev became the ruler after Annamdev.
● The information about Hamirdev is found in the history of Orissa.
3. Bhairamdev (1410-68 AD) :

● The queen of Bhairamdev was Meghavati or Meghai Arichkelin.
● Meghavati was proficient in hunting. In her memory, Meghi Sari is still popular in Bastar.
4. Purushottam Dev (1468-1534 AD) - (shifted capital from mandhota to bastar) :

● It is said that Purushottam Dev once went on the pilgrimage to Jagannath Puri and offered gold and
jewels in the temple of Jagannath Puri. While returning from Puri, the ruler of Puri gifted a 16-wheel
chariot to Purushottam Dev and gave him the title of 'Rathpati'.
● When Purushottam Dev returned to Bastar with the chariot of 16 wheels and the Lord Jagannath, the
360 Aranyak Brahmins welcomed the Maharaja in a village of Bakavand development block and “Peetha
Bhog” was offered to Lord Jagannath. Thus this village got the name of 'Peethapur'.
● The platform where the Lord was offered by Aranyak Brahman exist safely even today.
● Purushottam Dev shifted his capital from Mandhota to Bastar.
Goncha festival :
● Purushottam Dev started the Goncha festival in Bastar similar to Jagannath Puri.
● He placed the Vigrah's of Jagannath Swami brought from Puri in Bastar and offered 4 wheels out ofthe
16 wheels of chariot received with the title of Rathpati to the Lord, while the remaining 12wheels of the
chariot were presented to the goddess Danteshwari in Dussehra.
5. Jai Singh Dev (1534-58 AD) :

● Jaisingh Dev was the son of Purushottam Dev.
● 'Chandrakunwar Baghelin' was the wife of Jai Singh.
6. Narasimha Dev (1558-1602 AD) :

● Narasimha Dev became the ruler after Jaisingh Dev.
● His queen's name was 'Lakshmikunwar Baghelin'.
● Laxmikunwar Baghelin had constructed many ponds and gardens.
7. Pratapraj Dev (1602-25 AD) :

● Bastar was invaded by 'Quli Qutab Shah', the ruler of Golconda of the Bahmani kingdom duringPratapraj
Dev's reign.
● Quli Qutab Shah was badly defeated in the battle, After that Malik Ahmed of Ahmednagar in Bahmani
Empire took over some arees of Bastar bordering the Jaypore state. The Jeypore king helped Malik
Ahmed in this battle.
The rulers ofter Pratapraj Dev :
8. Jagdish Rajdev (1625-39 AD)
9. Veernarayan Dev (1639-54 AD)
10. Veersingh Dev (1654-80 AD)
11. Dikpal Dev (1680–1709 AD)
● During the reign of these no important events occured in Bastar region.
● Veersingh Dev built the fort of Rajpur (Jagdalpur) during his reign.
12. Rajpal Dev (1709-21 AD) :

● Rajpal Dev was the son of Dikpal Dev. Rajpal Dev became the ruler at a young age after the death of
Dikpal.
● From the copperplate of Kakatiya dynasty kept in the 'Mahant Gurughasidas Memorial Museum' located
in Raipur it is known that Rajpal Dev assumed the title of ‘Praudh Pratap Chakravarti'.
● Rajpal Dev has been mentioned as Raksapal in the donation letters.
● Rajpal Dev was a worshiper of 'Manikeshwari Devi'.
Note : Danteshwari Devi is also known as Manikeshwari Devi.
Rajpal Dev (1709-21 AD)
Baghel Rani Chandel Rani Chandel Mama(1721-31 AD)
Dakhin Singh Pratap Singh Dalpatdev (1731-74 AD)
Dariyadev (1777-1800 AD) Ajmer Singh(1774-77 AD)
Dariyadev Ajmer Singh Defeat

1. Dariyadev Ajmer Singh Dariyadev
(Attack) was defeated
He went to Vikramdev of Jeypore ,who had good relations

with the Marathas.
Ajmer Singh
Ajmer Singh was defeated
2. Dariyadev
(Attack)
Went to dongar,halba people

3. Dariyadev
Ajmer Singh Dariyadev
(Halba Revolt)
Treaty between Vikramdev and Marathas
4. Dariyadev Ajmer Singh Ajmer Singh

(Attack) (Death)
End of Halba Revolt (1774 AD)
(1774-79 AD)
Chandelamama (1721-31 AD) :

● Rajpaldev had two queens - Baghel Rani and Chandelrani.
● After the death of Rajpaldev, Chandel Mama, brother of Chandel Rani, took over the kingdom,he did
not belong to the state. He ruled the Bastar for 10 years.
13. Dalpatdev (1731-74 AD) :

● Dalpatdev became the ruler in 1731 AD after killing Chandela mama.
● In 1741 AD, Bhonsle took Ratanpur under thier authority. After taking over the whole of Central
Chhattisgarh under thier suzerainty, the Maratha army under the leadership of Neelu Pant invaded
Bastar for the first time in 1770 AD. The Maratha failed in this invasion
● As a result, Dalpatdev shifted his capital from Bastar to Jagdalpur in 1771 AD.
● With this, the Marathas started the barter trade through Banjara people in Bastar.
● Mostly the trade of salt and jaggery was done.
● Banjaras exchanged salt and jaggery for forest produce.
● Gradually, the movement of Banjaras for the trade of barter made the work of the Marathas and the
British even easier.
● Dalpatdev constructed a lake called 'Dalpat Sagar', which is the largest (man-made) artificial lake in
Chhattisgarh.
● Banjara : Banjara is a community that travels continuously from one place to another. They usually
reside temporarily in roadside tents or in the open. In the ancient times, the main occupation of Banjaras
was salt.
14. Ajmer Singh (1774-77 AD) :

● Dalpatdev had two sons - Ajmer Singh and Dariya Dev.
● Dalpatdev made Ajmer Singh an officer(governor) of Dongar during his reign.
● When Dalpatdeo died, Dariyadev attacked Ajmer Singh to take over the kingdom.
● At that time Ajmer Singh was in Dongar and with the help of Halba tribe in Dongar, Ajmer Singh
defeated Dariyadev.
● After being defeated in battle, Dariyadev went to King Vikramdev of Jeypore(orrisa). Vikramdev had
good relations with the Marathas and the British.Daryadev befriended Vikramdev and with the help of
Vikramdev, Daryadev again attacked Ajmer Singh by making the army more powerful. This time Ajmer
Singh was defeated.
● Ajmer Singh was popular among the Halba people and he revolted with the help of Halba. At that time
Kanker Army was deployed in the Dongar area. As a result, Daryiadev was defeated in this war and due
to the streng thening of the revolt, Dariyadev went to the ruler of Jaypore and took refuge.
● Daryadev made a separate treaty with the British officer, Maratha and Vikramdev, and prepared an army
of 20,000 soldiers and attacked Ajmer Singh again.
● In this war (1777 AD) finally Ajmer Singh was killed and by 1779 AD the entire Halba rebels were
massacred and the revolt was supressed.
● Ajmer Singh is called the 'Messiah(leader) of the Revolution' in Bastar.
(Halba Revolt) (1774-79 AD.)

● The Halba Rebellion was the 'first tribal revolt' of Chhattisgarh which took place during the reign ofKing
Ajmer Singh in Bastar.
Ruler and Leader - Ajmer Singh
Location (Area) - Dongar (Kondagaon)
Reason : After the death of Dalpatdev, the battle for succession between his two sons Dariyadev and
Ajmer Singh was the main reason for the Halba revolt.
Event :
○ Dalpatdeo had made 'Dongar'his sub-capital and appointed Ajmer Singh as governor in the region.
After the death of Dalpatdev, Ajmer Singh and his elder brother Dariyadev struggled for power, in
which Ajmer Singh was victorious and ascended the throne in 1774 AD.
○ Dariyadev attacked Ajmer Singh in Dongar region in 1774 AD. But he was defeated in the war
and with the aim of increasing his army strength he befriended the king of Jeypore, Vikramdev.
(Vikramdev had good relations with Marathas and British)
○ Dariyadev again attacked Ajmer Singh with the help of Vikramdev and this time Ajmer Singh was
defeated.
○ Ajmer Singh was popular among the Halba people. He mobilized angry Halba people and revolted
against Daryadeva. This time Dariyadev was defeated and he again went to the King of Jeypore.
○ Daryadev entered into an alliance with the Marathas, Vikramdev and the British authorities and
attacked again with a powerful army and diplomatic conspiracy. During the war Ajmer Singh (1777
AD) was killed.
○ Thus the Halba rebels were suppressed.
Result :
○ After the death of Ajmer Singh, Dariyadev (1777 AD) became the king of the Kakatiya dynasty.
○ Dariyadev entered into 'Treaty of Kotpad' on 6 April 1778 AD. At the time of the treaty, the rulers
of Bhonsle, Jeypore and the people of Bastar were present.
(Treaty of Kotpad) (6 April 1778)
Ruler of Maratha
Jeypore (Trimbak Aviraw,
(Vikram Dev) Kotpad Representative of
Bimbaji Bhosle)
The people of Bastar and Dariyadev
● Under the treaty :

○ In lieu of military assistance, the Kotpad Pargana was given to Jeypore King Vikramdev.
○ Bastar came under Marathas with an annual Takoli of Rs 59,000.
○ Along with this, the Bhonsle rule promised that, if the Bastar state regularly pays the takoli, the
Bhonsle rulers will not interfere in any way on their state.
○ Thus Bastar became a part of Ratanpur state and technically came under Marathas.
○ Dariyadev sold the freedom of Bastar for his personal interest.
(Bastar under Maratha) (1778-1818 AD.)
15. Dariyadev (1777–1800 AD) :

● Dariyadev became the ruler by killing Ajmer Singh, the actual ruler of Bastar.
● Dariyadev made a treaty with the Marathas to suppress the Halba rebellion, according to which
Dariyadev accepted the suzerainty of the Marathas.
● Dariyadev sold the freedom of Bastar for his personal interest and Bastar became an integral part of
Chhattisgarh.
● During the reign of Dariyadev (1795 AD), Captain Blunt traveled to Chhattisgarh. He also wanted to
visit the zamindar of Bhopalapatnam (Bijapur) but the Gond tribes did not allow him to enter and
stopped him in Kanker. This is called 'Bhopalpatnam struggle'.
(Bhopalpattnam Struggle) (1795 AD)

Location : Bhopalpatnam (Bijapur)
Ruler : Dariyadev
Time : April 13-April 28, 1795 A.D.
Leader : Gond Tribe
Objective : To stop British officer J.T. Blunt from entering Bastar
Event : British officer J.T. Blunt was crossing the Indravati River in Bastar in 1795 AD to meet the landlords
of Bhopalpatnam. But the local Gond tribals there captured Captain Blunt near Indravati River and did not
allow him to enter Bastar. Consequently, Captain Blunt had to return. Capt. blunt reached Ratanpur on 13
May 1795 AD. This short term struggle is known as 'Bhopalpatnam revolt.
(Anglo-Maratha rule in Bastar) (1818-1853 AD.)

● After the Treaty of Kotpad in 1778 AD, the Bastar kingdom came under Maratha but in fact the Bastar
kings never accepted the supremacy of the Marathas. Bastar never bowed before the Marathas until
1818 AD. But after the defeat of the Maratha Empire in the Third Anglo-Maratha war (1817-18 AD), the
Maratha Empire came under the British. Thus the Marathas and the British influence falled over whole
Bastar.
Note :
In the history of India, there were 3 battles fought between the British and the Maratha :
1. First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-82 AD)
2. Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-05 AD)
3. Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-18 AD)
In which the Marathas suffered defeat. The main reason for the decline of the Marathas was the mutual
differences between the Marathas and Bajirao II. In the final phase of the war, in June 1818 AD, the British made
a 'treaty of Poona' with the Peshwa, under which the Peshwa gave up the presidency of the Maratha Confederacy.
Ultimately, the Marathas came under the British.
16. Mahipal Dev (1800-42) :

● Mahipal Dev was the eldest son of Dariyadev and the first ruler of Bastar under the indirect rule of the
British.
● While Dariyadev had accepted the Bhonsles' suzerainty, his son Mahipal Dev had not paid them takoli
for years despite Bhonsle's messages. After some time, Mahipal declared himself independent against
the Bhonsles.
● Mahipal Dev said in a message to the Bhonsle ruler Vyankoji Bhonsle of Ratanpur that 'Bastar does not
accept subordination of Bhonsles’. Thereafter, Vyankoji Bhonsle invaded Bastar under the leadership of
his commander 'Ramachandrabagh' to establish control over the state of Bastar.
● Initially Ramachandrabagh defeated the king of Kanker, after that he passed through the kingdom of
Kanker with his army and reached the capital of Bastar 'Jagdalpur' and attacked the fort of Jagdalpur.
● Mahipal Dev's army was defeated in the battle. In 1830, Mahipal Dev had to give the 'Sihawa Pargana' to
the Marathas in exchange for years of takoli and again accept the suzerainty of the Bhonsles.
PARALKOT REVOLT (1825)

● Ruler : Mahipal Dev
● Place : Paralkot, Paralkot is a village in Pankhajur, Tehsil of North Bastar Kanker. It is located in the
northwestern part of Bastar and on the confluence of the Kotri, Nibra and Gudra rivers.
● Leader : Gend Singh (Landlord of Paralkot)
Reason :
○ The presence of outsiders (British and Marathas) influenced the lifestyle of the Abujhmadi's.
○ The exploitative policy of the Marathas and the British.
○ Increase in the tax of Paralkot region.
● Objective : The purpose of the Paralkot rebellion was to free the Abujhmadi's from exploitation and
foreign rule.
● Symbol : "Branch of Dhawda tree"
● Expansion : During the reign of Mahipal Dev, Paralkot was the largest zamindari of Bastar state. In 1824
AD, Gend singh was a zamindar of Paralkot Zamindari. Troubled by the exploitation of the Marathas
and the British authorities, on 24 December 1824 AD, Gend Singh gathered the Abujhmadia tribals in
Paralkot. By 4 January 1825, all tribal revolutionaries attacked the British and Maratha officials from
Chanda to Abujhmad.
● Administration of revolt : Manjhi people were leading the rebellion in different troops at different
places. They sent the Dhawda tree branches from one place to another as a sign of rebellion. All the
rebels gathered in the night at Ghotul and planned for the next day. Within a short time, the flame of
rebellion erupted in the entire Gond region.
Result :
○ Seeing the rising rebellion, Chhattisgarh’s Superintendent P. Vans Agnew called the Superintendent
of Police of Chanda, Captain Pabe (Pev) to suppress the rebellion.
○ On 10 January 1825, Captain Pabe besieged Paralkot with his army.
○ The traditional weapons of the Abujhmadis failed to with stand modern weapons such as guns.
○ Gend Singh was arrested and the rebellion suppressed.
○ On 20 January 1825 AD, Gend singh was hanged by the British.
○ Gend Singh's sacrifice for the freedom of Bastar is unforgettable. Therefore, Gend Singh is called the
'first martyr of Bastar'.
Bhupaldev (1842-53 AD) :

● Mahipal Dev had two sons :
1. Bhupaldev
2. Dalganjan Singh
● After the death of Mahipaldev in 1842 AD, Bhupaldev sat on the throne of Bastar.
● Bhupaldev appointed Dalganjan Singh as the officer of Tarapur Pargana.
● Tarapur is a village to the south-west of Bastar headquarters. (Village - Tarapur, Tehsil-Bakavand,
District-Bastar)
● Two tribal revolts took place during the reign of Bhupaldev :
1. Tarapur Rebellion (1842-54 AD)
2. Maria Rebellion (1842-63 AD)
(Tarapur Rebellion) (1842-54 AD)

Ruler : Bhupaldev
Location : Tarapur (Bastar)
Leader : Tarapur officer Dalganjan Singh
Reason : Interference in the lifestyle of the tribals by the British.
Purpose : To remove Diwan Jagabandhu from his post and to withdraw the increased tax.
Detail : During Bhupaldev's reign, his brother Dalganjan Singh was an officer of Tarapur. Compared to
Bhupaldev, Dalganjan Singh was popular among the tribal people due to his good conduct and valor. In
1842 AD, Bhupaldev raised the tax of Tarapur on the orders of the Maratha. The people of Tarapur were
already troubled by British intervention and exploitation by the Diwan Jagabandhu. They became even
more distressed after receiving information about the increased tax. As a result, the tribals of Tarapur, led
by Dalganjan Singh, revolted against the British and Marathas and took Diwan Jagabandhu captive. On
hearing the news of Diwan Jagabandhu being captive by the tribals, Bhupaldev intervened in the case. On
the orders of Bhupaldev, the Diwan Jagabandhu was freed by the tribals. On the one hand, there was growing
discontent among the tribals, on the other hand Jagabandhu went to Nagpur and urged the Maratha ruler
to crush the tribal revolt. As a result, Diwan Jagabandhu, with the help of Nagpur army, defeated the tribals
and arrested Dalganjan Singh and kept him in Nagpur jail for 6 months.
Result : Major Williams, Resident of Nagpur, intervened in this matter and removed Diwan Jagabandhu
from his post to remove the discontent of the tribals of Tarapur, withdrew the increased tax of Tarapur area
and released Dalganjan Singh from jail.
Maria Rebellion (1842-63 AD)
Ruler : Bhupaldev
Location : Dantewada
Leader – Hindma Manjhi
Reason : Against the ending of the human sacrifice.
Investigator : Mac Pherson
Detail : It was revealed from the travel details of Jenkins, Blunt and Agnew that human sacrifice was practiced
in the Danteshwari temple, situated at the confluence of Shankini-Dankini Rivers. When the Maratha ruler
asked Bhupaldev the ruler of Bastar. Bhupaldev showed ignorance, then British appointed 'Mac Pherson' to
investigate the practice of human sacrifice prevalent in that region, Mac Pherson stated in his report that
' The main sacrament in the worship of "Tadipenu" or "Matidev" is Narbali or human sacrifice. The tribes
here organize human sacrifice in a public festival on special occassion. 'The male who is sacrificed is called'
Meriya '.
● According to Gribson : 'The British Government had ordered King Bhupal Dev of Bastar to abolish the
human sacrifice of Meriya. The Bhonsle ruler of Nagpur (1842-63 AD) posted a security contingent
(1842-63 AD) at Danteshwari temple for 22 years to stop the sacrifice of human offerings. This was
the first time that the British had interfered in the internal affairs of the tribals. The tribals considered
it an external attack on their traditions and the rebellion was aimed at removing the army stationed at
Danteshwari Mata's temple under the leadership of Hindma Manjhi.
● Result : Diwan Vamanrao of Bastar invited Sher Khan, Tehsildar of Raipur to suppress the rebellion,
Sher Khan brutally suppressed the rebellion.
(British Rule in Bastar) (1854-1947 AD)

Raghu (III) had no successor. After his death on 11 December 1853, Governor General Dalhousie annexed
Nagpur into the British Empire in 1854 AD under doctrine of lapse. Now Chhattisgarh came under direct British
control.
Bhairamdev (1853-91 AD) :

● After the death of Bhupaldev, his son Bhairamdev became the ruler.
● Bastar came under the direct control of British rule as soon as he sat on the throne.
● In 1856 AD, Major Charles Elliott, Deputy Commissioner of Chhattisgarh Division, was the first
European who traveled to Bastar. The material accumulated by Elliott during the inspection is still
present in handwritten form in the District Collector Office of Jagdalpur.
● Three tribal revolts took place during the reign of Bhairamdev :
1. Lingagiri Rebellion (1856 AD)
2. Koi rebellion (1859 AD)
3. Muria Rebellion (1876 AD)
(Lingagiri revolt 1856 AD 'Great Salvation War of Bastar')
Ruler : Bhairamdev
Location : Lingagiri (Bijapur)
Leader : Dhurvarao Madia
Reason : Against the inclusion of Bastar in the British Empire
Detail : Bastar came under the direct control of the British administration in 1854 AD. British officials
were heavily exploiting and oppressing the tribals of Bastar. Distressed by the British suppression policy, the
Talukdar Dhurvarao Madia of Lingagiri taluka under Bhopalpatnam Zamindari revolted against the British
for the betterment of his subjects and to make Bastar independent from the British.
Dhurvarao : Dhurvarao belonged to the Madia Dorla tribe. He mobilized the Dorla tribes and on 3 March
1856, there was an armed war between Dhuravarao and British soldiers from 8 am to 3 pm in Chintalnar.
Result : This war was also suppressed by the British and Dhurvarao Madia was imprisoned. Dhurvarao was
hanged on 5 March 1856 AD. The revolt of Dhurvarao Madia's is called the Great salvation war of Bastar.
This revolt to liberate Bastar from the British took place only one year before the revolution of 1857 AD
Dhurwa Madia is called the second martyr of Bastar.
(Koi Revolt) (1859 AD)

Ruler : Bhairamdev
Location : Bijapur
Leader : Zamindar of Fotkel-Nangul Dorla
Zamindar of Bheji : Juggaraj and Zamindar of Bhopalpatnam-Rambhoi
Reason : Wrong forest policy of the British Government
Slogan : 'One man head behind a sal tree'
Purpose : To prohibit cutting down of the trees
Detail : In Dorli language Koi means - 'people living in the hills'. Bastar is called the island of Sal forests,
where Sal trees are in abundance. The forest covered with sal trees in Dakshin Bastar was being cut down
for trade by the British. At that time, the British authorities had implemented the contractual practice for
cutting sal trees and these contractors used to go to the forest to cut down the sal trees. Troubled by this
wrong policy of the British, Nangul Dorna the zamindar of Folkel, Ram Bhoi the zamindar of Bhej ji and
Juggaraj the zamindar of Bhopalpatnam, decided together that now they will not allow the tree to be cut and
they gave this information to the British authorities and contractors. Then due to this at the decision taken
by the tribals they took it as a challenge against their sovereignty, the British did not stop the cutting of trees,
but sent gunmen with them to protect the contractors. Seeing the trees being cut down, the tribals revolted
under the leadership of zamindar of Fotkel, Bheji and Bhopalpatnam. The tribals With the burning torch
(Mashal) in hand, attacked the soldiers and contractors and beheaded the contractors, during the rebellion;
the tribals gave the slogan “a head behind a tree”. Many soldiers and contractors were killed in this rebellion.
Result : Observing the rebellion becoming frightening, Capt. C. Glassfors, deputy commissioner of Sironcha,
accepted his defeat and compromised in favor of the tribals. Consequently, the contractual practice was
abolished. This rebellion was the first revolt of Bastar, when the British compromised in front of the tribals.
This was the 'first environmental protection' revolt by the tribals, which shows their awareness of the
environment and a sense of perseverance.
(Muriya Revolt) (1876 AD)
Bastar Independence War of Bastar :

Ruler : Bhairamdev
Location : Bastar
Leader : Jhada Sirha
Purpose : Against the exploitation of Brithshers
Emblem : The branch of Mango tree.
Suppressor : Mac George
Reason : The land revenue related policy of British. The exploitation of the tribals by Diwan Gopinath
Kapadkar and the British Munshi, the British government interfering in the personal life of Bhairamdev.
Apart from the above mentioned major reasons, this rebellion was the result of incidents which took place
in Bastar from 1853 - 1876 AD.
Detail :
○ In 1867, Gopinath Kapadkar became the Diwan of Bastar. He began to exploit the tribals and
interfered with their traditions. All the tribals were upset with Diwan Gopinath. In January 1876
AD, the tribals got information that their king Bhairamdev had received orders from the British
to attend the Delhi Durbar. The Muria tribals did not want to let the king out of Bastar for a long
time because they feared that the Diwan Gopinath Kapadkar would exploit them even more in the
absence of the king. During the visit of King Bhairamdev to Delhi, Muria tribals surrounded the
king at a place called Marenga, 6 miles from Jagdalpur, and did not allow him to proceed. To deal
with this situation, Diwan Gopinath got angry and ordered his soldiers to shoot. In this encounter,
the king’s soldiers were taken captive by the tribals and some tribals were also killed. As a result, the
king was forced to return to Bastar.
○ After this incident, Diwan Gopinath started suppresing the tribals. 700 Muria tribals gathered
at a place called Arapur, with arms and revolted under the leadership of Jhada Sirha. Seeing the
seriousness of the situation, Bhairamdev went to Arapur with the aim of pacifying the tribals but
no solution was found. In return, the tribals attacked the king's soldiers. 6 Muria tribals were killed
in the clash, tribals laid down arms and fled from Arapur. After being defeated, Jhada Sirha sent
the branch of the mango tree as a symbol and inspired the Muria tribals to join the rebellion and
regrouped the tribals. The rebels surrounded Rajmahal (Jagdalpur) on 2 March 1876 from all the
sides. This day is remembered as 'Black Day'. Nothing could go inside the palace nor could come
out. The tribals had also stopped all communication medium.
○ King, Diwan, Munshi and their officers were all trapped inside the palace. The time was passing
on but the king was unable to find any option to get out. Meanwhile, Diwan Gopinath sent a letter
(which was wrapped with wax) to the deputy commissioner of Sironcha through a Mahara woman
in the pot of the pej (drink).
○ Sironcha's deputy commissioner 'Mac George' came to Jagdalpur to suppress the rebellion. Mac
George learned from the rebels that the fight was not with the king but with the Diwan and Munsh.
After a conversation with the rebels, MacGeorge held the king and his officials responsible for the
rebellion. MacGeorge organized the first Muria Darbar at Jagdalpur on 8 April 1876, in which
he accepted all the demands of the tribals to overcome the dissatisfaction of the tribals, Diwan
Gopinath was sent to Sironcha where he was imprisoned. The administrative reforms related to
revenue were done in Bastar.
○ Thus this rebellion was completly successful.
○ Lal Kalinder Singh : Lal Kalinder Singh was the commander of Bhairamdev.Bhairamdev had no
son,he had declared Lal Kalinder Singh as his successor. But Lal Kalinder Singh was dissatisfied
with this decision of the king. In order to get the successor of the dynasty, he got the king married
to Anuja (princess of Jeypore) in 1883 AD. Rudrapratapdev was born to King Bhairamdev and his
third queen.Rudrapratapdev later sat on the throne of the Kakatiya kingdom.
Other Facts : In 1886 AD, the British announced the appointment of British officials in Bastar as Diwan the
reason they gave was for the practices like human sacrifice. And the king's powers were reducel thus the king
could not compel the diwan to obey without the permission of the British officer.
Revolt of Rani choris (1878-86)

● The first female rebel of Chhattisgarh.
● The actual name of Rani Choris is was 'Jugraj Kunwar'. She was the wife of King Bhairamdev. Rani
Choris had strongly opposed her husband in 1878 AD due to mutual differences. This revolt lasted for
8 years, due to which the tribal population was divided in two parts. The queen won the protest. The
British government in its report called the protest by the queen a rebellion, this made queen Choris the
'first female rebel of Chhattisgarh'.
Rudrapratapdev :
● Lal Kalinder Singh : Lal Kalinder Singh was the commander of Bhairamdev.Bhairamdev had no son,he
had declared Lal Kalinder Singh as his successor. But Lal Kalinder Singh was dissatisfied with this
decision of the king. In order to get the successor of the dynasty, he got the king married to Anuja
(princess of Jeypore) in 1883 AD. Rudrapratapdev was born to King Bhairamdev and his third queen.
Rudrapratapdev later sat on the throne of the Kakatiya kingdom.
● Bhairamdev died on 20 July 1891 AD. At that time Rudrapratap Dev was only 6 years old. The British
looked after the administration of the Bastar until Rudrapratapadeva became an adult.
● Rudrapratapadev studied at Rajkumar College, Raipur. In 1908 AD, Rudrapratapdev was crowned at the
age of 23.
● Rudrapratapdev was a compassionate, benevolent, courageous king. He assisted the British in the
European war, for which the Britisher gave Rudrapratapadeva the title of 'Saint of Jerusalem' (Jesus
Christ). During the time of Rudrapratap many development works were done in Bastar :
○ Roads were built in Bastar
○ A Library was opened
○ Jagdalpur became the city of the squares.
● The forests of Bastar were declared as reserved forests by Raibahadur Panda Baijnath and compulsory
education was implemented in the Bastar state.
● The credit for the above works goes to the British administration Fagan (1896–1903 AD) and Geyer
(1899–1903 AD). During their tenure the special development of Bastar State took place.
Great Bhumkal Revolt (1910 AD)

● Ruler : Rudrapratap Dev
● Location : Bastar
● Leader : Gundadhur (Zamindar of Netnar)
● Other Leaders : Debaridhur, Kunwar Bahadur Singh, Balaprasad, Dular Singh
● Organiser : Lal Kalindar Singh
● Main reason : Against the continuous exploitation of the people of Bastar by the British authorities.
● Purpose : To establish Muria Raj in Bastar
● Symbol : 'Mango tree branch, red chilli and bow arrow'
● Last clash : In Alwar.
● Suppressors : Debreed and Geyer
● Slogan : 'Bastar belongs to Bastarian' or बस्तर , बस्तरवािसयों का हैं
● Bhumkal means : Earthquake or shaking of land. This violent rebellion was carried out by the tribals in
Bastar in 1910 to free the people of Bastar from exploitation of the British. This rebellion was the terribte
and widespread (in terms of area and population) tribal revolt of Bastar.
There were several reasons for this rebellion :
● In 1908, the Bastar forest was declared as a reserved forest and the control over the exploitation of the
forest produce was implemented.
● When officers employees and Forest Guarts used to visit the villages, they used to drunk and they
harrash the tribals.
● Forced labor
● Declaring the liquor made by tribals illegal.
● Not giving the fair value of forest produces.
● Appointing a British officer to the post of Diwan.
● The arrival of outsiders in Bastar affected the lifestyle of the tribals.
● Increase in revenue.
Detail :
● Lal Kalindra Singh and Swarna Kunwar Devi visited the villages for organising the rebellion. Suffering
from the continuous exploitation by the British, in October, on the day of Dussehra, Bhairamdev's
widow Rajmata Swarna Kunwar Devi collected all the tribals in Tadoki village with the help of Lal
Kalindra Singh and inspired them to revolt. Rajmata Swarna Kunwar said - 'Ever since British rule has
come, Bastar state's public life has been suffering from all kinds of problems. Due to the arbitrariness
of the bureaucrats, there has been a ruckus among the villagers, now the time of rebellion has come.
Rajmata appointed Lal Kalindra Singh to organise the rebellion and appointed the landlord of Netanar
'Gundadhur' to lead this rebellion. From every pargana a brave person was nominated as leader to
conduct the rebellion.
● A few days later a secret meeting was convened and discussions related to the revolution were held. On
1 February 1910, the Bhumkal rebellion started in the entire Bastar region and at least one person from
each family was sent in the rebellion. The message for this revolt was spread in the form of "a mango tree
branch, red chilli, bow and arrow" to every house in the Bastar region. The revolt was started by looting
the Puspal market (2 February 1910 AD). Then respectively.
● On 4 February 1910 AD, Kukanar (a businessman was killed by rebels named Buntu and Somnath) and
Karanji Bazaar was looted on 5 February 1910 AD.
● On 7 February 1910, a secret meeting was organized by the rebels at Geedam and the 'Muria rule or Raj'
was declare there.
● On 16 February 1910 AD, Dunga Manjhi played the main role in the clash at Kharaghat on the banks of
Indravati River, but the rebels suffered defeat.
● Clash in Gangamunda on 24 February.
● On 25 February, the rebels were defeated in the struggle led by Veer Gundadhur in Daknagar and against
the sepoys led by Commander Geyer in the chhote donger, Geyer suppressed the revolt with the help of
the Punjab army.
● Apart from this, Gundadhur captured 46 parganas out of 84 by revolting at the places like Balpur, Konta,
Kutroon, Kuakonda, Gedar, Bhopalpatnam, Usur, Chhoti Dongar etc.
● The final conflict took place in Alwar where Debreed and Gair badly suppressed the rebels.
● In March 1910 AD, the repression cycle was carried out in which all the rebels were killed Lal Kalinder
Singh and Swarna Kunwar were arrested with other rebels.
● By March 29, the Bhumkal rebellion was suppressed and Veer Gundadhur was arrested. But later
Gundadhur escaped, so he is compared as Tatya Tope. Although the result of this rebellion was not
successful, but the foundation of British Empire in Bastar was shaken up.
● This rebellion successfuly in awakened political consciousness. After this, the government had to take
care of the demands of the tribals in their policy making. After the end of the rebellion, the British made
James as Diwan in place of Baijnath Panda in Bastar.
● In the memory of Veer Gundadhur, 'Gundadhur Samman' has been established in the field of sports and
youth welfare.
Ghaetiponi Practice :
● Ghaetiponiy practice means rebuilding of the family (kutumba). In 1876, the British officer Chapman
mentioned the 'Ghaetiponi system' in his document.
● Under this practice, women of these four castes namely Sundi, Kalar, Dhobi and Panra were auctioned.
Woman who were either widow or abandoned by their husband. Women abandoned by her husband
were given to the king by their husband. The buyer of these women belonged to the same caste and these
women were known by the name of their headquarters of their parganas.
● Rudrapratap Dev died on 16 November 1921 AD.
● Under his rule, the most important revolt of Bastar region was the Bhumkal Revolt, which was aimed
establish the Muria Raj in Bastar.
Prafulla Kumari Devi (1921-1936 AD) :

● The only female ruler of Chhattisgarh and Bastar.
● King Rudrapratap Dev died on 16 November 1921 AD. On the special request of the people, the British
placed his daughter Prafulkumari Devi on the throne at the age of 12. In 1927, Prafulla Kumari Devi was
married to Prafulla Chandra Bhanjadev, the Gujaredar of Mayurbhanj. With this, the Kakatiya dynasty
came to an end and 'Bhanjadev's rule' started in Bastar.
● She died in London in 1936 from a disease called appendicitis.
Married
Rudrapratap Dev Chandrakumari Devi
Married
Prafulla Kumari Devi Prafulla Chandra Bhanjadeva
Praveer Chandra Bhanjadev
Praveer Chandra Bhanjadeva (1936 - 1947 AD) :

● After the death of Prafullakumari Devi on 28 February 1936, her son Praveer Chandra Bhanjadev
became the ruler. Praveer Chandra Bhanjadev originally belonged to Bhanj dynasty but he has described
himself as the son of Kakatiya dynasty. After the country became independent in 1947 AD, the princely
state of Bastar was merged with the Indian Union in 1948, ie he was the last ruler of the Kakatiya dynasty
before Bastar's independence.
● Book written by Praveer Chandra Bhanjadev :
○ I Praveer, the adivasi god
○ Lohandiguda Tarangini
Tribal revolt in Bastar
Name of
No. Place Ruler Leader Symbol Suppressor Importance
revolt
Vikramdev, The suppression of the
Halba Revolt
Donger Maratha Halba rebellion led to the
01 (1774–1779 Ajmer Singh Ajmer Singh
(Kondagaon) and British decline of the Chalukya
AD)
administration dynasty.
Bhopalpatnam
Struggle To stop the entry of JT
02 Bijapur Daryadev
(1795 AD) Blunt in Bastar
Branch
Paralakot
of a On 20 January 1825 AD,
03 Revolt Kanker Mahipaldev Gend Singh Captain Pebe
Dhawda Gend Singh was hanged.
(1825 AD)
tree
● Diwan-Jagabandhu
Tarapur Revolt Dalganjan ● Major Williams agreed
04 Bastar Bhupaldev
(1842–1854.) Singh with the demands.
● Diwan-Vaman Rao
● To end human
Sher Khan, sacrifice.
Maria revolt
05 Bastar Bhupaldev Hidma Manjhi Investigator ● The army was
(1842–1863)
Mcpherson stationed at the
Danteshwari temple
for 22 years.
● 5 March 1856 –
Lingagiri Dhuravarao was
Dhurvarao
06 Revolt Bijapur Bhairamdev hanged
Madia
(1856 AD) ● 'Bastar's Great
Liberation War'
● Revolt related to
Nangul Dorla
Koi Revolt "environmental
07 Bijapur Bhairamdev Rambhoi
(1859AD) protection"
Juggaraj
● British rule gave up.
● Basrat's freedom
struggle
Mango
George ● Muria court was
08 Muria Revolt Bastar Bhairamdev Jhada Siraha tree
Mackay organised.
branch
● Diwan-Gopinath
Kapadar
Rani Choris
09 Revolt Bastar Bhairamdev
(1878–1886)
● The most fierce and
widespread revolt
Branches ● On 2 February 1910,
of mango a revolt was started by
Gundadhur
Bhumkal tree,red plundering the Puspal
Rudrapratap orgeniser Debread and
10 revolt Bastar chillies market.
Dev Lal Geyer
(1910 AD) and bow ● Diwan-Baijnath Panda
Kalinder Singh
and ● Slogan – Bastar
arrow belongs to people of
bastar.
13
BRITISH ADMINISTRATION IN CHHATTISGARH
Administrative System
Declaration of merger :
● On 13 March 1854, Lord Dalhousie annexed Nagpur into the British Empire by merger policy. Thus, on
14 February 1855 AD, the last jiledar Gopal Rao gave the charge Charles C. Elliot and Chhattisgarh came
under the direct control of the British rule.
● During the British rule, Chhattisgarh got the status of a district and a deputy commissioner was
appointed as its head.
● An assistant commissioner. Two additional assistant commissioner were appointed to assist the deputy
comminsioner in the administrative work. The post of additional deputy commissioner was reserved
only for the Indians.
Deputy Commissioner (Charles C. Elliott)
Assistant commissioner Additional Assistant Commissioner (Posts for Indians only)

1. Gopal Rao Anand (in Bilaspur)
2. Mohibul Hasan (in Raipur)
● Charles C. Elliott had the same jurisdiction as the British Superintendent Mr. Agnew.
● The civil administration of Chhattisgarh was reorganized and Punjab administrative system was
implemented here under which the administration was divided into two parts :
1. Goods
2. Civil.
Tehsildari System :
● Deputy Commissioner of Chhattisgarh started Tehsildari system in Chhattisgarh.
● 3 tehsils were made in Chhattisgarh :
1. Raipur
2. Ratanpur
3. Dhamtari
● The Tehsildar became the head of the Tehsil and these tehsildars were given civil and criminal rights.
This post was reserved for Indians.
● In Chhattisgarh, the parganas were reorganised and ‘Naib-Tehsildar' were appointed in place of
Kamavinsdar in each pargana. This post was also reserved for Indians. During Marathas, the numbers
of parganas were 12. The salary of Tehsildar and Naib-Tehsildar was Rs. 150 and Rs. 50 per month
respectively.
● On 1 February 1857 AD, 2 new tehsils were formed.
The total number of tehsils increased to 5 now :
1. Raipur
2. Ratanpur
3. Dhamtari
4. Nawagarh (Bemetra)
5. Dhamda
● Later, for the sake of administrative convenience, Durg was given the status of Tehsil in place of Dhamdha.
Formation of Central Province :

● Central province (Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, and Madhya Pradesh) was formed on 2 November 1861
AD. At this time, the administration of Chhattisgarh was placed under the 'Chief Commissioner'.
● Headquarters of Central Province : Nagpur
● There were 3 divisions and 10 districts in the Central Province.
● Chhattisgarh as divisin : Central Province was reorganized in 1862 AD and 5 divisions were created in
Central Province. Chhattisgarh got the status of independent division.
● Headquarters of Chhattisgarh Division : Raipur
● The division was divided into 3 districts -
1. Raipur
2. Bilaspur
3. Sambalpur
● Deputy Commissioners were appointed in Raipur and Bilaspur districts
● Raipur was made a commissionary in 1862 AD.
Geographical Reorganization of Chhattisgarh (1905 AD) :

● With the partition of Bengal on 16 October 1905, 5 Odiya speaking princely states and Sambalpur
district under Chhattisgarh were included in Bengal province (Odisha) and from Chota Nagpur (Bihar)
region of Bengal province :
○ Sarguja
○ Udaypur
○ Jashpur
○ Koriya
○ Changbakhar
These 5 princely states were merged in Chhattisgarh.
● Due to this arrangement, the administrative structure of Chhattisgarh changed and 3 districts were
created here.
1. Raipur
2. Bilaspur
3. Durg
Administrative Unit Head
Division Commissioner
District Deputy Commissioner
Tehsil Tehsildar
Parganas Naib Tehsildar
Village Patwari
● The Patwaris were assigned different work areas according to Halka.
Revenue system :
● The Deputy Commissioner of Raipur had implemented a 'three-year revenue system' to organize the
revenue system of Chhattisgarh. This revenue system continued from 1855-1861.
● In terms of revenue, the entire area was divided into 3 parts :
1. Khalsa land (Gauntia collected taxes)
2. Zamindari area (the head of the village (malgujar) collected the tax and gave it to zamindar and the
zamindar gave the determined taxes to the government)
3. Tahutdari (Tahutdars paid taxes to the government)
● The Tahutari system (1818–1830 AD) was started by Sandis. The tahutdaris during Sandis were :
1. Lormi (1826)
2. Tarenga (1828)
● In the Maratha period (1830–53) two Tahutdari were made :
1. Sirpur Mahasamund (1843)
2. Lavan Balodabazar (1848)
● Charles C. Elliott made 3 Tahutdari during his reign (after 1854 AD) :
1. Sanjari Durg (1858)
2. Khallari Mahasamund (1858)
3. Sihawa Dhamtari (1858)
● Lakha Bans : In the British protection period, this arrangement of "land exchange" was brought in the
sense of granting equal rights to every person according to which good cultivable and fertile land should
be occupied by each farmer for a certain time. It means that every person has the right over best land one
by one for some time. There were 2 main reasons for bringing this system -
1. Every farmer can consume good fertile land in turn.
2. Malgujars and Gautia used to invite new farmers to do agriculture in their area.
● From 1 June 1856 ADIncome was divided into four :
1. Land revenue
2. Excise (tax on sale of intoxicating liquors)
3. Sair (Octroi Tax)
4. Pandri (tax from non-agriculture products)
● The main source of revenue was the land tax. The land tax was determined not by land but by 'number
of plough'.
Police Administration :
● In terms of police administration during the British period, the entire area was divided into 4 parts :
1. Raipur Sadar
2. Raipur Tehsildar Area
3. Dhamtari Tehsildar Area
4. Ratanpur Tehsildar Area
● 15 police stations were constructed under each area.
● On 1 February 1857, the police system was reorganized and divided into 5 parts:
1. Raipur
2. Ratanpur
3. Dhamtari
4. Nawagarh
5. Dhamdha
● But in the zamindari areas the zamindars were responsible for the police adminstration.
● In 1858, a police manual was introduced here which had detailed description of the duties and discipline
of the police.
● In 1862 AD, a new police system was implemented in which the following posts were created :
1. Superintendent of Police
2. Assistant Superintendent of Police (First and Second Class)
3. Inspector (3rd, 4th and 6th grade)
4. Chief Constable
5. Head Constable
6. Constable
● The sentence of punishment was reduced (the punishment of beating with cane was endel).
3. Judicial System :
● The District Officer and his subordinate officers were responsible for judicial work.
● For Raipur and Bilaspur - Deputy Commissioner
● For Sambalpur - Commissioner, Assistant Commissioner, Additional Assistant Commissioner, Tehsildar
and other officers.
● A District and Sessions Judge was appointed in the division (whose headquarters was Raipur) and
Additional Sessions Judge was posted to assist them.
● In 1921 AD, a civil (diwani) and criminal (faujidari) courts were created in the state, according to which
the civil and criminal cases were under the Deputy Commissioner.
● The 'Criminal Tribal Act' was enacted in 1871.
4. Postal System :
● In 1857 AD, the first, second and third level postal lines were established in Chhattisgarh and Lieutenant
Smith was appointed postmaster of Raipur Post Office.
5. Exchange :
● On May 1, 1855, a new coin of the company was issued. From 5 June 1855 AD, Nagpuri rupee was
stopped and the company's rupee was legally applied here.
6. Education :
● Along with Hindi, English was also made the medium of education during the British rule.
● The Department of separate Education was established in 1920 and kept under provincial government.
● The responsibility of primary education was entrusted to the District Council and the Municipality. In
Raipur some school were opened :
○ Salem Girls School in 1907.
○ St.Paul School in 1911.
○ Laurie School in 1913.
○ Kalibari organisation was established in 1925.
14
IMPACT OF 1857 REVOLT IN CHHATTISGARH
Note :
● The East India Company won the 'Battle of Plassey' against 'Siraj-ud-Daulah', the Nawab of Bengal on
23 June 1757, under the leadership of Robert Clive. As a result, the British got the right to carry tax-free
trade in Bengal.
● After the victory of 'Battle of Buxar' in 1764, the British fully occupied Bengal. It was a decisive war. After
this the company gradually established its influence over the whole of India.
● The revolt of 1857 arose because of the discontent among the Indians due to many reasons like exploitative
policy interference in religious and social matters, ideological differences, economic exploitation etc.
● The revolt began in May with small skirmishes in the cantonment areas. By January, this revolt became
intense.
● Although this rebellion took place only in some parts of the country, but it shook the British Empire in
India.
● This revolt was unsuccessful due to lack of organization and expansion in limited area. The revolt
Resulted with the end of the East India Company's rule in India, and the British Crown's direct rule over
India began for the next 90 years (until 1947).
● The Revolt of 1857 is, known as the 'First War of Independence of India', had its impact only in north
and central India. North-west and south India remained completely untouched by this revolt. Bengal
and Rajasthan (except for Kota and Alwar princely states) remained separate from it.
● In Chhattisgarh too there was an impact of this revolt. Thus, the commissioner of Nagpur 'Mr. Plowden
sent a message to the British officers in Madras, sending a message from five forces of Baharampur to
leave Raipur immediately. So that the unpleasant event here can be dealt with in future.
Revolt in Chhattisgarh
1. Revolt of Sohagpur (15 August 1857) :

Place - Sarguja
Leader - Rangaji Bapu
Detail :
● On August 15, 1857, a large number of rebels gathered in the north under the leadership of the Gurursingh,
Ranmant Singh and zamindars of Sambalpur. They also called upon the zamindars of Raipur to gather
under their flags. The leader of these rebels was 'Rangaji Bapu', a former advocate of Satara ruler.
● The position of these rebels in Sohagpur was strong, but soon, the Deputy Commissioner of Raipur with
his army attacked these rebels near Sohagpur and stopped their further proceedings.
2. Sonakhan Revolt :
Location - Sonakhan (Balodabazar)
Leader - Veeranarayan Singh
Chief Officer :
○ Nagpur Commissioner - Mr. Plowden
○ Raipur Deputy Commissioner - Charles C. Elliott
○ Police Officer - Captain Smith
Sonakhan Zamindari :
● The Sonakhan zamindari came under the Ratanpur branch of Kalchuris during the British period. The
Zamindars of Sonakhan belonged to the Binjhwar tribe.
● This zamindari was founded by 'Bisai Thakur Binjhwar' (ancestor of Veer Narayan Singh) in 1490 AD.
There were a total of twelve villages in this zamindari, which was given to him by the Kalchuri King
Bahrendra Sai of Ratanpur as a tax-free estate in lieu of military service.
● This zamindari was under the Binjhwar dynasty for 366 years and the lease of this zamindari was under
military rule. Therefore, the British did not receive any kind of tax from here. But the British received
303 rupees and 12 anna (1/16th part of a rupee) revenue from this area every year.
Zamindars of Sona Khan
Bisai Thakur
Ramaraje
Ramarai
Narayan Singh
● In 1818, due to the administrative control of the British over the Sonakhan region, the then zamindar
Ramrai showed his anger and protested. He rebelled against British rule in 1819 AD. But soon this
rebellion was suppressed by Captain Maxon and Ramarai was taken imprisoned. But later Ramrai was
freed by the British and his zamindari was returned back.
Detail :
● Narayan Singh, son of Ramarai became the zamindar of Sonakhan in 1830 after the death of his father
at the age of 35.
● In 1856, there was a severe famine due to drought in Sonakhan. It was also difficult to get food to eat and
water to drink to the suffering people. Due to this pathetic condition, Narayan Singh looted grain from
the warehouse of merchant Makhan Lal of nearby village Kasdol and distributed it to his hungry people
in order to protect the starving masses. But he looted only as much grain from the godown needed to
could satisfy people's hunger.
● Later Narayan Singh informed the incident to the Deputy Commissioner of Raipur. But the deputy
commissioner of Raipur deemed the act as anti-law and issued a warrant for his arrest. He immediately
sent the message of arrest of Narayan Singh to all the administrative officers from Raipur to Cuttack.
● Police was sent to Narayan Singh's house and an army of horsemen was sent to Sambalpur to capture
him.
● On 24 October 1856, Narayan Singh was arrested in Sambalpur by the troop and he was put in Raipur
jail on charges of loot and robbery.
● At the same time, the Revolt of 1857 started which also had an impact in Chhattisgarh.
● Some soldiers of Raipur planned to free Narayan Singh from the prison and a tunnel was built along the
walls of the jail.
● After 10 months and 4 days on 27 August 1857, Narayan Singh escaped from the prison with three other
prisoners.
● Narayan Singh reached Sonakhan after escaping from jail. There he formed a team of 500 armed soldiers
with the help of tribals and put a blockade on every route leading to Sonakhan.
● On the other hand Commissioner Elliott, ordered Lieutenant Smith to immediately arrest Narayan
Singh. Lieutenant Smith and Napier left for Sonakhan on 20 November 1857 with their army.
● Veer Narayan Singh vacated Sonakhan and took a front on the hill.
● Seeing Smith's army coming, a troop of Veeranarayan Singh opened fire near Sonakhan's drain. Facing
the situation, Smith entered Sonakhan. Smith's army set fire on the empty village and proceeded up
the hill. Smith surrounded the hill from all sides. After the fierce battle, Veeranarayan Singh was finally
arrested and on 2 September 1857 AD, he was again put in Raipur jail on charges of traitor.
● The zamindars of Bhatgaon, Deori, Bilaigarh and Katangi joined the British to capture Veeranarayan
Singh. (zamindar of Deori was the uncle of Veeranarayan Singh)
● According to the Chhattisgarh Divisional Records letter no. 286, dated 10 December 1857 AD - Narayan
Singh was hanged on 10 December 1857 the Jaistambh chowk. Also, the Zamindari of Sonakhan was
converted into Khalsa taluka by the Deputy Commissioner.
● In this way, 'Veer' Narayan Singh, martyred while fighting against the British to protect his people.
Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh is considered the first martyr of the Indian independence movement.
3. Udaipur Revolt (1857-58 AD) :

Place - Udaipur
Leader - Kalyan Singh (from the royal family of Surguja)
Detail :
● Kalyan Singh ruled the state of Udaipur under the princely state of Sarguja during the British period.
● In 1852, the British imprisoned the ruler Kalyan Singh and his two brothers Shivraj Singh and Dhiraj
Singh on charges of homicide and kept them in jail in Ranchi. After that Udaipur was merged into the
British Empire.
● At the time of the Revolt of 1857, seeing the influence of the British on Ranchi diminishing, Raja Kalyan
Singh along with his two brothers escaped from jail and reached Udaipur.
● In Udaipur, he regained his lost territory and organized a revolt against the British by mobilizing his
army.
● Kalyan Singh and Dhiraj Singh died while fighting with the British.
● Shivraj Singh was arrested with the help of Gond ruler Devnath Singh of Raigarh. He was trailed and
sent to Andaman after being sentenced to Kalapani.
● Thus the rebellion was suppressed.
4. Revolt of Surendrasai Revolt (1857-64 AD) :

Location - Sambalpur
Leader - Surendrasai
Detail :
● The Sambalpur region was ruled by the Chauhan dynasty during the British period.
● Maharajsai, the ruler of Sambalpur died in 1827 AD. After that Surendrasai of Rajpur-Khinda was to sit
on the throne. However, the British did not make Surendrasai the king and placed the widow queen of
Maharajsai 'Mohankumari' on the throne.
● In view of public dissatisfaction, in 1833 AD, Mohankumari was removed from the throne and made
Narayan Singh the king, he was the son of Vikram Singh the eldest son of Baliyar Singh of Sambalpur.
● The Gonds did not accept Narayan Singh as the ruler.
● After this, the Gonds revolted under the leadership of Gond Zamindar 'Balabhadra Dau' of Lakhanpur.
● The Gonds took shelter in the fort of Debrigarh, the highest peak of Baad hills. The British army
surrounded this area from all sides. Balabhadra Dev was killed by the soldier of Narayan Singh in a
struggle here.
● After the death of Balabhadra Dev, Surendrasai led this rebellion.
● After a long struggle from1857 to 1864, Surendrasai was finally arrested on 23 January 1864 along with
his brothers and companions.
● Surendrasai was sentenced to life imprisonment. However, this decision was later canceled by the Judicial
Commissioner Campbell, saying that the charges against Surendrasai were not proved. Nevertheless,
under the third regulation of 1818 by the British, He was locked in the fort of Asirgarh. Where he died
on 28 February 1884.
5. Military Revolt (1858) :

● Location - Raipur
● Leader - Hanuman Singh
Detail :
● After the sacrifice of Veeranarayan Singh on 1857, there was a wave of revolt in the state. Meanwhile,
on January 18, 1858, at 7:30 pm, Hanuman Singh, serving as the Mangzine Lascar in the 3rd Battalion,
killed Sergeant Major Sidwell in his house an officer of the 3rd battalion in Raipur.
● Hanuman Singh went to Major Sidwell to discuss the parade and put two men to check at the door. On
entering the room, he attacked Major Sidwell with a sword and killed him.
● He then called the soldiers of his army camp to participate in the rebellion and revolted with his
companions. Lieutenant C.B.L. Smith soon after receiving the information of the rebellion came to the
camp to suppress the rebellion.
● The firing continued till 12 o'clock. Eventually, the rebellion was suppressed by Smith with the help of
soldiers named Husain (Additional Assistant), Alikhan (Risaldar) and Husain Khan (Havildar).
● Hanuman Singh escaped from there, but his 17 companions were arrested.
● To capture Hanuman singh Prize money of Rs 500 was kept. But after that nothing was known about
Hanuman Singh.
● On 22 January 1858, 17 soldiers were hanged on charges of mutiny and treason.
● Among these 17 soldiers were 1. Havildar (Ghazi Khan) 16 Golandaj - 2. Gulij, 3. Shivnarayan, 4. Pannalal,
5. Matadin, 6. Abdul Hayat, 7. Durga Prasad, 8. Lalla Singh, 9. Balli Dubey, 10. Nazar Mohammad, 11.
Shiva Govind, 12. Devidin, 13. Thakur Singh, 14. Parmanand, 15. Shobharam, 16. Akar Hussain.
Note : As Mangal Pandey escaped in the rebellion held in the cantonment of Barrackpore, similarly Hanuman
Singh escaped during this rebellion. For this reason, Hanuman Singh is called Mangal Pandey of Chhattisgarh.
6. Revolt of Bargarh (1833) :

● Location - Bargarh State
● Leadership - Ajit Singh.
15
NATIONAL MOVEMENT IN CHHATTISGARH
Establishment of Indian National Congress
● Indian National Congress was established on 26 December 1885 by the efforts of this British officer A.O.
Hume. Many political leaders of Chhattisgarh participated in this political institution and played their
role in India's freedom movement.
Contribution of Chhattisgarh in the National Movement
● The intellectuals of Chhattisgarh tried to bring awareness in this region by establishing several institutions
and committees. Even before the establishment of the Congress.
● Example :
○ Essay Writing in Town Schools
○ Debate Committee, (1857)
○ Reading Club, Raipur
○ Malini Reading Club, Raipur
○ Poetic society or Kavi Samaj Rajim, (1899)
● In 1887, the third session of the Congress was held in which 13 representatives participated from Cenral
Province and Berar.
1889, Bombay session of the Indian National Congress 1889 :

● President - Sir William Wedderburn
Detail :
● For the first time, 214 delegates from Central province and Berar participated in this session.
● Leaders went from Chhattisgarh to participate in this session, among which prominent leaders were
Vaman Rao Lakhe (Leader)
Pt. Ramdayal Tiwari
CM Thakkar
Madhavrao Sapre etc.
● After returning from the session, all these people campaigned for Congress in Chhattisgarh.
1891, Nagpur session of Indian National Congress (seventh session) :

● President : P. Anand Charlu
Detail :
● Many leaders, farmers and land lords from Chhattisgarh participated in this session.
● These people demanded the withdrawal of canal and forest tax in this session.
Chief Leader :
● CM Thakkar
● Madhav Rao Sapre
● Ramdayal Tiwari
● Vamanrao Lakhe
● Badriprasad Saw
Publication of newspapers and imprisonment to Madhavrao Sapre :

● The newspaper contributed significantly in the promotion of national awakening.
'Chhattisgarh Mitra' (1900) :
● In 1900, Madhavrao Sapre, with the help of Ramrao Chincholkar, started publishing 'Chhattisgarh
Mitra' from Pendra Road to bring awareness among the people.
● It was the 'first monthly magazine' of Chhattisgarh. It was edited by Pt. Madhav Rao Sapre.
● This magazine was published for 3 years.
Other Newspapers :
● Further the following newspapers played an important role in the national movement :
1. Padumlal Punnalal Bakshi - Saraswati (1900 AD)
2. Madhav Rao Sapre - Hindi Grantha Prakashan Mandali (1905) Hind Kesari (1907) (most provocative
and controversial)
3. Thakur Pyare Lal Singh - Rashtrabandhu (1910) Arunodaya (1921-22)
6. Pt. Sundarlal Sharma - Shri Krishna janmasthan Samachar Patra 'Jail Patrika' (1922-23)
7. Raipur Congress - Congress Patrika
8. Raipur District Council - Uttan (1935-37)
9. Bilaspur District Council - Vikas (1920-30)
Imprisonment of Madhav Rao Sapre :
● Pt. Madhav Rao Sapre, influenced by Lokmanya Tilak's 'Maratha' and 'Kesari' magazines started
publication of 'Kesari' in Hindi on 13 April 1907 from Nagpur.
● In 1908, two articles were published in this newspaper, with the titled :
1. Desh ki Durdsha
2. Bam Gole ka rahasyaa
● Both the above articles were translations of 'Kalapani' and two other Marathi articles published in Desh
Sevak.
● As a result, Sapreji was arrested on 21 August 1908 on charges of treason.
● In order to be released from prison, he had to apologize in writing to the British. For this, Vaman Rao
Lakhe met Sapre ji in jail and told him, 'If he does not sign an apology, his brother will commit suicide.'
Under pressure from the family, Sapre ji apologized to the British government and he was released from
prison on 2 November 1908.
16
SWADESHI MOVEMENT IN CHHATTISGARH
Bengal Partition and Movement in Chhattisgarh

● The partition of Bengal was announced in 1905 by Lord Curzon. As a result, Bengal was divided into two
separate parts on linguistic basis.
● In 1905, the first Provincial Political Council of the Congress was organized in Nagpur, which had a
direct impact on Chhattisgarh.
● In 1905, the Bang-Bhang movement created a national awakening throughout the country. Its wave was
also seen in Chhattisgarh.
● During this 'Tarachand' was leading the freedom movement in Bilaspur, who is credited with being the
'first worker’ who politically awakened the district.
● In 1906, the Second Provincial Political Council was organized in Jabalpur in which Dadabhai Khaparde
presented a‘swadeshi bill proposal' and it was also approved.
● In 1906, a branch of Congress was established in Raipur, in which CM Thakkar had a significant
contribution. During this time, Pt. Sundarlal Sharma became a member of the Congress and established
an organization called 'Samitra Mandal'. The purpose of this institution was to generate a sense of
nationalism among the people of Chhattisgarh.
1907, Surat Session of the Indian National Congress

● President - Dr. Ras Bihari Ghosh
● In the session of Surat the Congress was divided into extremist and moderate.
● In this session Pt. Sundarlal Sharma, Narayan Rao Meghawale and Dr. Munje participated from
Chhattisgarh.
● Soon after returning from Surat session, Pandit Sundarlal Sharma and Narayan Rao Meghawale opened
swadeshi shops in Dhamtari, Rajim and Mahasamund.
● These shops were operated by :
○ Dr. Puran Singh (Rajim)
○ Yadavrao Ji (Dhamtari)
○ Hariprasad Soni (Mahasamund)
● Pyarelal Singh along with Shivlal Master and Shankarlal Khare started the Swadeshi movement with the
promotion of Khadi
29 March 1907, Third Provincial Conference of Congress, Raipur

● After the Surat session in 1907, there was a provincial political session in the town of Raipur. The effect
of the Surat session was clearly seen in this session.
○ President : R.N. Madholkar
○ Chairman of welcome Committee : Harisingh Gaur
● In this session Dadabhai Khaparde suggested to start the conference with 'Vande Mataram'. But the
supporters of the moderates Harisingh Gaur and Madholkar did not agree with this suggestion.
● There were differences between Khaparde, Madholkar and Gaur regarding this subject, after which
Khaparde and Dr. Munje left the conference with his supporters.
● In this environment, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla explained to his liberal friends and agreed to start the
conference with 'Vande Mataram'. Yet Khaparde did not return to the conference again.
● At that time, the one who spoke ‘Vande Mataram' was imprisoned.
● On the same day, Dada Bhai Khaparde addressed a large gathering near the Hanuman temple of
Tatyapara and explained them the importance of Swadeshi and inspired them to boycott foreign goods.
In this meeting, Khaparde and his associates raised slogans of 'Vande Mataram'.
● On the second day, Khaparde again addressed a second public meeting in the 'Booty's compound'.
● In this way even the politicians of the state got divided into two groups.
Session of provincial political council Moderate Extremist
First Nagpur (1905) CM Thakkar Dada Bhai Khaparde
Second Jabalpur (1906) Harisingh Gaur Madhavrao Sapre
Third Raipur (1907) Dr. R. N. Madholkar Dr. Shivram Munje
Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla
Vaman Rao Lakhe
Beginning of National awakening in Chhattisgarh

1. Awakening in Rajnandgaon :
● First student strike of the country : In 1907 A.D. The first student strike of the country was held at
Nandgaon State High School under the leadership of Pyarelal.
● Establishment of Saraswati Library in 1909 AD : Thakur Pyarelal Singh established the 'Saraswati
Library' to flow the stream of national consciousness among the residents of Rajnandgaon. Associate -
Pt. Rajulal Sharma, Chhabi Lal Chaubey.
2. Awakening in Raipur :
● Establishment of Kanyakubja Sabha in 1912 Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla
● Conference of Malgujar's in 1915. On 20 January 1915 AD, 300 Malgujar's took part in the conference
held in the town hall of Raipur.
3. Awakening in Durg :
● Kisan Sabha : Udayaram
● Establishment of Student Congress : Founder-Ganga Prasad Chaubey, Chandrika Prasad Pandey,
Ganesh Prasad Singraul,
○ Revolutionary activity - Raghunandan Singraul
4. Awakening in Bilaspur :
● Bal Samaj Library : Yadunandan Prasad Verma
● Seva Samiti : Thakur Chedilal
Leader's national consciousness in Chhattisgarh
Place Rajnandgaon Raipur Durg Dhamtari Bilaspur
Politicians ● Thakur ● Pt. Ravi ● Ghanshyam Singh ● Babu chhotelal ● Barrister
Pyarelal Singh Shankar Gupta Srivastava chedilal
Shukla
● Shankar ● Ramdayal ● Narasimh Prasad ● Narayan Rao ● E. Raghavendra Rao
Khare Tiwari Agarwal
Meghawale ● Kunj Bihari
● Madhavrao ● V.Y Tamaskar Agnihotri
● Nathuji Jagtap
● Shivlal Master Sapre ● Yadunandan
● Laxman Rao ● Ratnakar Jha Prasad Verma
● Pt. Sundarlal
● Chhabiram Udayagirkar Sharma (Rajim) ● Kranti Kumar
Chaubey ● Vaman Rao ● Ramprasad Bharti
Lakhe Deshmukh
● CM Thakarr ● Raghunandan
Singraul
1915 AD, Gopal Krishna Gokhale's arrival in Chhattisgarh 1915 :

● Location : Raipur
● Objective : To inspire the youth and intellectuals of the country for national awakening.
Fecutre :
● Gopal Krishna Gokhale held a conference at the residence of Vamanrao Lakhe.
● The objective of the conference was to promote ‘Swaraj is our birth right', from village to village and the
goal of achieving independence was publicized.
Leaders involved in the conference :
○ Raipur - Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla, Laxmanrao Udaygirkar, Vamanrao Lakhe
○ Rajnandgaon - Thakur Pyarelal Singh
○ Dhamtari - Narayanrao Meghawale, Nathu ji Jagtap and Babu Chhotelal Srivastava
○ Rajim - Pt. Sundarlal Sharma
Role of Chhattisgarh in Homerule League -1916 AD :

● In March-April 1916, Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak established the Homerule League in India with
the support of Annie Beasent.
● The Home Rule League in Chhattisgarh was under the jurisdiction of Tilak. Therefore, the branch of
Homerule was also opened and conducted in Chhattisgarh by the workers of these league.
● In 1918, the Homerule League movement was organized in Raipur :
○ Establishment - Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla
○ Supporters - Pt. Madhav Rao Sapre, Moolchand Bagdi, Laxmanrao Udayagirkar, Raibahadur
Thakkar (District Representative)
Regional Conference of Homerule League in Raipur 1918 :

● Chairman : Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla
● Feature : Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak traveled Chhattisgarh in 1918 AD for its promotion.
● The active workers of Homerule League in Bilaspur : E. Raghavendra Rao, Gajadhar Sao, Munnilal
Swami, Govind Prasad Tiwari, Ambika Prasad Verma, Kunj Bihari Agnihotri, Nagendra Nath Dey,
Thakur Manmohan Singh etc.
● Leadership in the Durg : Ghanshyam Singh Gupta
● Leadership in Rajnandgaon : Thakur Pyare Lal Singh
● In 1917 AD, the number of Tilakist Swaraj members were 99 (Raipur-18, Durg-11, and Bilaspur-70) in
Chhattisgarh.
Provincial Political Conference in Raipur 1918 :

● On 30–31 March 1918, the sixth provincial conference of the Congress was held in Raipur.
● Chairman - Mr. Haridas
● Welcome Chairman - Shri D.N. Chaudhary
● Leaders participated in this conference - Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla, Madhavrao Sapre, Thakkar Chedilal,
Pt. Ramdayal Tiwari, Ghanshyam Singh Gupta, etc.
Representation of Chhattisgarh in All India Congress Committee 1918 :

● On 26 January 1918, the Indian National Congress session was held in Delhi.
● President : Madan Mohan Malaviya.
● Special : In this session 12 members were elected from Central Province. CM Thakkar and E.Raghavendra
Rao joined Congress.
Pt. Sundarlal's Janeu program 1918 :

● In 1918, Pt. Sundarlal Sharma organized a large gathering of Satnamis and made them wear janeu.
● In 1920-21 the Guru of Satnam Panth also took interest in it.
Uraon Rebellion 1918 :

● Place : Gopalgram (Sarguja State)
● Reason : Against exploitation
● Leadership : By Uraon tribals
● Suppressed by : Nelson
● This rebellion took place in 1918 during the reign of King Ramanuja Sharan of the princely state of
Sarguja.
● Sarguja was a Uraon dominant region. Being troubled by the exploitation of the British, the tribals
revolted against the British.
● In this rebellion, 51 government workers were killed and 14 villages of Sharhati and Pat police stations
were looted.
● In this incident 6 tribals were killed and many were injured.
● Suppressed by : This rebellion was suppressed by Nelson with the help of King of Sarguja.
● Result : The king made several welfare announcements to establish peace in the region, such as-
Establishment of municipality in Baikunthpur and Manendragarh Praja Parishad and Praja Sabha etc
were also established.
Chhattisgarh opposes the Rowlatt Act 1919

● The Rowlatt Act was a law described by all the leaders as 'No Dalit, No Vakit, No Appeal'.
● This law was enacted in March 1919 with the aim of crushing the national movement under the
chairmanship of Sir Sidney Rowlatt. A nationwide strike was organized in protest against this law,
processions were held and public meetings were held, which also had an impact on Chhattisgarh.
● On 30 March 1919, 'Black Day' was celebrated in Chhattisgarh along with the whole country. During
this period, movements were organized in various areas of Chhattisgarh to protest against the Rowlatt
Act, the processions were taken out and strikes were held at various places.
● A general strike was organized in Bilaspur.
● Leaders - Barristers Chhedilal, E. Raghavendra Rao, Yadunandan Prasad, Shivdulare Mishra etc.
● On this day, all these leaders took a huge procession by taking bath in Pachri Ghat of Bilaspur and wearing
black clothes. After travelling all over the city, this procession was turned into a meeting at ShaniChar
padaw. Baristar Chedilal, E. Raghavendra Rao and Yadunandan Prasad addressed this meeting.
● Rajnandgaon - Thakur Pyarelal Singh
● Dhamtari - Babu Chhotelal Srivastava
● Rajim - Pt. Sundarlal Sharma
Khilafat Movement in Chhattisgarh 1919
● The Khilafat Movement was to oppose the partition of Turkey and against abolition of the post of Islamic
cleric Khalifa (Khilafat).
● On 17 March 1920, the 'Khilafat Sub-committee' was formed at the conference of Raipur District
Congress.
● The meeting was addressed by the national leader 'Asghar Ali' .He thanked the Hindu brothers for
participating in the movement. To this, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla said in response - 'Now we are no longer
Hindus and Muslims, but in true sense, Hindustani.'
● In 1920, Bilaspur District Congress Conference was chaired by Dr. Munje. Here the Khilafat sub-
committee was formed in Khaparganj School which was led by Wazir Khan, Akbar Khan and Hamim
Khan.
Bengal-Nagpur Cotton (BNC) Mill Labour Strike 1920

First Labour Strike :
Place - Rajnandgaon (BNC Mill)
Leader -Thakur Pyare Lal Singh
Reason - More work and less wage to the labours
Importance - The first and longest (36 days) in the history of the labor movement.
Associate - Shivlal Master and Shankarrao Khare
Demands :
○ The working hours of the labours to be 8 hours
○ Wages of workers should be increased
○ Working conditions should be improved. (The wage of the Labours at that time was Male - 2 Anna,
Female - 1/2 Anna).
Detail :
○ In April 1920, Thakur Pyare Lal Singh organized a historic labour strike of BNC Mill.
○ V.V. Giri the famous labor leader visited Rajnandgaon for this movement.
○ In the end there was an agreement in the interest of the workers.
○ Seeing the popularity of Thakur Pyarelal Singh, the regime expelled him from Rajnandgaon, but
this order was repealed by the Governor's intervention.
○ Under the leadership of Thakur Pyarelal Singh, the agitation was organized 3 times against the
British by the mill workers and each time the verdict was given in favour of the workers.
Second Labour Strike :
○ In 1924, the mill workers went on strike again. This time many laborers were arrested and Thakur
Pyarelal was banned for giving speeches. When these laborers were being taken to court, then 4-5
thousand laborers got them released from the police. The workers were shot and a worker died on
the spot. At this time Thakur Pyarelal was expelled from Rajnandgaon.
Thrrd Labour Strike :
○ A few years later, the owners of BNC Mills cut the wages of the workers by 10%. In protest against
this, the workers organised a strike again in 1934. It was eventually compromised through Ruikar.
But this agreement did not prove to be beneficial for the workers.
○ According to the Ruikar agreement, 600 workers became jobless due to which the workers had to
suffer a loss of Rs 4, 00,000. The workers again requested Thakur Sahab to submit a new agreement.
As a result, the jobless workers got jobs again.
○ After that Thakur Sahab's Rajnandgaon eviction order was canceled.
Movement Year Reason Result

First 1920 More work and low salary Successful
Second 1924 Oppressive policy on workers Successful
Third 1934 Wage cuts of workers Successful
Kandel Canal Satyagraha July 1920
Place - Kandel Village Tehsil-Kurud, District-Dhamtari

Leadership - Pt. Sundarlal Sharma
Associate - Babu Chhote Lal Srivastava, Narayanrao Meghawale
● Reason :
○ Dams were built by the British government in Madamsilli and Rudri villages near Dhamtari from
1914-23 for irrigation in the surrounding areas there fore the canals were built from these dams.
Kandel was under the canal area of Rudri dam.
○ But to use the canal water, the farmers had to sign a 10-year contract for tax. The government failed
to sign contracts with the farmers due to the high amount of the contract.
○ The British conspired to bring more and more farmers of the village under contract. On August
1920, the water of the dam was dumped on the fields of Kandel village, so that the farmers could
be charged arbitrary fines by accusing them of stealing water. But in the night, there was heavy rain
in the village and all the fields were filled with water, yet the government accused the residents of
Kandel village of stealing water from the canal and Warrant was issued for recovery of the collective
fine of Rs. 4033.
● Result :
○ The villagers, under the leadership of Pt. Sundar Lal Sharma, organized a satyagraha against the
government atrocities and decided not to pay the fine.
○ As a result, the British captured the cattle of many farmers to recover the fine. They were taken to
various areas for auction, but none of them were purchased anywhere.
○ The suppression cycle of the British also increased over time. In the end, the leadership of the
movement was considered to be assigned to Gandhiji. Pt. Sundarlal Sharma went to Calcutta to
invite Gandhiji. On getting the information of this, the Deputy Commissioner of Raipur went to
Kandel to inspect the situation and on finding the farmers innocent, they announced half the
amount of the fine, then three-fourth and finally completely forgiven. The government returned the
cattle to the farmers.
○ Thus the movement ended successfully before Gandhiji came.
Gandhiji's first arrival of Chhattisgarh 20-21 December 1920

Place - Raipur, Dhamtari
Purpose - To participate in the Kandel Canal Satyagraha. (But the movement had ended successfully before
his arrival.)
Feature - Maulana Shaukat Ali came with Gandhiji.
Arrival at Raipur :
● On 20 December 1920, Gandhiji and Maulana Shaukat Ali visited Raipur with Pt. Sundarlal Sharma.
The people of Raipur welcomed him with great enthusiasm and informed him about the success of the
Kandel Canal Satyagraha.
● After that, Gandhiji addressed the public at Gandhi chowk of Raipur. In this speech, he highlighted the
importance of non-cooperation and motivated the masses to participate in the movement.
Dhamtari visit :
● On December 21, 1920, Gandhiji reached Dhamtari with Maulana Shaukat Ali at 11 pm. Gandhiji was
immensely welcomed by the people at Makai Bandh chowk Dhamtari.
● The place for the meeting was 'Jani Hussain's Farm house. Seeing the crowd of people at the meeting
place, businessman Umar Singh Kachhi took Gandhiji to the stage on his shoulders.
● Gandhiji addresssed the crowd of about 1500.
● Bajirao Kridant gave Rs 501 to Gandhiji for the Tilakswaraj Fund.
● Gandhiji rested at Narayanrao Meghawale's residence and then left for Raipur. While returning from
Dhamtari, Gandhiji also addressed the people of Kurud.
Address to the women of Raipur :
● On reaching Raipur, Gandhiji addressed a gathering of women at the ‘Anand Samaj Library' of Brahman
Para. He appealed for economic cooperation for Tilak Swaraj and motivated them to participate in the
movement. Whatever was with the women at that time, they offered at the feet of Gandhiji for Tilak
Swaraj Fund. Jewelry of about 200 rupees was contributed towards the fund. After that Gandhiji left for
Nagpur to attend the Nagpur session.
17
NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT IN CHHATTISGARH
(EVENTS: 1920-1929 AD)
Non-Cooperation Movement and Chhattisgarh
Nagpur session of Congress on 26 December 1920 :

● President - V. Raghavacharya
● Welcome Chairman - Jamuna Lal Bajaj
● Gandhiji presented a proposal for non-cooperation in the Calcutta session (4-9 September 1920) which
was passed in Nagpur session after disenssion. The following programs contained in the proposal were :
○ Surrender of government titles
○ Boycott of English education
○ Non-payment of taxes to the government
○ Boycott of foreign goods
○ Boycott of government court
○ Establishment of national schools
○ Formation of Panchayat etc.
○ Many leaders from Chhattisgarh participated in this session :
Raipur - Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla, Vamanrao Lakhe, CM Thakkar
Dhamtari - Narayanrao Meghawale, Nathuji Jagtap, Babu Chhote Lal Srivastava
Bilaspur - E. Raghavendra Rao, Chhedilal
Rajnandgaon - Thakur Pyarelal
Rajim - Pt. Sundarlal Sharma etc.
● All these leaders came back to Chhattisgarh and campaigned about non-cooperation with intensity and
and organized the following programs :
Negative Programs :
1. Surrender of Advocacy :
● The following lawyers gave up their practice in Chhattisgarh. As a result, the judicial system came to a
standstill.
Raipur - Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla, Ram Dayal Tiwari, Yadav Rao Deshmukh
Durg - Thakur Pyarelal Singh, Ghanshyam Singh Gupta, Ratnakar Jha
Bilaspur - Barrister Chhedilal, E. Raghavendra Rao, NR Khan Koch, D.K. Mehta
Rajnandgaon - Baldev Prasad Mishra, Govardhan Lal Srivastava Chhui khadan
2. Surrender of titles :
● 'Abolition of the title of Rai Saheb' - Vamanrao Lakhe, Barrister Kalyan Ji, Seth Gopi Kishan, Morar Ji
Thekar. After renouncing the title of Rai Saheb, the public honored Vamanrao Lakhe with the title of
'Lokpriya'.
● Renunciation of 'Khan Sahab' title - Qazi Shamsher Khan
3. Resignation of government service :
● From Bilaspur - Yadunandan Prasad Srivastav, Laxminarayan Verma, Someshwar Shukla
● Resignation from Honorary Magistrate - Qazi Shamsher Khan
4. Boycott of foreign goods :
● On August 1, 1921, a huge procession was taken out in Raipur and foreign goods were burnt. Prabhulal
Kabra and Ratnakar Jha burnt all the sarees of the wies druing the boycott protest.
5. Election and boycott of council :
● Boycott of Raipur District Council - Yadav Rao Deshmukh.
● At the same time, in 1921, the British announced the election of the Legislative and Zilla Parishad.
One representative each was to be sent from North Raipur (Raipur, Balodabazar) and South Raipur
(Dhamtari, Mahasamund) to the Provincial Assembly.
● Bajirao Kridant, was elected unopposed from Dhamtari-Mahasamund constituency for the assembly,
but he resigned Later on re-election in December 1921 AD –
From North Raipur - Fagua Rohidas
From South Raipur - Bajirao Kridant was elected.
● But after Gandhiji's arrest in March, Bajirao Kridant resigned again. On this act, the people of Dhamtari
honored Bajirao Kridant with the title of ‘lokpriya’.
● After this, the government conducted elections for the third time, but no candidate came forward for
the election.
6. Alcohol Prohibition Movement -
● On 7 February 1921, a general assembly was organized at Gandhi Chowk in Raipur. In this meeting, Pt.
Sundarlal Sharma advised boycott of liquor and picketing at liquor shops.
● The process of picketing by young Satyagrahis continued at the liquor shop of Hiralal Kalar in Bilaspur.
Creative Programs :
1. Establishment of National Schools :
i. Raipur :
● On 5 February 1921, a meeting was held under the leadership of Madhav Rao Sapre. In which an
amount of Rs 10,000 was collected for the establishment of a national school.
Minister of operation Committee - Vamanrao Lakhe
School Building - Seth Gopikishan
Head Master - Pt. Ramnarayan Tiwari (Dhamtari)
Number of students studying - 240
Medium of education– Hindi
ii. Dhamtari :
In July 1921 Babu Chhotelal Srivastav opened a national school at his residence.
Operations - Babu Chhotelal Srivastav
Education system - 6th to 10th
Head Master - Azizur Rahman, Thakur Pyare Lal Singh (for 6 months in 1924)
This school continued to function for 4 years. But later it was closed due to lack of finance.
iii. Bilaspur :
Place - House of Badrinath Sao
Head Master- Pt. Shiva Dulare
Teacher - Yadunandan Prasad Srivastav
iv. Rajnandgaon :
○ Thakur Pyare Lal (Special Contribution)
○ Dr. Baldev Prasad Mishra
○ Padumlal Punnalal Bakshi
○ Bansi Lal
2. Establishment of National Panchayat :
i. Raipur (4 March 1921) - Jaskaran Daga
ii. Dhamtari (1921) - Bajirao Kridant
3. Establishment of Publicity Centers :
● Publicity centers were set up by the Congress to promote non-cooperation at :
1. Raipur
2. Bilaspur
● Objective :
○ Promotion of movement among people
○ Increase in the membership of organisation for movement
● By April 1921, there were 15,141 Congress members in Raipur and 14,338 Congress members in Bilaspur.
4. Boycott of Excise Auction :
● In Raipur, the Excise Department auctioned off the contracts for liquor, opium and cannabis since the
liquor was not sold at the shops. But no contractor participated in the auction. After that the government
decided to give all these at the tehsil level, which was started from Dhamtari.
● Village - Gattasilli
● Important - Narayanrao Meghawale handled the situation efficiently and did not let any contractor take
the liquor contract.
● After this the Excise Department started selling liquor itself in front of Dhamtari Court. The people of
Dhamtari Congress Committee started picketing at this liquor sale site and eventually the government
had to close this shop too.
5. Satyagraha Ashram :
Founder : Pt. Sundarlal Sharma
Place : Raipur
Established : 7 February 1921 (Satyagraha Ashram)
Purpose : To train regional youth
Feature :
○ Free accommodation and food facility to youth in the ashram
○ 53 students from Raipur and 30 youth from Dhamtari took admission in the Satyagraha Ashram.
● Trained Satyagrahi - Dr. Shobharam Devangan, Vishambhar Patel, Harkharam, Ram Dulare, Pardeshi
Ram etc.
6. Untouchability Program :
● Rajnandgaon - Pt. Chhabiram Chaubey kept fast for 21 days in the protest against untouchability.
7. Promotion of Khadi :
i. Raipur :
● During the non-cooperation movement, Khadi ashrams were established at many places.
● 460 charkhas were distributed free of cost to the poor in Raipur.
● People started making Khadi at home and started wearing Khadi. The trade of foreign clothes in
the city ceased.
● On 11 October 1921, a 'three-day exhibition' of Khadi was organized by 'Anjuman Begum' at
Ravanbhata Maidan and it was opened only for women on the second day.
● 'Khadi Week' was observed from 7 to 15 October at Ravanbhatha. A cotton cutting competition was
held and a pledge letters were signed from the textile traders for not selling foreign cloth. Except
two merchants, all the others had signed this letters.
ii. Dhamtari :
● Babu Chhote Lal Srivastava opened a 'Khadi Production Center' in his home in August 1921, at his
own expense.
● In this work, Daud Domer Singh and the old women of the village gave their full support.
iii. Bilaspur :
● Charkhas were distributed for promotion of Khadi in Bilaspur. Khadi cloth shops were opened, at
various places some of the important on are :
Owners Shop Names
Devtadin Tiwari Shop Khadi Stores
Jamuna Prasad Verma Swadeshi Stores
● Kailash Saxena opened a shop of swadeshi goods near the present High Court where charkhas were
also repaired.
Makhan Lal Chaturvedi's powerful speech 12 March 1921 :

1. During the Provincial Political Conference, on 12 March 1921 in Shanischhari Bazar, Bilaspur. Makhan
Lal Chaturvedi gave a powerful speech against the British.
2. For which on 12 May 1921, he was arrested in Jabalpur on charges of treason and put in Bilaspur Jail.
3. After a 2-month trial, on 5 July 1921, he was sentenced to 8 months rigorous imprisonment.
4. On 5 July 1921, a public meeting was organized under the chairmanship of Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla. At
this meeting, the court employee Ganga Prasad Tiwari resigned from the government post.
Members - E. Raghavendra Rao, Thakur Chhedilal, Ghanshyam Singh Gupta, Pt. Madhav Rao Sapre
5. During his imprisonment in Bilaspur Jail, he composed 3 poems :
i. Pushpa ki abhilasha
ii. Parvat ki abhilasha
iii. Puri nahi sunoge taan
6. On 1 March 1922, he was shifted to Central Jail, Jabalpur and he was released on 4 March.
Arrival of national leaders in Chhattisgarh 1921 :

● National level leaders visited Chhattisgarh to promote non-cooperation movement.
○ Dr. Rajendra Prasad
○ Chakravarti Rajagopalachari
○ Subhadra Kumari Chauhan
● Later, Seth Govind Das, Jamuna Lal Bajaj and Maulana Qutubuddin came to Raipur and addressed the
people here at Gandhi-Chowk.
Sihawa Nagri Jungle Satyagraha 21 January 1922 :

First Jungle Satyagraha of Chhattisgarh :
Place : Sihawa Nagari (Dhamtari)
Reason :
○ Ban on entry in the forest forest and use of forest by the British government.
○ Forced labour at low wage from tribals.
Detail :
● On 21 January 1922, the forest dwellers started the movement by cutting wood in the reserved
forest and violating the forest law.
● The tribals reported this to the government, which was suppressed by the British only a few days
after the movement started.
● Local leaders - Harkharam Som, Pancham Singh Som, Shobharam Sahu, Vishambhar Patel,
Anandram Gond, Shyamlal Som
● Suppression :
● The British searched the house of the people. Many people were arrested on charges of wood theft
and they were sent from Raipur Jail to Narsinghpur Jail. Satyagrahis were told that if they apologize
they will be released but no one asked for forgiveness. 33 Satyagrahis were sentenced to 3 months 6
Satyagrahis were sentenced to 6 months.
● Meanwhile, Pandit Sundarlal Sharma, Narayan Rao Meghawale, Chhote Lal Srivastav returned
from Ahmedabad session and reached Sihawa city with many workers. He asked the satyagrahis
to get the approval of the Congress Committee for this movement and suggested to suspend the
movement till then.
● As a result, this movement was postponed. After that Pt. Sundarlal Sharma organized a public
meeting and in his speech there strongly condemned the acts of the government, as a result the
government announced improvement in the working of the Forest Department and talked about
providing minimum wages.
● Thus this movement was successful and the satyagrahis withdrew the movement.
● Later Pandit Sunderlal Sharma and Narayanrao Meghawale were arrested after giving notice in this
regard.
End of Non-Cooperation Movement 1922 :

● On February 5, 1922 occured the violent incident at Chauri-Chaura place in Gorakhpur district of Uttar
Pradesh. after that Gandhiji withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement on February 12, 1922.
● After the end of the movement, the government arrested all the important leaders of the country.
● Gandhi was arrested on 13 March 1922.
Session of Raipur Political Council 1922

● After the Non-cooperation movement, the Raipur Political Council session was held on 25 March 1922.
● Chairman - Umakant Balvant Ghate
● Welcome Chairman - Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla
● Members - Pt. Madhavrao Sapre, Vamanrao Lakhe, E. Raghavendra Rao
Event :
● Raipur District Collector and Police Head asked Ravi Shankar Shukla for entry ticket or pass to participate
in this conference. But local officials were told that they can enter the venue only after purchasing tickets
● At the commencement of the convention, the District Collector and the Police Head tried to forcefully
enter but Pandit Ravi Shankar Shukla stopped them and did not allow them to enter
● Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla was immediately arrested and he was kept in Kotwali. As soon as the information
was received, the crowd erupted and they surrounded Kotwali. Armed policemen of Raipur resigned in
protest against the arrest.
● Council proceedings were adjourned for another day. On the second day, the Collector C.A. Clarke
and Police Head Jones attempted to enter without purchasing tickets. This time Pt. Madhav Rao Sapre
stopped him at the door. Eventually they had to buy a ticket for admission.
● Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla was released after spending 2 days in jail, which ended the tense situation.
● Thus the demonstrater won over the British authorities.
Arrest of Pt. Sundarlal Sharma 1922

● In May 1922, Pt. Sundarlal Sharma and Narayan Rao Meghawale were arrested and prosecuted under
IPC 108 for the Sihawa-Nagri Jungle Satyagraha.
● The court, after taking a one-sided proceedings, sentenced him to rigorous imprisonment of 1 year and
8 months respectively and sent them to Raipur Jail.
● Pt. Sundarlal Sharma started to write handwritten letter called 'Shri Krishna Janma Sthan Newspaper'
from the jail during his prison.
● This magazine was called Jail magazine or jail partika, the number of pages in it were 18.
● Currently only the fifth edition of this magazine is available.
Swaraj Party and Chhattisgarh 1923

● In December 1922, a regular session of the Congress was held in Gaya, It was presided over by
Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das. In this session, he suggested to enter the council and try to get Swaraj. In
such a situation two ideologies emerged which are respectively :
1. Pro changers Leadership - Chittaranjan Das
2. No changers Leadership - C. Rajagopalachari
● In this situation, the Pro changers leaders Chittaranjan Das and Motilal Nehru together formed the
'Swaraj Party'.
Objective :
● Entering the legislature by contesting the provincial elections and criticizing the government.
● To make a statutory impasse on the law to be passed against the Indians.
● In September 1923, Congress also recognized this. The leaders of Chhattisgarh also started supporting
the Swaraj Party :
Raipur - Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla, Shivdas Daga
Bilaspur - Barrister Chedilal, E. Raghavendra Rao
Durg - Ghanshyam Singh Gupta
Rajnandgaon - Thakur Pyarelal
● In November 1923, in the provincial assembly elections of Central Province, this party got an absolute
majority. The Swaraj Party won 42 of the 70 seats.
● Barristers Chhedilal and E. Raghavendrarao were elected to the Provincial Legislative Council from
Chhattisgarh.
● The Governor invited Dr. Munje to form the cabinet, but upon his rejection, the governor started work
by creating a minority cabinet.
● In 1924, Raghavendra Rao proposed a no-confidence motion against the minority cabinet, which was
passed by 44 votes after debate.
● After the death of Chittaranjan Das in 1925, Swaraj party was divided in Chhattisgarh and on 1925.
Raghavendra Rao formed the 'Swatantra Dal'.
Jhanda or Flag Satyagraha 1923 :

● Objective - To give importance to the tricolor flag with charkha as the 'national symbol'.
Reason :
● The tricolor was hoisted in the townhall of Jabalpur on March 18, 1923 by a Congress member working
in the municipality. The British deputy commissioner ordered him to step down, but the police took off
the flag and crushed it with the legs. As a result, the Congress became agitated and started the 'Jhanda
Satyagraha'.
● On 31 March 1923, the flag was hoisted at Bilaspur town hall.
● A huge procession was taken out with flags under the leadership of Pt. Sundarlal Sharma, Subhadra
Kumari Chauhan and Nathuram Modi. But later they were also arrested.
● The huge Satyagraha started in Nagpur on 13 April 1923 under the leadership of Jamunalal Bajaj,
Bhagwan Deen and Neelkanth.
● This movement took a nationwide form and in a short time thousands of satyagrahis gathered in Nagpur.
● Satyagrahi from every district and tehsil participated in this Satyagraha. The highest number of
Satyagrahis participated from Dhamtari district.
● Under this movement, satyagrahis used to enter with flags in restricted places thus they and were taken
captive. Many Satyagrahis from Chhattisgarh were sentenced to rigorous imprisonment for 6 months.
Among them were Vishambhar Patel, Shobharam Sahu, Harkharam, Girdhari Lal Tiwari etc.
● V.J. Patel, Sarojini Naidu and Vallabhbhai Patel came to Nagpur To participate in this Satyagraha. After
the arrest of prominent leaders, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel led the Satyagraha.
● On 18 August 1923, a discussion took place between Vitthalbhai Patel and the then Governor Frakslai
and the government allowed the public to march with the procession flag.
● The flag Satyagraha was postponed and all the detained satyagrahis were released from jail.
Kakinada session December 1923

● In December 1923, a regular session of the Congress was held in Kakinada (Andhra Pradesh).
● Activists from Raipur and Dhamtari decided to walk from Dhamtari to Kakinada via Bastar.
● The main objective of this foot march was to awaken the spirit of patriotism in Bastar and the surrounding
areas and to make people aware of the principles of Mahatma Gandhi.
● There were a total of 25 Congress workers in this party which was led by 'Narayanrao Meghawale'.
● Members - Pt. Sundarlal Sharma (Rajim), Girdhari Lal Tiwari (Dhamtari), Ramji Lal Soni (Dhamtari),
Shyam Lal Som (Nagari)
● Impact of the conference - Untouchability was discussed in this conference. As a result Hindu-Muslim
relations were affected.
● In 1924, communal riots took place at many places. In view of this situation, Gandhiji kept fast for 21
days.
Hindu-Muslim riots 1924

Place - Dhamtari
Reason - Musical instrument played by children in front of mosque.
Impact - Three people from both the Hindu and Muslim sides were injured.
Settlement by - Pt. Sundarlal Sharma.
Pt. Sundarlal Sharma and Untouchables 1925 upliftment

● After Returning from Kakinada, Pt. Sundarlal Sharma did important works in the field of untouchables.
Other Leaders - Dau Ghanshyam Singh (Rajim), Chhabiram Chaubey, Thakur Pyare Lal Singh
Work done for the upliftment of the Exploited Class :
● Pt. Sundarlal Sharma used to go to the house of the people of the exploited class to eat and make them
wear 'janeu' and inspire them for self promotion.
● He made Harijan enter the temple of Rajim.
● He established Satnami Ashram, Harijan Putri School, hostel and reading room in Raipur for Harijan
upliftment.
● He launched a purification movement for expelled Hindus.
● Pt. Sundarlal Sharma's work - 'Satnami Bhajanmala'
● Note : Pt. Sundarlal Sharma started the work of untouchables upliftment before Gandhiji. Therefore,
when Gandhiji visited Chhattisgarh for the second time, he honored Pt. Sundarlal Sharma as his 'Guru'
for this task.
Raipur Zilla Parishad conflict 1930

President - Ravi Shankar Shukla
● In 1930, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla started the development of national consciousness in rural areas. He
gave political education to the teachers of rural schools and promoted it from village to village. As a
result, these teachers participated in the freedom movement and did many anti-government works.
● On this, the government reduced one-fourth of the government grant of the council. Shukla ji took
action on this also.
● The government expressed dissatisfaction with the nationalist activities of the council and asked the
council to stop all these activities. But on being disregarded by the council, the government dissolved
the council on 26 April 1930 and got it re-elected.
● The entire council was re-elected in this election. Pt. Shukla ji was re-elected as president, but he was in
jail at that time.
● Finally, on 11 November 1930, the government adjourned Raipur Zilla Parishad for 3 years.
18
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT IN CHHATTISGARH
(EVENT: 1930-41 AD)
First Face of Civil Disobedience Movement In Chhattisgarh 1930

● In December 1929, the Lahore session of the Congress was held under the chairmanship of Jawaharlal
Nehru. Two resolutions were passed in this session :
1. Complete Independence Day or purn swaraj diwas
2. Civil Disobedience Movement
● On December 31, 1929, at 12 o'clock in the night, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru unfurled the tricolor on the
banks of the Ravi River and announced that 26 January 1930, will be celebrated as 'First Independence
Day'.
● On 12 March 1930, Gandhiji along with 79 supporters left Sabarmati Ashram for Dandi. On 6 April
1930, Gandhi reached the Dandi and broke the Salt Law thus, started the Civil Disobedience Movement.
● The following programs were approved by the Congress for this movement :
1. Breaking the Salt Law
2. Alcohol prohibition
3. Abandonment of untouchability
4. Boycott of government institutions etc.
● Chhattisgarh also became agitated With the whole country. All the proposals of the Non-Cooperation
Movement was passed in the District Congress session in March 1930 under the chairmanship of D. P.
Mishra.
● On January 26, 1930 on the instructions of Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla, 'Independence Day' was celebrated
in all the offices of Raipur District Council.
1. Movement in Raipur :
● 'National Week' was celebrated in Raipur from 6 April - 13 April, in which different days were celebrated
each day :
1. Flag Day
2. Boycott Day
3. Picketing Day
4. Gandhi Day
5. Women Day
6. Garhwala Day
7. Rajbandi Day
● Seth Laxminarayan Das and Thakur Pyarelal Singh participated very actively in this movement.
Mahakaushal Political Council Meeting (Raipur) 15 April 1930 :
● President : Seth Govind Das (This conference was scheduled to be held on 13 April 1930 under the
chairmanship of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru but it was postponed for 2 days after his arrest at Ibadatganj
station.)
● In this session Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla broke the salt law by making salt with 'hydrochloric acid' and
soda.
● Important : Seth Govind Das, Pt Dwarka Prasad Mishra, Mahant Laxminarayan Das, Gayacharan
Trivedi
● At the end of the session a 'war committee' was formed to conduct the movement.
● The credit of organizing the movement in Raipur as planned goes to the following 5 politicians, who
were called 5 Pandavas of disobedience by the public :
Yudhishthira - Vaman Rao Lakhe
Bhima - Mahant Laxmi Narayan Das
Arjun - Thakur Pyarelal Singh
Nakula - Maulana Abdul Rauf
Sahadeva - Shivdas Daga
Arrest of Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla :
● On 28 April 1930, during the promotion of the movement, Pandit Ravi Shankar Shukla was arrested at
Gondia station while returning from Balaghat and he was put into Jabalpur jail.
● In order to free Pandit Ravi Shankar Shukla, a group of students of the national school reached Jabalpur,
wearing saffron clothes.
2. Movement in Dhamtari :
● After returning from the Mahakaushal conference in April 1930, Narayan Rao Meghawale broke the salt
law by making 20 grams of salt by adopting the method of Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla, which was auctioned
and Karanji Tejpal of Dhamtari bought it for Rs. 61.
Establishment of Satyagraha Ashram :
● 'Satyagraha Ashram' was opened by Pt. Sundarlal Sharma to train volunteers for Satyagraha where free
accommodation and food facilities were available.
● From 1 May 1930, the operation of this ashram was started at the residence of Nathuji Jagtap.
3. Movement in Bilaspur :
● The movement in Bilaspur began with a picketing at a liquor shop by Diwakar Karlikar. All the liquor in
the shop was thrown away. Karlikar was arrested after the incident.
Formation of Vanar Sena :
The Vanar Sena (Children's Organization) was formed by Vasudev Deoras to make the movement dynamic.
● Work of children of the vanar sena :
○ Protest
○ Message exchange
○ Organizing procession by chanting slogans.
Bilaspur District Political Council Conference 1930 :

● President - Thakur Chhedilal
● Important - On 8 August, the tricolor flag was hoisted at theTownhall.
● On 16 August 1930, Kranti Kumar Bhartiya was sent to jail for 6 months for hoisting the tricolor flag in
the government school.
4. Movement in Mungeli :
Main Leader - Ramgopal Tiwari, Gajadhar Sao, Kalicharan Shukla
Break the salt law - Ram Gopal Tiwari and Kalicharan Shukla together broke the salt law by making salt in
the market with 'water and mud'. At the auction of this salt, Gangadhar Rao Dixit bought it for Rs. 50.
Protest - Many Satnamis were staged infront of the liquor shop to protest, during which many people were
arrested by the government :
○ Baldev Satnami
○ Yakub Ali
○ Maniklal etc.
5. Movement in Durg :
● Prominent leaders - Narsingh Prasad Aggarwal, Ratnakar Jha, Ramprasad Deshmukh, V.Y. Tamaskar
● Formation of Kisan Sabha - Udayram
● Establishment of Vidyarthi Congress - Gangadhar Chaubey, Ganesh Singraul, Chandrika Prasad
Pandey
Jungle Satyagraha in Chhattisgarh during the movement
● After Gandhi's arrest, the forest law was broken in places where there were no coast to expand the
movement.
● In the meeting of Congress Working Committee in Allahabad, it was decided to start the Jungle
Satyagraha by continuing the Salt Satyagraha.
● Due to this, tribals living in rural and remote areas also showed activeness in the movement. Jungle
Satyagraha was centered in Dhamtari and Mahasamund districts in Chhattisgarh.
1. Podi Village Jungle Satyagraha (1 July 1930) :
Area - Sipat (Bilaspur)
Leader - Ramadhar Dubey
Result - Ramadhar Dubey was sentenced to 6 months on 28 October 1930.
2. Mohabna - Podi Jungle Satyagraha (24 July 1930) :
● Area - Mohabna and Podi Village (Durg)
● Leader - Narsingh Prasad Aggarwal
○ On 24 July 1930, the tribals of Mohbana village left their cattle to graze in the reserved forest. After
this, the officials of the Forest Department closed 414 cattle in Kanji House.
○ In protest, a meeting was convened on 3 August 1930 in Podi village under the leadership of
Narsingh Prasad Aggarwal and he appealed to break the forest law.
○ All the tribals entered the reserved forest and broke law by cutting wood and grass etc. Finally,
Narsingh Prasad Agarwal was arrested along with many tribals.
3. Gattasilli Jungle Satyagraha (July 1930 AD) :
Place - Gattasilli and Themli Village (Dhamtari)
Leaders - Narayanrao Meghawale, Nathuji Jagtap, Babu Chhotelal Srivastava
● In July 1930, the villagers in Thameli village of Sihawa development Block left their cattle to graze in the
reserved forest.
● For this crime, the officials of the forest department caught 800 cattle and closed it at Kanji House in
Gattasilli village and started preparing to send them to the market for auction.
● Firstly the animal owners approached the Forest Department and Dhamtari Local Board with the help of
Guru Gosai Lal (Malgujar) and requested to release the animal. But his attempt was proved unsuccessful.
Then Narayan Rao Meghawale, Nathuji Jagtap and Babu Chhote Lal Srivastav reached Kanji House in
Gattasilli with 25 Satyagrahis.
● They all lay down at the gates of Kanji House so that the officers could not take cattles out for auction.
They persisted even after being removed by the police. To remove them from the road, the police poured
boiling water on the satyagrahis, yet they did not move.
● Finally, the officers left the cattles without any fine.
4. Rudri Nawgaon Jungle Satyagraha (22 August 1930 - 5 March 1931) :
Area - Rudrinavagaon (5 km from Dhamtari)
Leaders - Babu Chhotelal Srivastav, Narayan Rao Meghawale and Nathuji Jagtap were arrested and when
Pandit Sundarlal Sharma left Rajim to participate in the movement he was arrested at Abhanpur.
Detailed -
● After the success of Gattasilli Jungle Satyagraha, Dhamtari Congress decided to perform Jungle
Satyagraha. This Satyagraha was to be done by a group of 5-5 people every day for 8 months.
● On 22 August 1930, it was decided to break the forest law by cutting the grass of the reserved forest
near Nawagaon, but at the same time all the big leaders (Narayan Rao Meghawale, Nathuji Jagtap, Pt.
Sundarlal Sharma) were arrested and Section144 was imposed.
● After that, again a batch led by Malguzar Govindrao Dabhawale was sent to Nawagaon to break the
jungle law, but they were also arrested by the police on the way.
● On 16 December, around 560 people gathered at one place. Police used lathi to remove the crowd and
opened fire on the crowd in which Sindhu Kumar died and many people were injured. One of the injured
persons 'Raghu' also died.
● After this, the government also imposed punishment on the Satyagrahis who broke the jungle law with
imprisonment.
● Thus in spite of this, the Satyagraha continued at a smooth pace and ended after the Gandhi-Irwin Pact.
5. Labhra Jungle Satyagraha (8 September 1930) :
Area - Mahasamund
Leader - Arimardan Giri
Major Satyagrahi - Anand Gond, Shyamlal Gond, Firaturam Gond, Manglu Gond
● This Satyagraha started from September and lasted for 5 days.
● About 7000 Gond tribals and villagers took part in this Satyagraha;it was dominated by Gond tribes.
6. Tamora Jungle Satyagraha (9 September 1930) :
Leaders - Yatiyatan Lal, Shankar Rao Ganodwale, Bhagwati Prasad Mishra, Dayawati
● This Satyagraha was started in Mahasamund under the leadership of Shankarrao Ganodwale and
Yatiyatanlal Jain. But on 9 September, the two leaders were arrested.
● During this, a group of Satyagrahis headed by Bhagwati Prasad Mishra left for a village called Tamora.
Here he broke the forest law. During this time the police made several arrests. Nevertheless, this
Satyagraha continued.
● One day, under the leadership of teenage girl 'Dayawati', the group of Satyagrahi set out towards the
reserved forest to break the forest law. The then Sub-Divisional Officer M.P. Dubey stopped them from
entering the forest, Dayawati slapped him.
● Based on this incident, there was firing, but the Malguzars there managed the situation efficiently.
7. Bandakhar Satyagraha (1930 AD) :
Area - Bandakhar (Katghora, Korba)
Leader - Manohar Lal Shukla
Satyagrahi - Hemsingh and Itwar Singh
● Special - This Satyagraha was done by the Gond and Kanwar tribals under the leadership of Manohar
Lal Shukla against the landlords and the government of the state. Who imposed a strong ban on the
expansion and use of forests.
Result - Zamindar restored the right of expansion.
8. Sarangarh Jungle Satyagraha (1930) :
● Location - Sarangarh State (Raigarh)
● Leaders - Dhaniram, Jagataram, Kunwarbhan
● All these leaders were arrested.
● The Gandhi-Irwin Pact (Delhi Pact) was signed on 4 March 1931, and with this, Gandhiji suspended the
Civil Disobedience Movement.
Second Phase of Civil Disobedience Movement 1932

● After the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, Gandhiji attended the Second Round Table Conference held in London
on 7 September 1931. When there was no conclusion taken, they came back empty-handed to India.
● During this period, Irwin, who had compromised with the Congress, was recalled by the British and
appointed Lord Wellington as Viceroy of India, He ignored this agreement and adopted a repressive
policy.
● After returning from London, Gandhiji again announced to start the Civil Disobedience Movement on
3 January 1932.
● On the second day of the announcement, Gandhiji, Sardar Patel and 3000 people were arrested. Due to
this the whole nation became agitated. Processions were carried out at various places, meetings were
held. In view of the situation, the government started to adopt repressive measures.
● On 10 January 1932, Thakur Pyarelal Singh asked the people of Chhattisgarh to strongly face repressive
actions and motivated them not to pay taxes. Consequently, on 29 January 1932, the government
arrested him.
● On 14 January 1932, the District Congress Committee Raipur appointed Pandit Ravi Shankar Shukla
as the first detector of civil disobedience to conduct the movement. After that Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla
visited the entire state and formed the Sangharsh Samiti.
● On 29 January 1932, 'Peshawar Day' was celebrated in Chhattisgarh. The day was organized against the
vandalism committed by the government in the North-West Frontier Province. On this occasion, Pt.
Ravi Shankar Shukla gave a very provocative speech and motivated to protest in front of the shops of
Foreign goods. Hence, on this day, Pt. Ravi Shankar, Maulana Abdul Rauf, Leaders such as Khubchand
Baghel, Laxminarayan Das and Dani Saheb were arrested.
Appointment of Detectors :
● After the arrest of all these leaders, the District Congress Committee appointed detectors to keep
the movement active. So that the central leadership is always available to hold the command of the
movement upon arrest :
1. Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla
2. Pt. Sundarlal Sharma
3. Shri Shankarrao Ganaudwale
4. Mrs. Radhabai
5. Pt. Ramnarayan Mishra 'Harshul'
6. Madhav Prasad Parganiha
7. Brahmadev Dubey
8. Laxmiprasad Tiwari
● On the arrest of the senior leaders Shankar Rao Ganaudwale took over the responsibility of the movement
after Pandit Sunderlal Sharma.
● The movement was increasing day by day. Atrocities were already taking place in jail. On the demand
of Khadi cloth by the prisoners, they were being lashed with whips. Meanwhile, there was a huge center
for foreign goods, the shop of businessman Kika Bhai, in front of which picketing was performed by
Satyagrahis every day.
● On the occasion of one day dharna on 29 March 1932, Shankar Rao Ganaudwale, Dr. Tretanath Tiwari
and 4 women were arrested - 1. Mantorabai, 2. Bhutkibai, 3. Kozabai, 4. Futeniyabai.
Satyagraha Week :
● Satyagraha Week (National Sacrifice Week) was celebrated in Durg from 6-12 April 1932. Under which
various days are celebrated : Picket/dharna day, Khadi Promotions Day, Boycott Day etc.
● The movement was then carried forward by detector Radhabai and associate Ramanand Dubey, but on
13 June 1932, Radhabai was arrested while leading a procession.
● Then Madhavrao Pargania conducted the movement but he was also arrested.
Letter Bomb Plan :

● Ramnarayan Mishra 'Harshul', during the leadership of the movement, made a revolutionary plan to
make a fire explosive by sticking a piece of phosphorus between two ink-absorbing papers. Its purpose
was to mentally torture Indian officials who opposed the national ideology and loyal traders of the
British.
● This pack was sealed in envelopes and sent to anti-national Indian businessmen. This letter was burnt as
soon as it was opened by traders and officials. But it did not cause any serious damage. Its purpose was
only to make a symbolic attack so that they would know that they were traitors.
● After this incident Ramnarayan Mishra 'Harshul' was also arrested.
● Now the seventh detector 'Brahmadev Dubey' commanded the movement.
Detention Day or bandi diwas :

● On August 4, 1932, a special meeting was organized to celebrate 'Bandi Divas' at Gandhi Chowk, Raipur.
During the meeting, the police did a lathi charge and arrested Bramhadev Dubey.
● Pt Laxminarayan Tiwari led the movement as the final detector. Section 144 was imposed in Raipur,
yet the meetings continued uninterruptedly. Women openly participated in the movement and the
remaining leaders maintained the dynamics of the movement.
Note : Section 144 - Not more than 4 can gather at any place and in this situation the transaction and transportation
of weapons is also banned.
Formation of Vanar sena in Raipur :

Major Center - Brahman Para
Founder - Baliram Dubey 'Azad'
Operator - Yatiyatan Lal Jain
Explanation :
● The Vanar Sena was an organization of school children in Raipur, There work was of Exchanging
information, Distribution of Posters & Pamphlets, To inspect the town. To organise small meetings
● The leader of this Vanar Sena was Baliram Dubey 'Azad', who was only 14 years of age. The police were
so anxious by their activities that they started brutally crushing this army. The police took these child
soldiers in a police vehicle every day and leave 3-4 miles outside the city so that they could not do any
activity throughout the day.
● On 13 March 1932, while giving a speech at Brahmapara, Baliram ‘Azad’ was beaten up by the police.
and finally on 28 August 1932 On the day of Rakshabandhan, the police lathi charged and arrested these
children. Many were injured. Baliram Dubey 'Azad' and Ramadhar Nai (Vidyarthi) were imprisoned
and sentenced to 9 months imprisonment.
● The 'Azad chowk' near Bramhan Para has been named after Baliram Dubey 'Azad'.
Gandhiji's second visit to Chhattisgarh 22-28 November 1933 :

● As soon as Gandhi ji was released from jail, he changed the name of his newpaper from 'Navajivan' to
Harijan and then changed it to 'Harijan Sevak' and started travelling the whole country. Under this,
Gandhiji visited Chhattisgarh.
Raipur stay :
● On 22 November 1933, Gandhiji reached Durg at 6 pm and after that he went to Raipur via Kumhari
from Durg. The stay of Gandhiji was arranged at the residence of Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla. Leaders
accompanied Gandhiji were :
1. Kumari Meera Ben (Foreign teacher)
2. Thakkar Bapa (Freedom Fighter)
3. Mahadev Desai (Private Secretary)
4. Daughter of Jamuna Lal Bajaj
● On 23 November, Gandhiji inaugurated the Swadeshi exhibition at Victoria Gardens (Motibagh).
● On November 24, he addressed a huge general meeting at Lorry School (Sapre High School). Inspected
Satnami Ashram and orphanage run by Pt. Sundarlal Sharma and Addressed the Harijans at Maudhapara.
● Harijans were made to enter a temple located in the Purani Basti. During this time, he came to know
about the untouchability program done by Pt. Sundarlal Sharma. Then Gandhiji appreciated it and
honored him as his 'Guru' in this subject.
Dhamtari stay -
● On 25 November 1933, Gandhiji left for Dhamtari. He first addressed a meeting at 'Daji Maratha girl’s
school.
● He addressed the women in front of Babu Chhote Lal's residence and motivated them for Harijan revival.
Some women donated their jewelery to Harijan fund.
● Nathuji Jagtap presented a letter of welcome on behalf of the municipality to Gandhiji in the municipal
school and Narayanrao Meghawale paid Rs. 501 for Harijan fund on behalf of the public.
● After this, Gandhiji went to the Satnami locality of Dhamtari where he had food and left for Raipur.
● Seeing the activism of the people of Dhamtari, Gandhiji called Dhamtari 'Bardoli of Chhattisgarh'.
Rajim Stay :
● On the way, he addressed the public meeting in Rajim, here many people contributed for Harijan fund.
Bilaspur Stay :
● Returning from Dhamtari on 25 November 1933, Gandhi reached Raipur and went to Bilaspur on the
same night.
● Thakur Chhedilal welcomed him at the Jarabhata chowk. Gandhiji had food and took rest at the residence
of Kunjbihari Agnihotri.
● On 26 November 1933, Gandhiji addressed a huge gathering at the Gandhi Chowk in Bilaspur. Here
too, funds were contributed on a large scale for Harijan fund. From here Gandhiji reached Raipur via
Bhatapara. After that, from Raipur went to Balaghat via Gondia.
● In this entire Mahakaushal Yatra, Gandhiji received a total of Rs 75,000 for Harijan fund. (Rs. 1950 from
Raipur)
● Impressed by this journey of Gandhiji, Pandit Ram Dayal Tiwari wrote 'Gandhi Mimamsa'. Shortly
thereafter, he also composed 'Gandhi Expressed'.
Raipur District Council resumed 8 March 1934 :

● After postponing the Raipur District Council on 11 November 1930, the government again handed over
the management of the Council to Shukla ji on 8 March 1934.
Other Events
Second visit of Pt. Rajendra Prasad to Chhattisgarh 1935 :

● Pt. Rajendra Prasad came to attend the annual conference of Raipur District Council. On 11 December
1935, the conference was inaugurated by Makhanlal Chaturvedi and the flag was hoisted by Pt. Rajendra
Prasad. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the President of the Indian National Congress.
Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru's arrival at Raipur 1935 :

● On 15–16 December 1935, Nehru came to attend the sixth annual teacher conference of the Raipur
District Council.
Election of Central province 1934 :

● In 1934, the Central legilative was elected, in which Ghanshyam Singh of Durg was elected as a member.
At the same time, 'Mahakaushal' the weekly Hindi magazine was transferred from Nagpur to Raipur and
its publication was started by Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla.
● Thakur Pyare Lal Singh was elected from Raipur in Central Province assembly elections in 1935.
● In 1936 Berar was merged with central province under the Act of 1935.
● Thus in 1936 'E. Raghavendra Rao was 'appointed as the Governor of Central Province and Berar. (He
was the first governor to be appointed from Chhattisgarh)
Election for autonomy in the provinces 1937 :

● Under the Government of India Act 1935, the elections to the provincial assembly were held in 1937. In
this election, Congress got an absolute majority in 6 states out of total 11 provinces.
● A coalition government was formed in 2 states.
● Thus the Congress government was formed in 8 provinces and it emerged as the largest party in the
Central Legislative Assembly.
● The Congress also got a majority in Central Province and Berar.
Raipur - Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla
Bilaspur - E. Raghavendra Rao
Durg - Ghanshyam Singh Gupta
● On 14 July 1937, 'Narayan Bhaskar Khare' was elected as the first Chief Minister of Central Province and
Berar.
Education Minister- Ravi Shankar Shukla
Assembly Speaker - Ghanshyam Singh Gupta
● Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla started the 'Shiksha Mandir Yojana' while holding the post of Education
Minister. The objective of this scheme was to raise the standard of education.
● Narayan Bhaskar Khare resigned as chief minister due to policy differences in the party.
● Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla became the Chief Minister on 29 July 1938. During this period Thakur Pyare
Lal Singh was appointed as the Minister of Education for some time.
● After the Second World War, on 15 November 1939, the Board of Congress ministers resigned.
Peasant Movement in Dondi Lohara 1937

● Place - Daundi Lohara (Balod)
● Leadership - Narsingh Prasad Agarwal (Young Advocate of Durg ), Saryu Prasad Agarwal, Pt Ratnakar
Jha, Wali Mohamad.
● Reason - To get rid of the exploitation of the zamindar Maniram Pandey of Dandi Lohara.
● Important - 94 people were arrested in this Satyagraha.
● The farmers of Dondi Lohara received the Chari-Nistari facilities in the forest before since the
establishment of this Zamindari. But the Diwan gradually sidelined the farmers with this facility, as a
result the farmers organised a general meeting in Malithodi market on 28th August 1937. Thus, started
the non-violent and disciplined agitation against Maniram Pandey under the leadership of Agarwal
brothers.
● This movement gradually spread to the Chowki zamindari. Seeing the rapid spread of this Satyagrah,
Home Minister Pt. Dwarka Prasad Mishra and Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla called Narasinha Prasad Agrawal
and Saryu Prasad Agarwal to Nagpur. But there was no talk with the Diwan Maniram Pandey.
● On 5 May 1939, a meeting was held in a village called Kusumkasa. In this meeting, a program was made
for cutting of wood and grazing for three days. 90 persons were arrested and Saryu Prasad, Narasinha
Agarwal and Wali Mohammad were arrested and prosecuted.
● On 13 October 1939, Saryuprasad Agarwal was sentenced to 9 months in prison for making a disturbing
speech. But before the end of the Congress Cabinet, the Peasant Satyagrahis and their leaders were
released from the jail.
● Result : A committee was formed under the chairmanship of Commissioner H. V. Kamath. This
committee visited all the Zamindari's. This committee submitted a 500-page report, on the basis of
which some reforms were done and the 'NistariHaq Law' was enacted in the interest of the farmers.
Chuikhadan Jungle Satyagraha 1938

● Place - Chuikhadan (Rajnandgaon)
● Leadership - Samaru Barai
● Objective - To protect the public from government exploitation.
● Important - 'State Congress' was established in 1936 in Chhuikhadan, which gave rise to the agitational
activity here.
Badratola Jungle Satyagraha 1939

● Place - Badratola (near Dongargarh)
● The workers of the State Congress started the Jungle Satyagraha at Badratola on 21 January 1939.
● During this Satyagraha, 13 people were arrested; lathi charge was done on the agitators and firing was
done.
● 27-year-old 'Ramdhin Gond' died after being shot.
● On 5 February 1939, an assembly of Congress was held at Rajnandgaon station. Police personnel arrested
them here for violating Section 144.
● Two Satyagrahis (one of whom Mr. Rooiker) went to Wardha to inform Gandhiji about this Satyagraha,
then this Satyagraha was postponed on the advice of Gandhiji.
Individual Satyagraha 1940

● In August 1940, in the Bombay session, the individual Satyagraha proposed by Gandhiji was approved.
It was a type of individual civil disobedience' movement for which Gandhiji initially selected 500
Satyagrahis.
● By May 4, 1941, a total of 2761 Satyagrahis from Chhattisgarh participated in this Satyagraha out of
which 413 from Raipur and 107 from Bilaspur.
1. Satyagrahi from Raipur -
● Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla started individual Satyagraha from Mana (Raipur) on 27 November 1940. He
was the first Satyagrahi of Chhattisgarh.
● Other Satyagrahi - Yatiyatan Lal Jain, Mahant Laxmidas, Abdul Rauf, Budharam Sahu, Kejuram Verma
etc.
● On 2 April 1941, a group of Satyagrahis left for Delhi. The names of Rajaram Sahu and Rameshwar Sahu
are notable among those. The group was arrested on 8 August 1941 in Lalitpur (Uttar Pradesh) village.
2. Satyagrahi from Bilaspur :
● Ramgopal Tiwari, Yadunandan Prasad Srivastava, Thakur Chhedilal, Chintamani Oswal, Dr. RP Rai,
Jwala Prasad Mishra, Kishan Chandra Kayastha etc.
3. Satyagrahi from Durg :
● Ghanshyam Singh Gupta, Y.V. Tamaskar, Ratnakar Jha, Ramkumar Singraul, Mahant Pusandas,
Govardhanlal etc. The government had to bow down to this movement and on 3 December 1941, all the
arrested satyagrahis were released.
● Other facts : 'Raipur Congress Bhavan' was constructed in 1940. Which was inaugurated by ‘Sardar
Vallabhbhai Patel’.
Raipur Conspiracy Case 1942

Location : Raipur
Leadership : Parasram Soni (Resident of Awadhiyapara)
Other leaders : Ranveer Singh Shastri, Kranti Kumar Bhartiya, Premchand Wasnik, Dashrath Lal Dubey,
Sudhir Mukherjee, Bihari Choubey etc.
Informant : Shivanandan
Detail : Parasram Soni (hero of Raipur Conspiracy Case) wanted to make guns, cartridges, explosives and
bombs, for this he took help from the following people :
○ Girilal Lohar : Acquired the art of making and operating pistols and revolvers.
○ Amritlal (trolley manufacturer of Bengal Nagpur Railway) : tools, iron part and technical support
○ Shri Horilal (Assistant Salesman of C.P. Medical Stores) : Chemical substances (phosphorus, acid
etc.)
○ Financial assistance from traders and managers of Raipur.
● Incident : Parasram Soni arranged for the maintenance of weapons at Eidgabhatha and Ravanbhatha.
But once in Eidgabhata, an the bomb exploded accidentally and the principal of Rajkumar College, Mr.
Pearce informed the police about this.
● After this, the owner of the 'Oriental Hotel' located in Malviya Road gave Parasram Soni a room in his
hotel for these dangerous operations.
● Meanwhile, one of Parasram's associates, Shivanandan, informed the police and on 15 July 1942,
Parasram was arrested on the road to Sadar Bazar with a loaded revolver.
● All revolutionaries' houses were searched, where many explosive material, conspiratorial papers,
cartridges and bombs etc. were recovered.
● On the basis of this seizure - Girilal Lohar, Dr. Sur, Mangal Mistry, Ranveer Singh Shastri were arrested.
● On 27 April 1943, 10 revolutionaries were punished.
● This case was taken to Nagpur High Court. There, Justice Mr. Niyogi freed 4 of the 10 accused.
● Meanwhile, Jaidev Kapoor, a friend of Sardar Bhagat Singh, came to Raipur in May 1946 . A general
meeting was organized to welcome him at Gandhi Chowk in Raipur, in which the public passed a
resolution urging the release of Parasram Soni and Girilal Lohar.
● Chief Minister Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla accepted their request and both the revolutionaries were released
on 26 June 1946.
Peasant movement
● Chhattisgarh is an agricultural state where about 80% of the population is based on agriculture. During
the British rule, the authority of land was given to Zamindar and Gautia.
● For a certain period of time, they used to give the land to the farmers for agriculture and the farmers
had to pay them tax in return. But at that time the Khalsa landlords
● and in the princely states, exploitation of peasant was started, the whole society was suffering from
exploitation of labour and to get rid of it in Chhattisgarh
● The peasants also protested from time to time. The various peasant movements in the region of
Chhattisgarh are as follows -
1. Anti-forced labour movement in Rajnandgaon (1879) -
● Place - Rajnandagaon
● Leader - Sevata Thakur
● Reason - Forced labour practice
● After 1857, under the samanti system, the Rajnandagaon got the status of a feudal state and
developed as a city and thus the forced labour increased in villages. As a result, in 1879 after being
severly affected by the forced labour the peasants started a movement under the leadership of Sevata
Thakur. But this movement was suppressed with the help of the company administration.
2. 'LagaanBandi' Movement in Chhuikhadan (1939 A) -
● Place - Chhuikhadan (Rajnandagaon)
● Leader - Ramnarayan Mishra (Harshul)
● Reason - Exploitation Policy of Diwans
● The Chhuikhadan were a small riyasat in Chhattisgarh where the farmers were being exploited more
by Diwan and the discontent was increasing among the farmers. As a result, the movement started
under the leadership of Shri Ramnarayan Mishra (Harshul) at Khaira Narmada on 13 December
1939.It was a non-violent movement, yet many arrests took place during the movement, in this
regard Ramanarayan Mishra (Harshul) went to Delhi to meet Gandhiji .But Gandhiji advised to
suspend this movement keeping in mind the interest of the people of princely state and thus this
movement was postponed.
Note -
● The farmers of Chhuikhadan formed, "Kisan Sabha", whose active workers were-
● SamaruramMahobia
● DamodarlalDadaria
● AmritlalDadaria
● Poojanamchand ji Sankhla
3. Peasant Movement in Sarangarh (1939) -
● ThayarPyare Lal Singh wrote a letter to King Naresh Bahadur of Sarangarh to improve the conditions
of farmers in Sarangarh. He informed the king aboutthe increase in taxes, limited extension facilities
for agricultural farmers and non-agricultural farmers by the malgujars. The farmers in Sarangarh
werestruggling for their rights, as a result the Sarangarh King JawahirSingh, announced the end of
forced labour on 5 February 1939.
4. Peasant movement in Kanker (1944-45) -
● Place - Kanker
● Leader - IndruKenwat
● Reason - The introduction of new land settlement
● In 1944, T. Mahapatra was made the diwan of KankerRisayat by removing J.N.Mahant and
Mahapatra implemented the new land settlement here.According to which revenue collection
(by Gotia) started to be done through contract system.
● The exploitation of contractors for the recovery of tax increased, seeing the growing terror
IndruKenwat the Gautia of village Surangdih of Bhanupratappur inspired people to not pay
rent and started the movement of "Lagaan Mat Patao". About 429 farmers were prosecuted for
sedition along with IndruKenwat, Gulabhatna and KangluKumhar. As a result, the villagers
in 200 bullock carts encircled Kanker to release their arrested members. Due to the impact of
rebellion, king Bhanupratap Dev made agreement with farmers and released the prisioners.
5. Peasant movement in Sakti (started in 1947) -
● The agricultural policy of the then ruler Liladhar Singh raised discontent among the Gautias and
farmers, the root cause of which was that of some Gautias were dispossessed. The old Gautias
started harvesting the crops of the dispossessed Gautias, which were reported in the police station.
The police arrested the people harvested the field and they were treated inhumanly in the jail.
● November 19, 1947, the villagers participated in the general assembly in front of the palace led by the
State Congress, the people of the region strongly criticized the agricultural policy and demanded to
release the Gautias and farmers. To end the movement the gautias and the farmers were released but
the demand were not accepted, so the movement did not endand continued after the merger also.
19
QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT IN CHHATTISGARH
(EVENTS: 1942-47 AD)
1942 Quit India Movement

● On July 14, 1942, Gandhiji proposed 'Quit India' at the special session of Congress in Wardha. This
resolution was passed by the executive. On 7 August 1942, the Congress metting was held in Gwalia
Tank, Bombay, and after some amendments, on 8 August 1942, the Congress Working Committee
accepted the proposal. Thus, on 9 August 1942, the 'Quit India Movement' started, there Gandhiji gave
the slogan 'Do or die'.
● Incident of Malkapur - In 1942, many politicians from Chhattisgarh went to attend the Bombay session
of the Congress. As soon as the resolution was passed on 8 August 1942, under the 'Operation Zero
Hour', all the top leaders were arrested overnight. While returning from Bombay, all the leaders were
arrested in a place called 'Malkapur' on the border of Central Province. The important ones were
○ Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla
○ Mahant Laxminarayan Das
○ Shivdas Daga
○ Dr. Khubchand Baghel
○ Barrister Chhedilal etc.
1. Movement in Raipur :
● After the arrest of all the big leaders, the leadership of the movement was taken over by the young
leaders, the main ones were :-
○ Tretanath Tiwari
○ Ranveer Singh Shastri
○ Ramakrishna Thakur
● On 9 August 1942, all the schools and colleges of Raipur remained closed in protest against the arrest of
the leaders.
● A huge procession was taken out under the leadership of Tretanath, the police fired in the air near City
Kotwali. This procession was converted into a meeting when they reached Gandhi chowk.
● A procession of students was taken out under the leadership of Ranveer Singh Shastri. But all these
young leaders were arrested one by one.
● On 9 September 1942, Ramkrishna Thakur and Vallabhdas were arrested for hoisting the tricolor in the
High Court.
Raipur Dynamite Case 1942 :
● The revolutionary youth planned to blow up the Raipur jail wall with dynamite to liberate the leaders.
● Chief Leader :
○ Bilkhanarayan Agarwal
○ Ishwari Chharan Shukla
○ Nagardas Bavaria
○ Narayandas Rathore
○ Jaynarayan Pandey
● Bilkhanarayan possessed powerful dynamite, which he brought from Jabalpur.
● Result - Although the prison wall was damaged, the leaders could not get out. All these people were
arrested, but the charges could not be proved, in 1944, Ishwari Charan and Narayan Das Rathore were
arrested again for cutting telephone connections and burning letter boxes.
● Other - Students of Chhattisgarh College had participated in this movement very strongly.
2. Movement in Bilaspur :
● Chief Leader :
○ Chedilal
○ Yadunandan Prasad
○ Chintamani Oswal
○ Kalicharan
● During the agitation in Bilaspur, many processions were taken out, meetings were held and the tricolor
was hoisted. Many people were arrested with : Chhedilal, Yadunandan Prasad, Chintamani Oswal.
● On 15 August 1942, a meeting held under the chairmanship of Kalicharan where lathi charged was done
and Kalicharan was arrested.
● Subsequently, Shri Raj Kishore Verma was appointed as the dictator for conducting the movement in
the district.
● On 2 October 1942, a huge procession was taken out under the leadership of Bhuvan Bhaskar.
3. Movement in the Durg :
● Raghunandan Singraul was arrested on the charge of uprooting the letter box and setting fire in the Durg
Court on the night of 28 August. He was again arrested on 5 September 1942, on the charge of setting
fire in the municipality with the help of his friend Jaswant Singh. Then he was released in 1946 with the
help of Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla.
● After Gandhi's release in May 1944, Wavell ordered the liberation of all the prisoners in 1945. Meanwhile,
in England, the Labor Party government was formed under Atlee's leadership.
Programe Period Leader
Samoda, Political Conference 7-8 December 1946 Khubchand baghel
Bilaspur, Student Week 13-15 December 1946 Bhuvan Bhaskar Singh
Bemetara, Tehsil Political Conference 31 December 1946 Mohan Lal Bakliwal
Elections in provinces 1946

● Elections were held in 1946 after 1937 under the Government of India Act of 1935. In this election, the
Congress won the general seats as well as reserved seats.
● Congress got 84 seats of 122 seats in Central Province Legislature. The governor's rule came to an end
with this election.
● On 27 April 1946, the following leaders were appointed :
○ Chief Minister - Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla (second time)
○ Assembly Speaker - Ghanshyam Singh Gupta
○ Home Minister - Dwarka Prasad Mishra
○ Parliamentary Secretary - Ram Gopal Tiwari
● Other Ministers : D.K. Mehta, R.K. Patil, P.K. Deshmukh, S.V. Gokhale etc.
Constituent Assembly and Chhattisgarh 1946 -
● In the election for the formation of Constituent Assembly, 17 members were elected from Central
Province and Berar and of which 6 members were elected from Chhattisgarh including 3 from British
province and 3 from princely states.
Member of the Constituent Assembly
Elected member from Britsih Province Members from Princely States

1) Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla (Raipur) 1) Raisahab Raghuraj Singh Dewan (Surguja)
2) Barrister Chhedilal (Bilaspur) 2) Kishori Mohan Tripathi (Raigarh)
3) Ghanshyam Singh Gupta (Durg) 3) Ramprasad Potai (Kanker)
● Raghuraj Singh Diwan was nominated.
● Ghanshyam Singh Gupta was appointed as the chairman of the Hindi Drafting Committee.
Attainment of Independence and Independence Day Celebration 1947 :
● The Mountbatten Plan of Partition of India was published on 3 June 1947, under which India became
independent on 15 August 1947.
● Independence Day was observed on 15 August across the country. The Chief Minister of central province
and Berar, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla first hoisted the tricolor at the historic 'Sitabardi' fort in Nagpur
(capital) and state politicians also hoisted the tricolor at various places :
1. Vamanrao Lakhé - Gandhi Chowk (Raipur)
2. R.K. Patil (Food Minister) - Police line (Raipur)
3. Ghanshyam Singh Gupta - Durg
4. Ram Gopal Tiwari (Parliamentary Secretary) - Bilaspur
Merger of Princely States

Zamindari in Chhattisgarh :
● In the middle of 14th century, many small zamindari were formed in Chhattisgarh. All these zamindari
accepted the Suzerainty of Kalchuris , Chauhan and Gond. The landlords were under the centrel rule but
they did not pay any tax. Instead they provided help to the centrel power whenever needed.
Division of zamindari and princely states :
● In 1862during British period, Sir Richard Temple did afresh survey on the status of zamindaris. On the
basis of this survey the zamindaris of Chhattisgarh were divided into two parts :
Princely States
Princely States and Jagirdar Zamindar Landlords

Chief- Fudatory Chief
(Ruling Chief or King)
(14 princely states were given the status of princely heads) (The remaining 64, were
called ordinary landlords)
Merger of princely states in India :

● According to the provisions of the Indian Independence Act, 1947, the princely states had the right
to merge with India or remain independent. But for national interest political and administrative
convenience, the merger of the princely states with the administrative region of British India was
necessary.
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel's contribution in the merger :
● The credit for solving the problems of the princely states goes to 'Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel', the first
Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister of India. Sardar Patel established a state ministry to fulfill
this objective. Whose secretary was - V.P. Menon
● To establish relations with the princely states of Orissa and Chhattisgarh, there was appointed a liaison
Officer, whose headquarters was at Cuttack.
● On 5 July 1947, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel appealed to the kings to join the Indian Union.
● The Government of India prepared a contract for the merger of the princely states and sent it to the
kings, which was to be submitted before 15 August 1947. According to this contract, the foreign policy,
security and dialogue of the princely states and the control of the center on the vehicle was decided. But
Orissa (Mayurbhanj), Chhattisgarh (Bastar) and some of the major princely states refused to join it and
gathered at Rajkumar College of Raipur to form the 'Union of the Eastern Princely States';
● The Government of India refused to recognize this union due to linguistic, cultural and geographical
disparities in these states. After that the major princely states of Chhattisgarh tried to form a separate
union together but did not succeed.
● Sardar Patel invited the King of Bastar Praveer Chandra Bhanjadev to Delhi for this discussion.
● After continuous protest, Sardar Patel finally came to Raipur in this context and he informed the princely
chiefs of the states about the problems of the future that might occur.
Council of action in Chhattisgarh state :
● For the merger of these princely states, the ‘council of action in Chhattisgarh state’ was formed.
● President - Thakur Pyare Lal Singh
● Secretary - Jaynarayan Pandey
● The first consent was given by Raja Thakur Virendra Bahadur of Khairagarh for the merger of the
princely states. In a special situation, they agreed to merge all the princely states into the Indian Union.
For this, Thakur Pyarelal passed a resolution.
● Meanwhile, on September 1, 1947, the kings of Koriya, Patna and Khairagarh went to Sardar Patel
(Delhi) to present their case. But they had to return without any success.
Nagpur Conference 15 September 1947 :
● Attended the conference :
○ Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla (Chief Minister)
○ Pt. Dwarka Prasad Mishra (Home Minister)
○ Mangaldas Pakwasa (Governor of Madhya Pradesh and Berar)
○ Maniben Patel (Daughter of Sardar Patel), Sardar Patel, V.P. Menon
● In this conference, kings of 10 princely states signed a memorandum of understanding (Mou).
● All the 14 princely states of Chhattisgarh were merged into the Union of India on 1 January 1948, with
the diplomatic efforts of all the Congress leaders and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.
14 Princely states of Chhattisgarh (till 1905) :
1. Bastar
2. Kanker
3. Rajnandgaon
4. Khairagarh
5. Chuikhdan
6. Kawardha
7. Shakti
8. Raigarh
9. Sarangarh
10. Koriya
11. Sarguja
12. Jashpur
And, from the province of Bengal (present-day Bihar) :
13. Udaipur
14. Changbakhar
Facts related to Zamindari

● The only Muslim zamindari in Chhattisgarh where Pindaris had a center - Pendra
● The only incident to seize zamindari - Korba
● The landlord of Dhamdha had taken the Jal samadhi (Drowing in the water) in fear of Bimbaji.
S.No. Princely State Head Feature
Bastar ● Largest princely state of chhattisgarh
01 Praveer Chandra Bhanjadev
(Kakatiya) ● Capital- Jagdalpur
Kanker ● Independent state in Maratha period
02 Bhanu Pratap Singh
(Rajput) ● Capital- Kanker
Rajnandgaon
03 Mahant Digvijay Das
(Bairagi)
Khairagarh ● First approval for merger
04 Virendra Bahadur Singh
(Nagvanshi) ● Highest takoli paying state
Chuikhadan
05 Rituparna Kishore Das ● Lagaanbandi movement - 1939
(bairagi)
Ramanuj Sharan Singh, nominated in Central
06 Sarguja Ramanuj Sharan Singh
Province Dhara Sabha
Udaipur
07 Chandrapurn Prasad Singh Dev
(Rajput)
Jashpur
08 Vishnu Prasad
(Domraja)
Koriya President of Eastern Union states- Ramanuj Pratap
09 Ramanuj Pratap Singh
(Kolraja) Singh
Kawardha
10 Dharamraj Singh
(Thakur)
11 Changbakhar Krishna Pratap Singh Capital-Bharatpur
12 Sakti Liligar Singh Smallest pricely state
13 Raigarh Lalit Kumar Singh First to get merged in Central Province
14 Sarangarh Naresh Chandra Singh Capital - Sambalpur

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SECTION - 1

Kosal Chhattisgah Chedisgarh other

Prehistoric period (from Protohistoric Historic period

● Paleolithic period ● Indus Valley Vedic civilization Historical era

Pre Historic Age

3. Post Stone Age :

S.No. Important Discovery Discoverer

Proto Historic Age (2500-1500 BC)

Historic Age (1500 BC-1947 AD)

Vedic period Chhattisgarh (1500 BC-600 BC)

1. RIG VEDIC ERA : (1500 BC – 1000 BC)

2. Later Vedic period :

Other Books Related Ramayan Author

Name of Chhattisgarh during the Era :

Places related to Mahabharat :

Mahajanapad Period (From 600 BC )

● As per Jain Text Bhagwati Sutra :

● The founder of Jainism was 24th tirthankara Mahavir swami.

● 1st Tirthankar - Rishabdev - Gunji (Janjgir-Champa)

Satavahana dynasty (60 BC - 194 AD)

The Historical remains of Satavahana Period :

Mahameghavahan Dynasty (200 BC - 5th century)

Gupta Dynasty (319 AD - 550 AD)

Name of Chhattisgarh in Gupta period :

Important Gupta Rulers :

Prabhavati (Married) Rudrasen (II)

Vakataka Dynasty (250 AD - 500 AD) :

Nal Dynasty (4th - 10th century)

Local Dynasties of Chhattisgarh

Ancient History Medivial History

Rajrishi tulya Sharabhpuriya Pandu Bann Som Dynasty of Faninag Dynasty

Maikal Sirpur Odisha Kanker

Rajarshitulya kul dynasty (5th - 6th century)

Somnaraj (Mother's Name Kaustubh Sheshwari)

Sudevraj Pravaraj (I) Vyaghraraj

Sudevraj Pravaraj (I) Vyaghraraj

Pandu Dynasty (6th - 7th century)

a) Pandu Dynasty of Dakshin Kosala :

● After the Sharabhpuris, Somvanshi rulers ruled in Dakshin Kosala.

Nannaraj (I) Ishandev Surbal Bhavadeva (Ranakesari)

Nannaraj (II) Harshagupta

1. Udayan (485 - 510 AD) :

b) Pandu dynasty of Maikal; (5th - 6th century) :

1. Som dynasty of Orissa (10th - 12th century) :

2. Som dynasty of Kanker (12th-14th century) :

Bann dynasty (9th century)

Faninag dynasty of Kawardha (10th - 14th century)

Kalchuri dynasty (550 - 1741 AD)

Vamarajdev (7th century)

Shankargarh (I) (mid-8th century)

Laxmanaraj (I) (825-850 AD)

Kokalladev (I) (825-890 AD)

Balharsha (910-915 AD) Yuvrajdev (I) (910-950 AD)

Laxmanaraj (II) (950-970 AD)

Shankargarh (III) (970-980 AD) Yuvrajdev (II) (980-990 AD)

Kalchuri of Dakshin Kosal

Ratnadeva (III) (1178-98 AD) :

Patrapamall (1198-1222 AD) -

Jagannath Singh Lakshmidev (1300-1340 AD)

Veershirang Dev Devnath Singh Dev Singhanddev