Department of Electrical Engineering

Govt. Polytechnic Mayurbhanj, Tikarpada,

Podaastia, Baripada, Odisha - 757049

LABORATORY MANUAL

Electrical Machine Lab-I

(4th Semester)

Prepared By: Laxmidhar Sahu

Department of Electrical Engineering
Govt. Polytechnic Mayurbhanj, Tikarpada,
Poda Astia, Baripada, Odisha - 757049
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sl. No Name of the Experiment Pages

1 Identification of different terminals of a DC machine by test lamp

method and multi-meter method & to measure insulation 3-5
resistance by megger.
2 Dimensional and material study of various parts of a DC machine.
6-13

3 Plot OCC of a DC shunt generator at constant speed and

determine critical resistance from the graph 14-16

4 Plot External Characteristics of a DC shunt generator at constant

speed. 17-19

5 Study of Three point starter, connect and run a DC shunt motor &
measure the no load current. 20-21

6 Study of Four point starter, connect and run a DC compound

motor & measure no load current. 22-23

7 Control the speed of a DC shunt motor by field flux control

method & armature voltage control method. 24-27

8 Determine the armature current vs. speed characteristic of a DC

motor. 28-30

9 Determine the efficiency of a DC machine by brake test method.

31-33

10 Identification of terminals, determination of voltage transformation

ratio of a single phase transformer. 34-37

11 Perform OC Test and SC test of a single phase transformer.

38-41

12 Determine the voltage regulation of a single phase transformer at

different loads. 42-44

13 Polarity test of single phase transformer and parallel operation of

two single phase transformers. 45-49

2
 Experiment - 1

Aim- Identification of different terminals of a DC machine by test lamp method

and multi-meter method & to measure insulation resistance by megger.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl.no Name of the Equipment Specification Quantity

1 DC Compound Motor 220v, 1500 RPM 1no

2 Insulated Combination Pliers 150mm 1no

3 Screw driver 200mm 1no

4 Line Tester 1100v, 6’’ 1no

5 Double ended Spanner ---------------- 1 Set

6 Ring Spanner` ----------------------- 1Set

7 Mallet 250gm 1no

8 Bearing Puller ----------------------- 1no

Theory:-

Maintenance:- By doing maintenance on electrical machines we can eliminate major failures

of the machines, accidents, heavy repair costs, and loss of production time.

Ground Test:- This method is used to locate the ground fault of a dc machine. Megger is
the most appropriate one for this ground test. In this method, one prob of the test lamp
which is in the neutral line is connected to the earth terminal stud of the machine. The other
prob which is in the phase line is connected to the test lamp. The lamp prob should be
touched with each terminal of a dc machine. In a good condition machine, the lamp should
not light, but if the light glow, them mark the terminal and immediately re-insulate the
winding with varnish and tape. If the coil burnt out, which will identified by the
decolonization of coil or smell, then rewinding should be done.

3
Open Circuit Test:- This test is conducted to determine the correctness of winding
continuity. This test should be done must before conducting insulation test by the megger,
because to sure that circuit will complete before measure the insulation resistance.
Depending upon the type of dc machine different tests need to be conducted. In this
method the neutral prob should connected to the one end of the winding terminal and the
line prob should connected another end of winding terminal. In dc compound motor the
light should glow bright.

Some other reason of open circuit in DC machine:-

(i) The brushes not making proper contact with the commutator.
(ii) Dirty or severely pitted commutator.
(iii) Break in the pigtail connection or jumper connection of the brushes.
(iv) Break in the field circuit.
(v) Break in the armature winding.

4
Procedure:-
a. We should take all the tools & instrument for this experiment.
b. Open the terminal box with the help of screw driver.
c. Disconnect the supply of DC shunt motor.
d. Switch ON the test lamp and connect the motor terminal according to the circuit
diagram.
e. Then measure the insulation resistance with the help of megger.
f. Note the insulation resistance of the motor.

Tabulation:-

Name of methods Series field winding Shunt field winding Armature winding
(Rsc) in ohm (Rsh) in ohm (Ra) in ohm
By Multimeter
By Megger

Conclusion:- From this experiment, we learnt about the identification of different terminals
of a DC machine.

5
 Experiment - 2

Aim: - Dimensional & material study of various part of DC machine.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl. No Name of the Equipment Specification Quantity

1 DC Compound Motor 220v, 1500 RPM, 1KW 1no
2 Insulated Combination Pliers 150mm 1no
3 Screw driver 200mm 1no
4 Line Tester 1100v, 6’’ 1no
5 Double ended Spanner ---------------- 1 Set
6 Lamp 100w 1no
7 Multimeter Digital Type 1no
8 Megger 500v DC 1No
9 Connecting Wires 2.5 sq mm As Per
Required

Theory:-
Machine:- A piece of equipment with moving parts that is designed to do a
particular job. A machine usually needs electricity, gas, steam etc. in order to
work.

DC Machine:- The machine which works on dc supply is called dc machine.

Parts of DC Machine:-

(i) Frame or Yoke

(ii) Field poles and pole-shoes
(iii) Field coils or Field winding
(iv) Armature Core

6
 (v) Armature Winding/Armature Conductor
(vi) Commutator
(vii) Brushes
(viii) Bearing & End plate
(ix) Cooling fan
(x) Shaft
(xi) Terminal Box
(xii) Name Plate

Frame or Yoke:- The outer frame or yoke serves a dual purpose. Firstly, it provides
mechanical support for the poles and acts as a protecting cover for the whole machine.
Secondly, it allows the magnetic circuit to complete through it. In small generators where
cheapness rather than weight is the main consideration, yokes are made of cast iron. But for
large machines usually cast steel or rolled steel is used. Yokes possess sufficient mechanical
strength and have high permeability.

Field poles and pole-shoes:- The field magnets consist of pole cores and pole shoes. The
pole shoes serves two purposes; (i) they spread out the flux in the air gap uniformly and also,
being of a large cross-section reduce the reluctance of the magnetic path, and (ii) they also
support the field coils. There are two main types of pole construction. The pole core itself may
be solid piece made out of either cast iron or cast steel but the pole shoe is laminated and is
fastened to the pole face by means of countersunk screws. In modern design, the complete
7
pole cores and pole shoes are built of thin laminations of annealed steel which are riveted
together under hydraulic pressure. The thickness of laminations varies from 1mm to 0.25mm.

Field coils or Field winding :- The field coils or pole coils which consist of copper wire are
wound on a former for correct dimension. Then the former is removed and the wound coils
are put into place over the core. When a current is passed through the coils, they magnetize
the poles which produce the necessary flux that is cut by revolving armature conductors.
8
Armature Core :- The armature core houses the armature conductors. Those conductors are
rotate in the magnetic field which cut the magnetic flux. The most important function is to
provide a path of very low reluctance to the field flux and allowing the magnetic circuit to
complete through the yoke and the poles. The armature core is cylindrical or drum shaped
and is build up of circular sheet steel dices or laminations which have 0.5mm thickness.

9
Armature Winding/Armature Conductor:- the armature windings are usually former-wound.
These are first wound in the form of flat rectangular coils and are then pulled into their proper
shape with a coil puller. Various conductors of the coils are insulated from each other. The
conductors are placed in the armature slots which are lined with tough insulating material.
After placing the conductors in the slot, this slot insulation is folded over the armature
conductors, and is secured in place by special, hard, wooden or fiber wedges.

Commutator:- The function of the commutator is to collection of current from the armature
conductors. It rectifies i.e. converts the alternating current induced in the armature conductors
into unidirectional current for the external load circuit. It is shape like cylindrical structure and
made of hard drawn or drop-forged copper. Its segments are insulated from each other by
thin layer of mica.

10
Brush:- The main function of brush is to collect current from the commutator. These are
made of carbon and graphite and are in shape of rectangular block.

11
Bearing and End plate:- A bearing is a machine element which are used to reduce friction
between moving parts. In DC machines ball and roller bearing are generally used which are
filled with grease or lubricating oils. The bearings are housed in these end plates and they are
fixed to the yoke. They help the armature for frictionless rotation and to position the armature
in the air gap of the field poles.

12
Cooling Fan:- Cooling fan are placed on the shaft of Dc machine which mainly used for
cooling purpose.

Shaft:- A shaft is a mechanical component for transmitting torque and rotation. It is

Cylindrical in shape and made of cold rolled or hot rolled steel.

Terminal Box:- Terminal box in dc machines are placed on the yoke. It is used for connection
of machine winding terminal and supply terminal.

Name Plate:- It is placed on the yoke which indicates the machine in formations like capacity,
rpm, wattage, insulation class etc.

Conclusion:- From this experiment, we learnt about the various parts of Dc machine.

13
 Experiment – 3

AIM: To obtain the open circuit characteristics of DC shunt generator and find its critical
resistance.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Apparatus Range Type Quantit

. y
1 Ammeter (0-1)A MC 1
2 Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1
3 Rheostats 1250 , Wire 2
0.8A Wound
4 SPST Switch - - 1
5 Tachometer (0- Digital 1
1500)rpm
6 Connecting Wires 2.5sq.mm. Copper As per
required

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The field rheostat of motor should be in minimum resistance position at the time

of starting and stopping of the machine.

2. The field rheostat of generator should be in maximum resistance position at the

time of starting and stopping of the machine.

3. DPST-1 should be kept open during starting and stopping of the machine

14
TABULAR COLUMN:

Field Armature
Sl.
No Current Voltage
If (Amps) Eo (Volts)

15
MODEL GRAPH:

Eo (Volts)

Critical Resistance = Eo / If Ohms

If

Eo

If (Amps)
PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. After checking minimum position of motor field rheostat, maximum position of

generator field rheostat, DPST switch is closed and starting resistance is gradually

removed.
3. By adjusting the field rheostat, the motor is brought to its rated speed.
4. Voltmeter and ammeter readings are taken when the SPST switch is kept open.
5. After closing the DSPST switch, by varying the generator field rheostat, voltmeter

and ammeter readings are taken.

6. After bringing the generator rheostat to maximum position, field rheostat of motor

to minimum position, both DPST-1 and DPST switch is opened.

Conclusion:
From the above experiment we know the, open circuit characteristics of DC shunt
generator are obtained and its critical resistance.
16
 Experiment No: 04

AIM: Plot External characteristics of a DC shunt generator at constant speed.

Apparatus required:

S.NO Name of the apparatus Type Range Quantity

1 Ammeter MC 0-20A 1

2 Ammeter MC 0-2A 1

3 Voltmeter MC 0-300V 1

4 Tachometer digital 0-9999rpm 1

5 Connecting Wires 2.5sq.mm. Copper As per

required

Fuse rating: For Open Circuit test 10% of rated full load current

Theory :
Load characteristics are study of voltage when the load on a generator is increased from no load or
decreased from full load.

There are two types of characteristics

(i) External characteristics

(ii) Internal characteristics

External characteristics
A plot of the terminal voltage VT and load current IL with preset values of field
current and speed gives External characteristics curve. The drop in terminal voltage VT is due to
armature reaction and further reduction is due reduction in field current I f, since the terminal
voltage fallen because of the above two reasons.

17
Circuit Diagram:-

Model graph:

18
Tabulation:-

Sl. No Load Current (IL) in ampere Terminal Voltage (VT) in Volt

1
2
3
4
Procedure:
i. Connections are made as shown in fig-1.
ii. Ensuring the field resistance of motor in minimum position and generator field
resistance in maximum position. Motor is switched ON by dragging the
starters handle slowly still it attains ON position Adjust the field of motor to
run the generator with rated speed
iii. by adjusting the field of generator keep the terminal voltage V L around 220V
(rated voltage)
iv. Load the generator by keeping the speed of generator constant and note the
values of VL, IL, and If.

v. Repeat step 4 till the rated load current is attained.

vi. Reduce the load and switch off the supply
vii. Plot the load characteristics as external and internal characteristics

Conclusion: - From this experiment, we learnt about the external characteristic of DC shunt
generator.

19
 Experiment – 5

Aim:- Study of Four Point Starter, connect and run a DC compound motor &
measure no load current.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

Sl. No Name of the Equipment Specification Quantity

1 DC Compound Motor 220v, 1500 RPM 1no
2 Four Pont starter 220v,10A 1no
3 DC Ammeter (0-5)A 1no
4 DC Voltmeter (0-300)V 1no
5 Connecting Wires 2.5 sq mm As Per
Required

Circuit Diagram:-

20
Theory:-
Necessity of Starter:-
(i) Starter is used to protect Dc motor from damage which can be caused by very high
current and torque during starting.
(ii) Starting of DC motor, the armature is stationary, thus the back emf is also zero
which is proportional to speed.
(iii) As armature resistance is very small, if the voltage is applied to it, it will drew many
times of full load current.
(iv) This can cause heavy damage to the armature, so the starting current should be
limited to a safe value.
(v) This can be done by inserting a resistance in series with the armature at the time of
starting for a period of 5 to 10 sec.

Three- Point Starter:-

1. It is used to start the dc shunt motor.
2. The series resistance is connected to the armature
3. The shunt field in series with the holding coil.
4. It has also overload coil, which is connected series with the supply which is used to
protect the motor from over load current
5. The starter has insulated handle or knob for the operator’s use.
Procedure:-
I. We should take all the tools & instrument for this experiment.
II. Connect the Starter as per circuit diagram with DC compound Motor.
III. Check all the connection.
IV. Switch on the D.C. Supply start the motor with the help of starter.
V. Gradually increase the starter handle to the holding coil.
VI. Measure the starting No load current.

Tabulation:-

Sl. No No- load current (I0) in Ampere

Conclusion:- From this experiment we learnt about the four point starter.

21
 Experiment – 6

Aim:- Study of Four Point Starter, connect and run a DC compound motor &
measure no load current.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

Sl. No Name of the Equipment Specification Quantity

1 DC Compound Motor 220v, 1500 RPM 1no
2 Four Pont starter 220v,10A 1no
3 DC Ammeter (0-5)A 1no
4 DC Voltmeter (0-300)V 1no
5 Connecting Wires 2.5 sq mm As Per
Required

Circuit Diagram:-

22
Theory:-

Necessity of Starter:-
(i) Starter is used to protect Dc motor from damage which can be caused by very high
current and torque during starting.
(ii) Starting of DC motor, the armature is stationary, thus the back emf is also zero
which is proportional to speed.
(iii) As armature resistance is very small, if the voltage is applied to it, it will drew many
times of full load current.
(iv) This can cause heavy damage to the armature, so the starting current should be
limited to a safe value.
(v) This can be done by inserting a resistance in series with the armature at the time of
starting for a period of 5 to 10 secs.
Four- Point Starter:-

(i) It is used to start the dc compound motor.

(ii) It is similar to 3-point starter but here the holding coil is not connected in series
with the shunt field.
(iii) It is connected across the supply in series with a resistor. This resistor limits the
current in the holding coil to the desired value.
(iv) If the line voltage drops below the desired value, the magnetic attraction of the
holding coil is decreased and then the spring pulls the starter handle back to the
‘off’ position.

Procedure:-
a. We should take all the tools & instrument for this experiment.
b. Connect the Starter as per circuit diagram with DC compound Motor.
c. Check all the connection.
d. Switch on the D.C. Supply start the motor with the help of starter.
e. Gradually increase the starter handle to the holding coil.
f. Measure the starting No load current.

Tabulation:-

Sl. No No- load current (I0) in Ampere

Conclusion:- From this experiment we learnt about the four point starter.
23
 Experiment-7
Aim: - Control the speed of a Dc shunt motor by field flux control method & armature
voltage control method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Apparatus Range Type Quantit

. y
1 Ammeter (0-20) A MC 1
2 Voltmeter (0-300) V MC 1
1250 , 0.8A Wire
3 Rheostats Each 1
50 , 3.5A Wound
4 Tachometer (0-3000) Digital 1
rpm
5 Connecting Wires 2.5sq.mm. Copper Few

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Field Rheostat should be kept in the minimum resistance position at the time

of starting and stopping the motor.

2. Armature Rheostat should be kept in the maximum resistance position at the

time of starting and stopping the motor.

Circuit Diagram:-

24
 [Circuit Diagram of Field Flux control Method]

[Circuit Diagram of Armature Voltage control Method]

MODEL GRAPHS:

If1
Va1
If2
Va3 Va2
Speed N (rpm)

If3
Speed N (rpm)

If (Amps)

Va (Volts)

25
TABULAR COLUMN:
(i) Armature Voltage Control:
If1 = If2 = If3 =
Armature Speed Armature Speed Armature Speed
S.No.
Voltage N (rpm) Voltage N (rpm) Voltage N (rpm)

Va ( Volts) Va ( Volts) Va ( Volts)

(ii) Field Flux Control:

Va1 = Va2 = Va3 =

Field Speed Field Speed Field Speed
S.No. Current Current Current
N (rpm) N (rpm) N (rpm)
If (A) If (A) If (A)

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. After checking the maximum position of armature rheostat and minimum

position of field rheostat, DPST switch is closed

(i) Armature Control:

1. Field current is fixed to various values and for each fixed value, by varying
the armature rheostat, speed is noted for various voltages across the

armature.
26
(ii) Field Control:
1. Armature voltage is fixed to various values and for each fixed

value, by adjusting the field rheostat, speed is noted for various

field currents.

2. Bringing field rheostat to minimum position and armature

rheostat to maximum position DPST switch is opened.

Conclusion: From the above experiment, we have been obtained the speed control
characteristic curve of DC Shunt motor.

27
 Experiment-08

Aim: - Determine the armature current vs. speed characteristic of a DC motor.

Sl. No Name of the Equipment Specification Quantity

1 Dc Series Motor 220v, 1500 RPM, 3KW 1no

2 DC Shunt Motor 220v, 1500 RPM, 3KW 1no

3 DC Compound Motor 220v, 1500 RPM, 3KW 1no

4 Tachometer Digital Type, (0-9999) rpm 1no

5 DC Ammeter (0-5)A 1no

6 DC Voltmeter (0-300)V 1no

7 Connecting Wires 2.5 sq. mm As Per

Required

Theory:-
Dc Series Motor:-
We know the relation, N ∝ Eb/ɸ
For small load current (and hence for small armature current) change in back emf Eb is small
and it may be neglected. Hence, for small currents speed is inversely proportional to ɸ. As we
know, flux is directly proportional to Ia, speed is inversely proportional to Ia. Therefore, when
armature current is very small the speed becomes dangerously high. That is why a series
motor should never be started without some mechanical load.
But, at heavy loads, armature current I a is large. And hence, speed is low which results in
decreased back emf Eb. Due to decreased Eb, more armature current is allowed.

[Characteristic of DC Series Motor]

28
DC Shunt Motor:-

As flux ɸ is assumed to be constant, we can say N ∝ Eb. But, as back emf is also almost
constant, the speed should remain constant. But practically, ɸ as well as Eb decreases with
increase in load. Back emf Eb decreases slightly more than ɸ, therefore, the speed decreases
slightly. Generally, the speed decreases only by 5 to 15% of full load speed. Therefore, a shunt
motor can be assumed as a constant speed motor. In speed vs. armature current characteristic
in the following figure, the straight horizontal line represents the ideal characteristic and the
actual characteristic is shown by the dotted line

[Characteristic of DC Shunt Motor]

Dc Compound Motor:-
DC compound motors have both series as well as shunt winding. In a compound motor, if
series and shunt windings are connected such that series flux is in direction as that of the
shunt flux then the motor is said to be cumulatively compounded. And if the series flux is
opposite to the direction of the shunt flux, then the motor is said to be differentially
compounded. Characteristics of both these compound motors are explained below.

(a) Cumulative compound motor

Cumulative compound motors are used where series characteristics are required but the load
is likely to be removed completely. Series winding takes care of the heavy load, whereas the
shunt winding prevents the motor from running at dangerously high speed when the load is
suddenly removed. These motors have generally employed a flywheel, where sudden and
temporary loads are applied like in rolling mills.

29
(b) Differential compound motor
Since in differential field motors, series flux opposes shunt flux, the total flux decreases with
increase in load. Due to this, the speed remains almost constant or even it may increase
slightly with increase in load (N ∝ Eb/ɸ). Differential compound motors are not commonly
used, but they find limited applications in experimental and research work.

[Characteristic of DC Compound Motor]

Tabulation:-
Sl No DC Series Motor DC Shunt Motor DC Compound Motor
Armature Armature Armature
Speed(N) Current Speed(N) Current Speed(N) Current
(Ia) (Ia) (Ia)
1
2
3
4
5
Procedure:-

I. We should take all the tools & instrument for this experiment.
II. Connect all the motors as per circuit diagram.
III. Check all the connection.
IV. Switch on the D.C. Supply start the motor with the help of starter.
V. Gradually increase the starter handle to the holding coil.
VI. Measure the starting No load current and full load current of all motors.
VII. Measure the speed of all motors with the help of tachometer.

Conclusion:- From the above experiment, we learnt the characteristics of all the DC
motors.

30
 Experiment No- 09

AIM : Determine the efficiency of a DC machine by break test method.

Apparatus Required:

S. No Equipment Rating Type Quantity

1 Ammeter (0-25A) MC 1No

2 Voltmeter (0-300V) MC 1No
3 Tachometer 0-9999rpm Digital 1No
4 Connecting wires 2.5 sq mm Coppew As per required

Theory:
There are several tests that are conducted upon a DC machine (Motor or Generator) to
judge its performance. One important test is performed to measure the efficiency of the DC
machine. Efficiency depends on its losses. The smaller the losses the greater is its efficiency
and vice versa. The consideration of losses in a DC machine is important because they
determine the efficiency of the machine and appreciably influences its operating cost.
And also they determine heating of the machine and hence the power output that
may be obtained without undue deterioration of the insulation.
In this method a brake drum is connected in the shaft of the motor with spring balances to
measure the load. The mechanical output of the motor is calculated with the help of spring
balances readings and speed of the machine.

Circuit Diagram:-

31
Model Graph

y3 y2 y1

N
Torque T (Nm)

Speed N (rpm)
Efficiency %

Output Power

Tabular Column:

SL VL IL S1 S2 Speed Input Torque Output %Efficie

No Powe Power in ncy
(V) (A) (kg) (kg) ‘N’ in ( T ) in
r (w)
RPM ‘Newton Watts BHP

meter’s

32
 Calculations:

Radius of the Brake drum r = …….. Mtrs Torque

(T) = (F1- F2) r.g N.mtr

Power Output = (2 π NT / 60) watts

%Efficiency = (Output / Input) X 100.

Procedure:
I. Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
II. Keep the field regulator of the Motor at minimum Resistance position.
III. At the time of starting check that the belt on the pulley is free, so that there is no
load on the pulley.
IV. Start the motor slowly by using stator
V. Adjust the field regulator so that motor runs at its rated speed.
VI. Apply load on the pulley gradually in steps by adjusting of tension of spring
Balance.

VII. Take the readings of the Ammeter and Voltmeter and two spring balance readings and
the speed for each step.
VIII. Cool the pulley throughout the loading period by pouring water.
IX. Continue the experiment till full load of the motor is reached.

Conclusion:- From the above experiment, we learnt the load test on the given D.C series
motor was conducted and its performance characteristics were drawn and the following
conclusion can be given based on the performance curves.
33
 Experiment-10

Aim: - Identification of terminals, determination of voltage transformation ratio of a single

phase transformer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Apparatus Range Type Quantity

.
1 3 -ɸ Transformer 3-ɸ, - 1
(0- 440)V
2 Transformer Turn 3-ɸ, - 1
Ratio Tester (0- 440)V
3 Connecting Wires 2.5sq.mm Copper As per
required

Theory:-

Transformation Ratio (K) is defined as the ratio of the EMF in the secondary coil to that in the
primary coil.

K = E2/E1 = (4.44(Φm)fN2)/(4.44(Φm)fN1)

Therefore,

K = E2/E1 = N2/N1….(1)

Now,

V1 = E1 + voltage drop

E2 = V2 + voltage drop

Due to the resistance in the windings and some leakage flux, there is some loss in voltage. This is
called as Voltage Drop.

But, in ideal case, voltage drop can be neglected.

Hence,

34
V1 = E1

E2 = V2

Hence,

E2/E1 = V2/V1…..(2)

Also, in a transformer, the power across the primary as well as the secondary winding is same.
Hence,

V1.I1 = V2.I2

V1/V2 = I2/I1……..(3)

Now, combining (1), (2) & (3), we get,

K = E2/E1 = N2/N1 = V2/V1 = I2/I1

Where,

1 represents the primary coil

2 represent the secondary coil

E is emf in the respective coil

V is the voltage in the respective coil

I is the current in the respective coil

N is number of turns of the respective coils

Φm is the mutual flux in the core.

35
Tabulation:-

Sl.No V1 in V2 in E1 in E2 in I1 in I2 in N1 in N2 in
Volt Volt Volt Volt Ampere Ampere Turn Turn

Procedure:-

1) Isolate the equipment, apply working grounds to all incoming and outgoing cables
and disconnect all incoming and outgoing cables from the transformer bushing
terminals connections.
2) Disconnected cables should have sufficient clearance from the switchgear terminals
greater that the phase spacing distance. Use nylon rope to hold cable away from
incoming and outgoing terminals as required.

3) Connect the H designated three-phase test lead with the military style connector at
one end to the mating connection on the test set marked with an H. Ensure that the
connector’s index notch lines up properly
4) Connect the X designated three-phase test of lead military style connector at one end
to the mating connection on the test set marked with an X. Ensure that the
connector’s index notch lines up properly.

36
5) Connect the H1, H2, H3 designated test lead to the corresponding H1, H2, H3
transformer terminal / bushing. Connect the H0 test lead if H0 terminal/bushing is
present.
6) Connect the X1, X2, X3 designated test leads to the corresponding X1, X2,X3
transformer terminals / bushings. Connect the X0 test lead if X0 terminal/bushing is
present.
7) Perform turns ratio measurements for all tap positions.
8) Confirm that the measured ratios is within 0.5% of the calculated ratios

Conclusion:- From the above experiment, we learnt about the transformation ratio of
transformer.

37
 Experiment-11

Aim:- Perform OC test and SC test of a single phase transformer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Apparatus Range Type Quantit

. y
1 Single Phase 1kw, Shell 1
Transformer 220v/110v
(0-2)A MI 1
2 Ammeter
(0-5) A MI 1
3 Voltmeter (0-150)V MI 2
(150V, 5A) LPF 1
4 Wattmeter
(150V, 5A) UPF 1
5 Connecting Wires 2.5sq.mm Copper Few

Theory:-
Open Circuit Test: - The purpose of the open circuit test is to determine the no-load current
and losses of the transformer because of which their no-load parameter are determined. This
test is performed on the primary winding of the transformer. The wattmeter, ammeter and the
voltage are connected to their primary winding. The nominal rated voltage is supplied to their
primary winding with the help of the ac source. The secondary winding of the transformer is
kept open and the voltmeter is connected to their terminal. This voltmeter measures the
secondary induced voltage. As the secondary of the transformer is open the no-load current
flows through the primary winding. The value of no-load current is very small as compared to
the full rated current. The copper loss occurs only on the primary winding of the transformer
because the secondary winding is open. The reading of the wattmeter only represents the
core and iron losses. The core loss of the transformer is same for all types of loads.

38
 [Open Circuit Test]

Short Circuit Test: - The short circuit test is performed for determining the below mention
parameter of the transformer.

 It determines the copper loss occur on the full load. The copper loss is used for finding the
efficiency of the transformer.
 The equivalent resistance, impedance, and leakage reactance are known by the short circuit test.

The short circuit test is performed on the secondary or high voltage winding of the transformer.
The measuring instrument like wattmeter, voltmeter and ammeter are connected to the High
voltage winding of the transformer. Their primary winding is shortcircuited by the help of thick
strip or ammeter which is connected to their terminal.

The low voltage source is connected across the secondary winding because of which the full load
current flows from both the secondary and the primary winding of the transformer. The full load
current is measured by the ammeter connected across their secondary winding.

The low voltage source is applied across the secondary winding which is approximately 5 to 10%
of the normal rated voltage. The flux is set up in the core of the transformer. The magnitude of the
flux is small as compared to the normal flux.

The iron loss of the transformer depends on the flux. It is less occur in the short circuit test
because of the low value of flux. The reading of the wattmeter only determines the copper loss
occur on their windings. The voltmeter measures the voltage applied to their high voltage
winding. The secondary current induces in the transformer because of the applied voltage.

39
 [Short Circuit Test]

TABULAR COLUMN:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST: SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

Vsc Isc Wsc

(Volts) (Amps) (Watts) Vo Io Wo
(Volts) (Amps) (Watts)

PROCEDURE:

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. After checking the minimum position of Autotransformer, DPST switch is closed.
3. Auto transformer (variac) is adjusted get the rated primary voltage.
4. Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter readings on primary side are noted.
5. Auto transformer is again brought to minimum position and DPST switch is opened.

40
 SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. After checking the minimum position of Autotransformer, DPST switch is closed.
3. Auto transformer (variac) is adjusted get the rated primary current.
4. Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter readings on primary side are noted.
5. Auto transformer is again brought to minimum position and DPST switch is opened.

Conclusion:- From the above experiment, we leant the OC test and SC test of a single
phase transformer.

41
 Experiment-12

Aim:- Determine the voltage regulation of a single phase transformer at different

loads.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Apparatus Range Type Quantit

. y
(0-10)A MI 1
1 Ammeter
(0-5) A MI 1
(0-150)V MI 1
2 Voltmeter
(0-300) V MI 1
(300V, 5A) UPF 1
3 Wattmeter
(150V, 5A) UPF 1
4 Auto Transformer 1 , (0- - 1
260)V
5 Resistive Load 5KW, 230V - 1
6 Connecting Wires 2.5sq.mm Copper As per
required

FORMULA:

Output Power = W2 x Multiplication factor

Input Power = W1 x Multiplication factor

Output Power Efficiency 

% = ----------------- x 100%

Input Power
VNL - VFL (Secondary) Regulation R %

= ------------------------------ x 100%
VNL
42
 TABULAR COLUMN:

Primary Secondary Input Eff

Output %
Sl. Loa V1 I1 W1 V2 I2 W2 Powe ici
Reg
(Vo (Am (Watts r W1 x Power en
N d ulati
(Volts) (Amps (Watts lts) ps) ) MF cy
o. ) ) on
W2 x 
MF %

MODEL GRAPHS:


R
Regulation R %
Efficiency  %

Output Power (Watts)

43
 PRECAUTIONS:

1. Auto Transformer should be in minimum position.

2. The AC supply is given and removed from the transformer under no load condition.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. After checking the no load condition, minimum position of auto transformer and

DPST switch is closed.

3. Ammeter, Voltmeter and Wattmeter readings on both primary side and secondary

side are noted.

4. The load is increased and for each load, Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter

readings on both primary and secondary sides are noted.

5. Again no load condition is obtained and DPST switch is opened.

Conclusion:- From The above experiment, we learnt the voltage regulation of a

single
phase transformer at different loads.

44
 Experiment-13

Aim- Polarity test of single phase transformer and parallel operation of two
single phase transformer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Apparatus Range Type Quantit

. y
(0-10)A MI 1
1 Ammeter
(0-5) A MI 1
(0-150)V MI 1
2 Voltmeter
(0-300) V MI 1
3 Auto Transformer 1 , (0- - 2
260)V
4 Connecting Wires 2.5sq.mm Copper As per
required

Theory:-
Polarity Test of Transformer :- Polarity means the direction of the induced voltages in
the primary and the secondary winding of the transformer. If the two transformers are connected
in parallel, then the polarity should be known for the proper connection of the transformer.There
are two types of polarity one is Additive, and another is Subtractive.

Additive Polarity: In additive polarity the same terminals of the primary and the secondary
windings of the transformer are connected

Subtractive Polarity: In subtractive polarity different terminals of the primary and secondary side
of the transformer is connected.

Each of the terminals of the primary as well as the secondary winding of a transformer is
alternatively positive and negative with respect to each other as shown in the figure below.

45
Let A1 and A2 be the positive and negative terminal respectively of the transformer primary and a1,
a2 are the positive and negative terminal of the secondary side of the transformer.

If A1 is connected to a1 and A2 is connected to a2 that means similar terminals of the transformer

are connected, then the polarity is said to be additive. If A1 is connected to a2 and A2 to a1, that
means the opposite terminals are connected to each other, and thus the voltmeter will read the
subtractive polarity.

It is essential to know the relative polarities at any instant of the primary and the secondary
terminals for making the correct connections if the transformers are to be connected in parallel or
they are used in a three phase circuit.

In the primary side, the terminals are marked as A1 and A2 and from the secondary side the
terminals are named as a1 and a2. The terminal A1 is connected to one end of the secondary
winding, and a voltmeter is connected between A2 and the other end of the secondary winding.

When the voltmeter reads the difference that is (V1 – V2), the transformer is said to be connected
with opposite polarity know as Subtractive polarity and when the voltmeter reads (V1 + V2), the
transformer is said to have additive polarity.

46
Parallel Operation of Two Single Phase Transformers:-

Parallel operation of two or more Transformers means that all the Transformers Primary is
connected with the common supply and their Secondary are feeding to a common bus
through which load is connected. Parallel operation of Transformers requires that their
Primaries as well as Secondaries are connected in parallel.

Parallel operation of two or more Transformers has many advantages when compared with a
single large Transformer. Though using single large Transformer instead of two or more
Transformers connected in parallel are cheap but still due to the following advantages, parallel
operation of Transformers are preferred where required

With two or Transformers, the Power System becomes more reliable. Let one Transformer
develops a fault, then the faulty Transformer can be removed from the circuit while
maintaining the power supply at a reduced level through healthy Transformers. Thus in this
way, Power System becomes more reliable.

Depending upon the load, Transformers can be switched ON / OFF. In this way, Transformer
losses are reduced and the system becomes more efficient and economical.

If the power demand increases with time then extra spare Transformer can be taken into
service to meet the power demand.

[Parallel Operation of Single Phase Transformer]

47
 Condition for Parallel Operation of Transformers:-

When operating two or more transformers in parallel satisfactory performance conditions

should be met.

A) The same voltage ration

B) The same per unit (or percentage) impedance
C) The same polarity
D) The same phase sequence and zero relative phase displacement

Procedure:-

Polarity Test:-

 Connect the circuit as shown in the above circuit diagram figure and set the autotransformer
to zero position.
 Switch on the single phase supply
 Records the values of the voltages as shown by the voltmeter V1, V2 and V3.
 If the reading of the V3 shows the addition of the value of V1 and V2 that is V2 = V1+V2 the
transformer is said to be connected in additive polarity.
 If the reading of the V3 is the subtraction of the readings of V1 and V2, then the transformer is
said to be connected in subtractive or negative polarity.

Parallel Operation:-

a. First, perform the polarity test on each of the units and label or note down
terminals with the same polarity
b. Also, confirm that no-load secondary voltages of both transformers match in
magnitude. If possible, also check the respective instantaneous phase angles.
Note: It is important to perform both these tests before attempting the parallel
operation.
c. Perform the SC test to find out leakage impedance parameters of the two
transformers. Attempt to calculate the power sharing analytically using
equivalent circuit of transformer.
d. With the primaries in unenergized state, connect a common load across the
transformer secondaries, with the load KVA rating not exceeding the total KVA
rating of the two units.

48
 e. Slowly increase the autotransformer voltage until rated voltage appears across
the primaries of each transformer.

Conclusion: - From this experiment, we learnt the polarity test and parallel operation of
single phase transformer.

49