Faraday’s Law

of Electrolysis
First Law

This law states that "The amount of a substance deposited or

discharged at an electrode is directly proportional to the charge
passed through the electrolytic solution".

If W gram of substance is deposited by Q coulombs of charge, then

W∝Q
W=Z×Q
W= Z I t
Z = Electrochemical equivalent of the species discharge
 Calculation of electro chemical equivalent (z)

W=Z×Q =ZIt

If Q = 1 coulombs, that mean I = 1 amp, t = 1sec

W=Z

When 1 coulombs charge is passed through electrolyte solution, mass of

substance deposited on electrode is called electrochemical equivalent
constant.
 Ag+ + e⊝ ⎯→ Ag
1 mole Ag+ 1 mole e⊝

Cu+2 + 2e⊝ ⎯→ Cu
1 mole Cu+2 2 mole e⊝

Al+3 + 3e⊝ ⎯→ Al
1 mole Al+3 3 mole e⊝

1
So, by 1 mole e⊝ = 3 mole of Al+3 reduced at electrode = 1 equivalent of

Al+3 reduced at electrode.

That mean if 1F charge passed then 1 g-equivalent substances
deposited at electrode.

1F charge (96500 coulombs) passed then mass deposited = 1 eq of

substances = Ewt of substance.

Ewt
1 coulombs charge passed then mass deposited = 96500
. This is known

as electrochemical equivalent constant.

Ewt
Z=
96500

Ewt I. t
Now first law of Faraday = W = ZIt =
96500
 Second law of Faraday

When Q amount of charge passed through different-different

electrolyte connected into series then deposited metal weight is
proportional to it’s equivalent weight.

Anode (+) i Cathode (–)

+ –

Q = charge Q = charge Q = charge

Electrolyte-1 Electrolyte-2 Electrolyte-3
If Q charge passed.

Let W1, W2, W3 are weight of metal deposited in cell 1, 2 & 3

respectively.

W1 = Z1It W2 = Z2It W3 = Z3It

W1 Z1 E1
= =
W2 Z2 E2
 Example

If three Faradays (F) of electricity is passed through the solutions of

AgNO3, CuSO4 and AuCl3, the molar ratio of the cations deposited at
the cathode is
(A) 1 : 1 : 1 (B) 1 : 2 : 3 (C) 3 : 2 : 1 (D) 6 : 3 : 2

Solution

Ans. (D)
 Example

During electrolysis of conc. H2SO4, perdisulphuric acid (H2S2O8) and O2

form in equimolar amount. The moles of H2 formed simultaneously are
(2H2SO4 → H2S2O8 + 2H+ + 2e–)
(A) Thrice that of O2 (B) Twice that of O2
(C) Equal to that of O2 (D) Half of that of O2

Solution

Ans. (A)
 Example

A current is passed for 5 hours through 1L, 2M aqueous solution of

Ni(NO3)2 using nickel electrode. The molarity of the solution at the end

of the electrolysis will be (Given : E ° = – 0.257 V)

Ni+2 Ni

(A) 1.5 M (B) 1.2 M

(C) 2.5 M (D) 2.0 M

Solution

Ans. (D)
 Example
A solution containing one mol per litre each of Cu(NO3)2, AgNO3,
Hg(NO3)2 and Mg(NO3)2 is being electrolysed by using inert electrodes.
The values of the standard oxidation potentials (in volts) are Ag/Ag+ =
–0.8 V ; Hg/Hg2+ = –0.79 V; Cu/Cu2+ = – 0.34 V ; Mg/Mg2+ = 2.37 V. The
order in which metals will be discharged at cathode will be -
(A) Ag, Cu, Hg, Mg (B) Ag, Hg, Cu, Mg
(C) Ag, Hg, Cu (D) Cu, Hg, Ag

Solution

Ans. (C)
 Example

Calculate the quantity of electricity that will be required to reduce 12.3

gm of nitrobenzene to aniline, if the current efficiency for the process
is 50%. NO2 NH2
Reduction
+ 6H+ + 6e– + 2H2O

Solution

Ans. (1.2F)
 Example

The weight of magnesium which is displaced by that quantity of current

which displaces 5600 ml. of oxygen at 1 atm pressure and 273 K
temperature is :

Solution

Ans. (12gm)
 Example
A current is passed through XSO4(aq) and Y2SO4(aq). The relative
atomic masses of X and Y are 2 : 1. Determine the ratio of masses of X
and Y deposited.

Solution

Ans. (1)
 Example
An electric current of 100 A is passed through a molten liquid of sodium
chloride for 5 hours. Calculate the volume of chlorine gas liberated at
the electrode at 1 atm and 273K.

Solution

Ans. (208.9 L)
 Example

How long a current of 2A has to be passed through a solution of AgNO3

to coat a metal surface of 80 cm2 with 5𝜇m thick layer ? Density of
silver = 10.8 g/cm3.

Solution

Ans. (193 s)
 Example

4 mole of electrons were transferred from anode to cathode in an

experiment on electrolysis of water. The total volume of the two dry
gases (at 1 atm and 273K) produced will be approximately (in L) :-

(1) 22.4 (2) 44.8 (3) 67.2 (4) 89.4

Solution

Ans. (3)
 Example
Consider a 70% efficient hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell working under
standard conditions at 1 bar and 298 K. Its cell reaction is
H2(g) + O2(g) → H2O(l). [JEE (Advanced) 2020]
The work derived from the cell on the consumption of 1.0 × 10-3 mol of
H2(g) is used to compress 1.00 mol of a monoatomic ideal gas in a
thermally insulted container. What is the change in the temperature (in
K) of the ideal gas ?
The standard reduction potentials for the two half-cells are given
below.
O2(g) + 4 H (aq.) + 4e⊝ → 2H2O(l), E° = 1.23 V,
2H (aq.) + 2e⊝ → H2(g), E° = 0.00V.
Use F = 96500 C mol-1, R = 8.314 J mol-1K-1

Solution Ans. (13.32)

Batteries
Any battery or cell that we use as a source of electrical energy is
basically a galvanic cell where the chemical energy of the redox
reaction is converted into electrical energy.

There are mainly two type of batteries

(i) Primary Cell
(ii) Secondary Cell
(i) Primary Cell

Reaction occurs only once.

After some time, battery/cell becomes dead.

Once “dead”, these primary cells can’t be used again.

Hence, they are also known as “non-rechargeable cells”.

Dry Cell (Dry Leclanche Cell)

Carbon rod
(cathode)
MnO2 + carbon black +
NH4Cl paste

Zinc cup
(anode)
Dry Cell (Dry Leclanche Cell)

Anode (Zinc container) Zn(s) ⎯→ Zn2+ + 2e–

+4 +2
Cathode (Graphite Rod) MnO2 + NH4+ + e– ⎯→ MnO(OH) + NH3

Ammonia produced in the reaction forms a complex with Zn2+ to

give [Zn (NH3)4]+2.

Zn+2 + 4NH3 → [Zn(NH3)4]+2

The cell has a potential of nearly 1.5 V.

 Mercury cell (Button cell)

Electrolyte → Paste of KOH and ZnO.

Cell reactions :

Anode (Zn-Hg) Zn(Hg) + 2OH–(aq) → ZnO(s) + H2O(l) + 2e–

Cathode (HgO + C) HgO(s) + H2O(l) + 2e– → Hg(l) + 2OH–(aq)

Overall cell reaction Zn(Hg) + HgO(s) → ZnO(s) + Hg(l)

 Example
Statement-1 : The voltage of mercury cell remains constant for long
period of time.
Statement-2 : It is because net cell reaction does not involve active
species.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct
explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is not the
correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.

Solution

Ans. (A)
Secondary Cells
 Lead Storage cell

Anode - Pb(S)
Cathode - (PbO2)
Electrolyte → 38% H2SO4

Cell reaction during discharging of the cell

Anode (lead) Pb s + SO−2

4 aq → PbSO4 s + 2e−

Cathode PbO2 s + SO−2 + −

4 aq + 4H aq + 2e → PbSO4 s + 2H2 O l
(PbO2 + grid of lead)

Overall cell reaction (Discharging)

Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) → 2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
As cell reaction proceeds, concentration of H2SO4 reduces. But
during recharging it is restored almost to original conditions.

6 cells connected in series create a lead-storage battery with

battery voltage VB ≈ 12 volts

During the recharging cell work as electrolytic cell. So electrodes

reaction are reversed.

PbSO4(s) + 2e⊝ ⎯→ Pb(s) + SO4–2(aq)

PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) ⎯→ PbO2(s) + SO4–2(aq) + 4 H +aq + 2e⊝

Overall cell reaction (Recharging)

2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) ⎯→ PbO2(s) + Pb(s) + 2H2SO4(aq)

Nickel-Cadmium cell (Alkali-storage cell)

Anode → cd
Cathode → Metal grid of NiO2
Electrolyte → KOH(aq)
Anode Cd(s) + 2OH– → Cd(OH)2(s) + 2e–
Cathode 2NiO(OH) + 2H2O + 2e⊝ → Ni(OH)2(s) + 2OH⊝(aq)

Overall cell reaction (Discharging)

Cd(s) + 2Ni(OH)3(s) ⎯→ CdO(s) + 2Ni(OH)2(s) + H2O(l)

The Nickel-Cadmium cell has longer life than the Lead Storage cell.

It is more expensive to manufacture Nickel-Cadmium cell than the

Lead Storage cell.
Conductance
Resistance (R)

l l
𝑅∝ 𝑅=𝜌
𝐴 𝐴

Where, “ρ” = resistivity or specific resistance

Units of R = ohm, (Ω)

Resistivity (r)

Resistivity is defined as the resistance (R) of a conductor whose

length is 1 cm (or 1 m) and area of cross section is 1 cm2 (or 1 m2)
that mean resistance of 1 cm3 of the conductor.
Resistivity (specific resistance)

l A
R=𝜌 𝜌=R
A l
Where,
l = 1 cm
A = 1 cm2
R=𝜌

Units of “ρ” = ohm-m (SI Unit) or ohm-cm

Conductance (G)

The reciprocal of the resistance is called conductance. It is denoted

by “G”.

1 A
G=
ρ l

Unit of “G” = ohm-1 or mho or Siemen(S)

Cell constant (G*)

The ratio of the length to the cross-sectional area of electrode

ℓ
plates is called the cell constant (G* = 𝐴) and it is a characteristic

parameter of conductivity of cell used for the experiment.

Specific conductance or Conductivity (𝛋, kappa)

1
It is reciprocal of resistivity, κ = ρ

A
𝜌=R
l

1 1 l
κ= =
𝜌 R A

l
κ=G
A
If l = 1 cm & A = 1 cm2 then κ = G

1 cm
+ –

1 cm

It is define as the conductance of 1 cm3 of a solution of an

electrolyte is called conductivity.

Unit of “k” = ohm–1 cm–1 or S cm–1

SI Unit of “k” = ohm–1 m–1 or S m–1

Note

If two cell having same conductance then their cell constant are also
same.

Conductivity of electrolyte can be added but resistance cannot be

added.
 Molar
Conductance
Molar Conductivity / Molar Conductance (lm or Λm)

It is the conductance of an electrolytic solution that contains one

mole of electrolyte in V cm3 volume of solution.
Lm = κ.V
Where, V = volume of solution in cm3
containing one mole of the electrolyte.

If κ is given in Scm-1 κ × 1000

Λm = Molarity

Units of Λm : S cm2 mol–1 or W–1 cm2 mol–1

If κ is given in Sm-1 κ
Λm =
M × 1000

Units of Λm : S m2 mol–1 or W–1 m2 mol–1

 Equivalent
Conductance
Equivalent Conductivity / Equivalent Conductance (leq , Λeq)

It is the conductance of an electrolytic solution that contains one

equivalent of electrolyte in V cm3 volume of solution.

Leq. = κ.V.

If κ is given in Scm-1 κ × 1000

Λ eq =
Normality

Units of Λeq : S cm2 eq–1 or W–1 cm2 eq–1

If κ is given in Sm-1 Λeq =

κ
N × 1000

SI Units of Λeq : S m2 eq–1 or W–1 m2 eq–1

Relation between Lm and Leq

κ × 1000 κ × 1000
Λ eq = =
N n − factor × M

Λm
Λ eq =
n − factor
 Example

The equivalent conductivity of 0.15 N CaCl2 solution is 89.6 S cm2 eq–1 at

298 K. A conductivity cell with a cell constant 0.28 cm–1 is filled with
0.15 N CaCl2 solution. How much current flows when the potential
difference between the electrodes is 5 V ?
(A) 0.24 (B) 0.48 (C) 0.12 (D) 2

Solution

Ans. (A)
 Example

At 25°C a conductor cell filled with 0.1 M KCl with 2000 W. If equal
conductance cell filled with 1500 W, 2 M NaCl electrolyte. Find molar
conductance of NaCl cell in S cm2 mol–1 .
If (𝜅)KCl = 1.5 S cm-1
(A) 1500 (B) 1000 (C) 2000 (D) 2500

Solution

Ans. (B)
Factors Affecting
Conductance
 Factors affecting electrolytic conduction

1. Nature of electrolyte

Strong electrolytes ionize almost completely in the solution so conduct

electricity to a large extent whereas weak electrolytes ionize only to a
small extent so conduct electricity to a small extent .

2. Size of ions

Larger the solvated ion, smaller will be its conductance.

 3. Nature of solvent and viscosity

Greater the polarity of the solvent, greater is the conductance.

Greater the viscosity, lesser will be the conductance.

4. Concentration of electrolyte

As the concentration of the electrolyte decreases that mean on dilution,

the specific conductance decreases, however, the conductance increases.

5. Temperature

As the temperature of electrolyte increases, the dissociation increases,

and also the ionic mobility increases, therefore the conductance
increases.
Kohlrausch’s Law
Conductance at infinite dilution

Value of dilution for any electrolyte give maximum value of

conductance is called conductance at infinite dilution

lim
Λm = Λom (Molar conductance at infinite dilution)
c→0

Note

(i) On dilution, degree of dissociation increases.

(ii) After infinite dilution, conductance not increases.

 Variation of Conductance with dilution

For a strong electrolyte, the molar conductivity varies with electrolyte’s

concentration according to below equation :

Λcm = Λ°m − A C

Debye-Huckel-Onsager equation

Λcm = molar conductance at C concentration

Λ°m = molar conductance at infinite dilution

A = constant (depend on nature of solvent, electrolyte & temperature)

 Graphical representation

Molar conductance (Λc 𝑚)

Λcm can be determine
with the help of graph
for strong electrolyte.
With increases
dilution concentration Strong electrolyte (KCl)
decreases hence
value of conductance
increase rapidly at
Weak electolyte (CH3COOH)
lower concentration
range

Concentration
Note

Λcm for weak electrolyte can’t determine by graphical method.

Debye-Huckel equation also used for equivalent conductance

Λc eq = Λo eq – A C
 Example

When concentration of solution is diluted which is correct?

(A) K increase (B) Leq decrease
(C) K decrease, Leq increase (D) K increase, Leq increase

Solution

Ans. (C)
 Kohlrausch’s Law

Statement

“At infinite dilution, the molar conductance of an electrolyte can be

expressed as the sum of the contributions from its individual ions”

in other words, the contribution of any ions is constant at infinite

dilution at given temperature.
Calculating 𝚲𝐨𝐦 and 𝚲𝐨𝐞𝐪 for Electrolyte

Ex.-1 Al2 SO4 3 ⎯→ 2Al3+ + 3SO2−

4

Molar conductance can be written as :

Λom Al2 SO4 3 = 2 × Λom Al3+ + 3 × Λom (SO2−

4 )

Equivalent conductance can be written as :

Λm = Λeq × n − factor

Λoeq Al2 SO4 3 = Λoeq Al3+ + [Λoeq SO2−

4 ]
EXAMPLES

For a weak electrolyte,

AaBb ⎯→ aA+b + bB–a

Λ∘m = a × Λ∘m (Ab+ ) + b × Λ∘m Ba−

Λ∘m (Ab+ ) and Λ∘m Ba− are the molar conductivities of the cation and

anion at infinite dilution, respectively. (also know as limiting molar

conductance)
Ex.-2

Electrolyte 𝚲𝐨𝐦 𝚲𝐨𝐞𝐪

NaCl Λom Na+ + Λom (Cl− ) Λoeq + Λoeq

Na+ (Cl− )

BaCl2 Λom Ba2+ + 2Λom (Cl− ) Λoeq + Λoeq

Ba2+ (Cl− )

Al2(SO4)3 2Λom Al3+ + 3Λom (SO2− ) Λoeq + Λoeq

4 Al3+ SO2−
4
Application of Kohlrausch Law

1. Determination of degree of ionization of an electrolyte

If ΛCm is the molar conductivity of a weak electrolyte at

concentration ‘c’ and, Λ∘m is the molar conductivity of a weak
electrolyte at infinite dilution , then, the degree of ionization (α)

Λ𝐶m
α= °
Λm
Ionization constant for weak electrolyte

For a weak electrolyte AB, if ‘C’ is the initial concentration, then

AB aq ⇌ A+aq + B −aq

tInitial C O O

tequilibrium C – Cα Cα Cα

Then, the ionization constant, Kequilibrium of AB is given by

Cα2 C. Λcm /Λom 2

K equilibrium = =
1−α Λcm
1− o
Λm

Now with 'C’ and 'α' known, Kequilibrium can be determined.

 2. Conductance of weak electrolyte determine with the
help of strong electrolyte

For e.g., CH3COOH ⇌ CH3COO— + H+

Given that conductance of

CH3COO– Na+ = x
HCl = y
NaCl = z

ΛoCH3COOH = (ΛoCH3COO− + ΛoNa+ ) + (ΛoH+ + ΛoCl− ) – (ΛoNa+ + ΛoCl− )

⟹ ΛoCH3COOH = ΛoCH3COO− Na+ + ΛoHCl – ΛoNaCl

ΛoCH3COOH = x + y – z
Consider NH4OH ⇌ NH4+ + OH–

Given that conductance of

NH4Cl = x
NaOH = y
NaCl = z

ΛoNH4OH = (ΛoNH+ + ΛoCl− ) + (ΛoNa+ + ΛoOH− ) – (ΛoNa+ + ΛoCl− )

4

⟹ ΛoNH4OH = ΛoNH4Cl + ΛoNaOH – ΛoNaCl

ΛoNH4OH = x + y – z
3. Determination of the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt

Salts such as AgCl, BaSO4, PbSO4, etc. which dissolve to a very

small extent in water are called sparingly soluble salts.

As they dissolve very little, even a saturated solution of such a salt

can be assumed to be at infinite dilution, therefore, Λm ≈ Λom.

If the solubility of the sparingly soluble salt is ‘s’ mol/litre then

κ × 1000
Λ°m =
s
 Example

𝛬°𝑚 for NaCl, HCl and NaA are 126.4, 425.9 and 100.5 S cm2mol–1,
respectively. If the conductivity of 0.001 M HA is 5×10–5 S cm–1, degree
of dissociation of HA is : [JEE (Main) 2019]

(1) 0.75 (2) 0.125 (3) 0.25 (4) 0.50

Solution

Ans. (2)
 Example
The conductance of a 0.0015 M aqueous solution of a weak monobasic
acid was determined by using a conductivity cell consisting of platinized
Pt electrodes. The distance between the electrodes is 120 cm with an
area of cross section of 1 cm2. The conductance of this solution was
found to be 5 × 10–7 S. The pH of the solution is 4. The value of limiting
molar conductivity Λ0𝑚 of this weak monobasic acid in aqueous solution
is Z × 102 S cm2 mol–1. The value of Z is. [JEE (Advanced) 2017]
Solution

Ans. (6)
 Example

The molar conductivity of a solution of a weak acid HX (0.01 M) is 10

times smaller than the molar conductivity of a solution of a weak acid
HY (0.1 M). If 𝜆𝑋0 − ≈ 𝜆0𝑌 − , the difference in their pKa values, pKa(HX) –
pKa(HY), is (consider degree of ionization of both acids to be <<1).

Solution [JEE (Advanced) 2015]

Ans. (3)
 Example

At 298 K, the limiting molar conductivity of a weak monobasic acid is 4

× 102 S cm2 mol-1. At 298 K, for an aqueous solution of the acid the
degree of dissociation of a and the molar conductivity is y × 102 Scm2
mol–1. At 298 K, upon 20 times dilution with water, the molar
conductivity of the solution becomes 3y × 102 S cm2 mol–1.

The value of a and y is ______. [JEE (Advanced) 2021]

Solution
Ans. a = 0.21
Y = 0.86
 Example

A decinormal solution of a weak electrolyte AB, has specific

conductivity equal to 0.0092 S cm–1. If ionic conductance of A+ and B–
ions are 37.0 and 55.0 (S cm2 eq–1) respectively at infinite dilution. Then
calculate the degree of dissociation of AB solution.
(A) 1 (B) 0.5 (C) 0.25 (D) 0.30

Solution

Ans. (A)
 Example

For a saturated solution of AgCl at 25°C, k = 3.4 × 10–6 ohm–1 cm–1 and
that of H2O(l) used is 2.02 × 10–6 ohm–1 cm–1. Λom for AgCl is 138 ohm–1
cm2 mol–1 then the solubility of AgCl in moles per litre will be -
(A) 10–5 (B) 10–10 (C) 10–14 (D) 10–16

Solution

Ans. (A)
Conductometric
Titration
Abnormal conductivity of H+ and OH– in water

The molar conductivity of H+ and OH– ion are abnormally higher than
other ions.

Proton jump from one water molecule to another by making/breaking

of covalent/H-Bonding.

This result in more rapid transfer of charge from one region to

another.
 Ionic conductance

Conductance mainly depends on charge of ion and size of ions

Greater the charge on the ion more is the conductance.

Conductance is inversely proportional to size in aqueous solution.

EXAMPLE

1. Lm H(aq) > Lm Na+aq

2. [Pt (NH3)6]Cl4 > [Cr(NH3)6]Cl3

3. Lm Cs(aq) > Lm K+(aq) > Lm Na+(aq)

4. Lm OH–(aq) > Λ−m Cl–(aq)

1. Strong Acid v/s Strong Base

Titration between HCl vs NaOH is considered. NaOH

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

HCl
 Conductance is shown by H+, Cl– ions initially.
OH– ions do not contribute towards conductance as
it immediately gets neutralised by H+ present in the
solution.

Conductance drops till the

Conductance
Equivalence point as H+ ions
are being replaced by Na+ ions.

After the Equivalence point,

both Na+ and OH– accumulates
E.P. and their contribution
increases conductance again.

V NaOH ⎯→
2. Weak Acid v/s Strong Base

Titration between CH3COOH & NaOH is considered.

NaOH

Weak acid prefers to remain in molecular form.

CH3COOH
CH3COOH ⇌ CH3COO–(aq) + H+(aq)

–+
CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) ⇌ CH3COONa + H2O(l)
 Gradual increase in conductance
After equivalence

Conductance
is observed till the equivalence
point conductance
point because replacement of
increase more rapidly
molecular CH3COOH into
because of OH⊝ ions.
CH3 COO–Na+ electrolyte.
E.P.

Small conductance drop

is observed initially as
H+ are being replaced
by Na+. (very less H+
ions available) V NaOH
3. Strong Acid v/s Weak Base

Titration between HCl and NH4OH is considered. NH4OH

HCl + NH4OH ⇌ NH4Cl + H2O

HCl
 Initially the conductance is high and then it
decreases due to the replacement of H+ by NH4+.

Conductance
But after the endpoint has been reached
the graph becomes almost horizontal,
since the excess aqueous ammonia
(NH4OH) is not appreciably ionised in the
presence of ammonium chloride.

E.P.

VNH4OH
 4. Weak Acid v/s Weak Base

Titration between NH4OH and CH3COOH is CH3COOH

considered.

NH4OH
–
NH4OH + CH3COOH ⇌ CH3COONH4+(aq) + H2O(l)
 After equivalence point CH3COOH accumulate

NH4OH is replaced by E.P.

Conductance
CH3COO–, NH4+ ions

VCH3COOH →
Mixture of a (Strong Acid and Weak Acid) v/s Base

Titration of mixture of HCl and CH3COOH is

carried out by NaOH.
NaOH

HCl &
CH3COOH
 Conductance is shown by H+,
CH3COO– & Cl– ions.
Conductance drop till the
Equivalence point as H+ ions
are being replaced by Na+ ions.
After second equivalence
point, conductance

Conductance
H+ replacement with Na+ till increases due to OH– ions.
first equivalence point that Na+, OH– accumulates &
mean strong acid Neutralized. increase conductance
So that conductance decrease. again.

EP-2
Now CH3COOH starts reacting &
EP-1 forms – CH3COO– & Na+ that why
slow increase in conductance till
second equivalence point.

VNaOH
 Note
If titration is against NH4OH – Then after equivalence point conductance
does not increase because of weak base NH4OH.

Conductance
E.P.2

E.P.1

VNH4OH
 Precipitation titration

KCl v/s AgNO3

AgNO3

Titration between KCl and AgNO3 is considered.

KCl
KCl(aq) + AgNO3 → AgCl  + KNO3(aq)
Conductance
AgNO3 increases so number
of ions increase, conductivity
Cl⊝(aq) replaced by NO3⊝(aq) increases.

E.P.

VAgNO3(ml)
 Example

25 ml of HCl solution is titrated with

Conductance
0.10 mole L–1 NaOH solution in a
conductivity cell. The data obtained were
plotted to give the graph shown below.

The concentration of HCl solution is

(A) 0.040 M (B) 0.060 M 10 20 30 40
(C) 0.080 M (D) 0.01 M Vol. of NaOH added (mL)
Solution

Ans. (C)
 Example

Conductometric titration curve of equimolar mixture of a HCl and HCN

with NaOH(aq) is.

Conductance

Conductance
(A) (B)

Vol of NaOH Vol of NaOH

Conductance
Conductance
(C) (D)

Vol of NaOH Vol of NaOH

Solution Ans. (D)

 Example

Choose the correct representation of conductometric titration of

benzoic acid vs sodium hydroxide.

Conductance
Conductance
(1) (2)
[JEE (Main) 2023]
VNaOH VNaOH

Conductance

Conductance
(3) (4)

VNaOH VNaOH

Solution Ans. (2)

 Example
An aqueous solution of X is added slowly to an aqueous solution of Y as
shown in List-I. The variation in conductivity of these reactions is given
in List-II. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer
using the code given below the lists : [JEE (Advanced) 2013]
List-I List-II
(P) (C2H5)3N + CH3COOH (1) Conductivity decreases and then increases
X Y
(Q) KI(0.1M) + AgNO3(0.01M) (2) Conductivity decreases and then does not change much
X Y
(R) CH3COOH + KOH (3) Conductivity increases and then does not change much
X Y
(S) NaOH + HI (4) Conductivity does not change much and then increases
X Y
(A) P-3, Q-4, R-2, S-1 (B) P-4, Q-3, R-2, S-1
(C) P-2, Q-3, R-4, S-1 (D) P-1, Q-4, R-3, S-2
Solution Ans. (A)