Hazrat Ali (Safety Notes)

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Safety:
Safety is a common sense look, think, done to save yourself and others. Or
Safety is a state where the risk has been eliminated or reduced to an acceptable level.
Purpose of safety:
To carry out any work in safe manners.
Safety procedure:
Procedure is a written instruction of top management regarding the task which is deal rules,
regulation and limitation for all safe method.
Safety standards:
Helmet 89.1(ANSI)
Safety Glass 87.1(ANSI)
Safety Harness 359.1(ANSI)
Safety Shoes 41.1(ANSI)
Respirator 88.1(ANSI)
Safety on scaffolding 10.4(ANSI)
What is Safety and Health:
 No accident
 Absence of disease and illness
 Physically and mentally well being
Or the protection of body and mind from illness and disease
Safety Policy:
Safety policy is a written statement by an employer stating the company’s commitment for the
protection of the health and safety of employees and to the public.
Three key elements of HSE Policy;
1. Statement of intent (objectives and targets)

2. Responsibilities for health and safety (who has the responsibilities)
3. Arrangement for health and safety (how risk are managed)
Safety Programs:
Safety programs prepare plans of action to prevent accidents or occupational disease, and to
conduct investigation as some of the many ways to meet and achieve good health and safety.
HAZRAT ALI VILLAGE JULAGRAM TEHSIL BATKHELA DISTRICT MALAKAND KPK- PAKISTSAN
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Why Safety Policy Need:
It is a legal requirements, under UK law, health and safety at work act 1974, if five or more than
five workers are working in any organization, there should be written health and safety policy.
Purpose of Safety Policy:
The purpose of the policy is to express the employer’s commitment to health and safety.
Importance of Organization Chart:
Organization chart can guide the employees to know their rights and responsibilities.
HSE Plan:
HSE plan is a plan document that includes an establishment of the HSE management system,
implementation of the HSE policy and achievement of the HSE objectives affectively.
Components of HSE Plan:
1. Projects details
2. Projects brief description and lay out
3. HSE management requirements
4. Leadership and commitment
5. Organizations, role and responsibilities
6. HSE Policy
7. Communication
8. Training
9. Site inspection and monitoring
HSE Management system:
It defines the principles by which we conduct our operations worldwide with regards to health,
safety and environment.
Content of safety management system:
1. Scope
2. Terms and definition
3. Context of the organization
4. Leadership and workers participation
5. Planning
6. support
7. Operation
8. Performance evaluation
9. Improvement
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HSE Orientation/Safety induction:
Every employee or the workers has to undergo a safety training to know the rules and
regulation of the company at joining time to get ID (Identification card). The main reason behind this
orientation is to give awareness of safety of the site to stop all kind of incidents, accidents and property
damages and environment issues.
Responsibility of safety officer:
1. Identify potential or existing risk.

2. Monitor daily tool box meeting and keep record.
3. Make sure work permit available on site.
4. Arrangement of sufficient barricade, warning tape and sign boards on site.
5. Supervision of equipment operator and flagman.
6. Responsible to communicate with area construction supervisor for rectification of safety
observation.
7. Responsible to check workers welfare facilities such as drinking shelter and prayer shelter are
available.
8. Evacuation of site workers, guide to assembly point and head counting during an emergency.
Safety Supervisor Responsibility:
1. Conducting tool box meeting

2. Control all the employees and inspection for safety and give instruction regarding safety.
3. Check the work permit and coordinates with construction representatives form
implementation of safety procedure.
4. Inspection of 100% ties off policy.
5. Maintain all safety related documents such as weekly and monthly inspection reports, Fire
extinguisher reports, Investigation reports, Injuries reports etc.
6. Creating and conducting training programs for Forman, Supervisors and workers for work in
condition.
7. Strictly supervision the safe work operation and work activities on site.
8. Responsible to report to HSE Manager and Construction Manager for unsafe act and unsafe
condition on site.
9. Responsible to communicate with construction representatives for rectification of safety
issues.
10. Take immediate action and measures when an accident occurs.
11. Actively participate in site inspection, walkthrough and HSE Meeting.
Safety Manager Responsibility:
1. The right health and safety policy is put in place.

2. Safety managers are responsible for planning, implementing and overseeing company’s
employee safety at work.
3. Advice and lead employees on various safety related topics.
4. Review existing policies and procedures.
5. Train, manage and guide the staff.
6. Prepare education seminar on regular basis.
7. Recruit and hire new safety employees
8. Prepare and present reports on accidents, violation and causes.
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9. Carries out safety audit on sub-contractor

10. Take part an accident/ incident investigation.
11. Conduct risk assessment
12. A safe work place without risk to health
13. Adequate provision of first aid and welfare facilities and support
14. Provide technical support to senior management any safety related subjects.
Safety Rules:
1. You are responsible for your own safety and safety of others
2. Wear personal protective equipment necessary for the job
3. Always use equipment/ tools/ machinery safely and properly
4. Keep your workplace area clean
5. Report any unsafe condition
6. Clean up spills immediately
7. Report all injuries
8. No alcohol or drugs to be used or allowed on company property
HSE Documents File Index:
 HSE policy and plan

 Approved method statement, risk assessment and JSA
 Weekly and monthly report
 Weekly HSE meeting
 HSE observation record
 HSE staff CV,s record
 Weekly report of safety officers
 Weekly and daily TBT record
 PTW record
 Safety Audit record (internal and external)
 Accident/incident/ near miss records
 First aid and medical records
 Warning letter record
 Emergency drill record
 Environment training and management record
 Training (confined space, work at height, watcher etc.)
 3rd party certificates of lifting / heavy equipment/rigger/operator/drivers record.
 heavy equipment crane/ man lift/forklift checklist record
 Scaffolding certificate and scaffolding inspector etc.
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Three main reasons why manage health and safety/why important safety management system (SMS)
Three main reason to maintain a good standard of health and safety in the organization are moral,
legal/social and economic/finance.
1. Moral:
The most important reason is moral because, we all have moral obligation not to cause harm to
others. Employers have a moral obligation toward, their employees and others.
2. Legal /Social:
To provide safe workplace to workers, safe system of work, competent workers and a high
standard of training and supervision.
3. Economic/Finance:
A more highly motivated workforce resulting in an improvement in the rate of production and
product quality.
The avoidance of costs associated with accident investigation.
NEBOSH IGC ELEMENTS:
1. Elements 1: Why we should manage workplace health and safety

2. Elements 2: How health and safety management system work and what they look like
3. Elements 3: Managing risk- understanding people and process
4. Element 4: Health and safety monitoring and measuring
Unsafe Act:
The accidents which are occurred due to the human error is called unsafe Act.
Examples:
 Operating equipment without qualification or authorization.

 Lack of or improper use of PPE,s
 Operating equipment at unsafe speeds
 Using defective equipment
 Smoking near chemical
 Failure to wear a hard hat
 Smoking near flammables or explosives
 Handling chemical or other hazardous materials improperly etc.
Unsafe Condition:
Those conditions where the employee is unable to work is called unsafe condition.
Examples:
 Improper supports or guards

 Fire and explosion hazards
 Poor housekeeping and improper barricading
 Exposed wiring
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 Lack of supervision
 Lack of training
 Hazardous atmospheric condition
 Excessive noise
 Inadequate lighting
 Open manhole/ open trenches
 Block exit/ entry/ stairs etc.
What is PPE:
Personal Protective Equipment include: safety shoes, hard hate, hand gloves, safety glass, face
shield, ear plugs or muffs and safety harness.
Confined space:
A space having limited access or egress but large enough to bodily entrance and perform work is
called confined space. For example vessels, pipes, tank, boiler, sewer, deep excavation more than 1.2m
in depth etc.
Confined space Requirements/Precautions:
To avoid hazards make sure following precautions are followed.
 Confined space entry permit.

 Confined space work permit.
 Confined space attendant/watchman
 Log sheet
 Gas test should be conducted before entry into confined space.
 State on work permit the frequency of repeated gas tests (e.g, at least every two hours)
 Proper PPP,s
 Barricade, warning tap and sign board
 Proper access and egress
 Proper means of communication
 Dust mask
 Trained persons
 Proper ventilation
 Sufficient lighting
 Rescue team
 Pressure horn
 Log out and tag out
 Proper illumination (24 volts light)
 Rescue plan
 Regular communication with the entrant
Confined space Hazards:
Oxygen deficiency and enrichment, presence of toxic or flammable gasses, chemical hazards,
fire hazards, sleeping, high temperature and high noise, heat or cold, electrocution or electric shock,
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poor visibility, biological hazards and ergonomic hazards etc. It is not designed for continuous human
occupancy.
Who is confined space Attendant/Watchman:
The trained person who stands outside the entrance of the confined space with the entry log
sheet and record the details of the entrants.
Duties of confined space attendant/watch-man:
He is responsible for the safety of entrants, should be present whenever people are working in a
confined space. Record the details of the entrants such as name, trade ID number, time going in, time
coming out etc. keep communication with the entrants. Call for rescue in case of an emergency.
Why only 24 volt is allowed in confines space:
It is to reduce the impact of electrical shock to the workers. By having less voltage the
consequences would be diminished. Installation with higher voltage (110 v, 220 v or 380 v) is possible to
create a fatal incident depending upon the environment (wet, metal surface etc.)
Why oxygen level become low:
A reduction of oxygen level in a confined space could be due to the effect of rusting metal,
combust and displacement of other gasses.
Rusting metal: (Rusting is an oxidation process that consume oxygen)
Combustion: (Combustion is the burning process)
All sources of combustion such as propane heaters, welding consume oxygen.
Displacement by other gasses: (such as nitrogen, purging, inerting ( ), welding gasses)
General Information:
 LEL of flammable gasses or toxic gasses should be zero.

 If lighting is required, lighting is of low voltage does not exceed 24 volts.
 Oxygen should be 20.8% in volume.
 Carbon Mono Oxide should be less than 35 ppm.
 Hydrogen sulphide should be less than 10 ppm.
 Oxygen level in confined space is 19.5% to 23.5%.
 In case of emergency in confined space, inform the ERT (Emergency Response Team) rescue
team, security and higher authority.
 Oxygen deficient: injury or death due to oxygen deficiency is a common hazards
 Oxygen enrichment: too much oxygen greatly increase the risk of fire or explosion in confined
space. It can cause combustible material to ignite very quickly.
 Hazardous jobs in confined space are Grinding, Cutting, chemical cleaning, use of gas cutting,
erection of materials.
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 All compressed type of cylinder will not be stored in confined space i.e. Acetylene, propane,
butane or oxygen.
 Toxicity should be zero ppm (Parts Per Million)
 Sulfur dioxide (so2) should be 5ppm.
SCBA Formula:
- A man take breath in 1 minute – 16 times

- Every breath inhale air -- 2.5 Liters
- A man inhale air in 1 minute = 2.5 * 16 = 40 Liters
Here 40 is one regular person consume air 40 liters per minute.
Duration of the cylinder can be calculated with this formula:
Volume (in liter) * Pressure (in bar)
So 6 liters cylinder, of 300 bars on pressure gauge
Formula: Pressure * Volume
300 * 6 = 1800/40-10
45-10 = 35 minute
Safety margin = 10 minute
If pressure bar 200 than
= 200* 6/40-10
=1200/40-10
= 30-10 =20 minutes
Toxic Gasses:
The gasses in which presence, exposure or concentration in the atmosphere result in bad health
effects e.g. irritation. Itching, headache, vomiting, unconsciousness or cause of death is called Toxic
gases for example:
 Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
 Chlorine (CH)
 Nitrogen (N)
 Carbon Monoxide (CO)
 Ammonia etc.
Flammable/Non Toxic Gasses:

The gasses in which presence, exposure or concentration in atmosphere up to a limit is not
harmful but more than the limit can also be dangerous are called non- toxic gasses e.g. Acetylene,
Argon, Propane, Hexane, Nonane, Methane, Carbon dioxide etc.
What is LEL/LFL:
Maximum concentration of explosive material up to which it will not explode in the presence of
open flame or any other ignition source is called Lower Explosive Limit/Lower Flammable Limit. OR
The maximum concentration (percentage) of gas that will not burn in the air is called LEL/LFL
Below this level, the mixture is too lean to burn.
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What is UEL/UFL:
Maximum concentration of explosive material at which it will explode in the presence of open
flame or any other ignition sources (arch, heat, flame) is called Upper Explosive Limit/Upper Flammable
Limit OR
The maximum concentration (Percentage) of a gas or vapor that will burn in the air is called Upper
Explosive Limit (UEL).
Above this level, the mixture is too rich to burn.
Flash Point:
The minimum temperatures, at which a substance gives off a flammable vapor which in contact
with a spark or flame, will ignite.
What is Fire Point:
The fire point, a slightly higher temperature, is defined as the temperature at which the vapor
continues to burn after being ignited.
Flash point produce only flash while fire point continue to burn.
The range between the LEL and UEL is known as the flammable range for that gas or vapor.
GAS LEL UEL

Acetylene 2.6 100
Ammonia 15.0 28.0
Benzene 1.3 7.9
Butane 1.8 8.4
Carbon Monoxide 12.5 74.0
Ethane 3.0 12.4
Gasoline 1.2 7.1
Hydrogen 4.0 75.0
Hydrogen sulfide 4.0 44.0
Methane 5.0 15.0
Propane 2.1 9.5
Hot Work:
Any work in which we use energized equipment’s. There is a chance of fire and producing sparks. E.g., welding,
Grinding, sand blasting, cutting by means of power tools etc.
What are the safety requirements for doing a hot work:
Following are the requirements of hot work.
 Valid work permit.

 Remove all combustible materials from the area (with 10 m) if possible.
 Use fire blanket to protect immovable materials and also for welding slugs.
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 Cover the area with fire blanket for containment of park generated while doing hot work.
 Provide proper fire extinguisher in sufficient numbers.
 Appoint a fire watchman.
 Barricade the area and post proper signage.
 Use of proper PPE
 Use FRC (Fire Resistant Clothing), welding hood and leather (Flame Resistant gloves) in case of
welding
 Ear Protection ( It protects you from noise hazards )
 Use face shield in case of cutting
 Proper housekeeping
 Inspected tools and equipment’s
 Grounding of the equipment’s
 Keep distance 6 feet of fire extinguisher from a hot work activity
 All welding cables should be fully insulated
 Switch off the power when welding is stopped
Hot work hazards:
 Fire hazards
 Burn
 Eye infection
 Electric shock
 Cuts and injury to toe and fingers
 Gas penetration into your lungs which can cause pneumonia, asthma and cancer etc.
 Machine failure
 Body injury
 Slipping hazards
 Poor housekeeping
 Overloading of electric circuit
Who is Fire watch:
Fire watch is the person design to identify and eliminate fire hazards, alert and extinguish fire in
case of any outbreak of fire and to protect the person and properties from fire.
Responsibilities of fire watchman:
 Assure that hazardous situation do not arise

 Be alert and remain on the job site
 Assure that all required firefighting equipment are available and in working condition
 Assure that all permit condition are maintain
 At job completion, he remains at the site 30min
 In the event of fire, extinguish it immediately or turn a fire alarm on
 Stop operation if you find any hazardous condition
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Welding: The process of joining metals either by electrical or by gas is called welding.
Gas cutting: The process of dis-joining metals by using oxygen and combustible gas is called gas cutting.
Cold Welding: Join a piece of metal to another without the use of heat.
Manual Handling: The process of lifting, carrying and stacking material by men is called manual
handling.
Grinder: The grinder machine is a type of tool that is utilized for grinding work pieces.
Types of grinder:
1. Angle grinder
2. Pencil grinder
3. Baby grinder
4. Bench grinder
Grinding Safety:
 Eye injury, face injury and electric shock.
i. Trained person only can use grinder
ii. Wear safety glass and face shield
iii. Change damage disk
iv. Never remove guard
v. Replace grinder if damaged
vi. Disk RPM is more than grinder RPM.
vii. If grinder RPM is more than disk RPM, than disk will be broken.
 Earthing is the process of transferring the immediate discharge of the electrical energy directly
to the earth by the help of the low resistance wire is known as the electrical earthing.
 Earthing means that the circuit is physically connected to the ground
 Earthing protects us from electric shock and also protect electric equipment
 Grounding is not physically connected to the ground, but its potential is zero with respect to
other point.
 Copper rod will be used for grounding
 Copper rod is tested and comply to the best international standards
(Short circuit test, electrical resistance, physical, chemical and electrical test)
 Fire hydrant is used as a fire extinguisher. The material should be keep at least at 5 m or 15 feet
on distance.
 There is no need of flash back arrestor in argon, nitrogen and carbon dioxide because these are
cold gasses not flammable.
Scaffolding:
It is a temporary elevated platform used to support men material or both.
Types of Scaffold: It has been categorized into;
1. By structure
2. By weight
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3. By designed
1. By structure:
i. Tower scaffold
ii. Tube and coupler scaffold
iii. Under hang scaffold/ Suspended scaffold
iv. Bracket scaffold
v. System scaffold/Modular scaffold/Pre-fabricated scaffold
vi. Independent scaffold
vii. Birdcage scaffold
viii. Frame scaffold
ix. Cantilever scaffold/Needle Scaffold
x. Mobile Scaffold/Independent Scaffold
xi. Independent scaffold
2. By weight:
i. Light duty:
A scaffold designed and constructed to carry a working load not to exceed 25
pounds per square foot. (Bay Length 2.4 m)
ii. Medium duty:
pounds per square foot. (Bay Length 2 m)
iii. Heavy duty:
pound per square foot. (Bay Length 1.8m)
3. By designed:
It has been categorized into,
i. Non-Engineering Scaffold: i.e. less than 37 meter

ii. Engineering scaffold: Scaffolding erecting over 38 m height should be provided
by qualified engineer.
Special Duty Scaffold:
Special duty scaffold are those with a specific design load for that particular scaffold. For
example cantilever scaffold, hanging scaffold, bracket scaffold and tube and coupler scaffold.
Cantilever Scaffolding:
It is also known as needle scaffolding. Cantilever scaffolding is a separate scaffold constructed to

angle out from a building. It should be up to 3 meter extend. It is constructed when:
 When the ground does not having the capacity to support standards
 When the ground near the wall is to be free from traffic
 When upper part of the wall is under construction
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Hanging or Suspended Scaffold:
The working platform is suspended from roofs with the help of wire ropes or chain etc. This type
of scaffolding is used for repair works, pointing, painting etc.
Mobile Scaffolding:
Mobile scaffolding also called tower scaffold. Mobile scaffold can easily move from one spot to
another. If the height is more than 6 m then outrigger should be installed.
Maximum height of a mobile scaffolding upto 10 to 12 metre
System scaffold or Modular scaffold:
System scaffold also known as modular scaffolding or prefabricated scaffold. This is because the
components are directly manufactured and designed exactly for the purpose they are intended.
Tube and coupler scaffold:
A tube and coupler scaffold has a platforms supporting by tubing, and is erected with coupling
devices connecting upright, braces, bearer/transom and runner/ledger.
Independent scaffold:
Independent scaffold rely on two line of standards or post to support the working deck, not the
buildings wall.
Tower scaffold:
A tower scaffold is an independent scaffold consisting of four vertical standards.
Birdcage scaffold:
Birdcage scaffold is an independent scaffold consisting of more than two standards in both
directions connected by ledgers and transom.
Bracket scaffold:
Bracket scaffold consisting of a work platform that is supported by metal bracket and attached a
structured wall.
Scaffolding types by OSHA:
1. Supported scaffold:
Which consist of one or more platforms supported by rigid, load bearing members such as pole,
legs, frames, outriggers etc.
2. Suspended scaffold:
Which consist of one or more platform suspended by ropes or other non-rigid overhead
support.
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Kicker lift:
The vertical distance measured from ground to the center of first ledger, normally this distance
is 150mm or 6 inch, from ground and provided when scaffold is more than 6 meter height or carrying
heavy loads.
Sole boards:
Sole boards are used where there is uneven ground or surfaces.
Sole boards (timber)/plate:
Length * Width * Height
18 inch or 450 mm 9 inch or 225 mm 1.4 inch or 35 mm
Base plates:
Base plates are used to provide a flat, weight bearing surface for even load distribution of
scaffold standards.
Length * Width * Height
6 inch or 150 mm 6 inch or 150 mm 6 mm
Screw jacks: Screw jacks are used to adjust the scaffold legs
Components of Scaffold:
Sole boards, Base plate, Screw jack, couplers, Bracing, Transom/Bearer, Posts/Standards,
Runners/Ledgers, Hand rail, mid rail, toe board, ladder, tag, drop bar etc.
Scaffolding Requirements:
Following are some commons requirements.
 Work permit
 Capacity (scaffold and scaffold components shall not be loaded in excess of their load rating)
 Stability
 Barricading, warning tape and sign board
 Competent scaffolders
 Full body harness
 Ladder
 Guard rail
 Tags etc.
Hazards of scaffolding:
 Fall from elevation

 Slipping
 Collapse of scaffold
 Falling objects/tools
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 Structure failure
 Electric shock
 Instability
 Tripping hazards
Scaffold safety:
 Only designated scaffolders are allowed to erect or modify any type of scaffold.
 A competent person shall be carried out periodic inspection for scaffold.
 Employees are not allowed to work on incomplete scaffolding.
 Scaffolders should wear full body harness while erecting/ dismantling the scaffolding.
Scaffold Safety Basic 5 Rules:
1. Only properly trained professionals should be allowed to work on a scaffold

2. Prepare the ground in advance
3. Keep everything legal (scaffolders should have TUV)
4. Calculate and respect load capacity (Ensure that the weight of the workers, equipment and
materials doesn’t exceed this capacity at any point.
5. Secure the scaffold correctly
Coupler:
A device for locking together the components parts of a tubular metal scaffold which shall be
designated and used to safety support the maximum intended loads. Or
A fitting used to fix scaffold tube together.
Types of coupler:
1. Adjustable/Swivel/Round coupler
2. Double coupler/Right angle Coupler
3. Sleeve coupler/End to End coupler/ Joint Box coupler
4. Girder coupler/Beam coupler
5. Single coupler/Put luck coupler
Brace:
It is used for stability of scaffold. Or A tie that holds one scaffolds member in a fixed position
with respect to another member.
Types of Brace:
 Zigzag bracing
 Transverse bracing
 Longitudinal/ Diagonal bracing
 Cross bracing
Guard rails: Guard rail system consists of top rail, mid rail and toe board. It prevents men and material
from falling down. Guard rail has the capacity 90 kg.
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Toe board: The plank or metal sheet kept vertical to the platform at a minimum height of 4 inches and
maximum 9 inches in order to avoid material from falling down.
Bay Length: Post to post distance is called bay length.
Tag system: A tag system is put on scaffolding, by a competent person, indicating the present condition
whether it can be used and whether fall protection needed or not.
 Red tag – Do not use ( when erecting start)

 Yellow tag – can use with 100% fall protection (means need some modification)
 Green tag – safe to use
Find Scaffold Safe Work Load:
SWL = Dead Load + (4 * Live Load)
SWL = D + (4 * L)
D = Platform+ weight of the scaffold components
D = 60 + 40 = 100kg
L = Tools + Materials +Workers
L = 100 + 100 + 300= 500kg
SWL = 100 + (4 * 500)
SWL = 100 + 2000 = 2100kg
SWL = 2100 % 10 =2.1 Ton
SWL = 2.1 Ton
General information about scaffold:
 Height of the top rail from the platform 38 inches to 45 inches or 0.95m to 1.15m.
 Length of Lanyard is 1.5m
 Minimum overlapping of two adjacent planks in a platform is 1 inches.
 The angle of ladder is 75 degree or ¼.
 The gap or space is 12 inches or 30 cm between two ladder rungs.
 Scaffolding erecting over 37 meter height should be provided by qualified engineer.
 Mid rail b/w the top rail and platform
 Aluminum ladders and wooden ladders shall not be painted.
 Scaffolding shall be examined at least once in ever seven days.
 Toe board capacity 23kg.
 Mid rail capacity 68 kg
 Top board capacity 90kg.
 Scaffold platform 2m (1m=39inches=100cm=1000mm)
 Length of Lanyard (1.5m) + Shock observer length (1.8m) +your own length=Fall Length.
 Brace angle 45 degree
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 Distance of scaffold from wall 14 inch but extendible up to 18 inch

 Outrigger is used for stability of scaffold
 Fall length =1.5m +1.8m + your length.
 Life line should be installed 39- 42 inch (1m) above the surface of working platform.
 The length of shock observer should be maximum 1.8m
 Erection of scaffolding up to 6 m height will be signed by scaffolding supervisor
 Height 6 m to 37 m of scaffolding will be signed by supervisor and scaffolding inspector
 Height above 37 m of scaffolding the presence of Engineer is essential and will be signed by
scaffolding supervisor and scaffolding inspector
 When suspended scaffold above 30 m square (length 15m * width 2=30m) than all documents
including drawing, method statement and JSA will be designed by Engineer
 Hanger (Post) distance standard 1.2 m in suspended scaffold
 Mid rail shall be installed 19 inch to 22.5 inch high above the lending platform.
 Personal arrest system or harness shall have a capacity of at least 2300kg, (5000lbs or pound).
 After every 15m distance on structure, scaffolding or pipe rack access (Ladder) will be provided.
 Wind speed for scaffolding is 60 km/h or 16.67 m/per second
 After every 2 meter distance a person can hook on life line
 Screw jack used only in system /fabricating scaffold as a base plat (replaced) with two, third
ratio i.e. 20 outside: 40 inside.
 Plank , tube pipe and brace will be extend out from scaffold up to maximum 12 inch and
minimum 6 inch
Life line:
Where ever no other fall arrest system area feasible, life lines can be provided with wire rope.
The life line should be able to support a minimum of 5000 pounds per person hooking (thickness
12.5/13mm) OR
A life is a fall protection safety device. To carry out work at height where scaffolding cannot be provided
Detail in a Scaffold Tag: Location, date of erection, request number, SWL, name and signature of the
inspected scaffolding supervisor and column for future inspection.
Fire: Fire is the chemical reaction of three things i.e., fuel, heat and oxygen. (F.Find, I.inform, R Restrict,
E. Extinguisher)
Classification of fire and their fire extinguishers:
Class A: Ordinary combustible materials:
Example: wood, cloth, rubber, plastic.
Extinguishers: water, DCP, Foam, CO2, Haloon.
Class B: Combustible Liquids and Gasses:
Example: Gasoline, Diesel, Oil Grease, Oil based, paint etc.
Extinguishers: CO2, Foam, DCP.

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Class C: Energized Electrical Equipment/Electric Fire
DP, Computer, Equipment
Extinguisher: DCP, FM 200, Haloon, Carbon Dioxide.
Class D: Combustible metals:
Example: magnesium, potassium, zinc, calcium, titanium.
Extinguishers: Metal x-Type, Combustible Metal type.
Class k Fires:
It is fires occur in kitchens grease and oils.
Example: wet chemical
Fire extinguishers:
There are six types of fire extinguishers
1. Water fire extinguisher

2. Foam fire extinguisher
3. Dry chemical powder fire extinguisher (this type of fire extinguisher available in different sizes 3,
6 and 12kgs)
4. Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher (this type of fire extinguishers are available in different sizes
2kg, 6kg, 10kg, 20kg, 30kg)
5. Haloon fire extinguishers (this type of fire extinguisher are available in different sizes 1kg, 3kg,
6kg, 12kg etc.)
6. Liquid powder fire extinguisher (kitchen)
What are the types of Fire:
A. Solid Fire (all combustible material e.g. wood, trash, paper etc.)
B. Liquid Fire (oil, paint, lube, grease etc.)
C. Electric Fire (all energized equipment,)
D. Metal type (magnesium, titanium, any metallic)
E. Special Fire (when any chemical drop on other things its generated fire)
What is Fire Triangle:
FUEL+ OXYGEN+HEAT
Some example of flammable liquids:
Kerosene, Diesel, Acetyl ene, Gasoline etc.
Some example of combustible metals:
Calcium, Lithium, Sodium, Potassium titanium etc.

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Fire extinguisher method base on PASS:
P –Pull the safety pin
A –Aim the place or aim the base to fire.
S –Squeeze the handle or lever
S –Sweep the nozzle or sweep from side to side
Methods of Fire extinguishing/Fire Control methods:
Starvation/Curtaining: Eliminate the fuel supply.
Smothering: Eliminate the Oxygen e.g. by covering with foam or blanket.
Cooling: Eliminate the heat by putting water etc.
Fire fighting rules:
i. Assist people in danger

ii. Sound the alarm
iii. Ensure safety of everybody quite
iv. Fight the fire if you are safe
v. Crawl on the floor, don’t stand up
vi. Don’t use lift during fire (if electricity switch off, you will remain in lift)
Firefighting equipment:
i. Fire extinguishers
ii. Fire hose reel (can vary between 8 to 20 bar)
iii. Fire hydrant system
iv. Automatic sprinkler system
Main causes of Fire:
 Ignorance
 Carelessness
 Poor housekeeping
 Welding spar
 Source of ignition
 Overloading of electric circuits etc.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) Fire Extinguisher:
With 830 psi pressure given due to which it automatically change from powder to liquid. at the point of
830 psi it begin to liquefy under that pressure.
It stores in liquid that is why there no pressure gauge.
Normal Fire extinguisher pressure given from 100 to 300 psi

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Note: (Every gas when we give pressure it change into liquid. It is heavier than air.)
Fire Warden:
Fire warden is a designated person within a department. In case of fire, fire warden is
responsible person to make sure that the premises is cleared and that they are the last person out of the
building.
Fire Marshal:
The fire marshal should go to the fire assembly point and manage the evacuation from outside
the building.
Line of Fire:
The location in which workers work with different energized machinery or equipment which have
potential to harm any workers should be consider as a line of fire.
What is MSDS:
Material Safety Data Sheet – it is a document which gives information about using chemical.
Contents of MSDS:
 Chemical/product name
 Producer address
 Emergency contact number
 Hazard identification
 Handling and storage
 PPE,s and other information
 Chemical and trade names of the material
 Physical characteristic
 Fire and explosion data
 Dangerous properties
 Precautions for safe handling
 Labeling and other useful information
 Disposal Method
PPE used for chemical safety:
Coverall, Apron, footwear, gloves, chemical resistant glasses, face shield and respirator.
What is JSA:
A procedure in which we divide our jobs in steps, identifying hazards in each step and then
defining safe precautions to eliminate or minimize those hazards. Or
Job Safety Analysis is the step by step analysis of job to determine the safe working procedure.
Benefits of JSA: Time saving, Increase production, Decrease injury rate, Increase quality, Safety and
health awareness is raised.
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Who will responsible of doing JSA:
Work responsible supervisor should develop JSA but can be assisted by work crew, safety
representative, foreman, who is doing the job.
What are the Basic stages of conducting JSA/use of JSA:
Four basic stages in conducting a JSA are;
 Selecting the job to be analyzed

 Breaking the job down into a sequence of steps
 Identifying potential hazards
 Determining preventive measures to overcome these hazards
Advantages of JSA:
1. It helps to identify hazard and prevent accident

2. It helps to establish safe work method, working conditions and suitable plant safety rules
Risk:
A risk is the chance, high or low, that any hazard will actually cause somebody harm. Or
Risk is the combination of likelihood and consequences/ severity (L * S = R). Or
Risk is the probability of injury or harm. Risk is part of everyone’s life. We can’t avoid risks but we can put things in
place to manage them effectively.
Risk Rating = Low Risk : Moderate Risk : High Risk (Brown) : Extreme Risk
1-3 4-6 8-12 15-25
Residual Risk: The risk level we are left with after control have been implemented.
Acceptable Risk: Risk has been reduced to an adequate level.
Tolerable Risk: Not acceptable but can live with it for a short period of time
Unacceptable Risk: Risk is too high.
Risk Matrix: Risk matrix is used during risk assessment to define the various levels of risk
Risk Control: Risk control involves changes in the way we work in order to minimize risk.
Risk Profile: Organization use risk profile as a way to mitigate potential risk and threats.
Steam Blowing: The cleaning of pipe through steam is called steam blowing.
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What is Risk Assessment:

Risk Assessment is the systematic study of risks which presence on the job or job place.
OR
Risk assessment is a careful examination of anything inn your workplace that could cause people to suffer injury or ill
health while they are at work.
OR
Risk assessment describes the overall process or method where you identify the hazard and risk factors that have the
Potential to cause harm.
Difference between risk assessment and JSA:
Risk assessment: Risk assessment assess safety hazards across the entire workplace.
JSA (Job Safety Analysis): JSA focusses on job specific risks and are typically performed each step of job.
What is the use or Step of Risk Assessment:

 Identify the hazards
 Decide who might be harmed and how
 Evaluate the risks and decide on the precautions
 Record the findings and implement them
 Review the assessment and update it if necessary.
Dynamic Risk Assessment:

A dynamic risk assessment is a continuous process of identifying risk, assessing and coming up with ways to
reduce or eliminate such risks
Static Risk Assessment:
Static risk assessment carry out for those activities where the risk level become/ remained constant is called
static risk assessment e.g. cleaning, gardening, mechanical work, painting work etc.
Outline reasons for review risk assessment:

 Risk assessment should be regularly reviewed to ensure their adequacy and appropriateness
 When there have been changes in the work process
 When there has been change in the production
 When there have been change n material or substance used
 Moving a new premises or modification of existing plant
 If new plant and equipment has been introduced
 Changes in legislation
 When new control are available
Hazard identification and risk assessment (HIRA):

Risk assessment is a term used to describe the overall process or method where you, identify hazard and risk
factors that have the potential to cause harm.
Determine ways to eliminate the hazard, or control the risk when the hazard cannot be eliminated.
Technique of hazard identification and safety management:
1. Plant safety inspection
2. Job safety analysis (JSA)
3. Accident/incident investigation
4. Safety audit
5. Hazard and operability study (HAZOP)
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HAZOP:
It is a systematic way to identify possible hazards in a work process.
Process of Hazop:
 Select the task or job
 Arrange a team
 Make a plan, collect the data and information
 Arrange a schedule
 Divide the job into parts
 Select a part
 Identify the problems, hazard and consequences by the help of data
 Record the examination
 Follow up that actions are implemented
 Restudy the part
 Produce final output report
Severity: The outcome of an event is called severity
Probability: Probability is the chance that something will be happen.
Last Minute Risk Assessment (TAKE-TWO):
The “Take Two” method is used to help employees to think and implement safety precautions before any job
is started. “Take two” means to take two minutes before starting any job to think about (thinking before acting)
T= “Talk” – about the upcoming job
A= “Actions” – decide what actions will be needed
K= “knowledge” – decide what knowledge is needed
E= “equipment” – decide what equipment is needed
Take-Two assessments are carried out in the field prior to starting any routine and non- routine task/jobs by the
people doing the work.
Excavation:
Digging of the land with machine or with men.
Or any work done by breaking the surface of the earth by using hand tools or by machine.
Methods of Excavation:
1. Shoring:
A structure that supports the sides of an excavation and protects against cave –in.
2. Trenching:
A narrow excavation, where the depth is greater than width but not more than 15 feet or 4.57m or 4.6
m.
3. Benching:
A technique to excavate an excavation in steps.
4. Slopping:
A technique to excavate on a specific angle. Or To make the side of the excavation cure.
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Basic requirements of Excavation:

 Work permit
 Drawings
 Survey of soil
 Type of excavation (manually or mechanically)
 Area should be determined
 Barrication
 Sign board/warning tape
 Keep soil and other materials 2 feet or 0.6 meter away from edge of excavation ( like sand, gravel
used for backfilling or pipe)
 Provide access
 Scanning
 No mechanical excavation is allowed within 2 m of any underground services.
 Equipment and other heavy objects must be kept at least 2 m away and Aramco 3 away from edge of
excavation.
Hazards of Excavation:
 Cave in is the greatest hazard of excavation
 Fall of moving machinery near the edge of excavation
 Oxygen deficiency
 Toxic gasses (co2, Amonia, H2S etc)
 Load surface
 Fire
 Underground utilities (striking buried services)
 Dropping of material
 Water accumulation ( Dewatering through water pump)
 Biological hazards
 Vehicle following into pits
 If any excavation is deeper than 1.2m and more than 100mtr than after every 25m access will be
provided.
 ECC, Excavation Clearance Certificate
 Detector use for underground utilities in case of unavailable drawing
 Excavated soil should be placed 2 feet or 0.6 meter away from the edge of excavation.
 No mechanical excavation is allowed within 2 meter of any underground service.
 Equipment and other heavy objects must be kept at least 2meter and Armco 3 meter away from the
edge of the excavation.
 Gas test should be conducted when excavation are more than 4 feet or 1.2 m deep.
 OSHA requires employers to provide access for workers working in trench excavation 4 feet or 1.2 m
deep.
 The excavation standards do not require a protective system when an excavation is less than 5 feet or
1.5 meters deep or when an excavation is made entirely in stable rock.
 A ladder must be present within 25ft., of employees working in excavation.
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Soil classification:
A competent person must do soil analysis to determine the soil or rock type;
i. Stable Rock Vertical 90 degree
ii. Type A/Clay 250mm(3/4feet) 300mm( 1feet) 530
iii. Type B/Mud 300mm(1 feet) 300mm(1 feet) 450
iv. Type C/Sandy 450mm( 1-1/2f) 300mm(1feet) 340
When does an excavation have to be inspected:

A competent person must inspect excavations.
1. At least once in every day during which persons are at work there.
2. If more than 2 meters deep, at the start of each shift before work begins.
3. After any event likely to have effect the strength or stability of the excavation or shoring.
4. After any accident fall of rock, earth or other material.
5. At least once every 7 days where persons are not at work there.
LOTO or Lock out Tag Out:

Lock out is the isolation of energy from the system (a machine, equipment or process) which physically lock
the system in a safe mood.
Tag Out:
Tag out is a labelling process that is always used when lock out is required.
It include the following information.
1. Why the lock out/ tag out is required (repair, maintenance etc.)
2. Time of application of the lock out/ tag out
3. The name of the authorized person who attached the tag and lock to the system
Lock out/ tag out is very important because it can cause accident. It is used in live plant.
The main purpose of LOTO is to avoid accident
Why Lock Out/ Tag Out Important:

Because to protect workers from risk of harm in the use of lock out/ tag out program.
What is the use of LOTO:

Isolating device to avoid uncontrolled operation and give details of the lock out schedule.
Who will issue Lock out/tag out permit:

The operation supervisor shall issue a safe work authorization (work permit)
Who will sign Lock out/tag out:

Electrician who installed lock/Tag and area operator. In case of absent of electrician, Electrician Supervisor
with his duplicate key removes lock.
Six steps of LOTO safety:

1. Preparation- Lockout/Tag out:
• During the preparation phase the approved or authorized employee must investigate and obtain a complete
understanding of all kinds of hazardous energy that might control/Types of energy, Potential hazards, Steps
necessary for control, who needs to be notified.
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2. Shutdown – Lockout/Tag out:

Turn off the machine or the equipment at this time that will be sustained or maintained/Use normal
shutdown procedure turn all switches to OFF, Shut all control valves, Disable all sources of energy
3. Isolation – Lockout/Tag out:

The next step of the lockout/tag out process or procedure is to isolate the machine or the equipment
from any source of energy.
4. Lockout/Tag out:
During this step the approved or the authorized employee will attach the lockout and tag out devices
to every energy isolating device.
5. Store energy check- logout/Tag out:
In this step, it doesn’t fully guarantee that there is no hazardous energy still stored or saved within
the machine or that it’s safe to perform maintenance.
6. Isolation verification- Lockout/Tag out:
Try the on – off switch to make sure the machine will not start. Return the switch to the off position.
Where will we use Multi Lock out and Tag out:

When more than one team working on same equipment but different jobs like 1 team working on electrical
and other mechanical.
GFCI: Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter- To protect the workers from shock in case of current leakage.
ELCB: Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker - To protect the workers from shock in case of current leakage.
MCB: Miniature Circuit Breaker – Machine protection, short circuit protection, overload protection
Range – below 63 AMP.
MCCB: Moulded Case Circuit Breaker- Machine safety/protection, short circuit protection, overload protection.
Range starting 100 AMP to 1000 AMP.
RCCD: Residual Current Circuit Breaker- personal safety or protection

Range below 63 AMP (best for home)
RCD: Residual Current Device - Personal protection/safety
Note: (RCCB, RCD, ELCB & GFCI as same)
What is Dead Man Switch and its use: To cut off the power supply to the tool in emergency.
Safety devices attached with portable Grinder:

Dead man Switch, Safe guard, handle, and double insulation.
What is the difference b/w GFCI and ELCB:

Functionally they are all intended to perform the same function. ELCB is primarily used in Europe while GFCI is
used in North America.
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What is the safety device attached with Compressed gas cylinder:

Flash Back Arrestors:
It prevent the flame to travel through the hose and into the cylinder.
- The color of Oxygen hose is Green and cylinder green
- The color of Acetylene hose is Red and cylinder yellow
- The color of Argon hose is White and cylinder silver
- Acetylene and Oxygen both gases combined used for simple cutting.
- It is non-flammable gas and used for welding gas (x-ray).
- The minimum distance b/w Oxygen gas Cylinder and Fuel gas Cylinder is 6.1 meters (20feet)
Check valve:
A check valve allows flow in one direction only. This prevents oxygen reaching acetylene cylinder and
acetylene reaching oxygen cylinder in the event of blockage in the torch or line or pressure variations.
Electrical Hazards:
 Improper grounding
 Exposed electrical parts
 Inadequate wiring
 Overhead power line
 Damaged insulation
 Wet condition
 Damage tools and equipment
 Shock
 Burns
 Arc-Blast
 Fires and explosion
 Shock:
Electric current travel in closed circuit through some kind of conducting material.
An electric current enter the body at one point and exit the body at another location. High voltage
shocks can cause serious injury, burns or death.
 Burns:
Burn can result when a person touches electrical wiring or equipment that is improperly used or
maintained.
 Arc-Blast:
Arc blasts occur when high amperage ( ) currents jump from one conductor to another
through air, generally during opening or closing circuits.
 Explosions:
Explosions occur when electricity provides sources of ignition for an explosive mixture in the
atmosphere.
 Fires:
Electricity is one of the most common causes of fire both in the home and workplace. Defective or
misused electrical equipment is a major cause.
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Causes of Electrical Accident:

 Unsafe equipment and installation
 Unsafe workplaces caused by environment factors
 Unsafe work practices
Preventing Electrical Accidents/Precautions:

Protective methods to control electrical hazards include;
i. Insulation
ii. Electrical protective devices (Fuses, circuit breakers, GFCI, ELCB etc.)
iii. Guarding
iv. Grounding
v. PPP
vi. Good work practices (Use appropriate equipment)
vii. Proper housekeeping
viii. Inspected tools and equipment
ix. Good work practices
Electrical Protective devices/Precautions:

EPD including fuses, circuit breakers and GFCI are critically important to electrical safety.
These devices interrupt current flow when it exceeds the capacity of the conductor and should be installed where
necessary.
Guarding:
Any “LIVE” parts of electrical equipment operating at 50 volts or more must be guarded to avoid accident
contact.
Grounding:
Grounding is necessary to protect you from shock safeguard against fire and protect against damage to
electrical equipment.
Safe/ Good work practices:
Use appropriate equipment, remember if you are not sure, and don’t touch.
Crane:
Crane is a mechanical device which is used for lifting the load from one place to another place or location is
called crane.
Lifting operation:
The operation in which item or equipment being lifted or shifted is called lifting operation.
Load:
The item or equipment being transported or lifted is called Load.
Lifting:
The process of moving the material from one location to another location is called lifting
Types of lift:
i. Non-engineering lifts
ii. Engineering lifts
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i. Non- engineering lifts:

Vessel
Vertical = under 30 Ton
Horizontal = under 60 Ton
All other equipment and structure under 60- Ton.
ii. Engineering Lifts:

It has three types of lifts.
 “A”Type Lift:
Lift upto 100 ton per the following requirements.
Vessels:
Vertical = 30 Ton and over
Horizontal = 60 Ton and over
All other equipment and structure over 60 -Ton.
 “ B” Type Lift:
Lift 100 Ton up to 600- Ton.
 “C” Type Lift:
Lift 600 – Ton and above.
All engineering lifts must be carried out under the supervision of owner/contractor rigging and load engineers, third
party rigging consultant, rigging manager, site manager and project manager.
Critical lifts:
Critical lift means a lift that exceeds 80 percent of the rated capacity or when requires the use of more than
one crane or derrick.
 Around energized power lines.
 Near and over hydrocarbon and pressurized piping system.
 Around and over populated/traffic areas. If any load is more than 15 ton.
 Tendum, multiple or tailing lifts.
 High level and long reach lifts.
 Personal platform (Man basket).
JSA and lifting plan must be required.
Tendum Lift:
A lift in which two crane are used for lifting is called Tendum lifting.
Tailing lift:
A lift in which one crane hold the material and other lift the material is called trailing lift.
Blind Lift:
A lift where at any point in time during the lifting operation, the operator cannot clearly see the load and
personnel from the boom tip camera.
Types of lifting:
1. Simple lifting – less than 20 tom
2. Heavy lifting - More than 20 tom
3. Critical lifting – Using crane capacity above 80% or derrick, or using more than one crane.
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Lifting Plan:
It is the document prepare for planning a critical lift by calculating and considering all factors which is going to
effect the lift and there by select the correct tools and cranes and ensure the safe lifting procedure to be followed for
the particular lift, which is used for lifting.
Rigging:
The process of lifting and moving loads with rope, chain and mechanical devices.
Hitch:
A rigging hitch is used to attach the sling to the load. There are three basic types of hitches.
1. Vertical or straight hitch – 1 ton can lift
2. Choker hitch – 800 kg can lift
3. Basket hitch – 2 ton can lift
Parts of Crane:
Boom, Sling, Shackle, Fly jib, Anti two block, Outrigger, Main hoist, Auxiliary hoist, Pulley, Webs ling, LMI,
Counter weight, air fan, limit switch, Drum etc.
Types of Crane:
i. Mobile crane
ii. Crawler crane
iii. Tower crane
iv. Overhead craned
v. Mounted crane
vi. Rough terrain crane
vii. Sidelift cran
viii. All terrain crane
ix. Floating crane
x. Telescope crane
xi. Gantry crane
xii. Loader crane
xiii. Jib crane etc
Hazards of Crane:
 Instability
 Contact witth power line
 Load and capacity ratio
 Incorrect radius
 Operator untrained
 Rigger untrained
 Wind velocity more than 32kph
 High speed of boom swing
 Underground utilities
 Soil unstable
 Electrical hazards
 Inadequate inspection and maintenance
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Crane Lift Requirement:

 Valid work permit
 Crane TUV
 Client sticker
 Operator license
 Qualified Rigger (TUV)
 Crane boom swing area free and barricade
 Outrigger fully extended and must be on pad
 Check the ground level and stability
 Check the SWL
 Load capacity
 Visual inspection of all equipment
 Anybody not allowed under suspended load
 Tag line will be used
 Maintain safe distance from energized line.
 Never place load under power line.
 Fire aid kit
 Fire extinguisher
 Saudi legal documents
 Two qualified, competent riggers are required, one rigger on the ground and another rigger on
elevated area.
Centre of Gravity:
Center of gravity is the point at which the distribution of weight is equal in all directions.
Work Radius:
Distance from the center pin of the crane to the center of the load is called work radius (dia *dia*8)
(1``*1``*8=8 Ton).
Safe Work Load (SWL):

Safe work load is the maximum load that can apply to the lifting tool safely.
How to calculate crane % capacity:
Lifting gear + Material weight

Crane % capacity = _________________________ * 100
Total Crane Capacity (SWL)
Total erection of load

= ________________________ * 100
Total crane capacity
= 4 ton + 8 ton
________________________ * 100
15.5 ton
= 12 ton
________________________ * 100 =77.41%
15.5 Ton
Crane % Capacity = 77.41%
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Note: SWL/Total crane capacity as per the chart 15.5 ton (Radius 8 meter, Boom length 28 meter as per chart 15.5 ton)
Material weight = 8 ton
Lifting gear = Hook + Wire Rope Sling + Web Sling + Shackle + Spreader Beam, Frame etc.
Lifting = 4 ton
How to calculate SWL of steel wire rope sling:
SWL Wire Rope = D * D * 8

D = Diameter of Rope (mm)
Example:
Diameter of Rope = 16mm as per formula
D * D * 8
SWL = 16 * 16 * 8= 2098 kg
SWL in ton 2098/100 = 2.098 Ton
Load Movement Indicator (LMI):

It shows the capacity of the crane and indicate the operator the percentage of capacity at which the
equipment is working.
Load Chart:
Each crane has a load chart that specifies the crane capabilities, detailing its features and how its lift capacity
varies when considering distance and angle.
Outriggers:
Outriggers are extendible or fixed members attached to the crane base to support the crane during lift.
Jib:
Jib is an extension to the end of the boom to provide added boom length for lifting specified loads.
Counter Weight:
Counter weight is any weight used for stability of the crane.
Anti-Two Block:
A device which prevent the collision of hook and boom.
Boom:
Boom is a member hanged to the rotating superstructure and used for supporting the hoisting tackle.
Crane Safety Devices:

Following are the crane safety devices.
i. Warning light
ii. LMI
iii. Outrigger lock pin
iv. Emergency shutdown button in the cabin
v. Safety lever for control
vi. Fire extinguisher
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vii. Emergency control system

viii. First aid kit
ix. Anemometer
x. Anti-two block
Physical inspection of Crane:

i. Check capacity of crane
ii. Lifting plan
iii. Capacity of main hook
iv. Capacity of wire rope slings
v. Capacity of shackle
vi. Capacity of spreader boom
vii. Stability of crane
viii. Inspection TUV sticker
ix. Operator license
x. Qualified rigger( have TUV)
xi. Never place load under power line
xii. Check ground level and ground utility
xiii. Outrigger must be extended
 Crane wind velocity capacity:

9 m/PS (meter per second) or 32k/mph (per hour)
 Man Basket wind velocity capacity:

7 M/Ps or 25 k/mph (1mps=3.6k/ mph i.e. 25/7=3.6)
 Man lift wind velocity capacity :

12 m/ps or 43k/mph (43/12=3.6)
 The Safety angle of the Crane is 450
 The clearance of the boom with electrical lines 20 feet (6.1meter)
 Above 10 Ton lift is called critical lift
 Below 10 Ton lift is called Tail lift
 Generally there are two types of Crane Boom i.e. telescopic boom and Lattice boom.
 Wire Rope Sling, 1 inch = 8 ton can support
 (Web sling) Vertical/straight Hitch - 1 ton can lift
 Chowker Hitch -800 kg can lift
 Basket Hitch -2 ton can lift
 Crane tire will be above minimum 2 inch from land
Man basket:
A basket with which human being lifted above to the high elevated area to perform work.
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Requirement of a Man basket:

 Barrication, warning tape and signages
 Qualified operator
 Valid third party certificate
 two guide ropes
 damage free lifting gears
 SWL/ the load bearing capacity should be written on man basket
 Shackle with cotter pin only to be used.
 Tag line
Minimum clearance distance Electrical line in lifting area:

50kv power line 10 feet (3m)
50kv to 200kv 15 feet (4.6m)
200kv to 350kv 20 feet (6.1m)
350kv to 500kv 25 feet (7.6m)
500kv to 750kv 35 feet (10.6m)
750kv to 1000kv 45 feet (13.7m)
Rigging equipment’s:
Counter weight, eye bolts, shackle, hooks, ropes/slings, outer rigger, safety latches.
Four principles of Rigging:

1. Know the capacity
2. Know the weight
3. Retain the load
4. Control the load
Types of Sling:
Steel chain slings, wire rope sling, metal mesh sling, synthetic fiber rope sling, synthetic web slings.
Rigger’s duties and responsibilities:
 Wear correct personnel protective equipment.
 Understand the basic requirements of a lifting plan
 Make pre-operational functional checks any communication/rigging equipment.
 Ascertain or accurately assess the center of gravity of the load to be lifted
 Ensure all of the lifting tackles selected of correct type of the planned lifting job.
 Have the ability to measure the load radius from the center of the crane.
 Understand that the gross load on a crane boom includes hook, auxiliary jib, weight of rigging etc. as
well as the actual weight of the load.
 Have the authority to sign to stop operations in the event of developing defect or hazard.
 He must be aware of the effect of wind on lifting operation
 Fully understand the need to report all actual and suspected defect immediately.
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Man lift:
Man lift is a device for moving passengers between floors of a building.
Requirement of man lift:
 Work permit
 Client sticker
 Qualified operator
 Flagman
 Proper barricade and post proper signage
 Operator TUV
 Warning light
Work At Height:
The work which is being carried out 1.8 m (6 feet) above the ground level and where there is hazard of falling
of material and people is called work at height.
Planning before to perform work at height.
1. Fall prevention
2. Fall arrest
3. Fall restraint system
1. Fall Prevention:
Fall prevention removes the risk of the worker falling by providing a barrier between them and the fall
hazard e.g. guard rail or railing system etc.
2. Fall Arrest System: ( Anchorage, Life line, Body harness)

Fall arrest system protect you after you fall. It stops the fall before you hit the surface e.g. full body
harness
3. Fall Restraint System:

Fall restraint system prevent you from falling e.g. life line, guard rail system, anchor point etc.
Fall Protection:
The system which is installed to protect the workers, material or both from falling is called fall protection.
Types of fall protection system:
 Guard rail system
 Personnel fall arrest system
 Safety net system
 Positioning devices system
 Safety monitoring system etc.
Accident:
An undesired, uncontrolled, unplanned event that results in undesirable consequences to the personal
injury/illness or to property damage/loss or to environment.
Causes of Accidents:
 Lack of training and information
 Working too quickly
 Distraction
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 Wearing unsuitable clothing

 Poor house keeping
 Ignoring rules
Types of Accidents/Classification of Accident:

1. Fatality Case
2. Lost Worked Day/Lost Time Injury
3. Restricted Work Case
4. First Aid Case
1. Fatality Case/Human loss:

Death resulting case from work related injury/illness.
2. Lost Worked Day (LWI)/Lost Time Injury(LTI):
Any injury/illness because of which the employee is unable to work the next
Working day. OR
When the injured person doesn’t come back at the job site in 24 hours.
3. Restricted Work Case:
Any injury/illness because of which the employee is unable to perform one or more of the routine
functions of his job, so duty of that employee changes to light activates to whom he could perform
easily.
4. First Aid Case:
Any injury/illness that requires First Aid treatment only, with no necessary follow up medical facilities.
Use of Accident Report /purpose of A/R:

To find out the root cause of accident and to prevent it from re-occurrence.
Who makes an Accident Report:

Concerned area supervisor or site safety representatives.
Why accident investigated/Accident investigation reasons/Benefits:
 To identify the cause of accident

 To identify the cost of accident
 To identify weaknesses in risk assessment
 To prevent re-occurrence of accident in future
 To claim insurance
 To provide information to enforcement agency
 It enables risk assessment to be updated
Step of Accident Investigation:

1. Report the accident to your senior officer
2. Provide first aid to injured
3. Secure the scene
4. Investigate the accident
5. Data collection
6. Data analysis
7. Identify the cause and correct
8. Complete the report
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Investigation types:
1. General investigation 2. Deep investigation
Causes of accident:
Behind every accident there are some reasons, and those reasons can be categorize under two category.
1. Immediate or direct cause: An immediate cause is the direct cause of the accident, usually as an unsafe act
and unsafe condition such as Careless, ignoring, distraction, untrained, not wearing ppe, slippery surface,
smoking near chemical etc.
2. Root/Underlying/indirect cause: The root cause or underlying or indirect cause create immediate cause such
as Lack of training, lack of supervision, poor management system, improper documentation, poor company
culture etc.
Emergency Reporting Procedure:

To report any emergency the following steps should be followed
1. Inform your senior and tell your location
2. State your nature of emergency and number of causality or and injured person.
3. What kind of help is required (Fire alarm, ambulance, security team)
4. Your name and badge number (Personal information)
5. Stay online with despatcher unless he advises to hang off.
Near Miss:
An event which occurs without damage to property, person loss and the environment.
INCIDENT/NEAR MISS:
An event or condition that doesn’t cause harm but has the potential to do so.
In many organizations these events will be recorded as near misses.
Who makes an accident investigation report:

A team of front line supervisor, HSE manager, Sub-Contractor representative if sub-contractor personnel are
injured, high officials depending upon the severity of accident.
What is the use of the accident investigation report:

To find out root cause of the accident, make recommendations to prevent re-occurrence and evaluate the
effectiveness of emergency response.
What is Waste Management:

The collection, segregation and disposal of various waste materials according to the rules and regulations of
the authorities.
Control waste:
Control waste defined as household, industrial and commercial waste or any substance which is scrip or
unwanted surplus from a process.
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Tool Box Talk:

Awareness about work situation to the employee is called tool box talk.
Who is Competent Person:
He is one who is properly trained and authorized to perform a specific work in a safe manner.
Tool Box Meeting:

The workers can be educated about safe work rules and procedure, and their awareness can be improved on
some task.
Heat Stroke:
During hot days, due to dehydration, body temperature increase, due to this the person fell down and if not
taken care off, he can even die, this is called heat stroke.
Radiography:
It is use for welding x-rays (if the wind velocity is up the 32km or 20 miles than work should be stop).
Risk:
Risk is the probability of injury or harm. The risk is the chance, high or low, that somebody could be harmed by
these and other hazards.
Cold work:
Any work in which we do not use any energized equipment is called cold work.
For example, carpentry works painting, surveying, steel fixing and manual excavation etc.
Work Permit:
It is a legal document which authorizes us to do a specific work at specific location. Or it is a written document
authorized a person to do a specific work in a specific area.
Types of permit to work (PTW):

1. Hot work permit (Red color)
2. Cold work permit (Blue color)
3. Gas release permit (Yellow color)
4. Confined space Permit (Green color)
Purposes of work permit system:

 The system helps to protect the human beings from danger and the machinery/equipment from
damage.
 To identify the hazards and prevent accident
Color Coding System:
All tools and equipment’s are inspected periodically by concerned competent person and color coded
accordingly.
Emergency:
It is an accident that has potential to cause serious injury and loss of life.
Types of Emergency:
 On-site emergency: The emergency situation which affects the internal premises of a company.
 Off-site emergency: The emergency situation which affects the outside of the company
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What is ERP (EHS Emergency):

Emergency response procedure; to deal any type of emergency with proper procedure.
Emergency evacuation procedure to follow in the event of a Gas release:

 Don’t get panic on hearing alarm
 Stop the work immediately
 Switch off all the equipment and energized circuits.
 Ask workers inside confined space to come out
 Observe the direction of wind flow
 Make sure all workers have evacuated
 Take people to muster point
 Obey further instruction from emergency response team
 Resume work after getting clearance only
What will you do in case of Fire Emergency Situation:

 Inform the surrounding people by raising alarm
 If it is small fire, try to extinguish the fire with extinguisher
 Inform the fire department and exit to the assembly point in case of big fire.
Emergency plan/ Emergency Evacuation Plan:

It is the procedure to provide concise guidelines for evacuation in case of some emergencies and to identify
the emergencies in advance. Or an emergency plan specifies procedure for handling sudden or unexpected situations.
The objective or purpose it to:
1. Prevent fatalities and injuries
2. Reduce damage to building, stock and equipment
3. Protect the environment and the community
Main factors of emergency:

 Plant failure
 Human error
 Vehicle crash
 Sabotage
 Earthquake
 Fire
 Chemical leakage
 Electricity
 Severe weather
 Bomb threats
 Release of toxic gasses etc.
What is Evacuation:
Stop the work and switch off equipment and proceed to nearest assembly ground.
Always walk wind cross direct (we can see wind direction by wind socks).
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Assembly Muster Point:

The area determined and marked for assemble of people working the area in case of any emergency.
Head Counting and its Purpose:

On hearing emergency alarm, all people have to assemble in “Assembly Muster Point”. Area supervisor will
call his workers with attendance sheet and confirm that nobody is trapped in the site. This procedure is called head
counting.
It purposes is to ensure all workers are present in the assembly area.
Work Method Statement (WMS):

It is the document submitted by contractor to client, covering the general work procedure of a particular job
in a safe manner as per required standard.
What is the use of WMS:

We can plan and execute the work easily and safely. It helps to know the codes and standard used for each
activity.
In which situation “Ear Protection is needed”:
In the areas, where sound pollution is more than 85DBA (Decibel at Scale).
SCBA:
Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus, use in confined space or where oxygen deficiency exists or where
concentration of toxic gasses is harmful to humans i.e. firefighting, testing for toxic gases such as hydrogen sulfide
(h2s).
SCBA shall be used by following personnel:
 Medically fit
 Trained and experienced
 Without beard
DBA:
The frequency of noise at which we should use ear plug or muffs is 85dba (Decibel at Scale A).
 Ear muff/Ear defender/Ear plug; it’s protect our hears from high noise.
 Body harness protect from falling in high elevated areas.
Noise:
Any unwanted or undesirable sound called as noise.
Permissible noise exposure:
Duration per day, Hours - Sound level (DBA)
8 hours - 90dba
6 hours - 92dba
4 - 95
3 - 97
2 - 100
1.5 - 102
1 - 105
0.5 - 110
0.75 - 115
Always try to stay away from noisy area e.g. generator, compressor, motors etc.
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Daily check list:

It is to be filled by equipment operator after physical check of the equipment.
Flash Point:
Flash point is the lowest temperature at which a fuel produces enough vapors to ignite in the presence of a
heat source
Fire Point:
The fire point, a slightly higher temperature, is defined as the temperature at which the vapor continues to
burn after being ignited.
Note: Flash point produce only flash while fire point continue to burn.
Heat:
Heat is a form of energy. Heat can be produced by chemical means e.g. by burning aviation fuel or by
mechanical means by fiction.
First Aid:
First aid is the immediate care given to victims of an accident or illness before qualified medical assistance
arrives.
Ergonomic:
Ergonomic is the science which deals with human and his working condition.
Or Stress and strain put on the body through posture and movement.
Ergonomic Hazard:
Ergonomic hazards, occurs when the type of work, body, position and working condition put strain in your
body.
It is related to mind also:
 Awkward movement
 Insufficient lighting
 Improper adjustment working condition
 Having too much force
 Handling of boxes
 Poor body positioning etc.
What is Industrial Hygiene:

 Air contaminants
 Chemical hazards
 Biological hazards
 Physical hazards
 Ergonomic hazards
What is HI Pot Test:

It is the insulation leakage test done for high voltage electrical cables, with voltage megger (a name of test
equipment).
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Hot Tap:
Connecting a line to a live line is called hot tapping.
What is Statistics:
Counting of number is called statistics, in HSE this term is used to count the safe working men hours,
recordable injuries, damage to property, lost time injuries is called statistics.
What is IDLH:
IDLH stand for, Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health. The hazard, such as toxic gas, poses an immediate
threat to health or life. The IDLH level for carbon monoxide is 1200ppm, for example
Hypo Test:
The test done in cable by giving high voltage in order to check the voltage holding capacity of the cable.
Hydro Test:
The pressure test done in pipe, vessels etc. by filling with water and giving pressure in order to find any defects
related to leakage.
Hazards:
 Injury to personnel
 Property damage
 Inadequate access
 Slipping, tripping, falling
 Sudden release of fluid (water)
 Defective tools can damage equipment
 Equipment accident
 Fire
Precautions/Control Measure:
 Obtain correct permit to work
 Ensure proper housekeeping at work site
 All work areas to be kept clean and free of tripping hazards
 Barricade the area, post warning sign, used for hydro testing (such as, hose pumps, coupling, pressure
gauges, gasket etc.) are free from any defect and suitable for the pressure rating of the system.
 During the testing operation all non-essential personnel will be kept out of the test areas.
 Never increase the Hydro-Test pressure more than the maximum allowable pressure
 No bolt tightening work will take place while the line under pressure or during pressure-up stages.
Purpose of Hydro Test:

 Identify the leaks
 To check the strength of the welded joint
 To check the capacity of the system
Pre-Commissioning:
Pre-commissioning activities are the non-operating work responsibilities such as adjustment, cold alignment
checks, testing etc., performed by the contractor prior to the commissioning or mechanical completion.
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Commissioning:
Commissioning activities are associated with preparing or operating the plant. Commissioning starts the
preparation to hand over or transfer finish project.
OR The commissioning process verifies all systems and equipment are installed and working correctly.
Pre-Commissioning requirement:
 Valid work permit (JSA, RA,STA)
 Ensure proper housekeeping at work site
 All work area to be kept clean and free of tripping hazards.
 Walkthrough (before 24 hours
 Method statement, check list, Risk assessment
 Barricade the areas with orange mesh and post warning signage
 Ensure the equipment/tools to be used for test such as hose, psv, pg. (pressure gauge), gasket etc. are
free from any defects and suitable for the pressure rating of the system.
 Drawings
 PSV (Pressure Safety Valve), it is used to release the pressure above the capacity, it is calibrated for
one week as per procedure.
 PG (Pressure Gauge) valid for one month
 Manifold calibrated (valid for six month)
 Whip Flash Arrestor (to control pipe for some time)
 Hose
 During the testing operation all non-essential personnel will be kept out of the test areas.
 Never increase the test pressure more than the maximum allowable pressure.
 PSI – pound square inch
 1 bar = 14.5 psi
 1 bar makes 100 paskels.
What is CPR:
Cardio pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a lifesaving technique useful in many emergencies, including heart
attack or near drowning, in which someone’s breathing or heartbeat has stopped.
Cardio = cardio means any exercise that makes the heart beat faster than it normally does.
Pulmonary = relating to the lungs.
Approach Safely:
 Check Response
 Shout for help
 Open airway
 Check breathing
 Call 997 (emergency number)
 30 chest compressions
 2 rescue breaths
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Stairways:
A set of stair that go from one level or floor to another.
Ladder:
A series of steps or stages by which someone move up to a higher or better position
Difference b/w ladder and stairway:
A ladder is a structure which is usually portable.
Stairways refers to a set of multiple steps which is a permanent fixture
Explain the meaning of the term “Hazard”:

Anything that can harm to the people, property and environment is called hazard.
Or something with the potential to cause harm. For example, a lorry moving around a site road is a hazard because it
might run over a worker, fire hazard, chemical hazard, electrical hazards etc.
Hazard can be classified as:
1. Physical hazards: Things which cause harm because of their physical characteristics. For example, work at
height, noise, vibration, heat, trip hazard, slipping hazards etc.
2. Chemical hazards: Things which cause harm because of their chemical characteristics. For example,
cement dust, sulfuric acid, gasses, paint etc.
3. Biological hazards: Biological hazards can cause harm to the human body. For example, bacteria, hepatitis
B virus, virus insect plant, animal birds and humans
4. Ergonomic hazards: Ergonomic is the science which deals with human and his working condition or Stress
and strain put on the body through posture and movement. For example, handling of boxes, poor body
positioning, awkward movement and improper adjustment working condition etc. OR Ergonomic is the
science which deals with human and his working condition
5. Psychological hazards: Things that have the potential to cause injury to the mind rather than the body.
For example, stressful event, repetitive work, shift work, lack of respect and excessive workloads etc.
6. Mechanical hazards: machinery related hazards for example, a moving machinery or manual use of tools
(welding, cutting and grinding) etc.
7. Environment hazards: A state or an event which has the potential to threaten the surrounding natural
environment or adversely affects people health, including pollution and natural disaster such as storms,
earthquake, flood etc.
Occupational Hazards:
An occupational hazards which are related to your work are called occupational hazards. For
example. Noise, dust, chemical, over work load, temperature and gasses etc.
Hazardous waste:
Hazardous waste includes all types of rubbish that are flammable, toxic, corrosive and reactive.
For example concrete waste, empty paint drum, oil, grease from engine, sand blasting etc.
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Hierarchy of control/Risk control:

Risk control involve changes in the way we work in order to minimize the risk.
1. Elimination: Elimination is the process of removing the hazards from the work place. For example, for
manual handling activities used fork lift or loading unloading etc.
2. Substitution: Substitute or replace hazardous material or machine with less hazardous ones, for example,
Replacing a solvent based paint with a water based paint.
3. Engineering control: Isolate people from the hazard (isolation and guarding). Or engineering control
protect workers by removing hazardous condition or by placing a barrier b/w the workers and hazards. For
example placing guard or handle to the grinder, guard rail etc.
4. Administrative control: change the way people work or train the worker to overcome the hazards,
including timing of work, policies, rules and work practices, information, instruction, training and
supervision etc.
5. PPE’s: Protect the worker with personal protective equipment include respirators, gloves, protective
clothing, hard hat, goggles and ear plugs.
Active (Proactive) Monitoring/Leading indicators:
Active monitoring is the process of inspection of those things or activity which have to carry out
safely.
Method/ Example: Inspection (scaffolding, crane), safety sampling (Documentation), safety survey
(general inspection of particular activities, process or area), safety tour (general health and safety
inspections) benchmarking, risk assessment, performance review and auditing JSA, checklist etc.
Reactive Monitoring/Lagging indicators:
Reactive/lagging monitoring is the process of investigation into thing that have gone wrong
(which has result in injury or loss of property).
Method: accident investigation, retraining, document review, environment monitoring, ill

health/incident rate, sickness and absence record, property damages etc.
Safety Culture:
The safety of an organization is the shared attitude, valves, beliefs and behaviors relating to
health and safety.
Positive Safety Culture:
In organization with a strong positive safety culture the majority of the workers think and feels
that health and safety is important (e.g wearing personal protective equipment ppe). There is a strong
policy and clear leadership from the top because senior management has this attitude which runs
through the whole organization from the top to bottom.
It can be improved if there is;
 Competent staff
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 Management commitment and leadership

 Effective communication
 Cooperation and consultation
 The effective training etc.
Negative Culture:
In an organization with a weak negative safety culture the majority of workers think and feels
that health and safety is not important. They are not properly educated in health and safety. There is a
lack of clear direction and leadership from senior management.
Managers do not think about health and safety in their decision making and priorities other things on
safety.
Benchmarking:
Benchmarking is the comparing of the performance of an organization with other n an industry.
We can use fatality rate, accident rate, incident rate, first aid cases rate, near miss etc.
Safety Audit:
The safety audit is the process that identifies unsafe condition and unsafe acts and
recommended safety improvement.
Sand Blasting:
The process of removing rust, dirt, scales and old print from the old surface using compressed
air is called sand blasting.
Precautions:

 Barricade all working area
 Keep the workers away from blasting area
 Competent persons
 Use of less toxic abrasive blasting materials
 Don’t drink, eat or using tobacco near blasting area
Hazards:
 Toxic material (lead paint, silica (chemical compound), that are hazardous to workers.
 Silica sand can cause silicosis ( dhool se paida hony wala warm or lungs ki soozish), lung cancer,
breathing problems, high level of dust and noise etc.
Water Jetting:
Water jetting is an industrial tool capable of cutting a wide variety of materials using a very high
pressure jet of water.
It is used to cut almost all solid material and to clean various surfaces.
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Precautions:

 Barricade all working area and post proper signage
 Keep away unnecessary workers
 Safety helmet
 Hearing protectors
 Protective goggle
 Face protective suit( water proof)
 Protective gloves ( water proof)
 Safety tools (water proof)

Hazards:
 Water blasting hazards

 Potential chemical exposure
 Electric shock
 Slip trip and falling hazards
 Damage to property
 Injury to personnel
Insulation:
Insulation is material designed to prevent heat or sound from being transmitted from one area
to another.
Types of insulation:
1. Hot Insulation: To maintain the heat

2. Cold Insulation: To prevent the heat from increasing
Gas Concentration:
TWA(Time Weighted Average)- The average concentration(percentage) nearly all workers can
tolerate 8 hour per day, 5 days a week without suffering harmful effects.
TLV (Threshold Limit Value) - Concentration of the contaminant in air over the normal work shift of 8
hours to workers can be exposed without respiratory system.
If gas (e.g. H2S) 10ppm, than the worker is allowed to work for 2 hours and take rest for 15 minutes.
(Total 8 hour timing)
STEL (Short Term Exposure Limit) – The maximum concentration a worker can be exposed to
continuously for up to 15 minutes, 4 times per day as long as the TWA is not exceeded.
If gas (e.g. H2S) 15ppm, than the worker is allowed to work for 15minutes and take the rest for 2 hrs.
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PEL (Permissible Explosive Limit) – PEL concentration a worker can be exposed to up to 8 hour TWA.
IDLH (Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health) – Minimum concentration of contaminant in air which
is immediately dangerous to life and health.
If 100ppm no entry to that area (Air supplied respirator are required in IDLH atmosphere)
Note:
- TLV of H2S - 10ppm
- STEL of H2S - 15ppm
- IDLH of H2S - 100ppm
Note: Up to 10ppm work can be done without respiratory protection system.
- 10 ppm to 100 ppm work can be done by using SCBA

- Above 100 ppm work not permitted, allowed only for rescue.
Fire Protection:
Fire Protection systems are a series of components (combination of different fire safety equipment and
procedures) that work together to detect fires and mitigate the negative impacts.
Examples: Fire alarm, sprinkler system, fire extinguishers, fire hydrant system etc.
Fire Prevention:
Fire prevention involves proactive steps taken to reduce fire hazards (Poor maintained electric system
etc.)
Examples: Inspection (ELCB, GFCI, MCB etc.), regular maintenance testing etc.
Important points to be observed for fire prevention:

 Good house keeping
 No smoking
 Use of fire resistant paint
 Electrical safety
 Fire check doors
 Separate storage of hazardous chemicals
What precautions are necessary in Electric Work:
 All electrical installations shall be as per electricity rules

 Only competent persons should handle the electrical equipment
 The equipment should be earthed properly
 Cable should be completely insulated
 Cable should not have any joints
 Only one connection for one points
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 Fire protection equipment to be kept near by

 Use rubber gloves and rubber boots
 Use good quality of wire
 Never operate any electrical equipment with wet hands
 Proper sign board is necessary
 No person shall work on any live electrical conductor
Circuit breaker: A device used as a means of starting or stopping electric current flow.
Name 3 hazards of working with electric power:
1. Electric shock
2. Fire
3. Explosion
Poor lighting results in 4 well identified undesirable consequences:
1. Fatigue
2. Errors
3. Stress
4. Accidents
Electrical PPE:
1. Flame resistant protective clothing

2. Arc flash protection hood
3. Hard hat
4. Safety glasses
5. Gloves (rubber)
6. Safety footwear (rubber)
What will you do if construction don’t follow safety:
1. Display his picture on wall of shame

2. Training
3. Warning letter
4. Violation notes
5. Suspended from the site
6. termination
What are the hazards in Construction:
 Fall of person from top and getting injured

 Fall of objects from top and below person injury
 Fall of material from top and damaged
 Person fall into excavated pit
 Collapse of soil and below person get injury
 Damage of underground cables and sewage pipe
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 Collapse of scaffolding and person fall from height

 Electric shock
 Fire and explosion
 Burn injury etc.
Causes of chemical spills:
1. Inappropriate handling techniques.

2. Inappropriate storage containers.
3. Damaged storage containers
4. Uncontrolled access to chemical storage.
5. Lack of chemical storage
6. Lack of supervision.
Why acetylene is better than LPG for cutting:
For cutting is used acetylene and oxygen. We can use propane or LPG and oxygen too but cannot cut
thick plate and it will take more time. Cutting with acetylene take less time.
One more reason is:
Acetylene have very high flammability range i.e. 2.5% to 100 %( LEL to UEL) whereas that of propane is
2.1% to 9.55 (LEL to UEL).
Propane gas cannot be used for gas welding. When acetylene burns in oxygen, it creates a reducing zone
that cleans the steel surface. Propane does not have a reducing zone like acetylene and hence cannot be
used for welding.
What are hazards and injuries in Manual Handling:
 Cutting fingers due to sharp edges

 Burns due to handling of hot articles
 Foot injuries due to dropped articles
 Slipped disc due to improper posture
 Sprain and fractures
Fork Lift Truck:
Fork lift truck are designed to handle heavy loads
How to care and maintenance of Hand Tools:
 tools must be kept clean and free from corrosion

 keep metal parts lightly oiled
 Tools which are not in used must be stored separately
 A good worker regularly inspect his tools
 Do not use tools without handles
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What are the hazards in offshore:
 Fire/explosion due to the present of flammable HC atmosphere (oil & gas)

 Hydrogen Sulfide(H2S)
 Liquid/Gas under pressure
 Toxic materials/Chemical handling
 Lifting operation
 Entering into confined space
 Electricity
 Moving machinery
 Height work
 Adverse weather condition (wind, weather, sea state)
 Danger of falling
 Radio active
 Flammable material
 Ambient temperature
Air is a mixture of gasses:
 Nitrogen 77%
 Oxygen 20.9%
 Water vapor 0.9%
 Argon 0.9%
 Carbon dioxide 0. 03%
 Other gasses 0.07%
Difference between Flash back arrestor and Check Valve:
Check valve:
A check valve can only prevent the reverse gas flow.
Flash back arrestor:
Flash back arrestor prevents reverse gas flow and arrests the flashback. A check valve cannot arrest a
flash back.
Flash back arrestor protects the user and equipment from damage or explosions.
Do you know how to investigate an accidents:

 Injured person’s name, address, designation age
 Exact place and types of hazards
 Date, shift, time
 To find out the causes/ reasons
 To take correction action
 Fact finding not fault finding
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Storage of gas cylinders:

 Cylinders should store in a safe, dry and well ventilated store
 Oxygen cylinders should be stored horizontally and acetylene cylinders shall be stored
vertically.
 The standing cylinders should be secured properly avoid falling.
 Flammable gas shall be stored at least 50 feet away from another building
 Oxygen cylinder shall never be stored necessary flammable gas cylinder
 Empty cylinder shall be identified by marking with a chalk (MT) and checked for damage before
returning to suppliers.
 Cylinders should not be kept as supports
Road safety:
 The speed limits displayed along the road should be strictly
 Short cuts and cutting across the corners should be avoid
 Nobody should try to cross the level crossing when drop gates are closed
 Signal given blocking the road ' stop' look, listen and proceed should be followed.
Explain what are belongs to unhygienic working environment:
 Presence of toxic,
 High temp.
 Excessive noise
 Emission of radiation
 Improper lighting
 Improper ventilation
 Process involving handling of poisonous
Explain how many types of sign boards:
 Mandatory
 Information
 Fire or explosion
 Caution
 Wiring
Causes of accident in construction:
 Erection equipment failure
 Falling of persons from height
 Electrical shocks
 Improper lighting
 Non-stop working by worker
 Up safe work methods
 Collapsing of earth during trench excavation
 Failure of use safety equipment
 Working a height without safety belt
Page 53
How to control risk:

The risk is control by following process they are eliminate, replace, reduce, control and PPE.
Safety rules insuring oxygen cylinders:

 Oxygen cylinders should not be kept near combustible materials.
 Oxygen cylinders should not be handled with grassy hands or gloves.
 Oxygen cylinders and their fittings should not be tested with oil based soap solution.
 Oxygen cylinders and other combustible gas cylinders should not be stored together.
 The top cover of the cylinder should be kept in position and screwed safety when not in use.
 Cylinders should not be used as rollers for moving materials
 Oxygen must not be used for ventilating confined spaces.
Handling of compressed gas cylinders:

 They are not to be dragged or dropped
 They should be stored in dry and well ventilated places
 Chains and slings should not be used for lifting cylinders.
 The caps of the cylinders should not be removed when they are not in use.
 Cylinders should not be stored near hot sources
 Acetylene cylinders should not be stored horizontally
 Empty cylinders and fully cylinders should be stored separately
 Leakage cylinders removed to open space and release the gas without getting ignited.
Hazards in welding:
 Eye injury
 Burn injury Arc realization
 Electrical shock Light arc radiation
 Heat, light and radiation effect Heat fume
 Poisonous gases Chipped price of weld metal
 Fire
 Explosion Scattering
 Noise Sparking
 Sparking
 Flying sand
Page 54
Control measures of radiography:

 Barricade the area
 Remove all un-necessary persons away from site
 Check radiation level with dosimeter
 Use lead shields
 Put a sign board
 Risk tissue damaged
 Use special filter glass
 Use lead coated aprons
Respirator:
It is a safety device which cover nose, mouth and face from inhalation of dust, smoke and
gasses.
Safety signage:
1. Prohibition signs: (Do not do)
For example no smoking. (Color – Red)
2. Mandatory signs: (Must do)

For example use of proper PPE Hard Hat, glass, shoes etc. (color – Blue)
3. Safe condition signs: (The safe way)

A sign indicating emergency exits or first aid/ resume equipment
(Color – Green)
4. Warning sign: (caution, beware)

A sign giving warning of a hazard or danger.
For example danger electricity (Color – Yellow)
5. Fire sign: (Fire Equipment)

A sign indicating the location of firefighting equipment.
For example fire extinguisher (Color – Red)
6. Information signs: (General Information)

A sign providing general information. For example, toilet, rest shelter etc. (color – white)
NFPA/Fire diamond:
The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), Global self-funded nonprofit organization,
established in 1896 in America related fire called NFPA 704 as a chemical hazard label.
NFPA sometimes called a fire diamond.
Due to NFPA we can know how much the chemical is hazardous/risky.
NFPA/Fire Diamond have more than 300 codes issued by NFPA used for fire protection.
Page 55
Color coding: symbol of fire diamond/ NFPA704/Four symbols of NFPA.
Red - Flammability
Blue - Health risk
Yellow - Reactivity or explosively
White - Special hazards
Red
Blue Yellow
White
Numerical meaning: These color show fire diamond symbols:
Zero (0) - No hazard

One - Minor hazard
Two - Moderate hazard
Three - Major hazard
Four - Sever hazard/Extreme deadly
1. Red Hazard:
On flash point of 200 F0 (93.3 C0 - degree celsis) can get the fire.
Flash point depend on material i.e. danger or not
Note= (1 C0 = 2.2 F0)
2. Blue (Health Hazards):

It (0-4) shows chemical, how much it dangerous i.e. low or high.
(4) Deadly means if you come in chemical contact, you will be die on the spot.
3. Yellow (Reactivity/instability):
0- No react with water

1- Normal stable, explosive with water, if mix it with water and so on (0-4).
4. White color (special hazard):
It can get the fire without oxygen. Don’t mix water with chemical
Alphabets meaning:
White OX (Oxidizer) – it can quick react from other chemical and get the fire.
White W - Reacts with water in a dangerous or unusual way.
White SA - Simple asphyxiate gas (a person can feel inhalation problem)
Page 56
What are 5s, s System:
The 5s is a Japanese system which help in improving productivity, quality and safety in any industry.
5 s consist of:
1. Sorting: Separating the needed from unneeded. Its aim is to eliminate unneeded items from the work area
2. Simplifying: - A place for everything and everything in its place.
 Clean & ready for use
 All things be set in order
3. Systematic Cleaning: Systematic daily cleaning and inspection of work areas and equipment.
4. Standardizing: Make up the rules, follow itself and enforce other to follow.
5. Sustaining: - Holding the gains and improvement
 Aim to maintaining the improvements
 Make these rules as you habit.
COSHH:
COSHH stands for the control of substances hazardous to health. COSHH is the law that requires employers to
control substances that are hazardous to health. COSHH used to show where hazardous substances are present.
You can prevent or reduce workers exposure to hazardous substance by;
1. Finding out what the health hazardous are:
2. Deciding how to prevent harm to health ( risk assessment)
3. Providing control measure to reduce harm to health.
4. Keeping all control measure in good working order.
5. Providing information, instruction and training for employees and others.
6. Planning for emergencies.
COSHH symbols:
1. Explosive 2. Flammable 3. Oxidizing 4. Gas under pressure
5. Corrosive 6. Toxic 7. Health hazards
ISO 50001: 2018 Energy Management System Awareness (EMS):

ISO 50001 gives organization a recognized framework for developing an effective energy management system.
It involves developing and implementing an energy use, and designing action plans to reach them and measure
progress.
This might include implementing new energy, efficient technology, reducing energy waste or improving current
process to cut energy costs.
ISO 9001: 2015 Quality Management System Foundation (QMS):

ISO 9001 is the international standard for Quality Management System (QMS).
A Quality Management System is the set of process a company utilizes to execute its quality management activities.
Quality Management System helps business and organization to be more efficient and improve customer satisfaction.
Page 57
ISO 14001: 2015 Environment Management System Awareness (EMS):

ISO 14001 is an internally recognized standard that focuses on the environment management system within a
company.
The standard prescribes extensive control over the activities in a workplace, which can have effects on the
environment.
ISO 45001: 2018 Occupational Health and Safety Management System Awareness:
ISO 45001: 2018 is an international standard that specifies requirements for an occupational health and safety
(OHS) management system published in March 2018.
The goal of ISO 45001 is the reduction of occupational injuries and disease including promoting and protecting physical
and mental health.
Accidents and ill health cost money. Costs may be:
Direct Cost - measurable costs arising directly from accidents.

Direct cost include;
• First aid treatment
• Sick pay
• Lost production time
• Fines and compensation
Indirect Cost - Indirect Costs are unbudgeted expenses that a company has to endure
unexpectedly. Or indirect cost arise as a consequence of the event but may not directly
involve money. Often difficult to quantify.
Indirect cost include;
 Lost time for investigation

 Lost morale
 Cost of recruitment of replacement
 Lost reputation
 Time to hire or train a worker to replace the injured worker until they return to work.
 Time and cost for repair or replacement of damaged equipment, materials or other property.
 Cost of completing paperwork generated by the accident.
 Cleanup and startup of operations interrupted by an accident.
Insured Cost
 Damage to plan/equipment/building
 Worker injury/death
 Medical cost
 Legal cost associated with claim
Page 58
Uninsured Cost
 Loss of raw materials due to accident
 Production delays
 Sick pay
 Overtime
 Equipment repairs
 Lost materials
 Loss of business reputation
International Labor Organization (ILO)
 Agency of the United Nations
 Most countries are members
 Sets international standards for H&S by publishing :( These standards are not ‘law’, they’re good
management practice)
i. Conventions
ii. Recommendations
Conventions
 Create policies to implement their provisions.
 No legal authority.
Recommendations
 Provide guidance on policy, legislation and practice
 Guidance on how to comply with its policies
Fall Protection Distance (Calculation):

 Length of the connector (Lanyard) = 1.8 meter
 Shock observer = 1.75 m
 Height of person = 1.5 m
 Safety factor (safe distance) =1m
-------------------
6.05 m
Shock observer could be removed, if no need i.e. 6.05-1.75= 4.3 m
Explain the following:
STARRT- Safety Task and Risk Reduction Talk
COSHH- Control of substance hazardous to Health.
OSHA- Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
OSHAS- Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series.
ELCB- Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker.

Page 59
CHB- Chemical Hazards Bulletin
GFCI- Ground Fault circuit Interrupter.
BSI- British Standard \institute.
SWL- Safe working Load
ANSI- American National standards Institute.
NIOSH- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health.
LTI - Lost Time injuries
ASTM- American Society for Testing of Materials.
JSA- Job Safety Analysis.
LEL- Lower Explosive Limit.
UEL- Upper Explosive Limits.
PEL- Permissible Explosive Limit.
REL- Recommended Exposure Limit
PSI- Pounds/Square Inch (1 bar= 14.7 psi)
STEL- Short Term Exposure Limit.
WBGT- Wet Bulb Globe Temperature
APR- Air Purifying Respirator
ASR- Air Supplying Respirator.
SCBA Self Contain Breathing Apparatus.
RSO- Radiation Safety Officer
NFPA- National Fire Protection association
IDLH – Immediate Danger to life & health.
CABA- Compressed air breathing apparatus
IOSH- Institute of Occupation Safety and Health
RWC- Restricted Work Case
MTI- Medical Treatment Injury
MTC- Medical Treatment Case

Page 60
ALARP- As Low As Reasonably Practicable
AIOSH- Associate of the Institute of Occupational Safety and Health
EIA - Environment Impact Assessment
OEL - Occupation Exposure Limit
PEL - Permissible Exposure Limit

WEL - Workplace Exposure Limit

Hazrat Ali (Safety Notes)

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Page 1

To carry out any work in safe manners.

Safety Glass 87.1(ANSI)

Safety Harness 359.1(ANSI)

Safety Shoes 41.1(ANSI)

Safety on scaffolding 10.4(ANSI)

What is Safety and Health:

Three key elements of HSE Policy;

1. Statement of intent (objectives and targets)

Why Safety Policy Need:

Purpose of Safety Policy:

Importance of Organization Chart:

Components of HSE Plan:

HSE Management system:

Content of safety management system:

HSE Orientation/Safety induction:

Responsibility of safety officer:

1. Identify potential or existing risk.

Safety Supervisor Responsibility:

1. Conducting tool box meeting

Safety Manager Responsibility:

1. The right health and safety policy is put in place.

9. Carries out safety audit on sub-contractor

HSE Documents File Index:

 HSE policy and plan

NEBOSH IGC ELEMENTS:

1. Elements 1: Why we should manage workplace health and safety

 Operating equipment without qualification or authorization.

 Improper supports or guards

Confined space Requirements/Precautions:

To avoid hazards make sure following precautions are followed.

 Confined space entry permit.

Confined space Hazards:

Who is confined space Attendant/Watchman:

Duties of confined space attendant/watch-man:

Why only 24 volt is allowed in confines space:

Why oxygen level become low:

Rusting metal: (Rusting is an oxidation process that consume oxygen)

Combustion: (Combustion is the burning process)

All sources of combustion such as propane heaters, welding consume oxygen.

Displacement by other gasses: (such as nitrogen, purging, inerting ( ), welding gasses)

 LEL of flammable gasses or toxic gasses should be zero.

- A man take breath in 1 minute – 16 times

Flammable/Non Toxic Gasses:

Below this level, the mixture is too lean to burn.

Above this level, the mixture is too rich to burn.

What is Fire Point:

GAS LEL UEL

What are the safety requirements for doing a hot work:

Following are the requirements of hot work.

 Valid work permit.

Hot work hazards:

Who is Fire watch:

Responsibilities of fire watchman:

 Assure that hazardous situation do not arise

It is a temporary elevated platform used to support men material or both.

Types of Scaffold: It has been categorized into;

It has been categorized into,

i. Non-Engineering Scaffold: i.e. less than 37 meter