IQRA IAS March 2024 Monthly C.A. Magazine

An institute for civil services
Monthly Current Affairs – March 2024

Table of Contents
Polity........................................................ 3 Can the IMEC address the Red Sea crisis? .......... 26
Grant permanent commission to women: SC to Indigenous Greenland women sue Denmark over
Coast Guard ........................................................... 3 forced contraception ............................................ 27
SC’s interim order on the Forest Act ..................... 4 India inks free trade agreement with 4 European
countries............................................................... 28
Immunity won’t protect legislators taking bribes to
vote in Parliament from criminal prosecution The Myanmar conflict is a regional problem....... 30
Supreme Court ....................................................... 5 India's Push for Security Council Reform The G4
Chakshu, an online platform to report suspected Model ................................................................... 31
fraud or spam callers .............................................. 6 Military Exercises, Defence & Security 33
Mask names of those acquitted in criminal cases What will Gaganyaan change for India?.............. 33
from digital records, HC tells media ...................... 7
The status of India’s nuclear programme ............ 34
Supreme Court asks whether Maharashtra Speaker
contradicted verdict ................................................ 8 INS Jatayu............................................................ 35
India's Undertrial Bail System ............................... 8 Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry

Vehicle Technology ............................................. 36
Subsidy Extension for PMUY................................ 9
India’s 5G Fighter Aircraft and LCA Tejas ......... 37
ASI Survey of Bhojshala Complex ...................... 10
New Satellite-Based Toll Collection System ...... 38
Revamped Pharmaceuticals Technology
Upgradation Assistance Scheme and UCPMP With Agni V test, India makes the MIRV leap.... 40
2024...................................................................... 12 NATO’s DIANA Program................................... 41
Bare act ................................................................ 13 Environment .......................................... 42
High-Level Committee Report on Simultaneous India’s leopard population rises to 13,874; M.P. on
Elections............................................................... 14 top ........................................................................ 42
Model Code of Conduct ....................................... 15 Scientists discover the anatomy behind the songs of
Supreme Court Warns Patanjali Ayurved on baleen whales....................................................... 43
Misleading Claims ............................................... 17 Prehistoric case of Edwards syndrome found for
Governance & Social Justice................. 17 the first time ......................................................... 43
India to establish international alliance to protect Mating calls indicate endangered Hanguls are on a
big cats ................................................................. 17 comeback trail...................................................... 44
Centre’s housing scheme for tribal groups facing Over 24,000 birds from 66 species recorded during
hurdles due to lack of accurate data ..................... 19 Tamirabharani Waterbird Count .......................... 45
Undersea cable disruptions expose India’s crucial National dam panel to examine Kaleshwaram
telecom vulnerability ........................................... 20 project .................................................................. 47
Cabinet okays ₹75,000-crore ‘free electricity’ solar Trees in Corbett fell prey to greedy nexus, says
scheme.................................................................. 21 Supreme Court ..................................................... 48
Poverty levels below 5%, claims NITI Aayog Shanan Hydropower Project ................................ 49
chief...................................................................... 23 Coral Bleaching in Great Barrier Reef ................ 50
International Relations .......................... 25 BioCNG Production from Dung .......................... 52
Nepal-India official dialogue silent on landmark IceCube ................................................................ 54
Pancheshwar project ............................................ 25 Challenges of Handling Nuclear Waste ............... 55
Global E-waste Monitor 2024 .............................. 56 Yaounde Declaration ........................................... 78

Economy ................................................ 57 Abortion ............................................................... 79
Govt concludes G-Sec borrowing for current IDF recommends more sensitive test to indicate
fiscal ..................................................................... 57 risk of developing diabetes .................................. 80
Derivatives Trading ............................................. 59 Report & Index ...................................... 81

NBBL asked to start interoperable system for net Lancet study shows obesity rates going up across
banking in 2024.................................................... 60 world .................................................................... 81
Indian app developers meet Ministers to resolve Centre discloses key consumption survey findings
Google delisting issue .......................................... 61 after 11-year gap .................................................. 83
GI recognition for Narasapur crochet lace craft India 134th in global human development index:
revives hopes of struggling artisan....................... 62 UNDP .................................................................. 84
Gig Workers suffer from Lack of Social Security, Law Commission’s 287th report ......................... 85
Regulation ............................................................ 62 Gender Inequality Index (GII) ............................. 85
Kerala-Owned OTT Platform .............................. 64 IPCC Reports and Equity in Climate Change
National Urban Cooperative Finance and Mitigation ............................................................ 87
Development Corporation Limited ...................... 64 World Air Quality Report 2023 ........................... 88
No major change in employment status or wages in
10 years ................................................................ 66
Important Days .................................... 90
Boosting Exports from MSMEs NITI Aayog ...... 67 Rani Chennamma ................................................ 90
RBI Integrated Ombudsman Scheme ................... 69 St. Patrick’s Day .................................................. 90
RBI to Review NBFCs......................................... 70 World Sparrow Day 2024 .................................... 91

Other Important Days .......................................... 92
Science & Technology .......................... 71
Rocky vista of medicinal cannabis that research is
Important Editorials of the Month .... 95
bringing into view ................................................ 71 Plastic Are Choking The Himalayan States......... 95
India-specific AI model to find gestational age Parliamentary Privileges .................................... 102
developed ............................................................. 73 India’s Palestine Policy ..................................... 108
Will ‘colour molecules’ make quantum computers India’s free trade pact with four EU nations ...... 114
accessible ............................................................. 74
E-Evidence & New Criminal Law ..................... 119
Blanets: worlds around black holes ..................... 75
A tribe in the Western Ghats in need of a
Health .................................................... 76 lifeline ................................................................ 126
What is ‘dry ice’ at the centre of the Gurugram Agni-5 MIRV Missile ........................................ 134
restaurant incident? .............................................. 76
Model Code of Conduct .................................... 139
A bold step towards a cervical cancer-free future 77
Polity
Grant permanent commission to women: SC to Coast Guard
Context: The Supreme Court has stressed the importance of granting Permanent Commission to women officers in the
Indian Coast Guard, with the Chief Justice of India directing the consideration of this matter, indicating the court's
readiness to intervene if necessary.
Key Highlights
 The Attorney-General pointed out operational challenges in implementing Permanent Commission for Short
Service Commission Officers.
 It was suggested to limit Permanent Commission for women to 10%, emphasizing the importance of treating
women equally and not considering them inferior.
About the Indian Coast Guard
 Established on August 1, 1978, the Indian Coast Guard serves as an armed force of the Union.
 Its mission includes safeguarding India's maritime and national interests within its maritime zones, enforcing
laws related to customs, immigration, poaching, and pollution at sea.
 Despite its relatively small size, the Indian Coast Guard conducts round-the-year real-life operations at sea.
 While the Indian Navy operates globally, the Indian Coast Guard is confined to territorial waters extending
out to 30 nautical miles from the coast, focusing on enforcing maritime laws, ensuring safety, and preserving
the marine environment.
Significance of Permanent Commission for Women

 Promotes gender equality by eliminating discrimination in the Armed Forces.
 Provides women officers with increased job security, extended tenure, and equal entitlements, including pension
benefits after 20 years of service.
 Enhances economic opportunities, improves social conditions, and fosters dignity for women.
 Encourages more women to join the Armed Forces, thereby expanding the talent pool and addressing officer
shortages.
 Challenges Faced by Women Officers in the Indian Armed Forces:
 Gender bias and discrimination from male officers regarding commitment due to marriage or family
responsibilities.
 Historically limited career opportunities and challenges in obtaining commanding positions.
 Issues related to work environment, such as lack of gender-sensitive facilities and unequal treatment.
 Societal and cultural barriers hindering acceptance of women in combat roles and leadership positions.
 Recruitment and retention challenges due to the lack of a strong mixed-gender force and restrictions on women
in commanding roles.
Way Forward
Acknowledge
And Adopt
Gender-based Merit-based Codify Terms Establish
Incorporate Pragmatic
Role Promotions Of Service Military Laws
Gender- Policies
specific Rights
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 Acknowledge and incorporate gender-specific rights like maternity and child care leave into armed forces
policies.
 Establish role-based, rather than gender-based, physical fitness standards to ensure equal opportunities.
 Implement merit-based promotions without preferential treatment or discrimination.
 Adopt pragmatic policies for the gradual inclusion of women in all ranks and disciplines, shedding patriarchal
attitudes and creating necessary infrastructure.
 Codify terms of service for women officers, establish military laws to address gender crimes, and ensure that
only volunteer women meeting psychological and physical fitness standards join combat roles.
SC’s interim order on the Forest Act

Context: The Supreme Court has
instructed the government to uphold
the broad interpretation of "forest" as
per the 1996 T.N. Godavarman
Thirumulpad case until a final
decision is made on a petition
challenging the amended Forest
Conservation Act of 2023.
What is the Forest Conservation
Act, 1980?
 Enacted to streamline forest-
related laws, regulate
deforestation, oversee
transportation of forest
products, and levy duties on
timber and forest produce.
 Requires prior approval of
the Central Government for diversion of forest land for non-
forest purposes.
 Primarily applies to forest lands recognized by the Indian
Forest Act, 1927 or State records since 1980.
 The 1996 Godavarman judgement mandated protection of
forests regardless of classification or ownership, introducing
the concept of deemed forests.
Concern Regarding Varying Definitions of Forests
 States interpret 'forests' differently, resulting in diverse
definitions.
 For example, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh base their
definitions on size and tree density, while Goa relies on forest
species coverage.
 Estimates of deemed forest range from 1% to 28% of India's
official forest area.
 Recent Amendment to Forest Conservation Act:
 The Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act, 2023 aimed to
clarify and address concerns surrounding deemed forests.
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 It defined the scope of forest land and exempted certain categories of land from its provisions.
 However, the Supreme Court's interim directive maintains the traditional approach to forest governance.
Major Provisions of the Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act, 2023
 Defines two categories of land under its purview.
 Exempts certain activities and projects from the Act, including those related to security and public utility.
 Permits activities like conservation, management, and development efforts, with some exemptions.
 Extends the prerequisite for obtaining prior approval from the central government for assignment of forest land.
Current Status of Forest Cover in India
 Total forest and tree cover accounts for 24.62% of the country's geographical area.
 Madhya Pradesh has the largest forest cover, while Mizoram has the highest percentage of forest cover.
 Positive and negative changes in forest cover have been observed in various states.
 India ranks 3rd in the world for net gain in average annual forest area between 2010 and 2020.
Immunity won’t protect legislators taking bribes to vote in Parliament from criminal
prosecution Supreme Court
Context: The Supreme Court of India, led by a seven-judge Bench, unanimously ruled that parliamentary privilege
does not shield legislators from criminal prosecution for bribery related to their actions in Parliament or State Legislative
Assemblies.
Historical Overruling Chief Justice of India’s Observations

This ruling overturn a 1998 Supreme
Court decision (the JMM bribery case •The Chief Justice emphasized that privileges and immunities should not
judgment), which previously granted be used to evade general law, stating that corruption undermines the
lawmakers immunity from corruption essence of Indian parliamentary democracy.
prosecution for actions undertaken as •He clarified that accepting bribery is a complete act regardless of
part of their legislative functions. subsequent legislative actions, highlighting the gravity of bribery within
the legislative process.
Background of the Appeal
The ruling stemmed from an appeal by
Implications for Parliamentary Immunity Criteria for Immunity
•The Court rejected the argument that •The judgment specified that parliamentary
reducing parliamentary immunity unfairly immunity could only be invoked to uphold
exposes opposition members to criminal the dignity and authority of the legislative
investigation, asserting that bribed body or to protect legislators' rights to free
lawmakers undermine democratic principles. speech and protest.
•Immunity claims failing to meet these criteria
would not be accepted, with the Court
recognizing concurrent jurisdiction of
criminal courts and legislative bodies over
bribery allegations.
JMM leader Sita Soren, accused of accepting a bribe during the 2012 Rajya Sabha elections, revisiting the controversial
JMM bribery scandal of 1993.
Reaffirmation of Rule of Law

Chief Justice Chandrachud concluded that granting MPs immunity from bribery prosecution would undermine
parliamentary democracy and violate the rule of law, positioning the judiciary against corruption in legislative bodies.
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Parliamentary Privileges
•Freedom of Speech in Parliament Article 105(1) grants members
of Parliament the freedom of speech and expression within
parliamentary proceedings, subject to parliamentary rules.
•Limitations This freedom is subject to constitutional provisions
and parliamentary rules, with restrictions on discussing judicial
conduct under Article 121.
•Freedom from Arrest Members enjoy immunity from arrest in
civil cases 40 days before and after parliamentary adjournment and
during sessions, with arrest outside the parliamentary limits
requiring house permission.
•Right to Prohibit Publication Article 105(2) protects individuals
publishing parliamentary proceedings under a member's authority.
•Right to Exclude Strangers Members have the right to exclude
non-members from proceedings to ensure fair discussion.
Chakshu, an online platform to report suspected fraud or spam callers

Context: The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) has rolled out Chakshu, an online platform accessible via
sancharsaathi.gov.in/sfc, enabling telecom users to report suspected fraud or spam callers.
Key Highlights
 This initiative aims to empower
citizens in reporting fraudulent
communications related to various Log in to the Select the
‘Sanchar ‘Chakshu’
services such as bank accounts, How to Use
Saathi’ portal option under
payment wallets, SIM and utility Chakshu
at ‘Citizen
connections, KYC updates, Portal?
sancharsaathi. Centric
impersonation, and sextortion. gov.in. Services.’
 Concurrently, the DoT launched the
Digital Intelligence Platform, a secure
data-sharing tool for stakeholders
including Telecom Service Providers,
law enforcement, financial
Fill out the
institutions, and social media Review the
Provide form detailing
platforms to combat fraud. disclaimer and
personal suspected
 Additionally, Communications usage
details, verify fraud
Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw endorsed guidelines,
with OTP, communicatio
then proceed
the Caller Name Presentation (CNAP) and submit n medium,
with
feature, allowing users to see the the complaint. category, and
reporting.
registered name of incoming callers, timing.

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while ensuring thorough review of Telecom Regulatory Authority of India recommendations for
implementation, considering privacy concerns.
What’s Chakshu Portal?
The Chakshu portal, under the Sanchar Saathi
initiative, empowers citizens to report suspected What you can report on Sanchar Saathi Portal?
fraud communications targeting telecom service  Check and report mobile connections issued in their
users, encompassing bank accounts, payment name.
wallets, SIM cards, and impersonation as  Report stolen/lost mobile handsets for blocking and
government officials or relatives. tracing.
 Verify authenticity of mobile handsets when
Moreover, the Department of Telecom introduced purchasing new or used devices.
the DIP to facilitate information sharing with law  Report incoming international calls displaying Indian
enforcement agencies, banks, and financial telephone numbers as caller ID.
institutions to combat fraud, enhancing detection
and prevention efforts in collaboration with  Check details of licensed wireline Internet Service
Chakshu and the Digital Intelligence Platform. Providers.
Mask names of those acquitted in criminal cases from digital records, HC tells media
Context: Justice M.
Nagaprasanna of the
Karnataka High Court ‘Right of Erasure’
advised the media to
take proactive steps to
remove or anonymize •The Karnataka High Court referenced the recently enacted Personal Data
the names of acquitted Protection Act, effective from August 11, 2023, highlighting its recognition
individuals from their of the "right of erasure" of personal data.
digital archives, aiming •This action aligns with global legal trends supporting rights to be forgotten,
correction, and erasure of personal data.
to prevent these
individuals from •The court cited a 2018 UK judgment (NT1 Vs Google LLC) emphasizing the
right of individuals, including those acquitted or discharged by competent
resorting to legal courts, to live with dignity, challenging Google’s resistance to delist such
remedies for name individuals.
removal. •Additionally, the High Court cited a Supreme Court directive to anonymize
names in cases involving sexual offenses and a 2023 Delhi High Court order
Key Highlights directing media platforms to remove the name of an accused whose criminal
 This advice case was quashed following a settlement.
accompanied a •These references illustrate a growing legal consensus on the significance of
directive to the protecting individuals’ dignity and privacy post-acquittal.
High Court’s
registry to anonymize the personal details of a 27-year-old acquitted in a criminal case, emphasizing the
individual’s right to dignity.
 The court emphasized that continuing to associate acquitted individuals with crimes online after their
exoneration contradicts the essence of life protected under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution.
 The court's stance seeks to enable a form of digital forgetting, aligning with the right to privacy principles
established in the K.S. Puttaswamy case by the Supreme Court.
K S Puttaswamy case and Right to Privacy

 In August 2017, the Supreme Court, in Justice K. S. Puttaswamy (Retd) Vs Union of India, unanimously
affirmed that Indians have a constitutionally protected fundamental right to privacy, inherent in life and liberty
under Article 21.
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 The court held that privacy is a natural right inherent in all individuals, subject to restriction only by state action
meeting legislative mandate, pursuing legitimate state purposes, and proportionate to achieving those ends.
Supreme Court asks whether Maharashtra Speaker contradicted verdict

Context: The Supreme Court
2018 Constitution of Shiv Sena
of India has raised questions
regarding Maharashtra • In the ongoing legal dispute over the Shiv Sena party’s leadership, Senior
Speaker Rahul Narwekar’s advocates Kapil Sibal, A.M. Singhvi, and Devadutt Kamat argued that
decision to recognize Chief Maharashtra Speaker Rahul Narwekar erred by not recognizing the 2018
Minister Eknath Shinde’s Constitution of Shiv Sena, which designated Mr. Thackeray as president.
faction as the authentic Shiv • They pointed out that this constitution had been acknowledged by both the
Sena based on 'legislative High Court and the Supreme Court previously, but the Speaker disregarded it
majority.' because it wasn’t filed with the Election Commission of India, opting instead
for a 1999 version of the constitution that had not been previously contested.
Key Highlights • In opposition, Mr. Salve, representing the opposing faction, alleged that the
 Chief Justice of India documents presented by the Thackeray camp were fabricated and mentioned
D.Y. Chandrachud, an ongoing similar case in the Bombay High Court, arguing against
leading a three-judge simultaneous petitions in multiple courts over the same matter.
Bench, expressed
• Despite this, the Supreme Court has decided to continue hearing the case,
concerns that this
scheduling further arguments for the week of April 8 and requesting the
criterion seemed to
contradict a previous records of the disqualification proceedings from the Maharashtra Speaker’s
ruling by the office.
Constitution Bench.
 The Bench had previously emphasized that the Speaker’s decision on party disputes should not solely rely on
legislative majority but should also consider the structure of leadership outside the Legislative Assembly,
indicating support from the party’s political wing, not just its legislative members.
 A majority faction of the legislature party cannot be considered a political party for the purposes of the Tenth
Schedule.
 This inquiry arose in the context of resolving disqualification petitions against Mr. Shinde by the rival Uddhav
Thackeray faction under the anti-defection law.
India's Undertrial Bail System

Context: The Supreme Court of India's
acknowledgment in the case of Satender
Kumar Antil vs Central Bureau Of
Investigation, 2022, highlights issues with
India's bail system and its impact on
undertrial incarceration.
Concerns Regarding India's Bail System

High Undertrial Population
 Over 75% of India’s prison
population comprises undertrials,
indicating a significant problem.
 An undertrial prisoner is someone
accused but not convicted, kept in
judicial custody during trial.
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 Indian prisons' overcrowding rate is at 118%, reflecting systemic issues.
Bail Adjudication
 Bail decisions heavily rely on court discretion, guided by Supreme Court guidelines.
 Factors like the gravity of the offense and likelihood of absconding are considered.
 Courts often deny bail or impose strict conditions without clear reasons, disproportionately affecting
marginalized individuals.
Challenges in Bail Compliance
•Many undertrials struggle to meet bail conditions due to financial and logistical barriers.
•Lack of resources, local sureties, residence/identity proof, and family support hinder
compliance.
•Existing bail laws inadequately address these challenges, leading to continued imprisonment
in some cases.
Lack of Safeguards
 Safeguards against arbitrary arrest often exclude disadvantaged individuals, contributing to high undertrial
numbers.
 Data shows a significant portion of undertrials unjustly excluded from arrest protections.
Flawed Assumptions
 The current bail system assumes financial capacity and influential connections for all accused.
 Contradicts the principle of "bail not jail," requiring empirical evidence-based reforms.
Way Forward
 Revise bail laws for fairness and equity, regardless of socio-economic status.
 Consider amendments to address systemic issues contributing to the high undertrial population.
 Enact special bail legislation like the UK's Bail Act for clear criteria and reduced reliance on monetary bonds.
 Provide legal aid and support for bail compliance and court appearances.
 Ensure inclusive safeguards against arbitrary arrest and establish support programs for undertrials.
 Foster collaboration among government agencies, legal institutions, and civil society for holistic bail reform.
 Implement monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to assess reform effectiveness and identify areas for
improvement.
Subsidy Extension for PMUY
Context: The Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY), aimed at providing LPG gas cylinders to rural and deprived
households, is facing challenges in ensuring consistent usage among beneficiaries.
Concerns Regarding the PMUY

 Limited Refill Consumption
o Out of 9.58 crore PMUY households, 1.18 crore bought no refills in 2022-23, and 1.51 crore bought
one refill.
o Average refill consumption per PMUY beneficiary was fewer than four LPG cylinders in 2022-23.
o One in four PMUY beneficiaries did not use any LPG cylinders or took just one refill during the same
period.

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o In contrast, non-PMUY
households consumed an Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY)
average of 6.67 LPG •About: Introduced by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas
(MOPNG) to provide clean cooking fuel like LPG to rural and
cylinder refills per deprived households.
household, highlighting •Objectives
consumption pattern •Empower women
disparities. •protect health
 Rising LPG Cylinder Prices •reduce deaths due to unclean fuel
o Steep price increases in •prevent respiratory illnesses in children.
LPG cylinders, despite •Features
subsidies, have made them •Provides financial support
less affordable for rural •Free LPG connection, subsidy on refills,
and deprived households. •EMI facility,
o High prices may •Direct subsidy transfer through the PAHAL scheme.
discourage beneficiaries •Phases: Phase I launched in May 2016 with a target of 8 crore LPG
connections by March 2020. Ujjwala 2.0 aims to release additional
from using LPG for LPG connections.
cooking, defeating the
scheme's purpose.
 Subsidy Expenditure
o Subsidised LPG cylinder rates increased by 82% between January 2018 and March 2023, reaching ₹903
in March 2023 from ₹495.64 in January 2018.
o Non-subsidised LPG cylinders saw a 49% price increase, reaching ₹1,103 in March 2023.
o Subsidy amounts are determined by the difference between the Retail Selling Price (RSP) and the
government-set subsidised cost.
 International Factors Impacting LPG Prices
o Import charges, bottling charges, freight, delivery charges, GST, and distributor commission contribute
to the final LPG price.
ASI Survey of Bhojshala Complex

Context: The Indore Bench of the Madhya Pradesh High Court has directed the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)
to conduct a scientific survey of the Bhojshala Temple-Kamal Maula Mosque complex in Dhar district to determine its
original nature.
Dispute
 The controversy centers on the original status of the site as a temple, with a petitioner referring to an ASI report
suggesting that the original temples were demolished to build the mosque. A survey is requested to ascertain
the site's true history.
 A respondent challenges the suit's maintainability, citing a previous dismissal of a similar petition by the High
Court in 2003 based on the principle of res judicata.
High Court’s Order

 The court acknowledges the mystery surrounding the temple's character and assigns the ASI the task of
clarifying the monument's nature under the Monument Act, 1958.

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 The ASI is directed to conduct a comprehensive scientific survey, excavation, and investigation using advanced
methods such as GPR-GPS and carbon dating within the site and its 50-meter peripheral area.
Bhojshala Origin The Bhojshala Temple-Kamal Maula

Mosque complex was initially a temple of
Temple- goddess Sarasvati constructed by Parawara
Kamal Maula King Bhoja in the 11th Century AD.
Mosque Structural Integration The mosque incorporates structural
Complex elements of the temple, and some slabs
with Sanskrit and Prakrit literary works are
still present.
Historical Significance King Bhoja, known for his support of art
and literature, established a school, now
known as Bhojashala, in the vicinity.
Religious Practices Hindus conduct puja in the temple every

Tuesday, while Muslims offer Namaz
every Friday under an agreement with the
ASI.
Methods Adopted by the ASI for Excavation
Ground-
Non-Invasive
Invasive Methods Penetrating Carbon Dating
Methods
Radar (GPR)
 Invasive Methods: Include excavation using stratigraphic principles to understand the past, albeit at the cost of
destroying historical layers.
 Non-Invasive Methods: Used when excavation is not feasible and involve active (energy injection and
measurement) and passive (measuring existing properties) techniques like seismic, electromagnetic,
magnetometry, gravity surveying, and
Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)
Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR).
 Premier organization under the Ministry of Culture
 Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR): responsible for archaeological research and cultural
Utilized by ASI to create a 3-D model of heritage protection.
buried structures by sending radar  Administers over 3650 ancient monuments, sites, and
impulses into the ground and recording remains.
return signals.  Activities include surveys, exploration, excavation,
 Carbon Dating: Determines the age of conservation, and maintenance of protected monuments.
organic material by measuring C-14  Founded in 1861 by Alexander Cunningham, renowned as
content. the "Father of Indian Archaeology."
Limitations of Various Methods in Archaeological Surveys
Ambiguity Data Constraints Complex Structures Geophysical Tools

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 Ambiguity: Similar materials can produce the same response, leading to uncertainties in target identification.
 Data Constraints: Limited data with measurement errors challenges accurate spatial estimation.
 Complex Structures: Heterogeneous materials and complex geometry in archaeological sites complicate data
interpretation.
 Geophysical Tools: May not accurately reconstruct targets, especially in complex scenarios.
Revamped Pharmaceuticals Technology Upgradation Assistance Scheme and UCPMP
2024
Context: The Department of Pharmaceuticals (DoP), Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, has introduced the
Revamped Pharmaceuticals Technology Upgradation Assistance Scheme (RPTUAS) to upgrade the technological
capabilities of the pharmaceutical industry. Additionally, the DoP has released the Uniform Code for Pharmaceutical
Marketing Practices (UCPMP) 2024 to ensure responsible marketing practices in the industry.
Objective
 The Department of Pharmaceuticals aims to boost the growth of the pharmaceutical industry and ensure
compliance with global manufacturing standards through RPTUAS.
Key Features
Broadened Eligibility Criteria

•Expanded eligibility to include any pharmaceutical manufacturing unit with a turnover of less than Rs 500
crores.
•Preference for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) remains, supporting smaller players.
Flexible Financing Options
•Introduces subsidies on a reimbursement basis, offering more flexibility than traditional credit-linked
approaches.
Comprehensive Support for Compliance
•Supports technological upgrades aligned with revised Schedule-M and World Health Organization (WHO)
Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) standards.
Dynamic Incentive Structure
•Offers incentives based on turnover, ranging from 20%, 15%, and 10% of investment for turnovers less than
Rs. 50.00 crore, Rs. 50.00 to less than Rs. 250.00 crore, and Rs. 250.00 to less than Rs. 500.00 crore,
respectively.
State Government Scheme Integration
•Allows integration with state government schemes for additional top-up assistance.
Enhanced Verification Mechanism

•Implements a robust verification mechanism through a Project Management Agency for transparency and
accountability.
Pharmaceuticals Technology Upgradation Assistance (PTUAS) Scheme
 PTUAS helps drug companies upgrade their facilities to meet global standards and offers incentives such as
interest subvention.
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Revised Schedule M and WHO-GMP Standards
 The Union Health Ministry's January 2024 notification revised Schedule M to ensure adherence to GMP and
WHO standards, emphasizing quality control measures for pharmaceutical products.
Recent Cases of Quality Issues in Indian Medicines
 Highlighted quality issues in Indian medicines, including concerns raised by international organizations over
failed quality tests and drug-resistant bacteria strains allegedly linked to imported products.
Key Provisions of UCPMP 2024

Restrictions on
Inducements and
Payments Prohibits inducements, cash payments, gifts, or benefits to healthcare professionals.
Evidence-Based Claims
Requires claims about a drug's usefulness to be supported by evidence.
Transparent CME Allows engagement with healthcare professionals only through transparent
Programs Continuing Medical Education (CME) programs.
Mandates strict compliance by all pharmaceutical companies and associations,
Strict Compliance requiring the constitution of an Ethics Committee for Pharmaceutical Marketing
Practices.
Bare act
Context: India's legislative and regulatory framework, encompassing the Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution)
Act of 1974 and the Environmental (Protection) Act of 1986, is designed to prevent the discharge of untreated industrial
effluents into water bodies.
About
Despite these measures and the A 2021 report to the National Green Tribunal
Central Pollution Control Board’s (NGT) reveals fragmented data, with significant
(CPCB) guidelines, the gaps in information across various states and Union
effectiveness of these regulations Territories, hindering the understanding of effluent
remains unclear due to the lack of management's actual state. Large states like
consolidated data on the generation Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and Uttar Pradesh have
and treatment of industrial effluents. not provided comprehensive information.
Regular inspections mandated by Instances such as Malbros

Efforts by the NGT to upgrade
State Pollution Control Boards International in Punjab illegally
laboratories and ensure compliance
(SPCBs) and Pollution Control discharging untreated effluents
have noted serious deficiencies in
Committees (PCCs) raise questions highlight the challenges in
regulatory actions against waste
about the quality of inspections and monitoring and penalizing
management system violations.
the enforcement of regulations. violations effectively.
Continuous Effluent Quality Monitoring System (CEQMS)

 CEQMS is a real-time air and water pollution monitoring system introduced by CPCB in 2014 to enhance
transparency and compliance through real-time pollution monitoring.
 It consists of sampling, conditioning, analytical components, and software designed for direct, real-time,
continuous measurements of pollution by analyzing representative samples of air and water.
 CEQMS serves as a crucial tool for better compliance enforcement through credible pollution monitoring and
reporting practices, providing accurate and real-time data with minimal manual intervention.
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Challenges and Recommendations
 Data from many SPCBs/PCCs is either missing or inaccessible as of 2023, indicating issues with data
availability.
 Staff shortages significantly impact the capability of pollution control boards to enforce environmental
regulations effectively, with many sanctioned posts remaining vacant.
 The Water Pollution Act and related regulations require updating to enhance transparency and data availability,
especially regarding public access to effluent data, which is currently not mandated by the legal framework.
High-Level Committee Report on Simultaneous Elections

Context: A significant step towards electoral reform has been taken by the High-level Committee on Simultaneous
Elections, chaired by Shri Ram Nath Kovind, former President of India, proposing simultaneous elections for Lok Sabha,
state Assemblies, and local bodies in India. The committee's report, submitted to President Droupadi Murmu, outlines
comprehensive recommendations and amendments to the Constitution to facilitate this monumental change.
Recommendations of the High-level Committee on Simultaneous Elections
Logistical
Transition to Synchronisation of Electoral Roll
Term Arrangements and
Simultaneous Local Body Preparation and
Synchronization Expenditure
Elections Elections Management
Estimation
 Transition to Simultaneous Elections

o The Committee proposes amending Article 82A of the Constitution to empower the President to
designate an "Appointed Date" for simultaneous elections to the House of the People and Legislative
Assemblies.
o State assemblies going to poll after this date would synchronize their terms with the Parliament,
enabling simultaneous elections.
 Term Synchronization
o The first simultaneous elections could potentially be held in 2029 if implemented after the 2024 Lok
Sabha polls, or after the 2029 polls if targeting the 2034 polls.
o States with elections due between June 2024 and May 2029 would synchronize their election cycles.
 Synchronisation of Local Body Elections
o Parliament is advised to enact legislation to ensure the synchronization of Municipalities and
Panchayats elections with General Elections.
 Electoral Roll Preparation and Management
o Amend Article 325 of the Constitution to enable the Election Commission of India (ECI) to prepare a
single electoral roll applicable to all tiers of government.
 Logistical Arrangements and Expenditure Estimation
o The Committee calls for detailed requirements and expenditure estimates for simultaneous elections to
be submitted by the ECI.
o Develop comprehensive plans and estimates for seamless logistical arrangements.
Impact on Governance and Development

 Certainty in governance aids effective decision-making and sustained development.
 Simultaneous elections can avert policy paralysis and foster progress.

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Debates Regarding Simultaneous Elections
Arguments in Favour Arguments Against

•Cost Efficiency: Reduces expenditure and optimizes •Federalism and Regional Representation: May
resources. centralize electoral process.
•Enhanced Governance Streamlines electoral process •Cost Implications: Requires significant investment.
and governance. •Impact on Accountability May reduce electoral
•Reduced Influence of Money: Lessens role of money accountability checks.
in politics. •Required Constitutional: Amendments Necessitates
•Mitigation of Divisive Politics: Aims to reduce amendments to various articles.
divisive impacts. •Security Implications: Deployment of large security
•Enhanced Voter Engagement: Alleviates voter forces diverts from national security.
fatigue and increases turnout.
Model Code of Conduct

Context: Recently, the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) has been enforced following the announcement of voting dates
for the Lok Sabha elections 2024 by the Election Commission of India (ECI), marking a significant aspect of electoral
governance.
What is MCC and its Evolution?

 The MCC is a consensus document
where political parties have agreed to
regulate their conduct during elections
and abide by the Code.
 It aids the EC in fulfilling its mandate
under Article 324 of the Constitution,
empowering it to oversee and conduct
free and fair elections to Parliament and
State Legislatures.
 The MCC remains operational from the
date of the election schedule
announcement until the result
announcement date.
 During this period, the government is restricted
from announcing financial grants, promising
infrastructure projects, or making ad hoc
appointments in government or public
undertakings.
Enforceability of MCC
 Despite lacking statutory backing, the MCC has
gained strength due to its strict enforcement by the
EC over the past decade.
 Certain provisions of the MCC can be enforced by
referring to corresponding provisions in other
statutes like the Indian Penal Code (IPC) 1860,
Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) 1973, and
Representation of Peoples’s Act (RPA) 1951.

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Evolution of MCC
 The concept of a code of conduct for elections was first adopted by Kerala in 1960 before the Assembly
elections, covering aspects like processions, rallies, and speeches.
 In 1974, the ECI formally released the MCC and established bureaucratic bodies at district levels for its
implementation, initially applicable to political parties and candidates
 In 1979, following instances of ruling parties misusing power, the MCC was revised to include guidelines for
ruling parties' behavior post-election announcement, comprising seven parts.
Parties and candidates are prohibited from engaging in

activities that may escalate existing differences or create
tensions between various social groups.
Usage of religion, race, caste, community, or language to
General Conduct
promote enmity or hatred is disallowed under Section
123(3) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
Criticism towards other parties should focus on policies,
historical performance, and initiatives, avoiding personal
attacks.
Parties must inform local police authorities about meeting

venues and times to facilitate adequate security
arrangements.
Coordination is required if multiple candidates plan
Key Provisions Meetings and Processions
processions on the same route to prevent clashes.
of MCC
Burning effigies of members from opposing parties is
prohibited.
Only authorized individuals are allowed in polling booths,

and party workers must have appropriate identification.
Identity slips provided to voters should not contain symbols,

Polling Day
candidate names, or party names.
Observers appointed by the EC address election-related

problems reported by candidates.
Issues Associated with MCC
Enforcement Impact on
Ambiguity Limited Scope Timing Issues Need for Reform
Challenges Governance
 Enforcement Challenges
o Inconsistent or inadequate enforcement of the MCC can lead to violations going unpunished due to the
absence of statutory backing.
o The ECI opposes legalizing the MCC due to the need for swift elections within approximately 45 days,
making legal enforcement cumbersome.

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 Ambiguity: Certain MCC provisions may be vague or subject to interpretation, causing confusion among
political entities.
 Limited Scope: Critics argue for expanding the MCC's scope to include electoral funding, social media usage,
and hate speech regulation.
 Timing Issues: The MCC's applicability during election periods leaves room for misconduct outside of these
periods.
 Impact on Governance: Some believe the MCC's restrictions on government activities during elections may
hinder governance functions.
 Need for Reform: Calls exist for reforming the MCC to address shortcomings and enhance its effectiveness in
ensuring fair elections.
Way Forward
 Strengthen enforcement mechanisms and clarify MCC provisions to ensure compliance.
 Consider expanding the MCC's coverage to address modern challenges like digital campaigning.
 Evaluate proposals to legalize the MCC for enhanced effectiveness and enforceability.
 Conduct public awareness campaigns on MCC compliance and its role in fair elections.
 Establish a framework for regular MCC evaluation and adaptation to evolving electoral dynamics.
 Conclusion
 The MCC plays a crucial role in democracy but faces challenges like declining commitment and violations.
Legalizing it could empower the EC to ensure fair elections and uphold democratic integrity.
Supreme Court Warns Patanjali Ayurved on Misleading Claims

Context: The Supreme Court in India has cautioned Patanjali
Ayurved, a well-known Ayurvedic products company, against
making misleading claims in their advertisements regarding
curing diseases.
About
 Regulations governing drug advertisements,
specifically the Drugs and Magic Remedies
(Objectionable Advertisements) Act, 1954, oversee
and prohibit promotions of certain magic remedies.
 The Act specifically prohibits advertisements that
misrepresent a drug's nature or effectiveness and those
that promote drugs for specific diseases listed in the Act.
 Moreover, it bars advertisements for magic remedies claiming to treat the same diseases.
 The Act defines "magic remedy" to encompass talismans, mantras, kavachas (amulets), and any other similar
items that assert supernatural or magical properties for healing ailments.
Governance & Social Justice

India to establish international alliance to protect big cats
Context: Cabinet approved the establishment of International Big Cat Alliance.
Key Initiatives
 Advocacy, collaboration, knowledge sharing through an e-portal, capacity building, eco-tourism promotion,
expert group collaborations, and financial resource mobilization are among the key initiatives of the Alliance.
 Conservation Efforts: The Alliance also supports existing intergovernmental platforms dedicated to specific
species to enhance conservation efforts.
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Organizational Structure
 Governance: The International Big Cat Alliance is governed by a General Assembly consisting of all member
nations, an elected Council representing member nations, and a Secretariat.
 Appointment: The Secretary
General of the Alliance is International Recently approved by the Cabinet, the
appointed by the General Big Cat Alliance International Big Cat Alliance was launched by
Assembly based on the Council's India on April 9, 2023, with the aim of protecting
recommendation. the seven large cats on Earth: tiger, lion, leopard,
snow leopard, cheetah, jaguar, and puma.
 Funding: Initially, the Alliance
will be supported by India's grant
assistance of $100 million, and it is Participation The Alliance is open to 97 'range' countries where
planned to become self-sustaining big cats are native, along with other interested
states and international organizations.
through membership fees,
contributions from bilateral and
multilateral institutions, and
private sector support after the first Collaborative It serves as a platform for participating countries
five years. Forum to exchange information, share experiences, and
provide assistance for habitat restoration projects.
Significance of the Big Cats Alliance
 The alliance endeavors to unite
nations, conservationists, and
global experts to join forces in the
conservation endeavors concerning the seven prominent big cat species.
 Through the International Big Cats Alliance (IBCA), India aspires to exchange knowledge, expertise, and best
practices in the preservation of these species with other nations boasting substantial big cat populations,
including Indonesia, Brazil, and South Africa.
 The primary objective of the alliance is to foster collaborations among governments, non-governmental
organizations (NGOs), and the private sector, working collectively to establish sustainable conservation
solutions.
 The initiation of the IBCA signifies a noteworthy stride in the conservation of these majestic animals, as their
populations confront unparalleled threats arising from habitat loss, poaching, and human-animal conflicts.

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Centre’s housing scheme for tribal groups facing hurdles due to lack of accurate data
Context: The implementation of the housing component of the PM-JANMAN Scheme has faced challenges due to the
lack of reliable data on the total population of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTG).
PM-JANMAN Scheme
Challenges in PM-JANMAN housing Scheme
 PM JANMAN is a government
scheme aimed at mainstreaming •The Union government aimed to sanction 2.5 lakh out of nearly
tribal communities. five lakh planned houses by February 15.
 It comprises Central Sector and •However, only 1.59 lakh houses received sanction after the
Centrally Sponsored Schemes, to be deadline passed.
implemented by the Ministry of •Absence of reliable population data for PVTG
Tribal Affairs in collaboration with •The Union government relied on the PM Gati Shakti portal to
State governments and PVTG estimate the total population of PVTG across the country.
communities. •State governments were instructed to conduct their surveys, but
 The scheme focuses on 11 critical some States submitted incomplete survey data to the center.
interventions overseen by 9 line •Discrepancies exist between the data held by the Tribal Affairs
Ministries, ensuring the Ministry and that of the states.
implementation of existing schemes •States mentioned that the PVTG population is not static as they
regularly migrate in search of employment due to being among the
in villages inhabited by PVTGs. most vulnerable groups.
 It covers various sectors including
safe housing under the PM-AWAS Scheme, access to clean drinking water, improved healthcare, education,
nutrition, road and telecommunications connectivity, and opportunities for sustainable livelihoods.

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 Additionally, it includes the establishment of Van Dhan Vikas Kendras for trading in forest produce, off-grid
solar power systems for 1 lakh households, and solar street lights.
 The scheme aims to enhance the quality of life and well-being of PVTGs by addressing their multiple forms of
discrimination and exclusion, and by recognizing and valuing their unique contribution to national and global
development.
Undersea cable disruptions expose India’s crucial telecom vulnerability

Context: Three undersea cables
connecting India to global telecom What is Submarine Communications Cable?
networks— Asia-Africa-Europe-1,  Submarine cables are laid on the seabed between land-based stations to
Europe India Gateway, and Tata Global transmit telecommunication signals across stretches of ocean and sea.
Network—have been damaged in the  These cables employ fiber-optic technology, with optical fiber elements
Red Sea Conflict, possibly due to coated with protective layers suitable for the marine environment.
targeted attacks.  Submarine cables offer a reliable, cost-efficient, and high-capacity
means of internet connectivity compared to satellites.
India’s Submarine Cable
Infrastructure
 India has 17 submarine cables
landing in 14 cable landing stations, mainly in Mumbai and Chennai, and is actively expanding its undersea
connectivity.
 The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) has introduced regulations categorizing Cable Landing
Stations (CLS) into Main CLS and CLS Point of Presence to enhance data flow and reduce reliance on foreign
providers.
 TRAI’s recommendations include recognizing submarine cable operations as critical services, proposing
legislative amendments, and suggesting exemptions from custom duty and GST for essential goods.
Current Challenges in Submarine Cable Infrastructure
 Rising demand from data centers, retail usage, and enterprise applications exacerbates capacity constraints in
India’s submarine cable networks.
 Lack of transparency in ownership of submarine cable systems raises national security concerns.

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 Stringent regulations impede

investment in submarine cable •Damage to undersea cable systems in the
Red Sea due to regional conflict exposes
infrastructure, limiting redundancy vulnerabilities in India’s internet and
and hindering security measures. overseas telecom connectivity.
•India's limited connections to such cables
Implications of TRAI Proposals
Vulnerabilities in and regulatory restrictions on expanding
 TRAI’s recommendations facilitate Telecom the submarine cable industry pose
the expansion of data centers and Infrastructure significant concerns.
enhancing internet connectivity in •Cable disruptions underscore a choke
line with India’s digital ambitions. point in subsea connections between
 DoT’s decision on TRAI’s Europe and Asia, particularly concerning
for India due to limited connections and
proposals will shape the future of regulatory constraints.
India’s submarine cable industry,
balancing stakeholder interests and
national security concerns.
Australia’s Cable Protection Zone Regime
 Australia's Cable Protection Zones offer a
legislative model for protecting international
submarine cables within its Exclusive
Economic Zone (EEZ).
 Regulatory measures within designated zones
mitigate the risk of cable damage by
restricting activities such as seabed trawling,
vessel anchoring, and dredging.
Way Forward
 India can collaborate with Australia to enact
similar laws within its territorial waters and
establish Submarine Cable Protection Zones.
 Regional cooperation across the Indian Ocean
Rim Association can foster multilateral cooperation in protecting subsea infrastructure.
 Collaboration among navies and coastguards of Quad nations and like-minded countries facilitates operational
coordination in monitoring and protecting high-density cable zones.
Cabinet okays ₹75,000-crore ‘free electricity’ solar scheme

Context: The Union Cabinet approved a ₹75,021-crore package for the ‘PM-Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana’ (PM Free
Electricity scheme) to promote rooftop solar installations in India. The scheme aims to provide 300 units of “free
electricity” every month to one crore households.
PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana
 This scheme introduced by the central government aims to provide 300 units of free electricity per month to its
beneficiaries, with an investment of ₹75,000 crores.
 Initially proposed in the interim budget speech by the Finance Minister, the scheme targets lighting up 1 crore
households.
 Urban Local Bodies and Panchayats will be encouraged to promote rooftop solar systems within their
jurisdictions.

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 The Central Government ensures no financial burden on the people by providing significant subsidies directly
to their bank accounts and offering highly concessional bank loans.
Objective and Scope PM Free Electricity Scheme

•The primary objective is to offer 300 units of “free electricity” every month to approximately one crore
households.
•By encouraging rooftop solar systems, the government seeks to alleviate the burden of electricity expenses on
households while promoting clean and sustainable energy alternatives.
•Subsidy and Financing Mechanism:
•The government will provide financial assistance by subsidizing a significant portion of the installation costs.
•Specifically, 60% of the cost for 2 kW systems and 40% for systems ranging from 2 to 3 kW will be covered
by the central subsidy.
•Substantial subsidies include ₹30,000 for 1 kW systems, ₹60,000 for 2 kW systems, and ₹78,000 for 3 kW
systems or higher.
Anticipated benefits
 Annual savings of fifteen to eighteen thousand rupees for households through free solar electricity and surplus
sales to distribution companies.
 Facilitation of electric vehicle charging.
 Creation of entrepreneurship opportunities for vendors in supply and installation.
 Generation of employment opportunities for skilled youth in manufacturing, installation, and maintenance.

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Introduction of PM Free Application Process and Loan

Implementation Strategy
Electricity Scheme Facility
•The Union Cabinet approved the •Interested households can apply •Collaboration with public sector
'PM-Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli through a central portal and units (PSUs) affiliated with the
Yojana' (PM Free Electricity access relevant information and Ministry of Power.
scheme), aimed at advancing vendor options. •PSUs will reach out to eligible
rooftop solar (RTS) installations •Collateral-free, low-interest households and oversee the
across the country. loans at around 7% are available installation of rooftop solar
•With an investment of ₹75,021 to cover the remaining systems.
crores, the scheme is poised to installation expenses. •Loans to finance the component
transform the landscape of solar not covered by the central
energy adoption in India. subsidy will be repaid through
surplus power sales back to the
grid.
Poverty levels below 5%, claims NITI Aayog chief

Context: Less than 5% of Indians are now expected to be below the poverty line, and extreme destitution has almost
gone away, a top government official asserted on February 25, citing the findings of the Household Consumption
Expenditure Survey (HCES) for 2022-23. Retail inflation has also likely been overstated in recent years, he added.
Monthly Per Capita Expenditure (MPCE) Averages
 Average consumption level for the
bottom 5% of rural households:
₹1,373; for the next 5%: ₹1,782,
serving as a basis for poverty lines and
estimates.
 Poverty line estimated around or less
than 10%, considering ₹32 a day as
poverty line in 2011-12.
 Average spending in the bottom 5 to
10% of rural households is ₹1,782.
 Addition of imputed value of food
transfers and subsidies suggests
poverty in India is likely below 5%.
 Benefits like healthcare under
Ayushman Bharat and free education
not factored into consumption
expenditure survey.
 NITI Aayog's multi-dimensional
poverty index indicates 11% of the
population below the poverty line last
year.

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Global MPI
 The Global MPI, captures overlapping
deprivations in health, education, and living
standards. It complements income poverty
measurements because it measures and compares
deprivations directly.
 The global MPI Report is jointly published by the
Oxford Poverty and Human Development
Initiative (OPHI) and the United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP).
 2030 Agenda:
 Addresses Sustainable Development and the 17
SDGs related to the economic, environmental,
and social aspects of societal well-being and are
focused on the core principle of “leaving no one
behind.”
Findings of NITI Aayog’s Discussion Paper

‘Multidimensional Poverty in India since
2005-06’
 Alkire-Foster (AF) methodology used.
 Captures qualitative aspects across
Health, Education, and Standard of
Living dimensions.
 India’s MPI retains 10 indicators from
Global MPI and adds 2 new indicators:
Maternal Health and Bank Account.
 Each household assigned a deprivation
score based on 12 indicators.
 If deprivation score above 33%,
considered multidimensionally poor.
Recent MPI-INDIA findings 2023
 24.82 crore Indians escape
multidimensional poverty in the last 9
years.
 Steep decline in Poverty Headcount Gini coefficient
Ratio from 29.17% in 2013-14 to  Indicator of income or wealth inequality.
11.28% in 2022-23.  Ranges from 0 (perfect equality) to 1
 All 12 MPI indicators show significant (perfect inequality).
improvement.

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 Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Madhya Pradesh record largest decline in MPI poor.
 Poorer states record faster decline in poverty, indicating reduction in disparities.
 India likely to achieve SDG Target 1.2 ahead of 2030.
International Relations
Nepal-India official dialogue silent on landmark Pancheshwar project
Context: Despite the recent agreement between India and Nepal, discussions over the Pancheshwar Multipurpose
Project (PMP) remain deadlocked.
Features
 The project entails building a
315-meter tall dam across the What is Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project (PMP)?
Mahakali River, known as  The Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project (PMP) is a bi-national
Sharda in India. hydropower project between India and Nepal, planned for
 It aims to generate about 6,480 development along the Mahakali River, which forms the border
MW of energy, split equally between the two countries.
between both sides.  Its main goals are to produce energy and improve irrigation in both
 Additionally, it will provide countries.
water for irrigating 130,000
hectares of land in Nepal and
240,000 hectares in Indian
Territory.
Concerns: Environmentalists have expressed concerns about its potential impact on regional ecology and local
communities.
What is the Mahakali Treaty?
 The Mahakali Treaty is an agreement between the Governments of India and Nepal regarding the integrated
development of the Mahakali River, recognized as a boundary river between the two countries.
 Signed in 1996.
About the Mahakali River (Sharda

River)
Originating from Kalapani in the Himalayas,
situated in the Pithoragarh district of
Uttarakhand.
It flows along Nepal’s western border with
India and joins the Ghaghara
(Karnali/Manchu) River, a tributary of the
Ganga.
Its left tributaries include Chameliya and
Ramgun in Nepal, while right tributaries
include Kuthi, Dhauli, Gori, Sarju, and
Ladhiya rivers in Uttarakhand, India

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Can the IMEC address the Red Sea crisis?

Context: The Red Sea crisis has resulted in economic repercussions such as increased container ship costs, highlighting
the importance of exploring alternative trade routes globally.
About Red Sea

 The Red Sea is a semi-enclosed inlet of the Indian Ocean located between Africa and Asia.
 It is connected to the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean via the Gulf of Aden and the Bab el Mandeb strait.
 Yemen and Saudi Arabia border the Red Sea to the east, while Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, and Djibouti border it
to the west.
About Crisis
 Houthi rebels in Yemen have intensified attacks on commercial ships in the lower Red Sea since mid-November
2023.
 The Bab el-Mandab Strait, between Yemen and Djibouti, is crucial for global trade.
 Nearly 12% of international merchandise trade passes through the Red Sea.
India's trade with

Rising concerns have
Europe and North
led to a decline in
Africa relies heavily
How has it Indian shipments,
on the Red Sea route,
Affected India? with around 25% of
accounting for 24% of
cargo ships being held
exports and 14% of
back
imports.
Impacts
 Major container and oil carriers have diverted shipments through the Cape of Good Hope, leading to increased
ocean freight costs, insurance expenses, and delays.
 This has also raised transportation costs and consumer prices.
 China is promoting its China-Europe freight trains as an alternative route.
Significance of the IMEC in Present
Scenario
 The India-Middle East-Europe
Economic Corridor (IMEC) aims to
integrate Asia, Europe, and the Middle
East.
 It will reduce transit time and costs,
providing a reliable cross-border
transit network.
 IMEC can counter Chinese influence
and promote economic activity in the
Middle East.
 However, lack of attention,
investments, and the Israel-Palestine
conflict pose challenges.
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Concerns
 Insufficient infrastructure and the vulnerability of the Strait of Hormuz are key concerns.
 The entire trade route of IMEC passes through the Strait of Hormuz, controlled by Iran, raising the risk of
disruptions.
Conclusion
 The Red Sea crisis requires a united global response.
 An empirical study on the economic benefits of IMEC is necessary to attract stakeholders.
 A robust financial framework and multi-national operational framework are essential.
 A forum for the corridor should be established to address these issues effectively.
Indigenous Greenland women sue Denmark over forced contraception

Context: In Greenland, 143 Indigenous Inuit women are suing Denmark, seeking compensation totaling nearly 43
million kroner ($6.3 million) for being forcibly implanted with intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) during the
1960s and 70s.
Key Highlights
 These women, some of whom were adolescents at the time, allege that Danish health authorities infringed upon
their human rights by inserting IUDs without their knowledge or consent, purportedly to control population
growth in Greenland amidst improving living standards and healthcare.
 Despite Greenland's transition from a Danish colony to a province in 1953, the issue has prompted a joint
investigation by the Danish and Greenlandic governments, with findings anticipated next year.
Uses, Advantages, and Disadvantages

 When correctly inserted, IUDs are over 99% About Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices (ICD)
effective in preventing pregnancy. • An IUD is a small T-shaped plastic and copper device
 It starts working immediately upon insertion inserted into the uterus by a healthcare professional.
and remains effective for 5 to 10 years, • It releases copper to prevent pregnancy and offers
depending on the type. contraceptive protection for 5 to 10 years, commonly
 It can be inserted at any point in the menstrual referred to as a "coil" or "copper coil."
cycle, provided the individual is not pregnant,
and can be removed by a trained professional
at any time, allowing immediate fertility restoration.
 Despite its efficacy, there's a slight risk of infection following insertion, and a possibility of expulsion or
displacement within the body.
 Previous pelvic infections may make it unsuitable, and it does not safeguard against sexually transmitted
infections (STIs).
About Greenland
 Greenland is an autonomous territory within the Kingdom of Denmark, located in North America.
 It's the larger of two autonomous territories, the other being the Faroe Islands, with citizens of both territories
holding full Danish citizenship.
 Greenlandic citizens are also European Union citizens as Greenland is considered one of the Overseas Countries
and Territories of the European Union.
 Nuuk serves as the capital and largest city, situated between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans, east of the Canadian
Arctic Archipelago.
 As the world's largest island, Greenland is home to the northernmost point of land, with Kaffeklubben Island
holding that distinction, while Cape Morris Jesup was once believed to be until the 1960s.

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India inks free trade agreement with 4 European countries

Context: After 15 years of negotiations, India recently entered into a Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement
(TEPA) with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), which comprises four non-EU countries: Iceland,
Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland. Here are the key points about this development:
What is the European Free Trade Association (EFTA)?
•An intergovernmental organization promoting free trade and economic integration among
About its four Member States.
•Established through a Convention signed in Stockholm in January 1960.

History •Created as an alternative trade bloc for European states not joining the then European
Economic Community (EEC).
•Maintaining the EFTA Convention regulating economic relations among member states.
•Managing the European Economic Area (EEA) Agreement, uniting EU and three EFTA
Main Tasks States.
•Developing EFTA's network of free trade agreements globally
India and EFTA Bilateral

Significant trade partners Key trade item
trade statistics for 2022-23
India's exports to EFTA
countries: USD 1.92 Switzerland Gold, leading to India's
billion. trade deficit with
Switzerland.
Imports from EFTA
countries to India: USD Norway
16.74 billion.
Bilateral trade value:
USD 18.65 billion.
Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA)
 Objectives
o Eliminate/reduce tariffs and non-tariff barriers on various products.
o Ensure fair market access for services and investors, enhance IP rights protection, and improve trade
procedures.
 Coverage
o 14 chapters covering goods, rules of origin, IPRs, services, investment, government procurement, and
more.
Key Highlights
 EFTA's commitment: USD 100 billion FDI in India over 15 years, aiming for 1 million direct jobs.
 Tariff concessions: Both sides offering significant tariff reductions on various products.

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 Market access: EFTA's offer covers 100% of non-agri products with tariff concessions on Processed
Agricultural Products.
Why Does the India-EFTA Deal Hold Significance?
Economic Growth and Trade Expansion and Strategic and

Setting a Precedent
Job Creation Market Access Technological Benefits
 Economic Growth and Job

Creation
o Investment boost:
Anticipated FDI crucial for
infrastructure, technology,
and job creation.
o Encouraging domestic
manufacturing under "Make
in India" and Atmanirbhar
Bharat initiatives.
 Trade Expansion and Market
Access
o Stimulating services exports
and offering access to high-
quality Swiss products.
 Strategic and Technological
Benefits
o Strengthening economic
ties, fostering knowledge
sharing, and promoting
innovation.
 Setting a Precedent
o Serving as a template for
future trade agreements, enhancing
India's image as a free trade
champion.
Key Issues in the India-EFTA Agreement

 Exclusions in sensitive sectors like
agriculture and dairy.
 Concerns about the USD 100-million
investment commitment.
 Proposal for data exclusivity in IP rights,
potential income level gaps, and non-tariff
barriers.

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Way Forward for the India-EFTA Deal's Success
 Addressing asymmetries through common ground solutions like investment protection and phased tariff
reductions.
 Streamlining regulations, reducing NTBs, and establishing dispute resolution mechanisms.
 Capacity building, infrastructure upgrades, stakeholder dialogues, and knowledge sharing for collaborative
growth.
The Myanmar conflict is a regional problem
Context: ASEAN and other stakeholders should extend their support to Myanmar's independent media and its people
as they strive for a truly democratic nation.
Background of Myanmar Conflict
 General election held in Myanmar in November 2020.
 Coup took place in February 2021 to overturn the election results.
 On March 9, 2021, army trucks arrived at Mizzima’s headquarters in Yangon, leading to looting and ransacking
by soldiers as part of a broader crackdown on independent media.
 Consequently, many journalists had to flee their homes.
Regional Impact of Myanmar Conflict
Security Disruption of
Exodus of Migration Concerns for Rise in Criminal Trade and
Journalists Challenges Neighboring Activities Economic
Nations Corridors
 Exodus of Journalists
o Journalists seeking safety have relocated to neighboring regions or countries beyond junta control.
 Migration Challenges
o Over two million people within Myanmar and approximately 1.5 million refugees have been displaced
since the coup.
o Nearly 25 million individuals, about half of Myanmar's population, are living in poverty, exacerbating
destabilizing conditions.
o Nearly one-third of Myanmar's population lacks adequate access to food.
 Security Concerns for Neighboring Nations
o The conflict has spilled over into neighboring countries such as Bangladesh, China, India, and Thailand,
placing significant humanitarian burdens on these nations.
o For instance, the influx of Rohingya refugees into Bangladesh is an example of this regional impact.
 Rise in Criminal Activities
o The breakdown of law and order in Myanmar has led to an increase in criminal activities, affecting not
only Myanmar but also creating challenges for neighboring countries.
o For example, opium cultivation has increased in the region, posing a potential drug menace in India,
particularly in the North East.
 Disruption of Trade and Economic Corridors
o Hostilities in Myanmar have disrupted trade and economic projects like the China-Myanmar Economic
Corridor and the Kaladan Multi-Modal Project.

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ASEAN's Role in Promoting Regional Stability
 ASEAN reached a five-point consensus with the junta leader, focusing on ending violence, facilitating dialogue,
appointing a special envoy, providing humanitarian aid, and arranging the special envoy's visit to Myanmar for
discussions with all parties.
 However, the
conflict has
escalated, with
active fighting
reported in a
majority of
townships by
the end of
2023, raising
concerns about
Myanmar's
potential
alignment with
China.
 Currently,
around 40% of
townships are
outside the
junta's control,
with numerous resistance groups challenging its authority.
 The State Administration Council (SAC) in Myanmar has disregarded calls for establishing representative
democracy, resorting instead to intensified persecution, arbitrary arrests, and attacks on civilians and journalists.
Role of Independent Media
 Despite challenges, independent media persists in reporting the truth from neighboring countries, upholding
press freedom.
 An Independent Press Council is being established to counter the ineffective Myanmar Press Council, which
has been promoting state propaganda.
Way Forward
 All stakeholders, including ASEAN, must support Burmese journalists and the people of Myanmar in their
pursuit of peace, stability, prosperity, and democracy.
 Policymakers should reject junta-rigged elections, emphasizing the importance of a democratic post-junta
Myanmar for regional strategic, security, and economic interests.
India's Push for Security Council Reform The G4 Model

Context: Participating in the Intergovernmental Negotiations on Security Council Reform, India presented a detailed
model on behalf of the G4 nations for United Nations Security Council Reform.
G4 Proposed Model Features
Addressing Under- Membership Regional Democratic and

Flexibility on Veto
representation Expansion Representation Inclusive Election

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 Addressing Under-representation: The model emphasizes the "glaring under-representation and un-
representation" in the Council's current composition, hindering its legitimacy and effectiveness.
 Membership Expansion: Advocates for increasing the Security Council's membership from 15 to 25-26
members, including 6 permanent and 4 or 5 non-permanent members.
 Regional Representation: Proposes two new permanent members from African and Asia Pacific states each,
one from Latin American and Caribbean states, and one from Western European and Other states.
 Flexibility on Veto: Offers flexibility on the veto issue, with new permanent members refraining from veto use
until a decision during a review process, showing a willingness to engage in constructive negotiations.
 Democratic and Inclusive Election: Emphasizes democratic and inclusive elections by the UN General
Assembly to decide which member states will occupy new permanent seats.
UN Security Council Reform Necessity
Representation and Outdated Recognition of Risk of Alternative Misuse of Veto

Legitimacy Composition Contributions Forums Power
 Representation and Legitimacy: To ensure authority and legitimacy reflecting the current global landscape.
 Outdated Composition: The current setup does not accurately represent the world stage, with regions like
Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean lacking adequate representation.
 Recognition of Contributions: Nations like India, Germany, and Japan, making substantial contributions to
the UN, deserve consideration for new permanent seats.
 Risk of Alternative Forums: Without reform, decision-making could shift to alternative forums, diluting the
Council's effectiveness.
 Misuse of Veto Power: Criticism of veto power misuse calls for a more democratic and inclusive decision-
making framework.
UN Security Council Reform Procedure
•Requires endorsement by a two-thirds majority in the General Assembly.

First Stage
•Involves Charter amendment ratification by two-thirds of member states,

Second Stage including all five permanent Security Council members.
Way Forward
 Engagement and Consensus Building: Foster inclusive dialogues and consultations among member states,
especially from underrepresented regions.
 Amending the UN Charter: Encourage cooperation among stakeholders for ratification reflecting
contemporary realities.
 Addressing Veto Power: Explore reforms balancing decisive action with inclusivity and fairness.
 Strengthening Council Effectiveness: Enhance capacity to respond effectively to global challenges and
promote cooperation with other UN bodies and stakeholders.

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Military Exercises, Defence & Security

What will Gaganyaan change for India?
Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi unveiled the final roster of candidates set to embark on India's inaugural human
spaceflight mission, Gaganyaan, led by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).
About Gaganyaan
 Gaganyaan is an ISRO initiative aimed at
launching Indian astronauts into low-Earth
orbit utilizing indigenous launch vehicles.
 It serves as a testbed for technologies
crucial to human spaceflight, showcasing
India's prowess in developing and
deploying such systems.
 ISRO's future endeavors include
establishing a domestic space station by
2035 and landing an Indian on the moon by
2040.
 Plans entail integrating these ambitious
projects with forthcoming lunar missions,
including collaborative efforts with Japan
for lunar rover deployment and sample
return missions.
Expansion of Spaceflight Responsibilities
 The Indian government has extended spaceflight and service responsibilities beyond ISRO to entities like New
Space India Ltd. (NSIL) for commercialization and the Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization
Centre (IN-SPACe) for regulating space activities.
 Additionally, ISRO has established the Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC) to oversee the Gaganyaan mission.
Mission Preparation
 The Gaganyaan mission was initiated
following the Union Cabinet's approval in
2018, utilizing existing technologies. Components of Gaganyaan
 ISRO subsequently human-rated these •Gaganyaan comprises the Launch Vehicle
technologies to meet spaceflight standards. Mark-3 (LVM-3), the orbital module, and the
 Preparatory experiments, including the Space crew.
Capsule Recovery Experiment (SRE) and the •The LVM-3, equipped with solid and liquid-
Crew-module Atmospheric Re-entry fuel boosters and an indigenous cryogenic
Experiment (CARE), were conducted to test engine, serves as the rocket.
crucial systems. •The orbital module, weighing 8.2 tonnes,
 Despite initial plans, certain components, houses the crew and service modules, equipped
such as the crew module, needed to be with essential systems like parachutes and life-
support.
procured internationally due to manufacturing
constraints. •The crew, consisting of Indian Air Force
personnel, underwent rigorous training in India
Goals of Gaganyaan and Russia.
 Gaganyaan aims to establish India's self-reliance •The mission also features 'Vyommitra,' a
in human spaceflight, reducing dependence on gynoid designed to monitor conditions within
the capsule.
foreign launch services.
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 This aligns with broader space sector reforms in India, fostering investment in domestic space startups and
positioning India within the global space arena.
 The Indian Space Policy outlines objectives for the country's space program, emphasizing participation in
scientific, commercial, and exploratory missions beyond Earth.
 Gaganyaan's development signifies India's emergence as a key player in space exploration, highlighting the
importance of international collaboration in space exploration endeavors.
The status of India’s nuclear programme

Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the core-loading process of the indigenous Prototype Fast Breeder
Reactor (PFBR) at the Madras Atomic Power Station in Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, on March 4.
Why was the PFBR delayed?

What is PFBR?
 The Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) is a significant advancement in nuclear technology designed
to generate more nuclear fuel than it consumes, marking a crucial phase in India's three-stage nuclear power
program.
 Initially, India employed Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) and natural uranium-238 (U-238) in
the first stage, producing plutonium-239 (Pu-239) and energy through nuclear fission processes involving
U-235 and heavy water.
 In the second stage, the PFBR will utilize Pu-239 along with U-238 to generate energy, U-233, and
additional Pu-239, facilitated by Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam Ltd. (BHAVINI).
 The final stage involves combining Pu-239 with thorium-232 (Th-232) to produce energy and U-233,
leveraging India's substantial thorium reserves for nuclear energy self-sufficiency.
 The development of the PFBR in India faced setbacks including international sanctions post the 'Smiling
Buddha' nuclear test, necessitating a shift from enriched uranium to a mixed carbide fuel.
 Technical issues with the reactor coolant and the transition to mixed oxide fuel contributed to delays, pushing
the commercial operation deadline to October 2022.
How does PFBR work?

 The PFBR operates on
the principle of a
Significance and challenges of Phase II
breeder reactor
mechanism, generating •Stage II of India's nuclear power program aims to enhance output with PFBR
more fissile material expansion, facing challenges including cost competitiveness against
(Pu-239) than it renewables, public perception post-Fukushima Daiichi, and technical
consumes. complexities.
 Unlike PHWRs, which •Recommendations include establishing an independent regulatory body,
produce Pu-239 as a proposed through the Nuclear Safety Regulatory Authority (NSRA) Bill
byproduct, the PFBR
combines produced Pu-
239 with additional U-238 in a mixed oxide form, facilitated by fast neutrons.
 Liquid sodium serves as a coolant in two separate circuits, transferring heat from the reactor core to generate
electricity.
Challenges in operationalizing the PFBR

Operational challenges include complex system behavior compared to theoretical expectations, such as extended
preheating times for the reactor vessel.

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What role can SMRs play?
 Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) offer a promising alternative to large-scale reactors, requiring less land and
incorporating enhanced safety features.
 SMRs could utilize low-enriched uranium, potentially imported under the 123 Agreement, requiring legislative
amendments to enable private sector involvement under regulatory oversight.
INS Jatayu
Context: The Indian Navy will commission the Naval Detachment Minicoy as INS Jatayu on March 6th, upgrading it
to a strategic naval base in the Lakshadweep Islands.
Key Highlights
 This development is a significant move to strengthen
About INS Jatayu
India’s security infrastructure in the region.
• INS Jatayu is the second Naval base in
 The Minicoy detachment, operational since the
1980s, becomes India’s second naval base in Lakshadweep after INS Dweeprakshak in
Lakshadweep after INS Dweeprakshak in Kavaratti, Kavaratti, which was commissioned in 2012.
commissioned in 2012. • The existing Naval Detachment Minicoy,
 The event follows the joint inauguration of an airstrip which is under the operational command of
and a jetty on Agaléga island in Mauritius, the Naval Officer-in-Charge (Lakshadweep),
highlighting India’s strategic interests in the Indian will be commissioned as INS Jatayu.
Ocean.
INS Jatayu Naval Base
 The Naval Detachment
Minicoy, currently under
the Naval Officer-in-
Charge (Lakshadweep),
will be commissioned as
INS Jatayu, expanding
into a comprehensive
naval base.
 This upgrade involves
augmenting existing
administrative, logistics,
and medical facilities
with infrastructure like
an airfield, housing, and
personnel, subject to
environmental and other
clearances.
 Challenges may arise,
particularly in
constructing a jetty, due to the island’s delicate ecology, but plans include developing an airfield supporting
military and civil aircraft operations.
 Establishing INS Jatayu aims to enhance the Navy’s operational capabilities, supporting anti-piracy and anti-
narcotics efforts in the western Arabian Sea and serving as a first responder in the region.
 The base's commissioning and the proposed airfield will expand the Navy’s presence on the western seaboard,
facilitating the operation of various aircraft, including P8I maritime reconnaissance aircraft and fighter jets.

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 This development is significant as India navigates regional
dynamics, countering Chinese influence in the Indian Ocean
amid strained relations with the Maldives due to recent political
shifts.
About Lakshadweep Islands
 Lakshadweep, an archipelago of 36 islands, lies between 220
km and 440 km off the coast of Kochi, India, with strategic
importance due to its location in the Indian Ocean.
 The islands, including Minicoy, play a crucial role in Sea Lines
of Communications (SLOCs), though they are vulnerable to
marine pollution risks.
 The archipelago consists of Amindivi Islands, Laccadive
Islands, and Minicoy Island, collectively known as
Lakshadweep, with Minicoy being the southernmost and largest
island.
 Most islands have low elevation and are surrounded by fringing
reefs, making them extremely vulnerable to sea level changes,
with Minicoy being the largest and most developed.
Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle Technology

Context: India has recently achieved a significant milestone in missile technology by acquiring Multiple Independently
Targetable Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) capabilities, joining a select group of nations.
Key Facts About MIRV Technology

Agni-5 Missile
 Agni is an Inter-continental ballistic missile (ICBM) developed by DRDO.
 It carries nuclear warheads with a range exceeding 5,000 km and uses a three-stage solid-fuelled engine.
 Agni-5 has been tested successfully multiple times since 2012, with a recent night-time capability test in
December 2022.
 The Agni family includes Agni I (short-range), Agni II (medium-range), Agni III (intermediate-range), Agni IV
(intermediate-range), and Agni-P (Agni Prime, nuclear-capable).
•MIRV technology originated in the United States in 1970 with the deployment of a
Inception MIRVed Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM).
•It allows a single missile to carry multiple warheads (3-4), each capable of targeting
different locations independently, thereby enhancing effectiveness.
Global •Major nuclear powers like the United States, United Kingdom, France, Russia, China,
Adoption and and India possess MIRV technology.
Proliferation •Pakistan also tested MIRV technology (Ababeel Missile) in 2017.
•Agni-5's successful flight test marked India's first use of MIRV technology, aiming to
deploy multiple warheads in a single launch.
•MIRVs were initially designed to enhance offensive capabilities rather than to defeat
Strategic ballistic missile defenses.
Significance •Their ability to deploy multiple warheads independently poses challenges for defense
systems.
•Challenges in deploying MIRV technology include miniaturization of warheads,

Challenges advanced guidance systems, and ensuring the reliability of re-entry vehicles
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 Agni-6, the next upgrade, is expected to be an intercontinental ballistic missile with a range surpassing 7,000
km.
India’s 5G Fighter Aircraft and LCA Tejas

Context: The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) has given the green light to a Rs 15,000 crore project for the
development of India's fifth-generation fighter multirole jet, known as the Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA).
Additionally, a Court of Inquiry has been launched to investigate the cause of a crash involving an Indian Air Force
Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas during an operational training sortie in Rajasthan.
Fifth-generation Fighter Jets

 Fifth-generation (5G) fighters are aircraft designed to operate effectively in heavily contested combat zones
with advanced air and ground threats.
 They possess stealth capabilities and can cruise at supersonic speeds without using afterburners,
distinguishing them from fourth-generation (4G) aircraft.
 Notable examples include Russia's Sukhoi Su-57, China's Chengdu J-20, and the US' F-35.
India's Need for 5G Fighters

 The Indian Air Force (IAF) currently operates around 30 fighter squadrons, below the sanctioned strength of
42.
 Aging aircraft like MiG-21s, MiG-29s, Jaguars, and Mirage 2000s are set to be phased out, necessitating the
development of new fighter jets.
 India aims to bolster its air defenses given China's and Pakistan's aircraft strengths, focusing on self-sufficiency
in defense.
Features of the Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA)
Nodal Agency  Nodal Agency and Manufacturer

Development o The Aeronautical Development Agency
and Key Features
Timeline
Manufacturer (ADA), under the Defence Research and
Development Organisation (DRDO), leads the
program.
o State-owned Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) will manufacture the AMCA.
 Key Features
o Stealth capabilities surpassing current IAF fighters.
o Internal fuel tank with 6.5-tonne capacity and internal weapons bay.
o AMCA Mk1 equipped with a GE414 engine; Mk2 to feature a more powerful engine developed by
DRDO-Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE).
 Development Timeline
o Expected first flight in 4-5 years, full development in around 10 years, with five prototypes preceding
HAL's manufacturing.

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Features of Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas
Key Features
•Lightest, smallest, and

tailless multi-role
•Initiated in 1984 by the supersonic fighter. •Tejas Trainer, LCA
Indian government, Navy, LCA Tejas Navy
managed by ADA, and •Capable of carrying MK2, and LCA Tejas
manufactured by HAL. various air-to-air and air- Mk-1A, with
to-surface weapons.
•Designed to replace aging improvements and
Mig 21 fighter planes. •Air-to-air refueling variations in engine thrust
capability and maximum and capabilities.
payload capacity of 4000
kg.
About •Maximum speed of Variants
Mach 1.8 and a range of
3,000 km.
New Satellite-Based Toll Collection System

Context: The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways of India recently announced in Parliament the government's
plan to introduce a new highway toll collection system based on the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) before
the model code of conduct for the 2024 election comes into effect.
New Proposed Highway Tolling System: Salient Features

 The proposed highway tolling system utilizes GNSS technology, including India's satellite navigation system
GAGAN (GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation), for precise location tracking.
 GNSS encompasses satellite-based navigation systems like the US' Global Positioning System (GPS), providing
more accurate location and navigation data globally compared to GPS alone.
 It employs a vast network of satellites to deliver precise location information and navigation assistance to users
worldwide.
 Implementation involves equipping vehicles with an On-Board Unit (OBU) or tracking device, which
communicates with satellites to determine the vehicle's location.
 National highway coordinates are captured
FASTag
using digital image processing, allowing
 FASTag is a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
software to calculate toll rates based on the
device used for toll payments while the vehicle is in
distance traveled.
motion.
 Toll fees are deducted from a digital wallet
 It is affixed to the vehicle's windscreen and allows
linked to the OBU, ensuring seamless and customers to make toll payments directly from their
cashless transactions. linked account.
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 Enforcement measures include gantries equipped with CCTV cameras along highways to monitor compliance
and deter evasion attempts.
 Initially, the new system is expected to operate alongside the existing FASTag-based toll collection, with a
decision pending on mandating OBUs for all vehicles.
Benefits and Challenges
Benefits
•Smoother Traffic Flow: Eliminating toll plazas is anticipated to significantly reduce traffic congestion,
especially during peak periods.
•Faster Commutes: Seamless toll collection should result in quicker travel times and a more efficient highway
network.
•Fair Billing: Users are billed only for the actual distance traveled, promoting a pay-as-you-use model.
Challenges
•Payment Recovery: Ensuring toll collection from users with depleted digital wallets or those attempting system
tampering remains a challenge.
•Enforcement Infrastructure: Establishing a nationwide network of Automatic Number-Plate Recognition
(ANPR) cameras for enforcement purposes requires substantial infrastructure development.
•Privacy Concerns: Addressing data security and user privacy is essential.
•Operated by the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI) under the Ministry of Road Transport and
Highways.
GAGAN
 GPS Aided GEO Augmented
Navigation (GAGAN) is an
Indian initiative for Satellite-
based Navigation Services.
 It aims to improve the
accuracy of GNSS receivers
through reference signals.
 Developed collaboratively
by the Airports Authority of
India (AAI) and the Indian
Space Research Organization
(ISRO) as a regional Satellite
Based Augmentation System
(SBAS).
 GAGAN assists aircraft in
accurate landings within
Indian airspace and
neighboring areas for safety-to-life civil operations, and it is interoperable with other international SBAS
systems.

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With Agni V test, India makes the MIRV leap

Context: The recent testing of the Agni-5 ballistic missile, conducted under "Mission Divyastra" by the Defence
Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), carries significant strategic importance.
Mission Divyastra Significance

 The DRDO's successful launch of Mission Divyastra
signifies a major accomplishment for India's nuclear
capabilities.
 It marks the inaugural flight test of the domestically
developed Agni-5 nuclear missile, boasting a 5,000-km
range and featuring MIRV technology.
 The flight test, named Mission Divyastra, took place from
Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Island off the Odisha coast.
 MIRV technology allows the missile to deliver multiple
warheads to various or the same locations in a single
launch, potentially including decoys to mislead enemy
ballistic missile defenses.
MIRV Technology Overview

 MIRV technology, originating in the United States in
1970, enables a single missile to carry multiple warheads
(4-6), each capable of targeting different locations
independently.
 This technology enhances the missile's effectiveness by
increasing the number of potential targets it can engage,
and it can be launched from both land-based and sea-
based platforms.
 Major nuclear powers possessing MIRV technology
include the United States, the United Kingdom, France,
Russia, China, and India, while Pakistan tested the
technology (Ababeel Missile) in 2017.
Significance of MIRV Technology

 MIRV technology offers several advantages, including
launching satellites into orbits and providing multiple target options to the attacker, potentially overwhelming
the defender's anti-missile defenses.
 It also enhances operational range and the ability to evade ballistic missile defenses, contributing to a more
balanced nuclear deterrent relationship between nations.
Challenges in MIRV Technology Adoption

Challenges include pushing rivals to adopt more aggressive nuclear postures, the requirement for additional fissile
material (such as plutonium), highly demanding technical criteria for missile development, and confusion regarding the
number of warheads a missile can carry.
Steps for Improving MIRV Technology

Steps include further development by institutions like the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) and DRDO,
maintaining guidance and accuracy, ensuring adequate nuclear testing, and addressing global apprehensions through
international agreements and treaties.

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Conclusion
The successful testing of the Agni-5 ballistic missile with MIRVs signifies a significant milestone for India's nuclear
deterrence capabilities, enhancing its strategic posture amidst evolving challenges. India's advancements in missile
technology will continue to strengthen its position as a credible nuclear power, with potential developments like a long-
range Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM) further enhancing its capabilities.
NATO’s DIANA Program

Context: Recently, the board of the Defence Innovation Accelerator for the North Atlantic (DIANA) initiative
approved a proposal to establish an accelerator and two test centers in Finland. The mission is to promote
technology, innovation, and business development for both civil and defense purposes.
What is NATO?
 NATO is a military alliance created by the North About DIANA
Atlantic Treaty in April 1949, consisting initially DIANA is an organization established by the North
of the United States, Canada, and several
Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to accelerate
Western European nations. Its purpose is to
provide collective security against the Soviet dual-use innovation capacity across the Alliance. It
Union. supports companies with resources, networks, and
 Currently, there are 30 member states, with the guidance to develop advanced technologies for critical
original members being Belgium, Canada, defense and security challenges. All NATO nations are
Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, members of DIANA, and its Board of Directors
the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United comprises representatives from every Allied country.
Kingdom, and the United States.
 Additional members joined over the years, including Greece and Turkey (1952), West Germany (1955, later as
Germany from 1990), Spain (1982), and various Eastern European countries in subsequent years.
 France withdrew from NATO's integrated military command in 1966 but remained a member, rejoining the
military command in 2009.
 Recently, Finland and Sweden have expressed interest in joining NATO.
 Headquarters Brussels, Belgium. Headquarters of Allied Command Operations Mons, Belgium.
Objectives of NATO
 NATO's primary purpose is to
safeguard the freedom and security
of all its members through political
and military means.
 Politically, NATO promotes
democratic values and facilitates
member consultations on defense
and security issues to build trust and
prevent conflicts.
 Militarily, NATO is committed to
peaceful dispute resolution. It can
undertake crisis-management
operations if diplomatic efforts fail,
either under Article 5 of the
Washington Treaty or a United
Nations mandate.
 Article 5 was invoked only once, following the 9/11 attacks in 2001, demonstrating NATO's solidarity in
collective defense.

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Environment
India’s leopard population rises to 13,874; M.P. on top
Context: The Environment Ministry reported an 8% increase in India's leopard population from 12,852 in 2018 to
13,874 in 2022, marking the fifth cycle of population estimation.
Key Highlights
Habitat Impacts of
Survey Regional Reserve Population Regional Northeaste
and Human
Details Breakdown Statistics Trends Anomalies rn Increase
Conflicts Activities
 Survey Details: The survey, conducted in collaboration

with the National Tiger Conservation Authority, Wildlife
Institute of India, and state forest departments, focused on
forested habitats within 18 tiger-range states, covering four
major tiger conservation landscapes.
 Regional Breakdown: Madhya Pradesh recorded the
highest leopard count (3,907), followed by Maharashtra
(1,985), Karnataka (1,879), and Tamil Nadu (1,070).
However, Uttarakhand witnessed a 22% decline due to
poaching and conflicts. Conversely, Arunachal Pradesh,
Assam, and West Bengal collectively saw a 150% increase.
 Reserve Statistics: Nagarajunasagar Srisailam in Andhra
Pradesh, Panna, and Satpura in Madhya Pradesh were
identified as reserves with the highest leopard numbers.
 Habitat and Conflicts: Unlike tigers, leopards are
adaptable and often found in human habitats, leading to
conflicts. The report emphasizes that conserving tiger
reserves benefits leopard habitats.
 Population Trends: The study shows varied growth rates
across different regions, with some experiencing declines
while others, like Central India and the Eastern Ghats, saw
growth.
 Impacts of Human Activities: There's a stable leopard
population over four years, but minimal growth suggests
possible impacts from human activities, especially in
multiple-use areas.
 Regional Anomalies: Declines in leopard numbers in
certain areas, like the Ramnagar forest division, amidst
increasing tiger populations, were noted. Notably, a
significant portion of leopards in the Shivalik landscape
live outside protected areas.
 Northeastern Increase: The notable increase in leopard numbers in northeastern states was attributed to a lack
of systematic surveys in previous years, indicating a sampling artefact.

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Scientists discover the anatomy behind the songs of baleen whales

Context: Baleen whales use a larynx, or voice box,
anatomically modified to enable underwater
vocalisation, researchers say.
Analysis
 Baleen whales, such as the humpback, produce
sound for communication in the vast oceans.
 They use low-frequency calls to communicate
and navigate in dark waters.
 Humpback females and calves communicate
with each other using vocalizations, while males
sing to attract mates.
 Some baleen whales, like humpbacks and
bowheads, produce high-pitched sounds known
as whale songs.
 Baleen whales use their larynx, or voice box, to
produce sounds underwater, similar to humans.
 Toothed whales, including dolphins and killer
whales, have a different mechanism for
producing sounds, utilizing a special organ in
their nasal passages.
Baleen vs Toothed Whales
 Baleen whales have baleen plates to sieve prey
from seawater, while toothed whales have teeth
and actively hunt for food.
 Dolphins and porpoises, despite having teeth,
are classified as toothed whales.
 Baleen whales have two blowholes on their
heads, whereas toothed whales have one.
 Baleen whales are generally larger than toothed
whales, with exceptions like the sperm whale,
the largest toothed whale species.
Prehistoric case of Edwards syndrome found for the first time

Context: Researchers have detected chromosomal disorders in prehistoric skeletal remains dating back up to 5,500
years, including six instances of Down syndrome and one instance of Edwards syndrome.

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Details
 Nearly 10,000 genomes from ancient human skeletal remains from Ireland, Bulgaria, Greece, Spain, or Finland
underwent screening for chromosomal trisomies.
 According to a paper published in the journal Nature Communications, these findings may represent the first
identification of Edwards syndrome in historic or prehistoric remains.
 Previous documented cases of Down syndrome in ancient individuals have been scarce.
 Three cases of trisomy 21 [Down syndrome] and one case of trisomy 18 [Edwards syndrome] were identified
in two contemporaneous sites in early Iron Age Spain (800-400 BCE), potentially suggesting a higher
prevalence of trisomy carriers' burials in those societies.
•It is a genetic condition characterized by an extra copy of chromosome

21, sometimes involving an additional segment of the chromosome.
•Chromosomes contain genes that carry DNA, determining one's
physical traits and bodily functions.
•The presence of an extra chromosome is termed trisomy, hence Down
syndrome is also known as trisomy 21.
Down Syndrome •This additional chromosome affects the development of a baby's body
and brain, resulting in both mental and physical challenges.
•Down syndrome typically occurs randomly during fetal development
and is not inherited.
•While there is no cure for Down syndrome, treatment options are
available to help individuals achieve their full potential.
Edwards Syndrome
 It is a genetic disorder characterized by a third copy of material from chromosome 18, known as Trisomy 18.
 Most cases of Trisomy 18 are not inherited but occur due to problems in either the sperm or egg during the
formation of the fetus.
 Trisomy 18 affects 1 in 6000 live births and is three times more common in girls than boys.
 Specific treatments for Trisomy 18 are not available, and treatment focuses on managing symptoms such as
heart conditions, breathing difficulties, and infections.
Mating calls indicate endangered Hanguls are on a comeback trail

Context: Kashmir’s Hangul, a critically endangered deer species prized for its shyness and sensitivity, witnessed a
notably successful mating season last autumn, hinting at a potential population increase.
Key Highlights
 The Hangul population might exceed 300 this spring, marking the first instance in over three decades.
 Presently, there are 19.2 males for every 100 females, a ratio significantly below the optimal level.
Hangul Overview
 Hangul, also called the Kashmir stag, is indigenous to the Jammu and Kashmir region in India.
 Scientifically known as Cervus hanglu, it mainly inhabits the dense temperate forests of the Kashmir Valley
and adjacent areas, spanning elevations from 1,700 to 3,000 meters above sea level.

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Challenges
 Habitat disturbance and human interference have adversely affected Hanguls, although efforts are underway to
mitigate these issues.
 The Wildlife Department has identified water scarcity as a significant threat, driving Hanguls into disrupted
habitats and elevating predation risks.
Conservation Efforts
Despite a sharp decline To bolster Hangul

in population since 1947, conservation, ten sites
Dachigam National Park, the recent conservation have been designated
habitat of Hanguls, was endeavors have resulted for protection, and a
temporarily closed during the in a gradual increase, captive-breeding
rutting season in October. with the estimated facility has been
population reaching 261 established at
in 2021. Shikargah Tral.
Over 24,000 birds from 66 species recorded during Tamirabharani Waterbird Count
Context: The recently conducted Tamirabharani Waterbird Count 2024 has reported a sighting of over 24,000 birds in
the irrigation tanks supplied by the perennial river.
Key Highlights
 World Wildlife Day was celebrated on March 3, coinciding with the event.
 The citizen-centric bird monitoring program, the Tamirabharani Waterbird Count, was initiated by ATREE’s
Agasthyamalai Community Conservation Centre (ACCC) in 2011.
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 The 14th edition of the count was co-organized by ATREE’s

ACCC, Pearl City Nature Trust from Thoothukudi, Nellai
Nature Club Trust, Tirunelveli, and Pushpalata Educational
Centre, Tirunelveli.
 Among the observed birds, 40 out of 100 were identified as
migratory species.
 Notable sightings include Black-tailed Godwit, various Egret
species, migratory ducks such as Northern Pintail and Bar-
headed Geese, Cormorant species, Spot-billed Duck, and
Common Coot.
 The Tamirabharani river and its significant tributaries,
including Chithar, Pachchaiyar, Gadana, and Ramanathi,
play a vital role in providing water to the districts of
Tirunelveli, Tenkasi, and Thoothukudi.
 Besides natural calamities, human-induced threats such as
sewage water discharge, improper waste disposal, and misuse
of tanks for illicit activities, particularly alcohol
consumption, were observed in several tanks.
 The Vaeinthankulam tank in Tirunelveli city center is
undergoing severe degradation due to activities like daytime
alcohol consumption on the tank bund and its use for illicit
activities during the evenings.
 The Veinthankulam restoration project, initiated under the
‘Nellai Neervalam‘ in June 2021, has been joined by Care
Earth.
About the Thamirabarani River

 Thamirabarani is the only perennial river in South India, flowing through the districts of Tirunelveli and
Thoothukudi in Tamil Nadu.
 Originating from the Pothigai hills of Western Ghats, it traverses approximately 128 kilometers along the
southern edge of the country.
 Remarkably, the river originates and concludes its journey within the state of Tamil Nadu.
 The river holds significant cultural and ecological importance for the people of Tamil Nadu, supporting diverse
wildlife including the Nilgiri marten, slender loris, lion-tailed macaque, and various amphibian and avian
species like the galaxy frog and great hornbill.

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National dam panel to examine Kaleshwaram project

Context: The National Dam Safety Authority (NDSA) has initiated an expert committee to investigate concerns
regarding the Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project (KLIP) due to issues with sinking piers at the Medigadda barrage.
Key Highlights
 This investigation is prompted by problems National Dam Safety Authority (NDSA)
observed at the Medigadda barrage, Sundilla,  The Dam Safety Act 2021 was enacted in response to
and Annaram barrages.
dam failures attributed to inadequate surveillance and
 The NDSA has assembled a five-member
maintenance.
committee, led by J. Chandrasekhar Iyer,
former chairman of the Central Water  It delineates crucial responsibilities and mandates the
Commission (CWC), to conduct a thorough formation of national and state-level bodies for its
assessment. execution.
 Key provisions include the establishment of a National
Medigadda Barrage Committee on Dam Safety to oversee policies and
 The Lakshmi Barrage, or Medigadda regulations, the creation of a National Dam Safety
Barrage, serves as the starting point of the Authority to manage state-level disputes, and the
Kaleshwaram Project, which involves the appointment of the Chairman of the Central Water
construction of three barrages between Commission (CWC) to oversee national dam safety
Yellampally and Medigadda. protocols.
 Its purpose is to harness Godavari water for  State-level bodies, namely the State Committee on Dam
both drinking and irrigation purposes. The Safety (SCDS) and State Dam Safety Organisation
Barrage/Project site is situated in Medigadda (SDSO), are also required to be established.
Village, Mahadevpur Mandal, Jayashankar
Bhupalpally district, Telangana State, India.
Kaleshwaram Lift-Irrigation Project

 This project is a multi-purpose irrigation endeavor on the Godavari River in Kaleshwaram, Bhupalpally,
Telangana.
 Originating at the confluence point of the Pranahita River and the Godavari River, it was initially known as the
Pranahita-Chevella project in former Andhra Pradesh, but underwent redesign and extension, renaming as the
Kaleshwaram project in Telangana in 2014.
Project Objectives
 It aims to provide drinking water and irrigation to underdeveloped areas of Telangana.
 Additionally, it intends to replenish groundwater levels by transitioning from groundwater usage for irrigation
to surface water usage.
 The project will also complement Mission Kakatiya and Mission Bhagiratha schemes, which aim to enhance
drinking water accessibility in numerous villages and enhance tank capacities.

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Trees in Corbett fell prey to greedy nexus, says Supreme Court

Context: The Supreme Court condemned the illegal felling of over 6,000 trees in Jim Corbett National Park,
Uttarakhand, under the pretext of “eco-tourism,” citing it as an alarming instance of collusion between politicians and
officials for commercial gain at the expense of the environment.
Key Highlights
 The court mandated the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change to form a specialized committee
to assess and offer recommendations on allowing tiger safaris in the buffer zones of tiger reserves.
 Emphasizing Uttarakhand’s
responsibility to fully restore
Guidelines For Safaris
the forest, the court stressed
the vital link between tigers •If the committee recommends allowing tiger safaris in the buffer zones, the
and their forest habitat, court stipulated the need for comprehensive operational guidelines
highlighting the crucial role applicable nationwide.
of tigers in maintaining •Criticizing the use of zoo tigers for safaris as per the 2019 NTCA
ecosystem health. guidelines, the court endorsed the 2016 NTCA guidelines, suggesting the
 The specialized committee use of injured, conflict, or orphaned tigers unfit for rewilding, sourced from
will comprise members from the same landscape.
the National Tiger •Rejecting the idea of selecting safari animals approved by the Central Zoo
Conservation Authority, Authority, the court opposed the creation of a CZA “Master Plan,”
Wildlife Institute of India, advocating for minimal environmental impact, blending resorts with the
natural environment, controlling noise levels, and locating safaris near
Central Empowered
animal rescue centers.
Committee, and a Ministry
•Existing safaris, like the Pakhro zone in Corbett, will remain untouched, but
Joint Secretary, with a focus the Uttarakhand government is instructed to establish an animal rescue
on safeguarding tigers and center nearby.
their surrounding
ecosystems.

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Panel To Assess Damage
The appointed panel will evaluate the damage to the green cover of Corbett Reserve, estimate restoration costs, and
identify those responsible for the damage.
Jim Corbett National Park

 Established in 1936 as Hailey National Park, Jim Corbett National Park is India's oldest national park, named
after hunter and naturalist Jim Corbett.
 Located in Nainital and Pauri Garhwal districts of Uttarakhand, it was the first to come under the Project Tiger
initiative, covering the Patli Dun valley formed by the Ramganga river.
 Major rivers flowing through the park include Ramganga, Sonanadi, Mandal, Palain, and Kosi, with the park
falling under the World Wide Fund (WWF) for Nature's Terai Arc Landscape Program for protection.
Shanan Hydropower Project
Context: The central government
has issued an order to maintain the
status quo on the Shanan
hydropower project, which is
subject to competing claims from
Punjab and Himachal Pradesh.
Historical Background
 In 1925 during the British
era, Punjab was granted a
lease for the 110-MW
hydropower project in
Jogindernagar, Mandi
district of Himachal
Pradesh on the river Uhl, a
tributary of the Beas River. Legal Control under Punjab Reorganisation Act,
 The lease agreement was formalized between 1966
Raja Joginder Bahadur of Mandi and Col BC  After the reorganisation of states in 1966, the project
Batty, representing the British government was transferred to Punjab as Himachal Pradesh
and serving as the Chief Engineer of Punjab. became a Union Territory.
 The project initially served the energy needs  Punjab's legal control over the project was specified
of undivided Punjab and Delhi before in a central notification issued on 1st May 1967.
partition.
Claims of Himachal Pradesh Claims of Punjab

• Himachal Pradesh claims that before the 1925 • Punjab asserts ownership and lawful possession of
lease, it had ownership and operational rights over the Shanan Power House Project under the central
the project. notification of 1967.
• The 1925 lease only granted operational rights to • Punjab has requested a "permanent Prohibitory
Punjab for a specific period, not ownership rights. Injunction" from the Supreme Court under Article
131 to prevent Himachal Pradesh from interfering
with the project.

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• Himachal Pradesh contends that the project should

revert to them after the lease ends due to concerns
about its deteriorating condition.
Interim Measures and Legal Framework

 The central government issued an order to maintain the status quo on the project before the conclusion of the
lease agreement.
 The order invoked powers under Sections 67 and 96 of the Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966, and Section 21 of
the General Clause Act, 1887.
 The Inter-State Water Dispute (ISWD) Act, 1956, and its amendments in 2002 provide a legal framework for
resolving inter-state water disputes through consultations and, if necessary, the constitution of tribunals.
Coral Bleaching in Great Barrier Reef

Context: Recent aerial surveys by Australian authorities confirm extensive coral bleaching across two-thirds of the
Great Barrier Reef (GBR), indicating a severe threat exacerbated by climate change. Immediate action is necessary to
mitigate the impacts and safeguard this crucial marine ecosystem.
Great Barrier Reef (GBR)
World's Largest Coral Reef System

•Situated in the Coral Sea off Queensland, Australia.
•Spans 2,300 km with about 3,000 individual reefs and 900 islands.
•Home to 400 coral species and 1,500 fish species, including endangered species like the dugong and large
green turtle.
•Designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1981.
UNESCO Heritage Status
•In 2023, the UNESCO Heritage Committee refrained from labeling Australia’s Great Barrier Reef as "in
danger" but cautioned about serious threats from pollution and ocean warming.
History of Bleaching Events

•Mass bleaching incidents observed in 1998, 2002, 2016, 2017, 2020, 2022, and now in 2024.
Factors Contributing to Coral Bleaching in GBR
Other Environmental
Temperature Stress Climate Change Impact Algae Relationship
Stressors
 Temperature Stress
o Elevated water temperatures cause corals to expel algae, resulting in whitening.
o Prolonged high sea surface temperatures intensify heat stress, worsening bleaching.
 Climate Change Impact
o Rising ocean temperatures, linked to climate change, heighten coral vulnerability to stress and mortality,
leading to widespread bleaching globally during El Niño conditions.
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 Other Environmental Stressors
o Cold water,
pollution, runoff,
and extreme low
tides can also trigger
coral bleaching,
indicating a
multifaceted issue.
 Algae Relationship
o Disruption of the
symbiotic
relationship
between corals and
algae affects corals'
food source and
makes them
susceptible to
disease.
Implications of Coral Bleaching
Climate Change Loss of Ecosystem

Ecological Impact Food Security
Indicator Services
 Ecological Impact
o Coral reefs are crucial ecosystems supporting diverse marine life; bleaching leads to habitat loss and
biodiversity decline, impacting fish populations and marine plants.
o Economic Consequences
o Coral reefs are vital for coastal protection, tourism, and fisheries, providing services worth USD 375
billion annually. Bleaching affects industries reliant on healthy reef ecosystems.
 Food Security
o Coral reefs sustain millions worldwide with food and livelihoods; bleaching threatens seafood
availability and disrupts fishing and reef-related tourism.
 Climate Change Indicator
o Coral bleaching serves as a visible marker of climate change's impact on marine ecosystems.
 Loss of Ecosystem Services
o Coral reefs provide essential services like shoreline protection and carbon sequestration, but bleaching
diminishes their ability to do so, affecting marine ecosystem health and coastal communities.

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BioCNG Production from Dung

Context: The Banaskantha District Co-operative Milk Producers’ Union in Gujarat is transforming dung into BioCNG
(compressed natural gas) and fertilizer, providing an additional income source for farmers while addressing waste
management.

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How Farmers are Utilizing Dung's Value?
Dung Fact
•Average Dung Production: Adult bovine animals produce 15-20 kg of fresh dung daily, while calves produce
5-10 kg.
Composition
• Fresh dung contains 80-85% water and weighs only 200 grams per kg when dried.
Methane Production
•Fresh dung contains methane, crucial for biogas production in anaerobic digestion.
Biogas Production Process

•Mixing Dung with Water
• Fresh dung is mixed with water in equal amounts to form a slurry.
•Anaerobic Digestion
•The slurry undergoes anaerobic digestion in a sealed vessel reactor for 35 days, involving hydrolysis,
acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis stages.
•Methane Purification
•Raw biogas is purified to remove CO2, H2S, and moisture, compressed to 96-97% methane, and sold as
BioCNG.
•Slurry Utilization
•After biogas production, the slurry is dewatered, and the solid residue is decomposed and sold as PROM or
used for compost production.
Scalability and Replicability
•The BioCNG model is scalable, utilizing dung from district member unions and smaller Flexi Biogas plants
for individual farmers.
Key Challenges and Solutions
Feedstock Operational Technical and Storage Systems

Social Acceptance
Management Efficiency Financial Barriers for Biogas
 Feedstock Management
o Ensuring consistent supply and quality of organic feedstock.
o Implementing effective waste segregation and collection systems.
 Operational Efficiency
o Providing training and technical support for maintenance and monitoring.
o Establishing standardized operating procedures and quality control measures.
 Technical and Financial Barriers
o Accessing financing options and addressing infrastructure challenges.
o Forming public-private partnerships and capacity-building programs.
 Storage Systems for Biogas: Implementing proper storage systems like gas holders or cylinders for efficient
distribution.
 Social Acceptance: Conducting educational outreach to dispel misconceptions about dung gas and promote its
hygienic and safe use.
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IceCube
Context: Scientists reported discovering instances in IceCube’s data from 2011 to 2020 that matched the signature of
tau neutrinos, with over 99.999999% confidence.
About IceCube
 The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is the world’s largest ‘neutrino telescope,’ designed to observe the cosmos
from deep within the Antarctic South Pole ice.
 It is buried beneath one cubic kilometer of surface, extending to a depth of about 2,500 meters.
 A surface array called IceTop and a denser inner subdetector named DeepCore significantly enhance the
observatory's capabilities, making it a versatile facility.
 The IceCube Collaboration built and maintains it, comprising around 300 physicists from 59 institutions in 14
countries.
 The National Science Foundation (NSF-USA) provided primary funding, with the University of Wisconsin–
Madison leading the institution responsible for detector maintenance and operations.
Working of IceCube
When a neutrino interacts with the ice surrounding the sensors, it may produce
charged particles and radiation.
The sensors detect this radiation to infer neutrino detection and use its
properties to gain insights into the particle.
IceCube can identify some neutrino types in real-time, while for others, it
collects data over years for scientists to analyze neutrino interaction events.
IceCube also observes cosmic rays interacting with Earth’s atmosphere,

revealing structures not yet understood.
About Neutrinos
 Neutrinos are light particles that rarely
interact with matter, earning them the
nickname "ghost particles."
 These high-energy astronomical
messengers help probe violent astrophysical
sources like exploding stars, gamma-ray
bursts, and phenomena involving black
holes and neutron stars.
 Scientists have named the three discovered
types of neutrinos after the matter particles
they interact with electron neutrino, muon
neutrino, and tau neutrino.

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 A human-sized neutrino detector may need to wait a century for a single neutrino interaction, highlighting their
elusive nature.
 Larger detector collecting areas increase the chances of detecting neutrinos.
Challenges of Handling Nuclear Waste

Context: India recently loaded the core of its long-delayed prototype fast breeder reactor (PFBR) vessel, marking
progress towards stage II of its three-stage nuclear program, which involves using uranium and plutonium. By stage III,
India aims to utilize its extensive thorium reserves for nuclear power generation.
Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) What is Nuclear Waste?

 A breeder reactor generates more fissile material  Neutrons bombard atomic nuclei in fission
than it consumes by irradiating fertile material like reactors, leading to destabilization and the
Uranium-238 or Thorium-232 along with fissile creation of different elements, some of which
fuel. become nuclear waste.
 PFBR is a 500-megawatt electric (MWe) fast-  Spent fuel, once removed from reactors, becomes
breeder nuclear reactor being built at the Madras highly radioactive and requires safe storage to
Atomic Power Station in Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu) prevent environmental contamination.
and fueled by Mixed Oxide (MOX) Fuel.
Managing Nuclear Waste Safely and Effectively

 Spent fuel, initially submerged in water for cooling, is later
transferred to dry casks for long-term storage.
 International cooperation, strict regulations, and research into
alternative disposal methods are crucial for effective waste
management.
 Vitrification, where radioactive waste is encased in glass, and
reprocessing, which recycles usable materials, are key
techniques.
Challenges in Managing Nuclear Waste
 Risks of leakage in geological disposal pose
human exposure risks.
 Lack of private sector involvement may hinder
innovation.
 Unutilized funds allocated for waste
management, as seen in the US, are a concern.
 Insufficient international cooperation can
impede progress in waste management
globally.
India's Approach to Nuclear Waste Management

 India has reprocessing plants in Trombay,
Tarapur, and Kalpakkam, focusing on
producing plutonium for reactors and
weapons.
 Continued investment in research, regulatory
oversight, and international collaboration are
essential for India's nuclear waste
management strategy.

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Way Forward
 Emphasize reprocessing and vitrification for waste reduction and long-term stability.
 Invest in research for innovative waste management technologies.
 Strengthen regulatory frameworks and promote international cooperation for responsible nuclear waste
management globally.
Global E-waste Monitor 2024

Context: Recently, the Global E-waste Monitor 2024 was released by the United Nations Institute for Training and
Research (UNITAR), highlighting that the world’s electronic waste generation is increasing five times faster than
documented e-waste recycling rates.
Key Highlights of the Global E-waste Monitor

2024 Report
E-waste Drivers of E- Informal

Generation waste Recycling
Trends Generation Sector
Per Capita E-
Environmenta waste
Regional
l and Health Generation
Disparities
Impacts and Recycling
Rates
Recycling
Rates by Policy
Equipment Adoption
Type
 E-waste Generation Trends

o Global e-waste generation has
significantly increased from 34
billion (bn) kg in 2010 to 62 bn
kg in 2022.
o Projections indicate a continued
rise, reaching 82 bn kg by 2030.
o Only 13.8 bn kg of this 62 bn kg
is formally collected and
recycled in an environmentally
sound manner.
o Components of the 62 bn kg of
e-waste include 31 bn kg of
metals, 17 bn kg of plastics, and
14 bn kg of other materials.
 Drivers of E-waste Generation:
Factors fuelling e-waste growth include
technological advancements, higher
consumption rates, limited repair
options, short product life cycles,

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increasing electronification, and inadequate e-waste management infrastructure.
 Informal Recycling Sector: Inadequate formal e-waste management infrastructure leads to a significant portion
of e-waste being handled by the informal sector, both in high- and upper-middle-income countries and low- and
lower-middle-income countries.
 Environmental and Health Impacts
o Improper e-waste management, including informal recycling, results in the release of hazardous
substances like mercury and brominated flame retardants, posing severe environmental and public
health risks.
o Brominated flame retardants
are compounds containing Definition of e-Waste and India's Scenario
bromine added to materials  E-waste encompasses old, discarded electrical and electronic
to inhibit fire ignition and equipment containing toxic chemicals like lead, cadmium,
spread. mercury, and nickel.
 Regional Disparities  India ranks third globally in e-waste generation, with significant
o Europe shows the highest efforts made through regulations like E-waste (Management)
documented formal Rules, 2016 and 2022 to manage e-waste responsibly, including
collection and recycling EPR, hazardous substance restrictions, and a Deposit Refund
rates of e-waste (42.8%), Scheme.
while Africa struggles with
low recycling rates (<1%) despite generating less e-waste.
o Asia, including India, generates a substantial amount of e-waste but lags in effective e-waste
management practices.
 Per Capita E-waste Generation and Recycling Rates
o Europe (17.6 kg), Oceania (16.1 kg), and the Americas (14.1 kg) lead in per capita e-waste generation
in 2022, with advanced collection and recycling infrastructure.
 Recycling Rates by Equipment Type: Heavier equipment like temperature exchange equipment and screens
have higher collection and recycling rates compared to lighter items like toys, microwave ovens, vacuum
cleaners, and e-cigarettes.
 Policy Adoption: Eighty-one countries have adopted e-waste policies, with sixty-seven having Extended
Producer Responsibility (EPR) provisions and forty-six specifying e-waste collection rate targets.
Economy
Govt concludes G-Sec borrowing for current fiscal
Context: The government has successfully completed Government Securities (G-Sec) borrowing for the current fiscal
year 2023-24 and anticipates receiving a
dividend from the Reserve Bank of India
(RBI) in Financial Year 25 (FR 25), similar to What are Government Securities (G-Sec)?
the previous fiscal year.
Government's Borrowing Approach •G-Sec are tradable instruments issued by the Central
Government or State Governments to borrow money from
 The government remains cautious in the public to finance Fiscal Deficit.
its borrowing approach, prioritizing •They represent a contractual obligation by the issuer to pay
prudent fiscal management and the holder a fixed amount of money, known as principal or
ensuring that borrowing aligns with face value, on a specified date.
actual needs. •G-Sec include short-term treasury bills and long-term
 Completion of G-Sec borrowing, government bonds or dated securities.
along with expectations for RBI •They are considered risk-free gilt-edged instruments and
are issued by both Central and State Governments.

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dividend income, reflects efforts to maintain fiscal stability and meet expenditure targets.
Rules for RBI Surplus Transfer to Government
 The RBI transfers its surplus
to the government as per
Section 47 (Allocation of Types of G-
Surplus Profits) of the Sec
Reserve Bank of India Act,
1934.
 A technical committee of the
Cash State
RBI Board, led by Y H Treasury Bills Management Dated G-Secs Development
Malegam in 2013, Bills Loans (SDLs)
recommended a higher
transfer to the government.
 Under this section, after making
provisions for reserves and
retained earnings, the RBI
transfers surplus to the
government based on various
factors such as income from
interest on domestic and foreign
securities, fees and
commissions, profits from
foreign exchange transactions,
and returns from subsidiaries
and associates.
 On the expenditure side, the RBI
incurs costs including printing
currency notes, interest
payments, staff salaries,
operational expenses, and
contingencies.
Issue Mechanism
 The RBI conducts Open Market
Operations (OMOs) to adjust
money supply conditions by
selling or buying G-Secs.
 OMOs are conducted through
commercial banks and help
balance inflation while
facilitating bank lending.
 Retail investors can purchase T-
bills directly through the Retail
Direct Gilt (RDG) platform
provided by RBI or via select

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banks and registered primary agents.
 Retail investors participate in both primary and secondary markets for T-bills, allowing them to buy newly
issued T-bills and trade them before maturity dates.
Derivatives Trading
Context: Recently, the Finance Ministry, upon the Securities and Exchange Board of India's (SEBI) recommendation,
permitted derivatives trading in 11 additional commodities. It includes Skimmed Milk Powder, Cement, Apple,
Bamboo, Timber, Weather, Freight, White Butter, Cashew, Metal Alloys and Manganese.
Date of Notification The Finance Ministry issued the notification on March 1.
Legislation These commodities are added under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act,
1956.
Total Number of With these additions, the total count of commodities eligible for derivatives
Commodities for Derivatives trading now reaches 104.
Trading
Immediate Effect The changes are effective immediately upon the notification's issuance.
Views of Industry Experts

Market
Recommendation Ban on Some
Enabling Provision Participants’
by CDAC Commodities
Involvement
 Recommendation by National Commodities and Derivatives Exchange

CDAC: SEBI's (NCDEX)
Commodity and •NCDEX is an online commodities exchange in India, specializing in
Derivatives Advisory agricultural commodities.
Committee (CDAC)
suggested trading in these Establishment and Legal Structure
11 commodities, with •Founded on April 23, 2003.
members from the •Incorporated as a public limited company under the Companies Act,
Commodity Participants 1956.
Association of India
(CPAI). Founding Institutions
 Enabling Provision: •Established by a consortium including ICICI Bank Limited,
Although the notification National Stock Exchange of India (NSE), and National Bank for
enables trading in these Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD).
commodities, immediate
trading won't start. Nature of Operations
Exchanges will assess •Facilitates trading, price discovery, and risk management in the
market potential, submit agricultural sector.
applications to SEBI, and •Provides transparent and efficient marketplace for stakeholders in
SEBI will evaluate the agricultural value chain.
demand and market
prospects before Role in Agricultural Sector
permitting trading. •Enables farmers to sell produce at transparent prices and hedge
 Market Participants’ against price fluctuations.
Involvement: Approval •Benefits traders, processors, and other stakeholders with efficient
for trading a commodity price discovery and risk management tools.
requires agreement from
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market participant associations. Some physical market participants express concerns about online derivatives
trading, fearing price manipulation.
 Ban on Some Commodities: Trading in seven key agricultural commodities remains prohibited until
December-end to curb inflation.
Expert Opinion
 Price Discovery: Derivatives trading in these commodities will aid in price discovery for widely traded items.
 Inflation Concerns: Experts express worries about inflation's impact, noting the government's caution
regarding derivatives trading's role in price inflation.
 Policy Certainty: Hedgers and investors seek clarity and policy certainty concerning derivatives trading in
agricultural commodities.
NBBL asked to start interoperable system for net banking in 2024

Context: The RBI has instructed NPCI Bharat BillPay Ltd. (NBBL) to implement an interoperable system for Internet
Banking to speed up funds settlement for merchants. RBI highlights the advantages of this system for various payment
transactions including income tax, insurance premiums, mutual fund payments, and e-commerce.
Current Scenario and Challenges RBI’s Approval and Implementation Timeline
 Non-Interoperability: Transactions
 Approval to NPCI Bharat BillPay Ltd.: RBI has sanctioned
via Payment Aggregators (PAs) lack
NBBL to implement the interoperable system for Internet
interoperability, requiring each bank
banking transactions.
to integrate separately with different
PAs.  Expected Launch: Implementation of the system is expected
 Delays and Settlement Risks: within the current calendar year for a more efficient payment
Absence of standardized payment experience.
system leads to delays in payments
receipt by merchants and poses settlement risks. •An umbrella organization for retail
payments and settlement systems in
Objective of the Interoperable System NPCI India.
 Facilitate Quicker Settlement: The aim is to •Develops and operates payment
expedite funds settlement for merchants, ensuring systems like UPI, IMPS, NEFT, etc.
faster transactions.
 Simplified Transactions: By creating an
interoperable framework, specific arrangements •A subsidiary of NPCI, focused on the
between merchant’s PA and customer's bank Bharat Bill Payment System (BBPS).
become unnecessary. NBBL •Operates BBPS, a centralized bill
payment system in India for utility
Benefits for Stakeholders bills and other services.
 Merchants
 Faster and reliable settlement of funds.
 Reduced settlement risks and delays in •A centralized system in India for
payments. payment of bills and other services.
 Banks
BBPS •Provides a one-stop solution for
utility bill payments through various
 Simplified integration process with a
channels.
standardized system.
 Enhanced efficiency in handling Internet
banking transactions.
 Customers
 Seamless payment experience without multiple arrangements.
 Quicker processing of transactions for various services.

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Conclusion
RBI’s directive to implement interoperable Internet banking system through NPCI Bharat BillPay Ltd. marks significant
progress in streamlining digital payments in India.
Indian app developers meet Ministers to resolve Google delisting issue

Context: The Indian start-up group has lodged a complaint with the Competition Commission of India (CCI) against
Google, urging the regulator to enforce the reinstatement of apps removed by Google for alleged policy violations. This
escalation highlights the intensifying conflict between Indian start-ups and the U.S. tech giant within a critical market.
Background
 Google removed over 100 Indian apps from its platform, citing violations of its policies, notably regarding in-
app payment options.
 The removal follows an antitrust directive from 2022, prohibiting tech giants like Google from penalizing
companies using alternative billing systems.
Start-ups’ Appeal to CCI

 The Alliance of Digital India
Foundation (ADIF) has Competition Act, 2002
petitioned the CCI, accusing
Enacted to promote competition and fair trade practices, the Act aims to
Google of anti-competitive
prevent anti-competitive behavior in India.
behavior through its app
removals and emphasizing Competition Commission of India (CCI)
potential harm to market
competitiveness. • The CCI, established in 2009, enforces the Competition Act, 2002, to
 ADIF urges the CCI to promote market competition and protect consumer interests.
instruct Google to reverse its • It replaced the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969
decision, highlighting (MRTP Act), following the Raghavan Committee's recommendations.
concerns over irreparable
• The Commission comprises one Chairperson and six Members,
market damage.
appointed by the Central Government.
Google’s Response and Public • Both Chairperson and Members are full-time members of the
Criticism Commission.
 Google denies wrongdoing and
refrains from commenting on the
appeal to the CCI.
 Indian companies criticize Google's
actions, reflecting longstanding
disputes over its practices.
Key Points
 The dispute impacts the
competitiveness of the Indian app
market and companies' freedom to use
alternate billing systems.
 ADIF's appeal underscores the
growing demand for regulatory
oversight and fair practices in the
digital ecosystem.

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 Both Google and the CCI are yet to respond, leaving the fate of removed apps and market dynamics uncertain.
Conclusion
The clash reveals challenges for tech platforms in India's digital landscape, with calls for regulatory scrutiny and fair
competition. Stakeholders across the industry await the outcome of this dispute amid escalating tensions.
GI recognition for Narasapur crochet lace craft revives hopes of struggling artisan
Context: The Narasapur crochet lace craft from
Andhra Pradesh's Godavari region has received the
Geographical Indications (GI) tag, breathing new
life into this traditional craft.
Key Highlights
 Bestowed by the Department of Promotion
of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT)
under the Ministry of Commerce and
Industry.
 The craft centers around key trading hubs
like Narsapur and Palacole in West Godavari district, and Razole and Amalapuram in the Konaseema region.
 It provides livelihoods for approximately 15,000 women artisans who specialize in crafting lace-based
garments, home furnishings, and accessories.
 The state government operates the Alankriti Lace Park in Narasapur town.
Origin
•The Narasapur crochet lace craft, dating back to 1844, was introduced to local women in the
Godavari region by Macrae and his wife, linked with a Christian missionary in
Dummugudem, Scotland.
•They facilitated the sale of these products both domestically and internationally, sustaining
the craft despite challenges like the Indian famine of 1899 and the Great Depression of 1929.
History of Narasapur
•Narsapur's history traces back to 1173 AD, with Dutch people arriving in 1626, using it as a
port for shipbuilding.
•It became renowned for shipbuilding and was a trading port in the 18th century, exporting
teak to other regions, though presently lacking port handling.
•Alexander Hamilton’s A New Account of the East Indies (1727) notes Narsapur's significance
in trade, but its commerce declined after the abolition of the company’s factory in 1827.
Gig Workers suffer from Lack of Social Security, Regulation

Context: A recent study by the People’s Association in Grassroots Action and Movements sheds light on the working
conditions and challenges faced by app-based cab and delivery drivers in India. The study emphasizes the need for
improved social security measures and regulatory oversight to protect the welfare of gig workers.
Key Findings on Gig Workers

Extended
Caste-wise Financial Financial Other
Working
Impact Strain Hardship Challenges
Hours

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 Extended Working Hours

o Around one-third of app-based cab drivers work for over 14 hours daily.
o Over 83% work more than 10 hours, and 60% exceed 12 hours, indicating the demanding nature of their
work.
 Caste-wise Impact
o The study shows a disproportionate impact on drivers from Scheduled Castes and Tribes, with over
60% working beyond 14 hours compared to only 16% from the unreserved category.
 Financial Strain
o More than 43% of participants earn less than ₹500 per day or ₹15,000 monthly after expenses,
highlighting financial challenges.
 Financial Hardship
o A significant majority (76%) of delivery persons struggle to meet their financial needs, reflecting
economic challenges in the gig economy.
 Other Challenges
o Issues like ID deactivation and customer misbehavior add to the difficulties faced by workers in the
app-based transport and delivery sector.
Implications of the Report
Social Disparities: Income gaps Health and Safety Risks: Understanding the Gig
worsen existing social Prolonged working hours increase Economy: Temporary, flexible
inequalities, especially among exhaustion and road accident jobs are prevalent, connecting
workers from different caste risks, compounded by pressure consumers with gig workers
backgrounds. from e-commerce platforms. across various sectors.
Key Drivers for Gig Economy Growth

 Changing Work Preferences: Millennials prefer flexible work arrangements due to hectic lifestyles and a
desire for autonomy.
 Startup Culture: Startups hire freelancers to reduce costs, fostering gig economy growth.
 Freelancing Platforms: Platforms connect gig workers with businesses, enabling seamless transactions.
 Post-Pandemic Transition: Laid-off employees explore freelance opportunities, expanding the gig economy.
Advantages and Challenges in Gig Economy
Challenges in the Gig

Advantages for Workers Advantages for Employers
Economy
•Profit through Diversification •Efficiency and Productivity •Lack of Employment Perks

•Empowerment and Flexibility •Cost Savings •Job Insecurity
•Cost Savings and Convenience •Legal Protections
•Access and Connectivity

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Way Forward
Technology
Policy Reforms New Legislation Collaborative Efforts
Integration
 Policy Reforms: Fine-tune social security policies to address gig workers' needs.
 New Legislation: Consider the Platform-Based Gig Workers (Registration and Welfare) Bill, 2023.
 Collaborative Efforts: Establish industry-wide standards and best practices.
 Technology Integration: Leverage tech for better access and streamlined processes.
Kerala-Owned OTT Platform

Context: Kerala recently launched CSpace, a government-owned OTT platform focused on promoting quality films
with artistic and cultural value.
Overview of Over-The-Top Platforms (OTT)

 OTT platforms like Netflix, Amazon Prime About CSpace
Video, and Hotstar provide audio and  CSpace highlights its role in supporting Malayalam
video hosting and streaming services. They cinema and culture.
have expanded into producing short  The platform will exclusively stream films already
movies, feature films, documentaries, and released in theaters to avoid affecting producers and
exhibitors' interests.
web series.
 Managed by the Kerala State Film Development
 These platforms use Artificial Intelligence
Corporation (KSFDC), CSpace ensures transparency
(AI) to recommend content based on users'
in profit-sharing and viewer statistics.
past viewership.
 A 60-member curator panel will select content based
 OTT platforms often offer free content
on its artistic, cultural, and infotainment merits.
along with a subscription fee for premium
content not available elsewhere.
OTT Platforms in India

 India's OTT market is the world's fastest-growing and is projected to become the sixth-largest by 2024.
 The current valuation of the OTT industry in India is 35 billion INR, driven by nearly 500 million internet users.
 In January 2019, eight video streaming
services agreed to a self-regulatory code Challenges with OTT Platforms
prohibiting specific types of content:
o Disrespecting the national OTT platforms lack laws or autonomous bodies to
emblem or flag monitor digital content, leading to unfiltered content
o Promoting child pornography availability to the public.
o Outraging religious sentiments Unlike traditional media regulated by governments, OTT
o Encouraging terrorism platforms operate with little to no regulation on content
o Distributing banned content selection, subscription rates, and certification for adult
movies.
National Urban Cooperative Finance and Development Corporation Limited

Context: The National Urban Cooperative Finance and Development Corporation Limited (NUCFDC) was inaugurated
by the Union Minister for Cooperation, serving as an umbrella organization for urban cooperative banks (UCBs).
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NUCFDC has obtained approval from the Reserve Bank
of India (RBI) to operate as a non-banking finance Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs)
company and a self-regulatory body for the urban  Cooperative banks are financial institutions owned
cooperative banking sector. and operated by their members, providing banking
services like loans to support community financial
History needs.
 The urban cooperative banking movement in In India, they are registered under the Cooperative
India started in the late 19th century, influenced Societies Act of the relevant state or the Multi-State
by successful cooperative experiments in Britain Cooperative Societies Act, 2002.
and Germany. Urban Co-operative Banks (UCBs) are primary
 The earliest mutual aid society in India was the cooperative banks located in urban and semi-urban
"Anyonya Sahakari Mandali" in the princely areas.
State of Baroda.
 The first urban cooperative credit society was registered in Canjeevaram (Kanjivaram) in the former Madras
province in October 1904.
Regulatory Framework
 The Reserve Bank regulates the banking functions of Urban Cooperative Banks under the Banking Regulation
Act, 1949.
 State Cooperative Banks, District Central Cooperative Banks, and Urban Cooperative Banks registered with
Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation are insured.
 In 2021, the N. S. Vishwanathan committee proposed a 4-tier structure for UCBs.
Four-Tier Structure
Tier 1 includes all unit Tier 2 comprises UCBs Tier 3 includes UCBs
UCBs, salary earner’s with deposits between Rs with deposits between Rs
Tier 4 consists of UCBs
UCBs, and other UCBs with deposits exceeding
100 crore and Rs 1,000 1,000 crore and Rs Rs 10,000 crore.
with deposits up to Rs crore. 10,000 crore.
100 crore.
Minimum Capital and Risk-Weighted Assets (RWA)
 Tier 1 UCBs in a single district should have a minimum net worth of ₹2 crore, while all other UCBs should
have ₹5 crore.
 Tier 1 UCBs must maintain a minimum Capital to Risk (Weighted) Assets Ratio of 9% of RWAs, while Tier 2
to 4 UCBs should maintain 12% of RWAs.
Current Status
 India has 1,514 UCBs, accounting for 11% of total credit to agriculture, with a total deposit base of ₹5.26
trillion.
Major Issues Related to UCBs

High Non-performing Assets (NPAs) at 2.10%.
Limited Technology Adoption.
Fraud and Mismanagement, leading to depositor confidence erosion and licence cancellations by RBI.
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Way Forward
 Embrace transparency and accountability.
 Implement proactive credit risk management.
 Invest in capacity building for staff to enhance skills and expertise in banking operations.
No major change in employment status or wages in 10 years

Context: Recently, a report by Bahutva Karnataka indicates a rise in self-employed workers' share, contrasting with a
low share of those in formal employment.
Report Details
 Economic Stagnation: The report reflects stagnation in economic growth in India, notably seen in households
earning below the proposed National Floor Level Minimum Wage (NFLMW) of ₹375 daily, with about 34%
falling below this mark.
 Wage Inequality: The gap between rich and poor widened, with the top 1% and 10% holding 22% and 57% of
national income in 2022, respectively, compared to the bottom 50% with a mere 12.7%, per World Inequality
Database data.
Key Highlights
Rise in
Gender Economic
Employment Low Formal Women’s
Unpaid Labor Disparities Stagnation
Comparison Employment Self-
Persist Impact
Employment
 Employment Comparison: The report compares employment shares across categories in 2011-12 and 2022-
23 for men and women.
 Low Formal Employment: Formal sector employment stayed below 25%, while self-employment dominated
with over 50% of the workforce engaged.
 Rise in Women’s Self-Employment: Self-employed women notably increased from 56.5% in 2011-12 to
64.3% in 2022-23, indicating a rising trend in entrepreneurial activities.
 Unpaid Labor: More women engaged in unpaid labor within family businesses or farming, reflecting limited
formal sector opportunities and stagnant household earnings.
 Gender Disparities Persist: Despite increased self-employment, gender gaps persist, with women often in
informal or unpaid roles due to formal sector limitations.
 Economic Stagnation Impact: Limited formal sector growth pushes individuals, especially women, towards
self-employment and unpaid labor for livelihood.
Major Observations in India
Stagnant Income Regional Wealth

Low Earnings
Growth Disparities Distribution

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 Stagnant Income Growth: No significant income growth in the past five years across various employment
categories.
 Low Earnings: Many households earn less than NFLMW, highlighting income disparities and economic
challenges.
 Regional Disparities: In several states, over 20% of households earn below ₹375 daily, with states like
Chhattisgarh and Uttar Pradesh exceeding 50%.
 Wealth Distribution: The wealthiest 10% hold a growing share of national wealth, while the poorest 50% face
declining shares, indicating increasing wealth disparity.
Measures to Address Issues
Improve
Promote Equal Pay Enhance
Minimum Rural Address
Formal and Social Safety
Wage Development Disparities
Employment Opportunity Nets
Standards
 Promote Formal Employment: Encourage policies supporting stable formal jobs with social security benefits
and incentivize businesses for job creation.
 Equal Pay and Opportunities: Enforce equal pay laws and eliminate gender discrimination in hiring and
promotions.
 Improve Minimum Wage Standards: Regularly review and adjust minimum wage standards to ensure decent
living standards.
 Rural Development: Develop rural areas to create alternative livelihoods and reduce agriculture dependence.
 Address Disparities: Focus on infrastructure, skills, and investments in economically backward regions.
 Enhance Social Safety Nets: Strengthen programs like Universal Basic Income (UBI), healthcare, and
education for vulnerable households.
Addressing stagnant incomes and rising self-employment requires promoting formal jobs, equal opportunities, rural
development, and robust social safety nets.
Boosting Exports from MSMEs NITI Aayog

Context: The NITI Aayog recently released a report titled Boosting Exports from MSMEs, advocating for easier export
opportunities for smaller firms through e-commerce platforms.
Key Recommendations of the Report
Distinction
Between
Identificatio
Single Annual Exporter on Promotion Easing
n of Export
Information Financial Record of Export Merchandise
Opportunitie
Portal for Reconciliati (EOR) and Credit Exports for
s in Specific
Exporters on Process Seller on Guarantee MSMEs
Sectors
Record
(SOR)
 Single Information Portal for Exporters

o Create a single information portal using AI-based interfaces for exporters, offering updated market
tariffs, paperwork requirements, finance sources, service providers, incentives, and potential customers.
o Establish a comprehensive National Trade Portal (NTN) to streamline MSME export processes,
ensuring competitive advantage and operational efficiency.

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 Annual Financial Reconciliation Process

o Introduce an annual financial reconciliation Current Scenario of the MSME Sector in India
process for e-commerce exporters.  MSMEs contribute significantly to India's
o Provide exemptions on import duties for economy, providing over 11 crore jobs and
rejects or returns and create a green channel contributing around 27% of GDP.
clearance for e-commerce exports.  Rapid growth in MSME establishment, with
 Distinction Between Exporter on Record (EOR) approximately 40 lakh new units between FY
and Seller on Record (SOR)
2019 and FY 2021, especially in micro-
o Differentiate between EOR and SOR for e-
enterprises.
commerce exports, allowing a reduction in
invoice value without a percentage ceiling.  Manufacturing MSMEs, particularly small and
 Promotion of Export Credit Guarantee medium enterprises, contribute significantly to
o Promote Export Credit Guarantee to export-oriented manufacturing activities.
enhance working capital availability.
o Create incentives to increase uptake from the current 10% to 50% or more.
 Easing Merchandise Exports for MSMEs
o Relax compliance requirements for MSMEs temporarily.
o Implement a time-bound disbursement process for incentives to avoid blocking working capital.
 Identification of Export Opportunities in Specific Sectors
o Identify sectors like handicrafts, handloom textiles, ayurveda, herbal supplements, leather goods,
imitation jewellery, and wooden products for global market potential exceeding USD 340 billion.
Current Challenges Related to the MSME Sector in India
Financial Constraint Lack of Innovation Majority of Small Firms Lack of Formalisation
 Financial Constraint
o Limited access to timely finance, with only 16% of SMEs having access.
o Reliance on internal resources due to financial constraints.
 Lack of Innovation
o MSMEs lack innovation and rely on outdated technologies.
o Limited adoption of new technologies and tools due to a shortage of entrepreneurs.
 Majority of Small Firms
o Over 80% of MSMEs are micro and small businesses, facing communication gaps and unawareness of
government initiatives.
 Lack of Formalisation
o MSMEs lack formalisation, leading to credit gaps and unregistered businesses.
Government Initiatives Related to MSMEs

 Raising and Accelerating MSME Performance (RAMP) Scheme
 Credit Guarantee Trust Fund for Micro & Small Enterprises (CGTMSE)
 Interest Subsidy Eligibility Certificate (ISEC)
 A Scheme for Promoting Innovation, Rural Industry & Entrepreneurship (ASPIRE)
 Credit Linked Capital Subsidy for Technology Upgradation (CLCSS)
 Zero Defect & Zero Effect (ZED)
Addressing challenges such as limited export participation and regulatory constraints is crucial to unlocking the full
potential of the MSME sector in India, which plays a vital role in employment generation and economic growth.

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RBI Integrated Ombudsman Scheme

Context: Recently, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) reported a significant surge of 68.2% in complaints under its
Integrated Ombudsman Scheme (RB-IOS) for the financial year 2023, reaching a total of 703,000 complaints. This
increase marks a notable rise compared to previous years, with FY22 experiencing a 9.4% increase and FY21 witnessing
a 15.7% hike in complaints.
Factors Behind the Surge in Complaints
 The central bank's robust public awareness Understanding an Ombudsman
initiatives played a crucial role in encouraging
 An ombudsman is a government official
people to voice their concerns and grievances,
increasing the likelihood of reporting issues with responsible for addressing complaints made by
banks and non-bank payment systems. ordinary people against public organizations, a
 The implementation of a streamlined process for concept originating from Sweden.
lodging complaints has made it easier for the  In India, an ombudsman is appointed to resolve
public to report issues encountered with financial grievances in sectors such as Insurance, Income
institutions, leading to increased engagement and Tax, and Banking.
complaint submissions.
 With the rise in digital transactions, especially in mobile and electronic banking, there is a higher probability of
encountering issues such as unauthorized or fraudulent transactions, contributing to the surge in complaints.
 The convenience of digital banking also means that any disruptions in the system can affect a large number of
users simultaneously, further driving the increase in complaints.
RBI Integrated Ombudsman Scheme (RB-

IOS)
About
 RB-IOS integrates three ombudsman
schemes of RBI the banking
ombudsman scheme of 2006, the
Ombudsman scheme for NBFCs of
2018, and the Ombudsman scheme of
digital transactions of 2019.
 The unified scheme aims to address
customer complaints regarding
services provided by RBI-regulated
entities like banks, NBFCs, and
prepaid instrument players if not
resolved satisfactorily within 30 days.
Need
 The integration addresses concerns
regarding the lack of maintainable
grounds for challenging actions of
regulated entities or complaints
rejected on technical grounds.
 Expanding the grounds for complaints
is expected to improve consumer
response and reduce reliance on
consumer courts.

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Features
 The scheme defines 'deficiency in service' as grounds for complaints, with specified exclusions, ensuring
complaints are not rejected solely based on non-listed grounds.
 It is jurisdiction-neutral with a centralized processing center in Chandigarh, leveraging Artificial Intelligence
tools for efficient coordination.
 Customers can file complaints, track status, and provide feedback via email or a multilingual toll-free number.
 Regulated entities cannot appeal against ombudsman awards for unsatisfactory or delayed information
provision.
Appellate Authority
 RBI’s Executive Director overseeing the Consumer Education and Protection Department serves as the
Appellate Authority under the scheme.
Significance
 The integrated scheme enhances grievance redress mechanisms, ensuring uniformity, user-friendliness, and
improved customer experience, contributing to financial inclusion and customer satisfaction.
RBI to Review NBFCs
Context: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is preparing for a thorough assessment of the classification of Non-Banking
Finance Companies (NBFCs) in 2024. This review is viewed as a preliminary step that could lead to certain NBFCs
being considered for bank licenses in the future. Elevating specific NBFCs is seen as an initial and evaluative measure
toward potential consideration for bank licenses down the line.
What are NBFCs?

An NBFC is a company registered under either the Companies Act, 1956, or the Companies Act, 2013, engaged in
various financial activities such as lending, investing in securities, leasing, and insurance. While they offer banking
services, NBFCs do not possess a banking license.
Based on Deposits Deposit-taking non-banking finance

companies
Classification of
NBFC
Non-Deposit taking Non-Banking Financial
Institutions
Based on Major Activity Investment and Credit Company

Consumer Durable Loan Finance
Core Investment Company (CIC)
Infrastructure Finance Company (IFC)
Infrastructure Debt Fund (IDF)
Asset Reconstruction Companies (ARC)
Factoring Companies
Gold Loan Companies
Fintech companies P2P Lenders

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Key Features
 NBFCs provide a range of financial services including personal loans, home loans, vehicle loans, gold loans,
microfinance, insurance, and investment management.
 They can accept public deposits for periods ranging from 12 to 60 months but are not authorized to accept
demand deposits.
 NBFCs are not part of the payment and settlement system and cannot issue self-drawn cheques.
Licensing
 Companies must be registered under the Companies Act, 2013, as either public or private companies.
 They must have a minimum net owned fund of Rs. 10 crores to qualify for NBFC registration.
 At least one-third of the directors must possess relevant work experience in the finance sector.
 The company's credit history and financial credibility with CIBIL must be sound.
 Compliance with regulations under Capital Compliances and Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) laws
is mandatory.
Regulation
 The RBI, under the RBI Act 1934, is empowered to register,
formulate policies, issue directives, conduct inspections,
regulate, supervise, and exercise surveillance over NBFCs
meeting the 50-50 criteria for principal business.
 The Scale Based Regulation (SBR) introduced in October 2021
categorizes NBFCs into different layers based on asset size and
scoring criteria, facilitating regulatory oversight.
What is the 50-50 Criteria of Principal Business?

 The RBI defines a company's principal business as financial if over 50% of its total assets and gross income
derive from financial activities.
 This criterion ensures that companies primarily involved in financial operations fall under RBI's regulatory
purview, while those primarily engaged in non-financial activities do not come under RBI regulation.
This assessment, known as the "50-50 criteria," determines a company's level of involvement in financial business.
Science & Technology

Rocky vista of medicinal cannabis that research is bringing into view
Context: Cannabis sativa is being researched for its effects
on mood and cognition, especially in managing conditions
like schizophrenia, cannabis-use disorders, and heroin-use
disorders.
Clinical Trial on Cannabidiol (CBD) for Bipolar
Depression
 The University of British Columbia is conducting a
clinical trial to investigate the use of CBD for
treating bipolar depression, which lacks effective
treatment options for its depressive episodes.
 CBD is a phytocannabinoid found in cannabis
plants, comprising up to 40% of the plant’s extract.

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Cannabinoids in Cannabis and Their
Effects
 CBD and tetrahydrocannabinol
(THC) are identified
cannabinoids in cannabis, with
THC being the primary
psychoactive component.
 CBD is known for its possible
antipsychotic, anti-inflammatory,
and neuroprotective benefits.
 Cannabis potency is higher in
flowering parts compared to
leaves.
 Marijuana, composed of buds and
leaves of pollinated female
plants, is typically grown
outdoors.
The Cannabinoid System
 The human cannabinoid system
includes CB1 and CB2 receptors,
playing roles in modulating
neurotransmitter release and regulating various bodily functions.

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 THC affects motor control and memory and has implications for treating conditions like PTSD.
 The rimonabant debacle involved a CB1 receptor blocker for weight loss, which was associated with severe
side effects and withdrawn from the market.
 THC and synthetic cannabinoids have medical applications, including pain management and appetite
stimulation.
THC Addiction and Withdrawal
 THC's addictive potential remains debated, with mixed human data on escalation of consumption.
 THC withdrawal symptoms include sleep issues, appetite loss, restlessness, and irritability.
Effects on Anxiety and Mood
 Cannabis effects on mood are complex, with limited scientific investigation for conditions like treatment-
resistant depression.
 Cannabis use may increase the risk of bipolar disorder or trigger its onset.
 Cannabis use, especially in youth, may hasten the onset of schizophrenia in genetically predisposed individuals.
Policy Considerations
 Cannabis is widely used globally, leading to debates on decriminalization, especially for medical applications.
 Policymakers are urged to consider regulations to prevent commercialization and protect vulnerable populations
from the harmful effects of cannabis.
India-specific AI model to find gestational age developed

Context: Researchers have created a
specific artificial intelligence model for Significance of Accurate Gestational Age (GA)
India to accurately determine the
gestational age of a fetus during the Crucial for appropriate care and determining precise delivery
dates.
second and third trimesters of
pregnancy. Named 'Garbhini-GA2,' the model is India-specific.
Key Highlights
 BRIC-THSTI Faridabad and Challenges with Current Models
IIT Madras researchers Current GA formulas developed for Western populations.
collaborated to develop this Pronounced errors in later pregnancy due to variations in Indian
India-specific model, known as foetal growth.
Garbhini-GA2.
 It is the first late-trimester
gestational age estimation Benefits of 'Garbhini-GA2'
model validated using Indian Reduces estimation errors by almost three times.
population data.
Improves care, potentially lowering maternal and infant
 Currently, gestational age is mortality rates in India.
determined using formulas
designed for Western
populations, which may be Future Deployment
inaccurate for Indian
Collaboration with Gurugram Civil Hospital, Safdarjung
pregnancies due to fetal growth
Hospital, and more.
variations.
Prospective pan-India validation for deployment across clinics.

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 Garbhini-GA2 significantly reduces error in estimating gestational age for Indian pregnancies, by nearly
threefold.
 Accurate gestational age estimation is crucial for proper prenatal care and determining delivery dates, thereby
reducing maternal and infant mortality rates.
 Collaboration between clinicians and data scientists is essential for developing technically sound and clinically
relevant solutions, integrated into healthcare workflows.
Why needed?
 Early pregnancy ultrasound dating is standard practice for estimating gestational age, but many Indian women
have their first ultrasound in the second or third trimester.
 Using Indian-specific gestational age formulas can improve pregnancy care and outcomes for these women.
 Accurate dating can also improve epidemiological estimates for pregnancy outcomes in India.
 Once validated in pan-India cohorts, Garbhini-GA2 can be implemented in clinics nationwide, improving care
and reducing maternal and infant mortality rates.
Will ‘colour molecules’ make quantum computers accessible

Context: Many physical systems serve as potential qubits, but most operate at very low temperatures. Researchers are
exploring alternative technologies to reduce costs and make quantum computers commercially viable.
Difference between Classical Computers and Quantum Computers
Classical Computer Quantum Computer
 A classical computer consists of information  A qubit is the fundamental component of a
storage units called bits, each with two states (0 quantum computer.
and 1).  Unlike classical computers, a qubit can exist in
 Computations are based on manipulating the a superposed state with contributions from both
states of these bits. 0 and 1.
Challenges with Quantum Devices

 Grouping qubits to form a
quantum device requires
meeting certain criteria:
 Identical qubits are
preferred but difficult to
guarantee due to
manufacturing
imperfections.
 Integration of multiple
qubits should be relatively
easy and controllable.
 Qubit systems should be
robust enough to function
at room temperature
without losing quantum
features for extended
periods.

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Available Qubits
 Various physical systems, such as superconducting junctions, trapped ions, and quantum dots, can serve as
qubits.
 However, these systems typically operate as qubits only at very low temperatures or in high vacuum conditions.
Commercial Viability
 Quantum computers based on existing
technologies are costly and may not be Metal-Organic Framework (MOF)
economically viable in the long run. • A MOF consists of repeated molecular arrangements with
 Researchers in Japan recently achieved metal atoms or ions attached to organic molecules.
qubits at room temperature using a metal- • These structures allow for the rotation of chromophores,
organic framework (MOF). which play a crucial role in qubit devices.
Chromophores and Qubits

 Chromophores are organic molecules that absorb specific colors of light.
 Singlet and triplet states of chromophores are important for qubit operations.
 Singlet fission and singlet-induced superposition are key phenomena in achieving qubits in MOF-based systems.
Room Temperature Coherence
 The porous nature of MOF networks allows for the rotation of chromophores, leading to interactions between
adjacent chromophores.
 This interaction results in long-lived superposition of triplet states, even at room temperature.
 Achieving coherence at room temperature for extended durations is a significant advancement in quantum
computing.
Blanets: worlds around black holes

Context: In Christopher Nolan’s 2014 sci-fi masterpiece Interstellar, three planets (aside from Earth) mesmerize viewers
with their extreme environments. Surprisingly, these worlds, technically termed Blanets, may not be purely fictional
and could exist in reality.
What are Blanets?
Formation Theory
In 2019, Japanese scientists proposed a theory suggesting that planets could form within massive dust and gas clouds
surrounding supermassive black holes.
Unique Characteristics
Blanets, unlike Earth, are not expected to resemble habitable worlds due to their formation near black holes.
Surrounding Environment
Black holes are encircled by colossal discs of gas and dust, influenced by the black hole’s gravitational pull and heating
effects.
Galactic Presence
Nearly every galaxy is believed to harbor a supermassive black hole at its center, acting as a gravitational nucleus
around which stars organize.

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Formation Process
 Similar Mechanism: Planets near young stars form
from the collision and aggregation of dust and gas
particles in swirling disks. A comparable process
could occur near supermassive black holes.
 Blanet Characteristics: Blanets are anticipated to be
approximately 3,000 times larger than Earth and must
orbit the black hole at a distance of about 100 trillion
km to avoid gravitational disruption during their
formation.
Implications and Speculations
Extreme Environments Scientific Inquiry
 Extreme Environments: Blanets represent worlds of extremes, vastly different from habitable planets like
Earth.
 Scientific Inquiry: The study of blanets offers insights into the dynamic interactions between black holes and
their surrounding environments, pushing the boundaries of astrophysical understanding.
Health
What is ‘dry ice’ at the centre of the Gurugram restaurant incident?
Context: At a restaurant in Gurugram, patrons
were mistakenly served “dry ice” as a mouth
freshener, resulting in severe health reactions,
including vomiting blood.
Dry Ice
 Dry ice is the solid state of carbon
dioxide, identified as a hazardous
substance by authoritative bodies such
as the Food Safety and Standards
Authority of India (FSSAI), the United
States Food and Drug Administration
(FDA), and the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC).
 Direct contact with skin or ingestion
can cause significant harm due to its
extremely cold temperatures and the risk of
sublimation into carbon dioxide gas, potentially
leading to breathlessness.
Primary Use

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 Primarily used as a cooling agent for

food products, dry ice is preferred
for its ability to maintain lower
temperatures than water ice without
leaving any residue other than
incidental frost.
 It is employed in preserving frozen
foods where traditional mechanical
cooling is impractical and in fog
machines for theatrical effects and
temporary refrigeration needs.
Characteristics
Sublimates at 194.7 K (−78.5 °C; −109.3 °F)
under Earth’s atmospheric pressure and can cause hypercapnia if outgassed in confined spaces.
Safe Handling Guidelines

 Awareness campaigns are crucial to educate food business operators and citizens on the proper and safe handling
of dry ice.
 FSSAI advises against storing dry ice in enclosed spaces and stresses the necessity of well-ventilated areas to
minimize health risks.
 The FDA warns against compromising food safety with dry ice, recommending against direct consumption or
skin contact.
 Establishments using dry ice should implement safety protocols and train employees to prevent accidental
ingestion or contact, according to the FDA.
 The CDC suggests using cold temperature gloves and safety goggles and working in well-ventilated areas when
handling dry ice, strictly prohibiting consumption.
A bold step towards a cervical cancer-free future

Context: The interim Union Budget for 2024-25 highlights women’s health, notably by supporting the vaccination of
girls aged nine to 14 against cervical cancer, a significant step for women’s health and safety in India.
The ‘90-70-90’ targets, global programs

 Despite medical
advancements, cervical
cancer remains a major
challenge in India, being
the second most common
cancer among women
with over 127,000 cases
and around 80,000 deaths
annually.
 The human
papillomavirus (HPV) is a
key factor in cervical
cancer, leading to the
adoption of HPV
vaccination as a crucial
preventive measure.

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 The World Health Organization (WHO) aims to achieve ‘90-70-90’ targets by 2030 vaccinating 90% of girls
by age 15, screening 70% of women by ages 35 and 45, and treating 90% of women with cervical cancer.
 These goals are pivotal in global efforts to eradicate cervical cancer, highlighting the significance of India’s
HPV vaccination initiative.
International and regional efforts

 Globally, over 100 countries have introduced HPV vaccination programs, substantially reducing cervical cancer
incidence.
 Success stories include Scotland and Australia, with no cervical cancer cases among vaccinated women and
Australia on track to eliminate cervical cancer by 2035.
 Rwanda’s vaccination campaign significantly reduced HPV prevalence among women, demonstrating the
vaccine’s effectiveness.
 In the Southeast Asia Region, six
countries, including Bhutan, India’s India's indigenous quadrivalent HPV vaccine, Cervavac,
have implemented national HPV initiatives priced at ₹2,000 per dose, is a significant advancement in
vaccination programs, with accessibility and affordability.
Bhutan achieving a 95%
vaccination rate among targeted
girls. The potential inclusion of adolescent boys in the
vaccination program, along with evidence supporting
The Sikkim Model single-dose efficacy, suggests a comprehensive strategy
 Sikkim’s HPV vaccination against HPV infections.
campaign achieved 97%
coverage in 2018, emphasizing HPV vaccination aims to reduce the societal and
comprehensive communication economic burdens of cervical cancer, benefiting women’s
strategies in public health health and overall well-being.
initiatives.
 This approach involved
educating various stakeholders
about the vaccine’s benefits.
Challenges
• India faces challenges such as vaccine hesitancy and equitable access to vaccination, requiring community
engagement and combating misinformation.
• The introduction of U-WIN aims to maintain an electronic registry of immunizations for real-time
responsiveness in vaccination programs, similar to the Co-WIN platform.
Yaounde Declaration
Context: The Yaoundé Declaration, a significant step in the battle against malaria, was recently adopted by health
ministers from 11 African countries, pledging to eradicate malaria deaths.
About
 Global malaria cases saw an increase from 233 million in 2019 to 249 million in 2022, with Africa experiencing
a notable surge to 233 million cases.
o Africa contributes to 94% of global malaria cases and 95% of related deaths.

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 Progress in combating malaria has stalled in the WHO Africa region, although the 11 African countries involved
in the Yaoundé conference carry more than 70% of the
global malaria burden.
 The declaration's objectives include strengthening health
infrastructure, boosting personnel capacity, and
improving program implementation.
o It also aims to establish partnerships for funding,
research, and innovation.
 Despite the declaration's adoption, experts emphasize
the urgency of taking tangible actions.
o The African Union's target to control and
eliminate malaria by 2030 faces substantial
financial shortfalls, requiring USD 1.5 billion to
maintain basic malaria services and additional
funding for climate adaptation in the health
sector.
Abortion
Context: The French lawmakers recently passed a bill to include abortion rights in France's constitution, making it the
only country explicitly guaranteeing a woman’s right to choose abortion. This bill responds to global concerns about
abortion rights, notably after the US Supreme Court's decision in the Roe v Wade case in 2022.
For and Against Abortion
Proponents Opponents
•Supporters of abortion rights argue it as a •Opponents of abortion, often termed "pro-life,"
fundamental reproductive right, enabling believe it is morally wrong and should be restricted
individuals to make decisions about their bodies, or banned entirely.
health, and future. •They argue that life begins at conception, equating
•Access to safe and legal abortion services is crucial abortion to taking a human life and violating the
in preventing unwanted pregnancies, safeguarding rights of the unborn.
women's health, and supporting reproductive
autonomy.
What is Abortion?
 Abortion is the intentional termination of pregnancy,
typically performed within the first 28 weeks of
gestation using various medical methods or
medications, based on the pregnancy stage and
individual preferences.
 It is a highly debated topic involving ethical, moral,
religious, and legal aspects.

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Legal Provisions Related to Abortion in India
 Until the 1960s, abortion was illegal in India under
Section 312 of the Indian Penal Code.
 The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act,
1971 legalized safe abortions, protecting women's
health and reducing maternal mortality.
 The Act permits abortions up to 20 weeks with a
single registered medical practitioner's approval,
with updates in 2002 and 2021.
 The MTP Amendment Act, 2021 extends abortion
to 24 weeks for specific cases like rape survivors,
with approval from two doctors.
 It establishes state Medical Boards for abortions
after 24 weeks due to substantial fetal abnormalities,
and allows unmarried women access to abortion
services.
 Consent requirements vary by age and mental state,
ensuring medical oversight.
Concerns Related to Abortion

 Unsafe Abortions: Major cause of maternal
mortality, especially for unmarried and
economically disadvantaged women.
 Male Child Preference: Selective abortions of
female foetuses persist where male children are
favored, notably in parts of Asia.
 Medical Expert Shortage: Limited access to
qualified obstetrician-gynaecologists,
particularly in rural areas.
Way Forward
 Ensure access to safe and legal abortion services
without stigma or barriers.
 Expand abortion services availability, train
healthcare providers, and raise awareness about women's rights under the MTP Act.
 Support healthcare providers in delivering quality care while addressing ethical and legal concerns.
IDF recommends more sensitive test to indicate risk of developing diabetes

Context: The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) suggests using a test that measures blood sugar one hour (1-h
PG) after administering an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) to assess the risk of diabetes.
About
 Extensive epidemiological data supports the superiority of 1-h PG over fasting PG (FPG), HbA1c, and 2-hour
PG across different demographics like ethnicity, sex, and age groups.
 1-h PG is a more sensitive biomarker for identifying high-risk individuals at an earlier stage.
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 The measurement of blood sugar one hour after consuming a 75 gm sugar solution is recommended for screening
intermediate hyperglycemia (IH) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in at-risk individuals, with cut-off points set at 155
mg/dL for IH and 209 mg/dL for T2D.
 IDF also advises revising glycemic thresholds for better prediction and management of diabetes risk.
 The Oral Glucose Tolerance Test is crucial for early detection and treatment of diabetes, preventing undiagnosed
cases. •Type 1 diabetes results from the destruction of
Regarding Diabetes mellitus insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, often
due to an autoimmune process targeting these cells.
 Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic Type 1 diabetes
•Genetic factors contribute to the autoimmune
disorder characterized by high response, though the exact causes are not fully
blood sugar levels due to issues understood.
with insulin secretion or action.
 Insulin, produced by the •Type 2 diabetes involves inadequate insulin
pancreas, regulates blood production despite the body's ability to produce
Type 2 diabetes insulin.
glucose levels, but in diabetes,
•Genetic predisposition, family history, and obesity
this regulation is impaired. are key risk factors for type 2 diabetes.
Report & Index

Lancet study shows obesity rates going up across world
Context: The Lancet study found that in 2022, 12.5 million children (7.3 million boys and 5.2 million girls) aged
between 5 and 19 were obese, up from 0.4 million in 1990.
Key Findings of the Study
In 2022, there were 44 million obese women and 26 million obese men aged
above 20 in India, compared to just 2.4 million women and 1.1 million men
in 1990.
India ranks 182 among 197 countries for the prevalence of obesity in
women and 180 for men in 2022, compared to 174 for both girls and boys.
Obesity prevalence among children and teens increased by over 3% points

from 1990.
Female obesity prevalence increased sharply, with women at 9.8%

prevalence, up by 8.6 percentage points from 1990. For men, this number
stood at 5.4%, up by 4.9 percentage points.

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Relevance of the Study for India
 The findings are significant due to the high burden of
non-communicable diseases in India, such as heart
disease, strokes, and diabetes, which are exacerbated
by obesity.
 Obesity is a major risk factor for these diseases and
can trigger their early onset, even in teenagers.
 The study can guide necessary remedial actions to
address the widespread obesity issue in India.
Major Causes of Obesity
Traditional diets
Primary drivers were low in animal Eating behaviors
Consumption of
include a shift in products, salt, such as snacking,
added sugars, Sedentary activity
dietary choices refined oils, restrained eating,
particularly has significantly
away from sugars, and flours, dieting, binge
through beverages, increased over the
traditional foods whereas modern eating, and dining
plays a significant years.
and physical diets are high in out contribute to
role.
inactivity. energy but low in obesity.
nutrients.
Problems of Malnutrition and Being Underweight

 Severe undernutrition is prevalent among all age groups in India.
 India ranks highest in the world for underweight girls and second highest for boys.
 Maternal malnutrition, including micronutrient deficiencies, contributes to underweight issues.
 Reasons for Faster Rise of Obesity in Women:
 Cultural, socio-economic, and biological factors contribute to obesity in women.
 Limited access to physical activity, healthy food options, healthcare, and education are key factors.
 Biological factors such as pregnancy and menopause uniquely affect women's weight.
Ways to Tackle Obesity and Malnutrition
Availability And Affordability Of Regulation Of Unhealthy Food

Targeted Interventions
Healthy Foods Sales
 Improving availability and affordability of healthy, nutritious foods is crucial.

 Targeted interventions include government policy, community initiatives, and individual actions promoting
physical activity and healthy diets.
 Regulation of unhealthy food sales and advertisements targeted at children, nutritional labeling, and promotion
of healthier options are essential.
Conclusion
 The Lancet study underscores the urgent need for comprehensive strategies to address the growing epidemic of
obesity in India, particularly among women and children.
 Tackling obesity alongside undernutrition is crucial for public health and overall economic growth.

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Centre discloses key consumption survey findings after 11-year gap

Context: After approximately 11 years, the government has released data from the All-India Household Consumption
Expenditure Survey conducted between August 2022 and July 2023.
Background
The Consumer Expenditure Survey (CES), usually

The government decided to conduct the latest survey in
conducted every five years by the National Statistical
July 2022 after addressing data quality issues
Office (NSO), was last conducted in the 68th round
highlighted in the previous 2017–18 survey.
(July 2011 to June 2012).
Significance of Consumer Expenditure Survey (CES)

 Helps gauge demand dynamics and shifting
spending priorities.
 Assists in assessing living standards and growth
trends across different demographics.
 Acts as an invaluable tool for analysis and
forecasting, aiding policymakers and businesses.
Key Findings of the Household Consumption
Expenditure Survey 2022-23
 Average monthly per capita consumption
expenditure (MPCE) increased by 33.5% in urban
households and 40.42% in rural households since
2011-12.
 Rural-urban MPCE disparity reduced from
83.9% to 71.2%.
 Bottom 5% of rural population had an
average MPCE of Rs 1,373, compared to Rs
2,001 for the bottom 5% of urban
population.
 Top 5% of rural population had an MPCE of
Rs 10,501, while it was Rs 20,824 for the top
5% of urban population.
 Share of expenditure on food decreased from
52.90% to 46% in rural India and from
42.62% to 39% in urban India.
 Consumption expenditure on non-food
items increased, particularly in conveyance,
consumer services, and durable goods.
 Sikkim had the highest MPCE in both rural
(₹7,731) and urban (₹12,105) areas, while
Chhattisgarh had the lowest with ₹2,466 for
rural households and ₹4,483 for urban
households.

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India 134th in global human development index: UNDP

Context: India's rank on the United Nations Human Development Index
(HDI) improved by one position in 2022, standing at 134 out of 193 Human Development Index
The HDI is a composite index first
countries compared to 135 out of 191 countries in 2021. Switzerland holds
published in 1990 by the UNDP,
the top position.
measuring a country's average
Human Development Index (HDI) 2023-24: Background achievement in three basic dimensions.
 Developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq, the HDI is used
to assess a country's development as part of the United Nations Development Programme's Human
Development Report.
 Alongside HDI, the HDR presents indices like the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), Inequality-adjusted
Human Development Index (IHDI), Gender Inequality Index (GII) since 2010, and Gender Development Index
(GDI) since 2014.
 The HDI reflects Amartya Sen’s "capabilities" approach, focusing on human well-being's ends rather than
means.
Key Highlights of India's Human Development Report 2023-24

Theme of the report The 2023/24 Human Development Report (HDR) is titled "Breaking the Gridlock:
Reimagining Cooperation in a Polarized World."
India's ranking India moved from 135 in 2021 to 134 in 2022 on the HDI.
India in the medium Between 1990 and 2022, India's HDI value increased by 48.4% from 0.434 to 0.644.
human development
category
India's performance Life expectancy at birth improved from 67.2 years in 2021 to 67.7 years in 2022.
on various
indicators Expected years of schooling (EYS) increased by 5.88% from 11.9 to 12.6 years, moving
up 18 places.
Gross National Income (GNI) per capita rose from $6,542 to $6,951.
Performance of Sri Lanka (78) and China (75) are ahead in the High Human Development category.
India’s
neighborhood
Bhutan (125) and Bangladesh (129) follow, while Nepal (146) and Pakistan (164) are
ranked lower than India.
India’s progress in India ranks 108 out of 166 countries in the Gender Inequality Index (GII) 2022.
reducing gender
inequality
India's GII value of 0.437 is better than the global average (0.462) and South Asian
average (0.478).

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Observations by the Human Development Index
 The report notes a reversal in the trend of reducing inequalities between wealthy and poor nations over two
decades.
 Collective action failures in climate change, digitalization, poverty, and inequality hinder human development
and erode trust in institutions.
 Political polarization globally impacts policy approaches and democratic processes.
Areas for Immediate Action proposed by the Human Development Report

 Planetary public goods for climate stability.
 Digital global public goods for equitable technology use.
 New financial mechanisms and international cooperation.
 Addressing political polarization through new governance approaches and tackling misinformation.
Law Commission’s 287th report

Context: The Law Commission’s 287th report proposes mandatory registration of marriages involving Non-Resident
Indians (NRI) and Overseas Citizens of India (OCI) to address the challenges faced by Indian women deserted by their
NRI or OCI spouses.
Key Recommendations
 The report suggests amendments to the pending Registration of Marriage of Non-Resident Indians Bill, 2019,
to encompass OCIs and introduce new provisions.
 These provisions entail penalties for failing to register divorce, maintenance, child support, and non-compliance
with legal procedures.
 The recommendation aims to tackle fraudulent marriages and offer legal recourse for women susceptible to
abandonment or exploitation.
 Additionally, the report proposes amending the Passport Act, 1967, to mandate marital status declaration in
passports and establishing a dedicated division within the Ministry of Home Affairs or External Affairs to
maintain a registry for NRI and OCI marriages.
Gender Inequality Index (GII)

Context: Recently, the Gender Inequality Index (GII) for 2022 has
been published by UNDP in their Human Development Report for Gender Inequality Index (GII)
2023-  GII is a composite measure of gender
inequality that encompasses three
India's Position in GII dimensions reproductive health,
 India is ranked 108th out of 193 countries in the Gender empowerment, and the labor market.
Inequality Index, with a score of 0.437.
 It assesses the disparity in human
 This signifies a significant improvement from India's position
in the previous year's index, where it stood at 122nd out of development potential caused by
191 countries with a score of 0.490. gender-based inequality in
 Over the past decade, India has consistently improved its rank achievements within these areas.
in the GII, indicating progress in advancing gender equality.  GII values range from 0 (indicating
equality) to 1 (indicating extreme
Major Issues Related to Gender Inequality in India inequality), with lower values
 Gender-Based Violence: Women and girls in India face suggesting less inequality between
various forms of violence, including domestic abuse, sexual genders.
harassment, rape, dowry-related violence, and honor killings.

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 Unequal Access to Education: Disparities persist in enrollment, retention, and completion rates between boys
and girls, hindered by cultural norms, economic constraints, and safety concerns.
 Invisible Labor: Women often undertake significant unpaid care work like household chores, childcare, and
eldercare, which is undervalued and contributes to economic dependency and time poverty.
 Gender Wage Gap: Women generally earn less than men for similar work across sectors and levels of
employment, reflecting a substantial gender wage gap.
 Child Marriage: This disproportionately affects girls, denying them opportunities and exposing them to health
risks; although prevalence has decreased, certain states still have higher rates than the national average.
Global Gender Gap Report (World Economic Forum)

 The report annually benchmarks gender parity across key dimensions.
 India was ranked 127th out of 146 countries in the Gender Gap Report for 2023.
Indian Government Initiatives for Gender Equality

Beti Bachao Beti Padhao •Focuses on the protection, survival, and education of the girl child.
(BBBP)
Mahila Shakti Kendra •Aims to empower rural women through skill development and employment.
(MSK)
• Provides safe environments for children, enabling women's employment.

National Creche Scheme
Pradhan Mantri Matru •Provides maternity benefits to pregnant and lactating mothers.
Vandna Yojna
Pradhan Mantri Awas •Ensures housing under women's names.

Yojana
Sukanya Samriddhi Yojna •Economically empowers girls through bank accounts.

(SSY)
•Allocates funds towards programs/schemes dedicated to women since 2005.

Gender Budget
•Supports initiatives enhancing women's safety and security.

Nirbhaya Fund Framework
•Offers integrated services for women victims of violence.

One Stop Centres (OSCs)
Constitution (106th •Reserves one-third of seats for women in legislative bodies.

Amendment) Act, 2023
• Encourages girls to pursue STEM education and careers.

Vigyan Jyoti program
•Stand-Up India; Mahila e-Haat, Entrepreneurship; Skill Development Programme

Other initiatives (ESSDP); Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY) promote women entrepreneurs.

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Way Forward
Equal Pay and

Comprehensive Gender-Sensitive Freelancing Support for
Workplace
Legal Reforms Education Platforms Unpaid Care Work
Policies
 Comprehensive Legal Reforms: Strengthening and enforcing laws related to gender-based violence and
workplace discrimination.
 Gender-Sensitive Education: Implementing curricula and policies to promote gender equality in education.
 Freelancing Platforms: Facilitating access to online platforms for women's economic empowerment.
 Support for Unpaid Care Work: Recognizing and valuing women's unpaid care work and promoting shared
responsibilities.
 Equal Pay and Workplace Policies: Enforcing equal pay policies and creating supportive work environments.
IPCC Reports and Equity in Climate Change Mitigation

Context: Recently, a study examined over 500 future emissions scenarios assessed by the UN Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC), which provide forecasts for the world's climate trajectory. The findings of the study revealed
significant inequities within the projected pathways of climate action in the IPCC Reports.
Assessment of Future Scenarios
 The IPCC uses 'modelled pathways' to
estimate how to limit the warming of the •The IPCC regularly releases
earth’s surface. comprehensive assessment reports that
 Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) synthesize scientific literature on climate
About IPCC change.
describe human and earth systems,
providing policy-relevant guidelines on
Assessment •These reports include three working group
Reports assessments focusing on physical science,
climate action. climate adaptation, and mitigation actions,
 However, these models prioritize least-cost along with a synthesis report consolidating
assessments and may overlook historical their findings.
responsibilities and economic realities.
Findings of the New Study

 Researchers analyzed 556 scenarios in IPCC's AR6 report and found troubling projections.
 These scenarios predict disparities in per-capita GDP and consumption between developed and developing
regions, unfairly burdening developing nations with mitigation efforts.
Why Equality Matters in Tackling Climate Change

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
 Wealthier nations have historically contributed more
(IPCC)
to greenhouse gas emissions, necessitating
acknowledgment and fair distribution of mitigation  The IPCC assesses climate science and
efforts. provides the basis for climate policies
 Developing nations are most vulnerable to climate globally.
impacts but lack resources for adaptation.  It has delivered six Assessment Reports
 Equity ensures developing countries have access to since 1988, guiding climate-related policies
climate funding and technology transfer. and negotiations.

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 Climate change exacerbates social injustices, requiring equitable climate policies.

 Equity principles foster global cooperation in addressing climate change.
Conclusion
 The analysis of IPCC scenarios underscores disparities in climate action responsibilities.
 Moving forward, recalibrating climate strategies is crucial to prioritize equity and fairness, considering
historical responsibilities and economic realities.
World Air Quality Report 2023

Context: India has been identified as the world’s third most polluted country, according to the World Air Quality Report
2023 by the Swiss organization IQAir.
Key Highlights of the World Air Quality Report 2023
Health Global
India's Air WHO Air Particulate
Impacts Global Air Impact of Air
Quality Quality Matter
and WHO Quality Air Pollution
Ranking Guidelines (PM
Guidelines Pollution
 India's Air Quality Ranking

o Ranked as the world's third most polluted country, with an average annual PM2.5 concentration of 54.4
micrograms per cubic meter.
o Bangladesh and Pakistan surpassed India in pollution levels, becoming the most and second most
polluted countries, respectively.
o Nine out of the top 10 most polluted cities in the world are from India.
o India's air quality deteriorated compared to the previous year, with Delhi emerging as the world's most
polluted capital city for the fourth consecutive time.
o Begusarai in Bihar is labeled as the world's most polluted metropolitan area, with an average PM2.5
concentration of 118.9 micrograms per cubic meter.
 Health Impacts and WHO Guidelines
o Approximately 136 million Indians (96% of the Indian population) face PM2.5 concentrations (seven
times) higher than the World Health Organization's recommended levels of 5 micrograms per cubic
meter.
o Over 66% of Indian cities have reported annual averages higher than 35 micrograms per cubic meter
(µg/m3).
o PM2.5 pollution, primarily from burning fossil fuels, is linked to increased rates of heart attack, stroke,
and oxidative stress, with severe health implications.
 Global Air Quality
o Seven countries met the WHO annual PM2.5 guideline (annual average of 5 µg/m3 or less), including
Australia, Estonia, Finland, Grenada, Iceland, Mauritius, and New Zealand.
o Africa remains the most underrepresented continent, with a third of its population lacking access to air
quality data.
o Some countries, including China and Chile, reported decreases in PM2.5 pollution levels, indicating
progress in combating air pollution.
o Pollution disperses beyond its source due to prevailing winds, highlighting the need for international
cooperation in addressing air quality issues.
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 Global Impact of Air Pollution Initiatives for National Clean Air Programme (NCAP).
o Air pollution causes approximately Controlling
seven million premature deaths Air Pollution
worldwide annually, contributing to in India
approximately one in every nine deaths Bharat Stage Emission Standards.
worldwide.
o PM2.5 exposure leads to health issues
such as asthma, cancer, stroke, and
Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016.
mental health complications.
o Exposure to elevated levels of fine
particles can impair cognitive
development in children, lead to System of Air Quality and Weather
mental health issues, and complicate Forecasting and Research (SAFAR) Portal.
existing illnesses, including diabetes.
 WHO Air Quality Guidelines: The World
Health Organization (WHO) updates its air Air Quality Index.
quality guidelines regularly to protect public
health from air pollution, covering particulate
matter (PM) and gaseous pollutants like PM2.5, Graded Response Action Plan.
PM10, ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2),
sulfur dioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide
(CO).
 Particulate Matter (PM): PM refers to a National Air Quality Monitoring
mixture of small particles and liquid droplets Programme (NAMP).
suspended in the air, including PM10 (coarse
particles) and PM2.5 (fine particles).
Commission for Air Quality Management.
 Air Pollution
o It contaminates the environment
through various sources like household
devices, vehicles, industrial facilities, Turbo Happy Seeder (THS) Machine.
and forest fires, causing respiratory
diseases and high mortality rates.
o WHO data shows that 99% of the
global population breathes air
exceeding guideline limits, with low- and middle-income countries facing the most significant
challenges.
o Air quality is interconnected with the Earth’s climate and ecosystems, and measures to reduce air
pollution offer dual benefits for climate and health.
o All of India’s 1.4 billion people are exposed to unhealthy levels of ambient PM2.5, resulting in
significant economic losses.
Way Forward
 Strengthen regulations with strict air quality standards and emission limits, imposing heavy penalties for non-
compliance.
 Transition to clean energy by promoting renewable sources and phasing out fossil fuels, along with investing in
sustainable transportation like electric vehicles.
 Improve industrial practices with clean technologies, waste minimization, and incentives for pollution control.
 Raise public awareness, conduct research for innovative pollution control methods, and foster global
cooperation to address air quality as a shared responsibility.
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Important Days
Rani Chennamma
Context: Social groups across India are organizing a national
campaign titled “Naanoo Rani Chennamma” (I am Rani
Chennamma too) to commemorate the 200th anniversary of
Rani Chennamma’s rebellion. The campaign seeks to empower
women to combat patriarchal, anti-democratic, and casteist
forces in the country, drawing inspiration from Rani
Chennamma’s legacy of courage and resistance.
About Rani Chennamma

 Rani Chennamma, the Queen of Kittur, led the Kittur
revolt of 1824, one of the earliest woman-led anti-
colonial uprisings against British rule in India.
 Born in 1778 in present-day Karnataka, she married
Raja Mallasarja of Kittur and played a crucial role in
defending her kingdom after his demise.
 When the British declined to recognize her adopted son as the legitimate successor under the ‘doctrine of lapse’,
she initiated a rebellion against them.
 Despite initial victories, the British eventually seized Kittur Fort in December 1824, leading to Rani
Chennamma’s imprisonment and subsequent demise in 1829.
 Her valor and leadership in resisting colonial oppression have established her as a symbol of Karnataka’s
political consciousness and a prominent figure in Indian history.
St. Patrick’s Day

Context: India and Ireland are set to commemorate 75 years of diplomatic relations this year. St. Patrick’s Day, a
national day, presents an occasion to celebrate Ireland alongside the more than 70 million people worldwide who claim
Irish ancestry and others who express their affinity for Ireland in various ways.
India-Ireland Historically, India and Ireland have maintained friendly relations since our
Relations independence movement.
Economic ties There are synergies between flagship programs like Skill India and Digital India and
Ireland’s esteemed educational institutions.
Two-way trade in goods, which was Euro 463 million in 2010, has now risen to
Euro 650 million.
Bilateral trade
•Total trade in goods and services reached €2.48 billion in 2013, up from €2.2
billion in 2012.
Ireland is home to about 26,000 Indians or people of Indian origin, with
Indian approximately 17,000 being Indian nationals.
Community •Most Indians in Ireland are in healthcare, IT, engineering, and senior management
roles.
Ireland is increasingly attracting Indian students for higher education, especially
Education Hub postgraduate and doctoral studies, with over 1,400 Indian students enrolled in Irish
higher educational institutions.

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Ireland's Stand on Conflicts
 Ireland maintains a principled stance on conflicts, advocating for accountability in international affairs.
 Strong Support: Ireland supports Ukraine's journey towards EU membership and condemns acts of terrorism,
such as Hamas's attack in October.
 Humanitarian Focus: Ireland calls for upholding international humanitarian law, humanitarian ceasefires, and
providing sustained humanitarian aid to civilians in conflict zones like Gaza.
Role of Young People in Growth

 Young talent is central to Ireland's success, making it an attractive destination for investment, trade, visits, and
education.
 Hub for Innovation: Ireland hosts all five of the world's top software companies and 14 of the top 15 medical
technology firms due to its economic stability, business-friendly environment, and access to the EU market.
 Talent Pool: The country boasts a dynamic workforce of globally-connected young professionals from the EU,
contributing to its enterprise culture and innovation ecosystem.
 Education Excellence: Irish universities attract students worldwide with a safe, welcoming, and culturally rich
environment, reflected in Ireland's high ranking on the UN Human Development Index.
Way Forward
Mutual Contributions Enduring Partnerships Future Prospects
 Mutual Contributions: India contributes significantly to Irish society, especially in IT, healthcare, and other
key sectors, strengthening bilateral ties.
 Enduring Partnerships: The partnership transcends trade and investment into areas like culture, sports,
education, and tourism, fostering enduring relationships.
 Future Prospects: Collaborative efforts and support between India and Ireland, along with a focus on young
talent, will continue to shape the partnership positively for years to come, reflecting the Irish saying, "Ar scáth
a chéile a mhaireann na Daoine" (We live in each other’s shadow).
World Sparrow Day 2024

Context: Every year, March 20 marks the observance of World Sparrow Day, highlighting the importance of sparrows
in preserving biodiversity and ecological equilibrium.
Key Highlights of World Sparrow Day Key Facts About Sparrows

2024
 Theme: The theme for World •Importance: Sparrows play a crucial role in biodiversity and plant
Sparrow Day 2024 is “Sparrows: growth by consuming and excreting seeds, aiding in seed dispersion
Give them a tweet-chance!”, “I Love and vegetation promotion.
Sparrows”, and “We Love •Threats: Sparrow populations face declines due to habitat
Sparrows”. degradation, urbanization, and changes in agricultural practices. Loss
of nesting sites, foraging areas, and declining insect populations are
major contributing factors.
•Conservation: Efforts Conservation initiatives include urban
greening projects and agroecological practices to create suitable
habitats for sparrows.

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 History: The inaugural World Sparrow Day was on March 20,

2010, initiated in India by the Nature Forever Society founded by
Mohammed Dilawar, an Indian conservationist. The society's goal
is to underscore the significance of conserving house sparrows and
other common birds.
Common Sparrow Species Habitat and Distribution in India

 House Sparrow (Passer domesticus): Found in urban and rural
areas, widely distributed across India. It is the state bird of Bihar and
Delhi, with a conservation status of Least Concern on the IUCN Red
List.
 Eurasian Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus): Prefers woodlands,
parks, and gardens, found in various regions across India but less
common than house sparrows.
 White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis): Mainly in
northern regions and mountainous areas like Jammu & Kashmir or
Himachal Pradesh.
 Chestnut-shouldered Petronas (Petronia xanthocollis): Inhabits
dry forests and scrublands, found in regions like Rajasthan or
Gujarat.
 Rufous Treepie (Dendrocitta vagabunda): Prefers wet regions
and forests, commonly seen in areas such as Assam or West Bengal.
 Baya Weaver (Ploceus philippinus): Found in coastal areas and
wetlands, commonly observed in coastal regions like Goa or Kerala.
Other Important Days

Date Event Details and Significance
1 March Zero Discrimination Zero Discrimination Day is celebrated globally on March 1 every year so
Day that everyone lives life with dignity regardless of age, gender, ethnicity,
skin colour, height, weight, etc. The symbol of Zero Discrimination Day is
the butterfly. Firstly, on March 1, 2014, the UN celebrated this day.
1 March World Civil Defense World Civil Defense Day is celebrated every year on March 1 to bring the
Day attention of the world public to the importance of civil protection and to
pay tribute to the efforts, sacrifices, and accomplishments of all the services
responsible for fighting against disasters. The International Civil Defence
Organization (ICDO) decided to celebrate this day in 1990.
1 March Employee Employee Appreciation Day is observed on March 1. The day reminds us
Appreciation Day that for any successful business it is important to have a strong employer-
employee relationship.
1 March Self-Injury Awareness Its purpose in celebrating the day is to remove the stigma attached to self-
Day injury and to encourage parents, family members, educators, and healthcare
professionals to recognise signs of self-harm.
3 March World Wildlife Day This day is celebrated globally on 3rd March and is closely aligned with
Sustainable Development Goal 12 that is Life without water, which focuses
on marine species and highlights the problems, critical issues of marine
wildlife to our everyday life. The theme of World Wildlife Day 2023 is
“Recovering key species for ecosystem restoration”.

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3 March World Hearing Day World Hearing Day is observed on 3rd March every year to raise awareness
about how to prevent deafness and to promote hearing across the world.
4 March National Safety Day National Safety Day is celebrated in India on 4th March by the National
Safety Council of India. This day is celebrated to make people get safe from
several issues like financial loss, health problems, and also any other
problems that people are facing in their life.
8 March International Women's This day is observed globally every year on 8 March to celebrate the social,
Day economic, cultural, and political achievements of women. Also, it is an
action for accelerating gender parity. Purple is the colour that symbolizes
women internationally. The combination of the purple, green and white
colour is to symbolize the equality of women which is originated from the
Women's Social and Political Union in the UK in 1908.
10 March CISF Raising Day The Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) Raising Day is observed
every year on 10 March. The CISF was set up in 1969 under the act of the
Parliament of India. It works under the Union Ministry of Home Affairs
and its headquarter is in New Delhi. This organization works for seaways,
airways, and some of the major installations in India. There are some
reserved battalions in the CISF which work with the state police to protect
law and orders.
13 March No Smoking Day No Smoking Day is observed every year on the second Wednesday of
(Second Wednesday of March to raise awareness about the harmful health effects of tobacco via
March) smoking and to encourage people all over the world to quit smoking.
14 March Pi Day On 14 March Pi Day is celebrated around the world. Pi is a symbol used in
mathematics to represent a constant. It is the ratio of the circumference of
a circle to its diameter which is approx. 3.14.
14 March International Day of Every year on 14 March, the International Day of Action for Rivers is
Action for Rivers observed to raise voices to protect rivers and demand for improving the
policies for Rivers. It is a day to educate one another about the threats facing
our rivers and to find solutions.
15 March World Consumer It is observed on 15 March every year for raising global awareness about
Rights Day consumer rights and needs. This day is a chance to demand that the rights
of all consumers are respected and protected and to protest against social
injustices.
15 March World Sleep Day World Sleep Day is held the Friday before the Spring Vernal Equinox of
each year. This year, it will be observed on 15 March. It is a call to action
on important issues related to sleep, including medicine, education, social
aspects, and driving. The slogan of 'Sleep is essential for Health'.
16 March National Vaccination On 16 March every year, National Vaccination Day is observed in India
Day which is also known as National Immunisation Day (IMD). It was first
observed on 16 March 1995 when the first dose of the Oral Polio Vaccine
was given. It is an attempt to increase awareness for the eradication of polio
from the planet earth.
18 March Ordnance Factories On 18th March, Ordnance Factories Day is observed every year all over
Day (India) India. On this occasion, the Ordnance Factory, Field Gun Factory, Small

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Arms Factory, Ordnance Parachute Factory, and Ordnance Equipment
Factory acknowledge the day.
20 March International Day of International Day of Happiness is observed every year on 20 March. Since
Happiness 2013, the United Nations has celebrated this day to recognize the
importance of happiness in the lives of people around the world. The UN
launched the 17 Sustainable Development Goals in 2015 to end poverty,
reduce inequality and protect our planet which are the three key aspects that
lead to well-being and happiness.
20 March World Sparrow Day World Sparrow Day is celebrated across the world on 20 March to raise
awareness about the conservation of sparrows. This day also celebrates the
relationship between people and sparrows; spreads a love for sparrows,
awareness about their importance in our lives, etc.
20 March World Oral Health World Oral Health Day is celebrated on 20 March to raise awareness about
Day oral health. The theme of World Oral Health day 2023 is "Be Proud Of
Your Mouth". In other words, value and take care of it.
21 March World Forestry Day On 21st March, World Forestry Day or International Day of Forests is
celebrated every year to raise public awareness about the values,
significance, and contributions of the forests to balance the life cycle on the
earth. In 1971, World Forestry Day was established at the 23rd General
Assembly of the European Confederation of Agriculture.
21 March World Down World Down Syndrome Day is observed every year on 21st March. Down
Syndrome Day syndrome is a naturally occurring chromosomal arrangement in human
which results in variable effects on learning styles, physical characteristics
or health. The General Assembly has declared 21st March in December
2011 as World Down Syndrome Day.
22 March World Water Day On 22 March, World Water Day is observed annually to raise awareness
about the importance of freshwater and advocate for the sustainable
management of freshwater resources. It was recommended to celebrate in
1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
(UNCED) in Rio de Janerio. And then, in 1993 the first World Water Day
is celebrated.
23 March World Meteorological World Meteorological Day is celebrated on 23rd March every year to
Day attract attention towards weather and climate for the safety and well-being
of the society. On 23rd March 1950, the World Meteorological
Organisation came into force. The theme of World Meteorological Day
2023 is "Early Warning and Early Action. Hydrometeorological and
Climate Information for Disaster Risk Reduction."
23 March Martyr's Day Martyr's Day or Shaheed Diwas is observed in India on several dates.
March 23 is remembered as the day when three brave freedom fighters,
namely Bhagat Singh, Shivaram Rajguru, and Sukhdev Thapar, were
hanged by the British. Also, January 30th is observed as Martyr's Day or
Shaheed Diwas in the memory of Mahatma Gandhi.
24 March World Tuberculosis World TB Day is celebrated every year on 24 March annually to
(TB) Day commemorate the date when Dr. Robert Koch announced his discovery of

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacillus that causes TB in 1882. This Day
is observed to educate people about TB, its impact around the world.
25 March International Day of It is observed on 25th March. It is an annual commemoration of unborn
the Unborn Child fetuses and is observed as a day of opposition to abortion.
26 March Purple Day of Epilepsy It is observed on 26 March to spread awareness about epilepsy and its
impact on people's lives. The day also reminds people suffering from
epilepsy that they are not alone.
Important Editorials of the Month

Plastic Are Choking The Himalayan States
Why in News?
Plastic pollution has become a severe environmental crisis in the Indian Himalayan Region, impacting water sources,
biodiversity, and human health. The indiscriminate disposal of plastic waste, exacerbated by rapid urbanization and
increased tourism, has led to alarming levels of pollution. Despite existing regulations and initiatives, the region is
grappling with the adverse consequences of plastic pollution. Therefore, empowering local bodies and creating the
necessary infrastructure for waste management in the Indian Himalayan Region need immediate attention.
Key Highlights
Urbanization Legal Plastic Waste Data Gaps and
Ubiquity of
and Tourism Framework Overshoot Day Management Resource
Plastic
Impact and Initiatives Plastic Challenges Allocation
Convergence
of Schemes
 Ubiquity of Plastic: Plastic is pervasive in the Indian Himalayan Region, found in mountains, rivers, lakes, and
even inside the human body.
o Microplastics, formed through improper disposal, accumulate in glaciers and are released during snow
melting, affecting critical water sources like the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra rivers.
 Urbanization and Tourism Impact: Unplanned urbanization and changing consumption patterns contribute
to the plastic waste crisis.
o Increased tourist footfall aggravates the problem, as highlighted by the Social Development for
Communities Foundation's report on towns drowning in plastic waste in Uttarakhand.
 Legal Framework and Initiatives: The Solid Waste Management Rules (SWM) 2016, Plastic Waste
Management (PWM) Rules 2016, and Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) 2022 form the regulatory
framework.
o States like Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, and Mizoram have enacted laws to curb plastic use, but
challenges persist due to inadequate infrastructure.
 Plastic Overshoot Day Plastic: Overshoot Day in 2023 marked the point where plastic waste surpassed the
capacity of waste management systems in India.

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o Despite claims of a 60% recycling rate, statistical analysis reveals a lower actual recycling rate, and a
significant portion of plastic waste is burned.
 Waste Management Challenges: The duty of waste management falls on local bodies, but the devolution of
power to them is incomplete.
o Waste segregation at source is crucial, but existing practices show landfills overflowing with mixed
waste, causing pollution and environmental damage.
 Data Gaps and Resource Allocation: There is a need to address data gaps in waste generation and quality in
the region.
o Empowering local bodies, creating necessary infrastructure, and promoting waste segregation through
public education campaigns are essential.
 Convergence of Schemes: Convergence of existing schemes like Swachh Bharat Mission, Mahatma Gandhi
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, and Finance Commission grants could enhance infrastructure and
operations.
o The Swachh Bharat Kosh Trust and Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation
(AMRUT) can be utilized to channel resources for combating plastic pollution in the Indian Himalayan
Region.
Indian Himalayan Region

 The Indian Himalayan Region is spread
across 13 Indian States/Union Territories
namely:
o Jammu and Kashmir
o Ladakh
o Uttarakhand
o Himachal Pradesh
o Arunachal Pradesh
o Manipur
o Meghalaya
o Mizoram
o Nagaland
o Sikkim
o Tripura
o Assam
o West Bengal
 It stretches across 2500 km. Nearly 50 million people reside in this region, which is characterized by a diverse
demographic, and versatile economic, environmental, social and political systems.
Indian Himalaya And Waste Crisis?

 Significance of the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR): Home to one of the 34 global biodiversity hotspots, the
IHR includes states, union territories, and hill districts.
o Provides crucial ecosystem goods and services, supporting 50 million people and constituting 16.2% of
India's total geographical area.
o The Himalaya serves as the source of water for the Indo-Gangetic plains.
 Waste Crisis in the IHR: The fragile socio-ecology of the IHR is facing a waste crisis, especially concerning
plastic waste.

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o Rapidly changing
production and Findings from The Himalayan Cleanup and Waste Audit
consumption patterns,  The Himalayan Cleanup initiatives from 2018 to 2022 and the
along with increasing National Productivity Council of India's waste and brand audit
tourist footfalls, contribute highlight the increasing presence of plastic waste, especially non-
to the exacerbation of the recyclables, in the IHR.
waste crisis.
 Changing waste profiles, with a large volume of multi-layered
o Even remote villages in the
plastics (MLP), pose challenges for effective solutions.
IHR are not immune to
plastic pollution.  Home-based waste audits in 2021 and 2022 show a significant
 Waste Disposal Practices: Solid portion of plastic waste, particularly related to food packaging.
waste is predominantly dumped  The results of the waste audit from The Himalayan Clean-up in
unsegregated in landfills, down 2022 revealed that 92.7% of the waste consisted of plastic, of
hills, rivers, and streams, and often which 72% was non-recyclable plastic.
burned.  B) At the Ramsar site of Deepor Beel in Assam, Greater Adjutant
o Limited waste collection storks have been observed consuming plastic waste from the
and insufficient linkages to landfill instead of relying on fish from the wetland.
recycling units result in a
significant amount of
plastic ending up in the environment.
 Link between Changing Food Trends and Waste Crisis: Changing food habits contribute to a shifting waste
profile, with a focus on food and drinks packaging.
o Increased consumption of packaged food with excess sugar and salt leads to health issues, while the
associated plastic packaging exacerbates the waste crisis.
 Need for Contextualized Legal Framework: The legal framework for waste management, including Waste
Management Rules, needs contextualization to address specific issues and challenges of the mountainous
region.
o Appropriate resource allocation and support, considering the rich biodiversity, ecological sensitivity,
and geographical challenges, is essential to tackle the waste crisis in the Himalayan region.
Why The Himalayas Are Drowning In Waste?
Implementat Waste
ion Generation Data Gaps Tourism
Challenges Waste Adverse
in the Indian and Impact Influence on
in the Disposal Effects on
Himalayan on Waste
Himalayan Practices Biodiversity
Region Biodiversity Generation
Region (IHR)
The Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change announced a ban on certain single-use plastics, including
disposable cutlery, balloons, and polystyrene, starting from July 2022.
 Implementation Challenges in the Himalayan Region: The implementation of the pan-India ban poses
significant challenges, particularly in smaller towns and hilly areas, including the Himalayan region.
o Monitoring the ban across diverse terrains and regions is anticipated to be a Herculean task.
 Waste Generation in the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR): Reports from NITI Aayog and the World Bank
estimate that the IHR generates more than five to eight million metric tons of waste annually.

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o Uttarakhand and
Himachal Pradesh, with
over 400 million tourists
since 2010, face
challenges in solid waste
management, leading to
poor waste collection
and infrastructure.
 Waste Disposal Practices: Over
60 percent of waste in the IHR is
dumped, burned, or swept
downstream into key rivers like
the Ganga, Yamuna, and Sutlej
due to inadequate waste
management practices.
o Poor waste collection
infrastructure
exacerbates the issue,
disproportionately
affecting marginalized
communities.
 Data Gaps and Impact on Biodiversity: The World Bank report highlights a lack of sufficient data on the
quantity and type of waste generated in the Himalayan landscapes.
o Waste collection systems are primarily present in urban areas, with collected waste often dumped in
open landfills near rivers, adversely impacting marginalized communities and local flora and fauna,
including rare species on the verge of extinction.
 Tourism Influence on Waste Generation: Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh, popular tourist destinations
with over 400 million visitors since 2010, face challenges in managing the waste generated by the tourism
industry.
 Adverse Effects on Biodiversity: The dumping of waste has detrimental effects on the more than 30,000
species of local flora and fauna, some of which are rare and face extinction, emphasizing the environmental
impact of poor waste management practices in the Himalayan region.
Waste Management Challenge in the Himalayas

Changing
Waste Generation in Tourism Influence on Infrastructure
Consumption
Rural Areas Waste Generation Challenges
Patterns
Extended Producer
Policy Enforcement Global Investment
Responsibility (EPR) Insufficient Funding
Challenges Needed
Challenges
 Changing Consumption Patterns: Historical reliance on biodegradable waste in rural and hilly areas has
shifted due to the introduction of non-biodegradable materials, especially fast-moving consumer goods
(FMCGs) in multilayered plastic packaging.
o Traditional household products made of local materials are being replaced by cheaper plastic
alternatives, leading to increased non-biodegradable waste generation.
 Waste Generation in Rural Areas: Villages with road access to tourist destinations generate around 6 kg of
waste per household monthly, while remote villages generate over 2 kg of dry waste per household monthly.
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o Popular tourist destinations, like the Govind Wildlife Sanctuary, generate significant amounts of dry
waste, contributing to environmental pollution.
 Tourism Influence on Waste Generation: Increased tourism in Himalayan states influences local residents to
adopt urban consumption patterns, leading to a higher demand for packaged FMCGs, PET bottles, and single-
use plastics.
o Widespread littering, dumping, and burning of waste occur in and around tourist areas, exacerbating
the waste problem.
 Infrastructure Challenges: Difficult Himalayan terrain increases operational costs, complicates transportation
logistics, and widens the distance from recycling facilities.
o Insufficient infrastructure for waste collection, dry waste processing, and wet waste processing in the
Indian Himalayan Region (IHR).
 Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) Challenges: Despite the mandate for FMCG brands to support
reverse logistics for plastic waste under the Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016, most brands do not invest
in hilly areas due to high collection costs.
o Local brands in villages lack the capacity for reverse logistics, and waste left behind by tourists often
goes uncollected or recycled.
 Policy Enforcement and Collaboration Challenges: Sporadic waste collection in the IHR, with informal
waste pickers focusing mainly on urban and tourist areas.
o Lack of collaboration and coordination among government departments hampers effective waste
management efforts.
o Social stigma associated with waste-related livelihoods poses a challenge in rural areas.
 Insufficient Funding and Systemic Nature of the Problem: Insufficient per capita funding from the central
government under the Swachh Bharat Mission-Gramin guidelines for gram panchayats in hilly areas.
o The systemic nature of the waste management problem requires comprehensive efforts, and current
initiatives are deemed inadequate in addressing the scale of the issue.
 Global Investment Needed: Emphasis on the urgent need for significant global investment, similar to efforts
to tackle ocean plastic pollution, to address and protect the Himalayas from the waste management crisis.
Concerns Regarding Plastic Waste

Management in India
 Excessive Mismanaged: Waste In 2023, India Excessive Mismanaged
encountered its plastic overshoot day on January
6th, highlighting a shocking scenario.
o Despite claims of a systemic ability to Inadequate Waste Recycling
manage plastic waste, the Extended
Producer Responsibility (EPR) portal of the
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
Neglect of Hill Regions' Special Needs
reveals a very high Mismanaged Waste
Index (MWI) of 98.55%, ranking among
the world's highest after Kenya, Nigeria,
and Mozambique. Environmental Impact of Landfills
 Inadequate Waste Recycling: The Government of

India asserts a 60% plastic waste recycling rate, but statistical analysis by the Centre for Science and
Environment (CSE) using CPCB data exposes a meager 12% achieved through mechanical recycling.
o Approximately 20% of plastic waste is directed towards end-of-life solutions like co-incineration,
plastic-to-fuel, and road-making, signifying a substantial portion being burned and falsely labeled as
'recycling,' while 68% remains unaccounted for.

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 Neglect of Hill Regions' Special Needs: The regulatory framework for plastic waste management in India
includes Solid Waste Management Rules (SWM) 2016, Plastic Waste Management (PWM) Rules 2016, and
EPR 2022.
o While the SWM acknowledges the special needs of hill areas, this consideration is overlooked in
mandates for local bodies and Producers, Importers, and Brand Owners (PIBOs). PWM and EPR fail
to recognize the unique requirements of hill regions.
 Environmental Impact of Landfills: Despite the existence of waste segregation policies, landfills are observed
to overflow with mixed waste.
o Leachate from such mixed waste contributes to soil and groundwater pollution, while emissions from
landfills result in air pollution.
o A substantial volume of recyclable plastic waste remains trapped in landfills, indicating a significant
environmental concern.
Various Steps Required to Mitigate the Crisis in Indian Himalayan Region?

Augmenti
Plugging ng
Data Resource
Integrati s on
ng Gaps
Including Expedite
Tradition Biodivers d Basis
Devolving ity with
Powers to al
Adoption Institutio Waste
of State- Local Managem
World Bodies ns
Specific ent
Ensuring Bank
Study in Initiatives
Adequate
Investme Collabora
nts tion with
KGGTF
 Ensuring Adequate Investments:
Recognizing the systemic nature of Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016
the waste management issue in the The Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016 dictate that those
Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) that generating plastic waste must adopt measures to reduce its
cannot be attributed to a singular generation, prevent the littering of plastic waste, and ensure
institution or stakeholder. segregated storage of waste at its source, among various other
o Urgent action is needed to measures.
align efforts with the scale of
the problem, emphasizing the These rules also outline the responsibilities of entities such as local
necessity for significant bodies, gram panchayats, waste generators, retailers, and street
global investment similar to vendors in effectively managing plastic waste. The objective is to
endeavors tackling ocean stimulate the development of innovative alternatives to plastics and
plastic pollution. establish a roadmap for businesses to transition towards sustainable
o Coordination with Rural plastic packaging.
Residents: Encouraging
collaboration between gram
panchayats, village development officers, and entities like the National Rural Livelihoods Mission to
By providing
overcome the social stigma associated a comprehensive
with waste-related framework, these guidelines aim to
livelihoods.
fortify the circular economy of plastic
o Supporting rural residents in waste collection operations, material recovery,packaging
and waste.
alternative product
market linkages to generate livelihood opportunities.

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 World Bank Study in Collaboration with KGGTF: Highlighting the collaborative study by the World Bank
and the Korean Green Growth Trust Fund (KGGTF) to address the data gap and analyze the current Plastic
Waste Management (PWM) situation in India, Nepal, and Pakistan.
o Recommending a systematic and phased approach to enhance PWM services in these mountainous
regions, acknowledging the simultaneous execution of various Solid Waste Management (SWM)
activities.
 Adoption of State-Specific Initiatives: Recognizing the need for states to adopt successful initiatives
implemented by others.
o Highlighting specific laws and policies enacted by states such as Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Mizoram,
and Tripura to curb plastic use and improve waste management.
o Segregating Different Types of Plastics: Emphasizing the collective mandate of SWM/PWM/EPR for
waste segregation at source.
o Stressing the importance of
segregating not only plastic from other
waste but also different types of
plastics for effective and sustainable
plastic waste disposal.
 Devolving Powers to Local Bodies:

Acknowledging the role of local bodies in
waste management under SWM, PWM, and
EPR.
o Urging for a more comprehensive
devolution of power to local bodies
and highlighting the potential value of
EPR certificates earned by Producers,
Importers, and Brand Owners (PIBOs)
in the IHR.
 Including Traditional Institutions: Urging

the inclusion of traditional institutions within
the definition of local bodies in the IHR, as
seen in several northeastern states.
o Noting the allocation of funds to
traditional institutions under Swachh
Bharat Mission and the Fifteenth
Finance Commission.
 Integrating Biodiversity with Waste

Management: Stressing the need for resource
allocation and support that considers the rich
biodiversity, ecological sensitivity, and
fragility of the IHR.
o Highlighting the importance of addressing specific geographical challenges related to mountain waste
management.
 Plugging Data Gaps: Recognizing the need to fill data gaps concerning the quantity and quality of waste in the
Indian Himalayan Region.

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o Suggesting convergence in existing schemes like SBM, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act, and Finance Commission’s grants to create, maintain, and run waste management
operations.
 Augmenting Resources on Expedited Basis: Proposing the utilization of the Swachh Bharat Kosh Trust to
augment resources through philanthropic contributions and corporate social responsibility funds.
o Advocating for collaboration between the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation
(AMRUT) and Smart Cities Scheme to address scientific waste management in the Indian Himalayan
Region.
Way Forward
Engagement Scheme
Considerations Allocation of
Addressing and Integration for
in Allocating Resources and
Data Gaps Educational Enhanced
Resources Empowerment
Initiatives Resources
 Addressing Data Gaps: Initiating effective waste management in the IHR requires tackling existing data gaps
as the primary step. It is imperative to comprehend both the volume and nature of waste generated in the region's
states, providing the foundation for customized solutions.
 Considerations in Allocating Resources: Crucial to navigating the plastic pollution crisis in the IHR is the
judicious allocation of resources. This allocation must account for the region's abundant biodiversity, ecological
sensitivity, and the distinct challenges posed by its mountainous topography. Recognizing the inadequacy of
traditional waste management methods, there is a pressing need for innovative solutions tailored to the
geographical constraints of the area.
 Allocation of Resources and Empowerment: Ensuring effective waste management in the region demands
sufficient resource allocation, comprehensive infrastructure development, and empowerment of local bodies.
This approach takes into account the ecological sensitivity of the area.
 Engagement and Educational Initiatives: Tackling the plastic waste crisis requires active public involvement
facilitated by ongoing education campaigns and initiatives promoting waste segregation. Public awareness is
key to sustainable solutions.
 Scheme Integration for Enhanced Resources: Enhancing resources for waste management infrastructure and
operations can be achieved through the strategic convergence of existing schemes. Integrating initiatives like
Swachh Bharat Mission, Finance Commission grants, and corporate social responsibility funds can substantially
boost capabilities in waste management.
Parliamentary Privileges
Why in News?
Recently, the Supreme Court (SC) overturned a 25-year-old majority opinion in the P V Narasimha Rao v
State (CBI/Spe) Case, 1998 also known as the JMM (Jharkhand Mukti Morcha) bribery case. The SC stated
that the bribery is not protected by parliamentary privileges.
Key Highlights
Overruling Reconsideration Purpose of
Case Doctrine of Constitutional
Previous of Previous Legislative
Background Stare Decisis Parameters
Judgment Ruling Privileges
Interpretation Jurisdiction of
Offence of Erosion of Application of
of Bribery and Courts and
Bribery Democracy Privileges
Immunity House
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The Supreme Court ruled that MPs and MLAs cannot claim immunity from prosecution for accepting bribes to cast a
vote or make a speech in a particular fashion.
 Overruling Previous Judgment: The Court unanimously overruled its 1998 judgment in P.V Narasimha Rao
v. State, enabling law
enforcement agencies to About the Privileges Committee
initiate prosecution against It comprises 15 members in the Lok Sabha and 10 in the Rajya Sabha and
legislators in bribery cases
safeguards the freedom, authority, and dignity of Parliament. It examines
under the Prevention of
breaches of privilege, determines facts, and makes recommendations. If a
Corruption Act, 1988.
matter is referred, it investigates and presents a report to the House for
 Case Background: The consideration, followed by a debate and action based on the House’s decision.
case originated from Typically, it handles cases where MPs allege breach of privilege by outsiders
allegations against Sita or other MPs, with powers to recommend admonitions, reprimands,
Soren, a JMM member, suspension, or expulsion, often resolved with an apology.
accused of accepting a bribe
to cast her vote in favor of a
certain candidate in the Rajya Sabha elections of 2012.
What does Article 105(2) and 194(2) say?
Articles 105(2) and 194(2) provide members of
 Reconsideration of Previous Ruling: The ruling
revisited the interpretation of Article 105(2) and Parliament and state legislatures with immunity
Article 194(2) of the Indian Constitution concerning from prosecution in courts for anything they say or
legislative immunity and bribery. any votes they cast in their respective legislative
bodies. This immunity guarantees that legislators
 Doctrine of Stare Decisis: The Court dismissed the can carry out their duties without the threat of legal
contention that overruling the previous judgment repercussions.
violated the doctrine of stare decisis, stating that a
larger bench can reconsider prior decisions in appropriate cases.
 Constitutional Parameters: The judgment emphasized that legislative privileges are subject to constitutional
parameters and can be reviewed judicially.

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 Purpose of Legislative Privileges: The ruling

clarified that legislative privileges aim to sustain What are the Parliamentary Privileges?
an environment for debate and deliberation, and Parliamentary privileges refer to special rights,
immunity from prosecution in bribery cases immunities, and exemptions granted to the two Houses of
undermines this purpose. Parliament, their committees, and their members. These
privileges are defined in Article 105 of the Indian
 Interpretation of Bribery and Immunity: The Constitution. They provide members of Parliament with
judgment emphasized that bribery is not immunity from civil liability (but not criminal liability)
immune under Article 105(2) and Article 194(2)
for any statements made or actions taken in the course of
and highlighted a two-fold test for claims of
privilege. their duties. These privileges are applicable only while an
individual is a member of the respective house. Once
 Offence of Bribery: The Court asserted that the membership ends, these privileges cease to apply.
offence of bribery is complete upon acceptance
of the bribe, irrespective of subsequent actions, and highlighted the paradoxical outcome of immunity in certain
scenarios.
 Jurisdiction of Courts and House: The ruling clarified that judicial proceedings and disciplinary actions by
the House operate in distinct spheres and cannot exclude each other.
 Erosion of Democracy: Corruption by legislators erodes the foundation of democracy and undermines probity
in public life.
 Application of Privileges: Legislative privileges apply equally to various functions of legislators, including
Rajya Sabha elections, and extend beyond law-making activities.
Background
•In the 1993 P V Narasimha Rao case, certain members (MPs) of the
Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (JMM) were accused of accepting bribes in
exchange for voting against a No-Confidence motion.
PV Narasimha Rao Case
•This case highlighted allegations of corruption within the parliamentary
system, raising concerns about the integrity of legislative processes and the
accountability of elected representatives.
•The Supreme Court's ruling in 1998 established immunity for MPs (Members
of Parliament) and Member of Legislative Assembly (MLAs) from
prosecution in bribery cases as long as they fulfilled their end of the bargain.
•The Supreme Court held that the bribe takers who cast their vote against the
no-confidence motion were immune from criminal prosecution under
Court’s Observation in Parliamentary Privilege (Article 105(2)).
1998 Case
•This decision underscored the importance of stability in governance and the
functioning of parliamentary democracy.
•The court's observation prioritized the smooth operation of the government
over individual accountability, suggesting that prosecuting lawmakers for
bribery could potentially disrupt the stability of the government.

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Different Parliamentary Privileges

Right to Prohibit the
Freedom of Speech Freedom from Right to Exclude
Publication of
in Parliament Arrest Strangers
Proceedings
 Freedom of Speech in Parliament: The freedom

of speech and expression guaranteed to a citizen Limitation of Freedom Of Speech in Parliament
under Article 19(2) differs from that provided to a  Limitations:Freedom of speech in parliament must
member of parliament. adhere to constitutional provisions and
o Guaranteed under Article 105(1) of the parliamentary rules, as stated in Article 118 of the
Indian Constitution, this freedom is Constitution.
subject to rules and orders regulating  Article 121 prohibits members of parliament from
parliamentary proceedings. discussing the conduct of Supreme Court or High
 Freedom from Arrest: Members enjoy immunity Court judges while they are performing their duties,
from arrest in any civil case 40 days before and except in cases involving a motion to present an
after the adjournment of the house or during a
address to the President requesting the judge's
session.
removal.
o Arrest within the Parliament's limits
requires the house's permission.
o If a member is detained, the chairman or speaker must be informed of the reason for the arrest. However,
arrest outside the house's limits can occur on criminal charges under acts such as the Preventive
Detention Act, the Essential Services Maintenance Act (ESMA), or the National Security Act (NSA).
Privileges of Individual Member

•Freedom of Speech in Parliament (Article 105(1))
•Immunity to a Member from any proceedings in any court in respect of anything said or any vote
given by him in Parliament or any Committee thereof [Article 105(2)].
•Immunity to a person from proceedings in any court in respect of the publication by or under the
authority of either House of Parliament of any report, paper, votes or proceedings (Article
105(2)).
•Prohibition on the Courts to inquire into the validity of any proceedings in Parliament on the
ground of any alleged irregularity of procedure. [Article 122(1)].
•Freedom from arrest of Members in civil cases during the continuance of the meeting of the
House or of a Committee thereof and forty days before its commencement and forty days after its
conclusion (Section 135A of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908).
Collective Privilege of House

•Right of the House to receive immediate intimation of the arrest, detention, conviction,
imprisonment and release of a Member.
•Immunity from arrest and service of legal process within the precincts of the House without
obtaining the permission of the Chairman/ Speaker.
•Protection of publication of the proceedings of a secret sitting of the House.
•The evidence tendered before a Parliamentary Committee and its report and proceedings cannot
be disclosed or published by anyone until these have been laid on the Table of the House.
•Members or officers of the House cannot give evidence or produce in courts of law, documents
relating to the proceedings of the House without the permission of the House.

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 Right to Prohibit the Publication of Proceedings: Article 105(2) states that no person shall be held liable for
publishing reports or discussions of the house under a member's authority.
o Public dissemination of proceedings is crucial for informing citizens about parliamentary activities of
paramount and national importance.
 Right to Exclude Strangers: Members have the power and right to exclude non-members (strangers) from
house proceedings.
o This right is essential for ensuring free and fair discussions within the house.
Overturning of P.V. Narasimha Rao v. State Case, 1998
Prevention Shift
Emphasis Criminal Limited Upholding
Immunity of Towards
on Bribery Act Immunity Democratic
Overturned Corruption Accountabil
Impact Distinction Scope Ideals
Act ity
A 7-Judge Constitution Bench overturned the 5-Judge Bench verdict of P.V. Narasimha Rao v. State Case, 1998.
 Immunity Overturned: The earlier ruling established immunity for Members of Parliaments (MPs) and
Members of Legislative Assemblies (MLAs) if they cast votes in the House after accepting bribes.
 Emphasis on Bribery Impact: The Supreme Court (SC) emphasized the detrimental impact of bribery on
democratic principles and governance.
 Criminal Act Distinction: Highlighted that accepting a bribe constitutes a separate criminal act, unrelated to
the core duties of lawmakers within the Parliament or legislative assembly.
 Prevention of Corruption Act: Section 7 of the Prevention of Corruption Act deals with ‘offence relating to
public servant being bribed’, emphasizing the criminal nature of bribery.
 Limited Immunity Scope: The immunity provided under Articles 105 and 194 of the Constitution does not
extend to cases of bribery.
 Shift Towards Accountability: This decision signifies a shift towards prioritizing accountability and integrity
in governance over stability alone.
 Upholding Democratic Ideals: Aiming to uphold the
ideals of a responsible, responsive, and representative
democracy in India.

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Arguments For and Against Immunity Against Arrest
Arguments for Arguments against

•Absolute Protection: Advocates contend that •Completion of Offence: Critics argue that the
legislators enjoy complete immunity from legal offence of bribery is consummated upon
action under constitutional provisions. They argue acceptance of the bribe, irrespective of subsequent
that the Speaker holds authority to address moral actions. They advocate holding legislators
infractions through expulsion. accountable from the moment the bribe is
•Interpretation of Articles: The dissenting accepted.
opinion in Narasimha sought to narrow the scope •Legitimate Legislative Actions: Distinguishing
of immunity, but proponents stress adherence to between legitimate and illegitimate actions,
the literal interpretation of constitutional language. advocates assert that actions stemming from
criminal conduct, such as vote-buying, should not
be shielded by immunity.
International Practices Regarding Parliamentary Privileges
United Kingdom Canada Australia
•Parliament at Westminster •The Parliament of Canada has •The Parliament of Australia

enjoys similar privileges, established privileges for its follows similar principles, with
including freedom of speech, members, including freedom privileges enshrined in its
immunity from arrest, and the of speech, immunity from Constitution.
right to regulate its own arrest, and the right to punish •Members enjoy freedom of
proceedings. breaches of privilege. speech, immunity from arrest,
•Privileges are established •These privileges are outlined and the right to regulate their
through a combination of in the Constitution Act, 1867, own proceedings.
statute, common law, and and the Parliament of Canada
precedent. Act.
Is there any need to Codify Parliamentary Priveleges?

For Against
 Clarity and Precision: Codification would provide  Risk of Encroachment on Autonomy:
a clear and precise definition of parliamentary Codification might subject parliamentary affairs to
privileges, eliminating ambiguity and specifying greater judicial scrutiny or government intervention,
what constitutes a violation of privileges. potentially encroaching on legislative autonomy.
 Enhanced Accountability: Clearer guidelines  Against Constitutional Mandate: Article 122
would facilitate better accountability mechanisms, restricts courts from questioning Parliament's
allowing parliamentarians to exercise privileges proceedings, suggesting a potential conflict with
responsibly while subjecting them to appropriate codification efforts.
scrutiny and oversight.  Loss of Flexibility: Codification may limit
 Modernization and Adaptation: Codification flexibility in adapting to unforeseen circumstances
presents an opportunity to update and modernize or changing political dynamics.
laws to reflect contemporary governance practices  Complexity and Lengthy Process: The process of
and societal norms, ensuring relevance and codifying privileges could be complex and time-
effectiveness. consuming, requiring extensive deliberation and
consensus-building.

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 Checks and Balances: Introducing checks and

balances would prevent misuse of privileges and
curtail unnecessary encroachment on press freedom.
Way Forward
Alignment with Preservation of

Purpose of Privileges Responsible Use
Fundamental Rights Democratic Essence
 Purpose of Privileges: Parliamentary privileges are bestowed upon members to facilitate smooth functioning
of legislative processes.
 Alignment with Fundamental Rights: It is imperative that these privileges are in alignment with fundamental
rights, as Members of Parliament (MPs) represent the citizens.
 Preservation of Democratic Essence: Conflict between
privileges and fundamental rights undermines the essence of
democracy.
 Responsible Use: MPs should exercise their privileges
responsibly, ensuring they are not misused or exploited.
India’s Palestine Policy

Why in News?
India’s historical policy towards Palestine has been evolving, but a
permanent fix to the Palestine question should not be lost sight of.
 Historically, India has been a firm supporter of the Palestine
cause.
 And even when India’s relationship with Israel flourished in
the past three decades, New Delhi has maintained a careful
balance between its new partnership and historical
commitment towards Palestine.
 In recent years, there have been questions on whether India is
abandoning this balance and tilting towards the Jewish state
in a changing West Asia, where even Arab nations have been
ready to sidestep the Palestine question for better bilateral ties
with Israel.
Key Highlights
 Immediately after the October 7 Hamas attack in Israel, in
which at least 1,200 people, mostly civilians, were killed,
Prime Minister said he was “deeply shocked by the news of
terrorist attack”. He said, “We stand in solidarity with Israel
at this difficult hour.”
 Mr. Modi, who became the first Indian Prime Minister to visit
Israel in 2017, has a good personal chemistry with Israel
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.

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 On October 26, barely three weeks after the Hamas attack, India abstained from a vote at the United Nations
General Assembly (UNGA) that called for an “immediate, durable and sustainable humanitarian truce” in Gaza.
o India explained its stand by saying that there was no explicit condemnation of the October 7 “terror
attack in the resolution”.
 All these factors suggested that India’s historical policy towards Palestine was undergoing a paradigm shift.
Background & Evolving Approach
India’s Palestine policy has evolved over the years. When the UN General Assembly voted on a resolution to
partition Palestine into a Jewish state, an Arab state and an international city (Jerusalem) in November 1947,
India, along with Pakistan and the Arab bloc, voted against it.
Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru had compared the settler Zionists in historical Palestine to the Muslim League
of undivided India. His position was that India, having gone through the horrors of Partition, should not support
the partition of Palestine.
But when the state of Israel was declared in May 1948, India swiftly adopted a pragmatic line: in 1950, it
recognised Israel, but stopped short of establishing full diplomatic relations.
Throughout the Cold War, India, an advocate of Third World autonomy, was one of the most vocal supporters
of the Palestine cause.
After it established full diplomatic relations with Israel in 1992, bilateral ties between New Delhi and Tel Aviv
began to deepen and broaden (today, Israel is one of India’s major defence and technology partners).
But India publicly maintained its support for “a negotiated solution, resulting in a sovereign, independent, viable
and united State of Palestine, with East Jerusalem as its capital, living within secure and recognized borders,
side by side at peace with Israel, as endorsed in the Arab Peace Initiative, the Quartet Road map and relevant
UNSC Resolutions” — this means that India supported the creation of a Palestine state with East Jerusalem as
its capital and based on the 1967 borders.
This position has evolved further after Mr. Modi became Prime Minister. In February 2018, when he visited
Ramallah in the occupied West Bank, he called for dialogue to find a permanent solution to the crisis, but
stopped short of saying anything on the status of Jerusalem or borders.
It does not mean that India supports Israel’s claim over the whole of Jerusalem (New Delhi voted against the
U.S. decision to recognise Jerusalem as Israel’s capital), but it will not talk about the contentious issues such as
the capital and border any more, while remaining a partner of Israel and a supporter of the two-state solution.
Realpolitik displaces the moral content of India’s Palestine policy.

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After October 7
 A close analysis of India’s voting record at the UN, post-October 7, and the statements made by the Ministry
of External Affairs (MEA) suggests that this position of balancing has not changed.
 It is neither a strong moral critic, like Brazil or South Africa, of the way Israel is conducting the war, nor a mute
spectator or enabler of Israel, like the United States or the United Kingdom.
 A few days after Mr. Modi’s tweet declaring solidarity with Israel over the “terror attack”, the MEA stated that
India backed “a sovereign, independent viable state of Palestine”. After its first abstention, there were at least
four votes at the UNGA on Israel.
 On November 12, 2023, India voted in favour of a resolution that condemned Israeli settlements “in the
occupied Palestinian territories, including East Jerusalem and the occupied Syrian Golan”.
 Two weeks later, New Delhi voted in favour of another resolution that expressed “deep concern” over Israel’s
continuing occupation of Syria’s Golan Heights.
 On December 12, India supported a resolution that called for “an immediate humanitarian ceasefire”. And on
December 19, it voted for the Palestinian right to self-determination.
The voting record speaks for itself. One cannot have a two-state solution if Israeli settlements continue in Palestinian
territories. And the only path towards a solution is diplomacy, not war, as there is no balance of power between Israel,
the mightiest military in West Asia, and the Palestinian militants.
So, in essence, if one supports the two state-solution, there should be a call for an immediate end to violence, support
dialogue, condemn settlements and, in principle, back Palestinian right to self determination. This is what India has
done, unlike the U.S., which claims to be supporting the two-state solution while voting against all resolutions at the
UN and refusing to back the ceasefire call.
Current Policy and Diplomatic Nuances

Relations with Israel as a  India's relations with Israel have strengthened considerably in recent years,
National Interest encompassing various sectors like trade, technology, defense, and counter-
terrorism cooperation.

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 India's support for Israel is seen as a response to its fight against cross-border
terrorism, although the situations in Israel and India differ significantly.
Stands With Palestne’s  Besides growing relations with Israel, India has reiterated its stand for
Cause Palestine's cause.
• Amid the ongoing tensions, USD 29.53 million has been contributed
by India to the UN Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) for Palestinian
refugees.
 India also sent nearly 6.5 tonnes of medical aid and 32 tonnes of disaster relief
material for the people of Palestine.
India Balancing its Stance  In 2017, the Indian Prime Minister for the first time visited Israel and in 2018
he made an official visit to Palestine for the first time.
 In 2017, India voted against the U.S. and Israel for an attempt to declare
unilaterally all of Jerusalem as the Israeli capital.
 India's policy is clear, they condemn terrorism but do not support
indiscriminate reprisal bombings.
India's Official Stand  India's official position on the Israel-Palestine conflict remains unchanged,
advocating for a two-state solution with Israel and Palestine as good
neighbors.
• It was only after the mediation of the US, in the 1991 Madrid Peace
conference a two-state solution was agreed to resolve the Israeli-
Palestinian conflict.
 This is evidenced by the Indian Prime Minister's visit to Ramallah in the West
Bank in 2018.
Indian and Palestine Relations
United Nations
Relief and
Culture &
The Palestine- Works Agency MOUs between
IBSA People to
Bilateral Trade India Techno for Palestine India and
Cooperation People
Park Refugees in the Palestine
relations
Near East
(UNRWA)
IBSA Cooperation
 India, Brazil, South Africa (IBSA) Fund has also financed five projects in Palestine, namely
Phase I and Phase
II of Setting Up of Rehabilitation
Indoor
Cardiothoracic Unit Centre for People
Multipurpose Atta Habib Medical
of Palestinian Red with Mental
Sports Complex in Center in Gaza
Crescent Society’s Disabilities in
Ramallah
Al Quds hospital in Nablus
Gaza
Bilateral Trade
 Trade between India and Palestine is conducted through Israel and therefore, comprehensive trade statistics are
not available.
 Limited data suggests that India-Palestine annual bilateral trade is worth about US$ 40 million
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 Indian exports include

Raw
Marble, Bags for
material
granite Basmati Cashew Sweet the
for Coffee Sugar Sacks
and other Rice nuts biscuits packing
making
stones of goods
vaccines
 Palestinian exports are mainly virgin olive oil and its fractions, dates, etc.
 In terms of sectors automotive spare parts, medical tourism, agro-products, textiles, fabrics, readymade
garments, household appliances, stationery products, leather and leather products, agrochemicals, plastic
products, pharmaceuticals and engineering goods could be the target sectors for Indian manufacturers and
exporters.
Culture & People to People relations
 Indian arts and culture, especially Indian movies are very popular in Palestine.
 Several cultural activities, including film shows and photo exhibitions have been organized by the
Representative Office of India in various Palestinian cities in addition to screening of documentaries prepared
by Public Diplomacy division, MEA in local TV channels, schools and youth clubs.
 The first Indian restaurant in Ramallah was opened in January 2018.
 India-Palestine Youth Exchange Programme was started in 2017.
The Palestine-India Techno Park
 The park will be located next to  The Techno Park is meant to create a national business
the Birzeit University Academic environment and culture “that will enable knowledge-based and
Campus. creative enterprises as well as technology clusters to successfully
 The Representative of India to operate locally, regionally and globally”.
Palestine, Sunil Kumar, released  Its objectives include establishing an environment that is
third tranche of funding, worth $3 accessible to industry, supporting the process of commercialization
million, for the construction of a and industrialization, supporting entrepreneurship and bridging the
Palestine-India Techno Park. knowledge gap between the private sector and academia.
 In total, India has made a  India’s investment towards the park is part of India’s support to the
commitment of investing over Palestinian cause.
$12 million, part of India’s  Once completed, the Technopark will serve as an IT hub in
broader framework of capacity Palestine with complete IT facilities offering a one-stop solution
building in Palestine. The Indian to all IT-related service requirements, providing state of-the-art
government pays $3 million on a technology, hosting IT companies and foreign companies
half- yearly basis. benefitting local business, Universities and other institutions.
United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA)
At the Extraordinary Ministerial Conference of the UNRWA held in Rome in March 2018, India announced the
enhancement of annual contribution to the UNRWA from US$ 1.25 million to US$ 5 million from 2018-19.
MOUs between India and Palestine

 In 1997, an MoU between India and Palestine was signed, which provides for promoting scientific, technical and
industrial cooperation including provision of training facilities in specialized areas and undertaking of mutually
agreed projects.

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 During the visit of President Abbas to India in 2012, three MoUs were signed in the field of setting up of a Centre
of Excellence in IT, Building of two schools in Palestine and providing equipment and training to Vocational
Training Centers in Palestine. During the visit of President of India to Palestine in October 2015, six MOUs were
signed; one between the Palestinian Ministry of Culture and the Indian Council for Cultural Relations and the
remaining five MOUs were signed between Indian and Palestinian Universities.
 During the State Visit of President Abbas to India in May 2017, six MOUs were signed, namely
Agreement for
exemption of MOU between
visas for PTI and
Youth Affairs Information
Agriculture Health Diplomatic & WAFA
& Sports Technology
Official (Palestinian
Passport News Agency)
Holders
 During the visit of Prime Minister in February 2018, six MOUs were signed, namely
MoU for Construction of

India-Palestine Super- MoU for Construction of
School in Muthalath al
Specialty Hospital at Beit School in Tamoon village in
Shuhada village in Jenin
Sahour in Bethlehem Tubas Governorate
Governorate
Governorate

India Palestine Centre for
MoU for Construction of an
Empowering Women MoU for Procurement of
additional floor at
“TURATHI” - a National Equipment and Accessories
Jawaharlal Nehru
Centre for Development for New National Printing
Secondary School for Boys
and Marketing of Press in Ramallah
in Abu Dees
Palestinian Heritage
Projects
Scholarships and ITEC training for Palestinian Nationals
ICCR ITEC
•India offers 50 ICCR scholarships for Palestinian •150 slots are offered to Palestine annually under
students annually for higher studies in Graduate, the Indian Technical & Economic Cooperation
Post-Graduate and Ph.D courses in India. Programme (ITEC) for training courses in India
•During the visit of Prime Minister in February aimed at capacity building and skill enhancement.
2018, it was announced that ICCR Scholarships •More than 1000 Palestinian nationals have
for Palestine would be enhanced from 50 to 100 availed ITEC training in India.
from the next academic year.
Implications of Israel Palestine Conflict on India

Defense Deals with  India has a significant defense relationship with Israel, with defense procurement and
Israel technology cooperation. The conflict may impact this relationship, as Israel may focus
more on its security needs during the conflict.
 Israel supplies the most military equipment to India, with the military business between
the two countries worth around USD 2.1 billion.
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Energy Security  India is dependent on oil imports from the Middle East, and any escalation in the region
could affect energy prices and, subsequently, India's economy.
 Since all the world economies are interconnected therefore, if countries like Saudi
Arabia and Iran get involved in ongoing Israel-Palestine conflict then definitely there
will be direct consequences over India’s energy supply, economy and investment.
Impact on India-  The conflict has the potential to affect the stability of the Middle East, a region of
Middle East-Europe strategic importance to India.
Economic Corridor  An escalation of hostilities could have implications for India's interests and
engagements in the region.
 India recently signed the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) as an
ambitious infrastructure project aimed at connecting India, the Middle East, and
Europe through various transportation modes, including shipping and rail networks.
 Instability in the region can create security challenges, and affect the smooth operation
of the IMEC.
Way Forward
 Maintaining a status quo in the Israel-Palestine conflict is a challenging endeavor, and India can play a
constructive role by promoting a peaceful resolution based on a two-nation theory.
 India should continue its diplomatic efforts and use its international influence to encourage both Israel and
Palestine to return to the negotiating table.
 India must continue to act as a mediator and provide humanitarian assistance to the Palestinian people to address
the immediate needs and alleviate suffering in conflict-affected areas.
 Encourage dialogues and exchanges between Israeli and Palestinian civil society groups, academics, and youth
to promote mutual understanding and trust.
India’s free trade pact with four EU nations

Why in News?
India signed a Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA) with a bloc of four European countries — Iceland,
Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland, formally known as the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). The pact has
been in the works since 2008 but slipped off India’s to-do list after the UPA government’s exit.
Key Highlights
Market Access India's Trade Geopolitical Ongoing

Trade Benefits
Improvements Dynamics Significance Negotiations
 Market Access Improvements

o Easier visa rules for Indian services firms, facilitating access to European markets.
o Opportunities for professionals such as architects, accountants, and nurses.
 Trade Benefits
o Duty-free treatment for most goods exports in Switzerland.
o Aim to attract $100 billion of fresh foreign direct investment into India and create a million jobs over
15 years.
o Potential for cheaper wines and chocolates for Indian consumers, along with access to cheaper
machinery for producers.

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 India's Trade Dynamics

o Speedy negotiation and
sealing of the EFTA deal
is commendable.
o Second major trade pact
after the United Arab
Emirates, first with a
western nations' grouping.
o Symbolic significance
indicating India's
willingness to engage in
free trade.
o Departure from past
aversion to trade pacts
since 2014, signaling a
shift towards free trade.
 Geopolitical Significance
o Marks India's openness to include non-trade issues like labor, human rights, environment, and gender
in economic agreements.
o Positive sign for potential allies like the EU, which prioritize such issues.
 Ongoing Negotiations
o Ongoing talks with the European Union (EU) and the United Kingdom, with the latter likely in the final
stages.
o Interim deal with Australia in 2022 yet to be followed through to a comprehensive agreement.
o Talks with the Gulf Cooperation Council since 2004 have not progressed.
o Political frictions have waylaid a deal with Canada.
India and European Free Trade Association (EFTA)

 India and European Free Trade Association (EFTA) signed the Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement
(TEPA) on March 10, 2024.
 The Union Cabinet, chaired by the Hon’ble Prime
Minister, approved the TEPA with EFTA States,
comprising Switzerland, Iceland, Norway, and
Liechtenstein.
 EFTA, established in 1960, promotes free trade and
economic integration for its four Member States.
 Minister of Commerce and Industry, highlighted
TEPA as a modern and ambitious trade agreement,
marking India's first FTA with four developed
nations.
 TEPA encompasses 14 chapters focusing on various
aspects including market access, rules of origin,
trade facilitation, and sustainable development.
 Switzerland is India's largest trading partner among
EFTA countries.
 Key highlights of TEPA include commitments to increase foreign direct investments by $100 billion and create
1 million direct jobs in India over the next 15 years.

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 EFTA offers market access covering 92.2%

of its tariff lines, while India covers 82.7% India and EFTA
of its tariff lines.
•India's exports to EFTA nations totaled USD 1.92 billion,
 TEPA facilitates services exports, including with imports reaching USD 16.74 billion in 2022-23.
IT services and professional services, with •Bilateral trade between India and EFTA amounted to USD
commitments from EFTA on digital 18.65 billion during the same period.
delivery and commercial presence. •Switzerland emerges as India's primary trading partner,
 Provisions for Mutual Recognition followed by Norway.
Agreements in Professional Services are •Notably, India experiences a trade deficit with Switzerland,
included in TEPA. primarily due to gold imports.
•In March 2024, India and the European Free Trade
 TEPA addresses Intellectual Property Association signed a Trade and Economic Partnership
Rights at TRIPS level and promotes Agreement (TEPA).
sustainable development and environmental
protection.
 It fosters transparency, efficiency, and
simplification of trade procedures.
 TEPA empowers Indian exporters and provides
opportunities for services sector to access more
markets.
 It offers integration into EU markets, particularly
through Switzerland, and encourages domestic
manufacturing under "Make in India" and
Atmanirbhar Bharat initiatives.
 TEPA aims to accelerate the creation of direct jobs
and facilitate technology collaboration and access
to leading technologies over the next 15 years.
European Free Trade Association (EFTA)
•An intergovernmental organization established to promote free

trade and economic integration among its four Member States:
About EFTA Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland.
•Aims to benefit its members and their trading partners
worldwide.
•Founded through a Convention signed in Stockholm on January

4, 1960.
History •Initially conceived as an alternative trade bloc for European
states not joining the European Economic Community (EEC),
precursor to the European Union (EU).
•Maintaining and developing the EFTA Convention, governing

economic relations among its four member states.
•Overseeing the European Economic Area (EEA Agreement),
Main Tasks
integrating EU member states with three EFTA states (Iceland,
Liechtenstein, and Norway) into a single market.
•Expanding EFTA's global network of free trade agreements.

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Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA)

Coverage of the Agreement: Consists of 14 chapters covering areas such as trade in goods, rules of origin, intellectual
property rights, trade in services, investment promotion, government procurement, and technical barriers to trade.
Key Highlights
 EFTA pledges to boost investments, aiming to increase foreign direct investments by USD 100 billion in India
over 15 years, creating 1 million direct jobs.
 A historic commitment to promoting targeted Objectives of TEPA
investment and job creation within the FTA  Facilitate trade and investment opportunities
framework. between India and EFTA by eliminating or
 EFTA offers tariff concessions covering 92.2% reducing tariffs and non-tariff barriers across
of its tariff lines, encompassing 99.6% of India's various products.
exports.  Ensure fair and transparent market access
 India reciprocates by offering tariff concessions conditions for service providers and investors,
covering 82.7% of its tariff lines, addressing
enhancing cooperation on intellectual property
95.3% of EFTA exports, notably including gold.
rights (IPRs) protection and enforcement.
 EFTA's market access includes 100% coverage
of non-agricultural products and tariff  Streamline trade procedures, foster customs
concessions on Processed Agricultural Products cooperation, and establish effective dispute
(PAP). resolution mechanisms.
 India provides access to 105 sub-sectors, with
commitments secured from Switzerland (128),
Norway (114), Liechtenstein (107), and Iceland (110).
 TEPA incorporates provisions for Mutual Recognition Agreements in professional services such as nursing,
chartered accountancy, and architecture.
Significance of TEPA
Knowledge
Investment Trade Geopolitical Template for
Market Access Sharing and
Boost Expansion Significance Future Deals
Innovation
Free Trade Streamlined Sustainable

Champion Processes Development
 Investment Boost: The anticipated USD 100 billion in FDI from EFTA countries over 15 years is crucial for
India's infrastructure development, technological advancement, and job creation. TEPA will give impetus to
“Make in India” and Atmanirbhar Bharat by encouraging domestic manufacturing in sectors such as
Infrastructure and Connectivity, Manufacturing, Machinery, Pharmaceuticals, Chemicals, Food Processing,
Transport and Logistics, Banking and Financial Services and Insurance.
 Trade Expansion: TEPA would stimulate our services exports in sectors such as IT services, business services,
personal, cultural, sporting and recreational services, other education services, audio-visual services etc.
 Market Access: Under the India-EFTA free-trade agreement, Indian customers will get access to high-quality
Swiss products such as watches, chocolates, biscuits, and clocks at lower prices as India will phase out customs
duties under the trade pact on these goods over 10 years.

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 Geopolitical Significance: The deal strengthens India's economic ties with Europe, fostering a more multipolar
global trade landscape. This reduces dependence on any single trading partner and provides strategic benefits
for India.
 Knowledge Sharing and Innovation: The deal can foster knowledge sharing and joint research ventures,
accelerating India's technological development. It facilitates technology collaboration and access to world-
leading technologies in precision engineering, health sciences, renewable energy, Innovation and R&D.
 Template for Future Deals: The successful implementation of the India-EFTA TEPA can serve as a template
for future trade agreements with other
European nations like the UK and
potentially even the EU. TEPA
provides an opportunity to integrate
into EU markets. Over 40% of
Switzerland’s global services exports
are to the EU. Indian companies can
look to Switzerland as a base for
extending its market reach to EU.
 Free Trade Champion: India's
successful negotiation and signing of
the TEPA reinforces its image as a
champion of free trade. This can attract
further foreign investment and position
India as a key player in the global trade
arena.
 Streamlined Processes: The
agreement goes beyond just tariffs,
addressing areas like intellectual
property rights, services trade, and
government procurement. This
comprehensive approach fosters a
stronger economic partnership with
long-term benefits. Commitments related to Intellectual Property Rights in TEPA are at the TRIPS level.
 Sustainable Development: The TEPA incorporates provisions for promoting sustainable development
practices in trade and investment. This ensures environmentally conscious growth and aligns with global
sustainability goals.
Key Issues in the India-EFTA Agreement
The USD 100- Non-Tariff

Exclusion Data Difference in Domestic
Million Legal Barriers
from FTA Exclusivity Income Level Resistance
Commitment (NTBs)

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 Exclusion from FTA

o Sensitive sectors like agriculture and dairy are excluded from significant tariff reductions.
o Sectors such as dairy, soya, coal, and sensitive agricultural products are on the exclusion list, without
duty concessions.
o The effective duty on Gold, a major EFTA export to India, remains untouched, potentially limiting
benefits for some exporters.
 The USD 100-Million Legal Commitment: If the USD 100-million investment commitment isn't met, India
can "re-balance or suspend" duty concessions.
 Data Exclusivity: Proposal for data exclusivity (DE) could delay generic drug manufacturing, as it prevents
utilization of original patent holders' preclinical and clinical trial data.
 Difference in Income Level: Significant disparity in per capita incomes between India and EFTA countries
needs consideration for equal opportunity.
 Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs): Streamlining differing product standards and technical regulations is crucial to
avoid hurdles for businesses.
 Domestic Resistance: Concerns about job losses or unfair competition from EFTA imports may arise in certain
Indian sectors.
Way Forward to Ensure Success of the India-EFTA Deal
Bridging the Regulatory

Addressing Asymmetries Building Capacity By
Gap Through Fostering Collaboration
by Finding Common Providing Tools for
Streamlining for With A Shared Vision
Ground Growth
Efficiency
Addressing Asymmetries by Finding Common Ground

 Include provisions for investment protection to foster a conducive business environment.
 Consider phased tariff reductions for sensitive sectors like agriculture.
 Provide compensation packages for affected industries and establish an effective dispute resolution mechanism.
Bridging the Regulatory Gap Through Streamlining for Efficiency
 Reduce non-tariff barriers such as technical regulations and customs procedures.
 Establish Mutual Recognition Agreements (MRAs) and joint technical committees for harmonizing regulations.
Building Capacity By Providing Tools for Growth
 Invest in training programs for customs officials and businesses.
 Upgrade infrastructure to handle increased trade volume efficiently.
Fostering Collaboration With A Shared Vision
 Maintain regular dialogues between governments, businesses, and civil society.
 Encourage knowledge exchange programs to benefit from best practices and technological advancements.
E-Evidence & New Criminal Law

Why in News?
The text discusses the enactment of three new criminal laws in India, namely the Bharatiya Nyay Sanhita, Bharatiya
Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, and Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, scheduled to come into force on July 1, 2024.

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Additionally, Section 106(2) of the Bharatiya Nayay Sanhita has been temporarily put on hold by the Central
government. The Ministry of Home Affairs and State governments are making preparations for a smooth transition.
Key Highlights
Clarity on
Enactment of New Section 106(2) on Preparations for Electronic
Electronic Record
Laws Hold Transition Evidence Changes
Definitions
Increased Call for General

Expert
Admissibility of Workload for Awareness and
Certification and
Electronic Records Cyber Infrastructure
Hash Algorithms
Laboratories: Readiness
 Enactment of New Laws: Three new criminal laws are introduced to replace existing ones: Bharatiya Nyay
Sanhita (Indian Penal Code replacement), Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (Code of Criminal Procedure
replacement), and Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (Indian Evidence Act replacement). These laws are set to be
effective from July 1, 2024.
 Section 106(2) on Hold: Section 106(2) of Bharatiya Nayay Sanhita, imposing 10 years imprisonment for not
immediately reporting fatal accidents, has been put on hold by the Central government.
 Preparations for Transition: The Ministry of Home Affairs and State governments are actively preparing for
a smooth transition to the new laws, with some adjustments made in Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita
regarding investigation and police functioning.
 Electronic Evidence Changes: The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam introduces some changes, such as a slightly
broadened scope of secondary evidence and modifications in provisions related to electronic evidence.
 Clarity on Electronic Record Definitions: Clarity on electronic record definitions, including the definition of
"document" encompassing electronic and digital records. It specifies types of electronic records like emails,
server logs, and messages.
 Admissibility of Electronic Records: The admissibility of electronic records is discussed, referencing Section
63 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, equivalent to Section 65-B of the Indian Evidence Act. The Supreme
Court's ruling in Arjun Panditrao Khotkar vs Kailash Kushanrao Gorantyal & Ors. (2020) is highlighted,
emphasizing the importance of the required certificate for admissibility.
 Expert Certification and Hash Algorithms: Section 63(4) of Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam requires a
certificate to be signed by two persons, including an expert. The expert must verify the certificate using specific
hash algorithms (e.g., SHA1, SHA256, MD5) to ensure the integrity of data. The potential impact on cyber
laboratories and the need for general awareness about encryption methods are discussed.
 Increased Workload for Cyber Laboratories: The requirement for expert certification may increase the
workload of cyber laboratories, especially concerning crimes involving smartphones and electronic records.
There is a concern about the capacity of some labs, as not all are equipped with sufficient manpower or notified
under the IT Act.
 Call for General Awareness and Infrastructure Readiness: A need for a general awareness drive on
encryption methods, particularly for private agencies. Enforcement agencies are urged to ensure that the
necessary infrastructure is in place before the laws come into effect in July 2024.

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Evolution of Criminal Justice
Historical Context
• Throughout India's history, various criminal justice systems have evolved in different regions under
different rulers.
British Rule and Codification
• During the British rule, criminal laws were codified in India. The Indian Penal Code (IPC) was
drafted in 1860, following the establishment of the first law commission in 1834 under the Charter
Act of 1833. The IPC became effective on January 1st, 1862.
Indian Evidence Act (IEA)
• The IEA, originally passed by the Imperial Legislative Council in 1872 during the British Raj,
provides rules governing the admissibility of evidence in Indian courts of law.
Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC)
• The Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), enacted in 1973, provides procedures for administering
criminal law in India. It became effective on April 1st, 1974.
Recent Legislative Changes
• In December 2023, the Indian Parliament passed three significant Bills: Bharatiya Nyaya (Second)
Sanhita, 2023; Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita, 2023; and Bharatiya Sakshya (Second)
Bill, 2023, aiming to overhaul the criminal justice system.

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Introduction of New Bills
Objective
Replacement Modernizati Focus on
and Soul of Consultation Zero FIR Enhanced
of British- on and Forensic
the New Process and e-FIR Punishments
Era Laws Digitization Science
Laws
Abolishment Focus on Crackdown

Judicial Definition of Trial in Overall
of Sedition Women and on Heinous
Reforms Terrorism Absentia Changes
Law Children Crimes
Union Home Minister Shri Amit Shah introduced three bills in the
Lok Sabha; Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill 2023, Bharatiya Nagarik
Suraksha Sanhita Bill 2023, and Bharatiya Sakshya Bill 2023.
 Replacement of British-Era Laws: The new bills aim to
replace the British-era laws, specifically the Indian Penal Changes in the Bills
Code, 1860; Criminal Procedure Code, 1898; and Indian
Evidence Act, 1872. •Bharatiya Nagarik
 Objective and Soul of the New Laws: The new laws are Suraksha Sanhita
designed to protect the rights given to Indian citizens by the Bill: 533 sections,
constitution. The emphasis is on justice rather than 160 sections
changed, 9 new
punishment, in contrast to the earlier laws that focused on sections added, and
strengthening British rule. 9 sections repealed.
 Consultation Process: The formulation of these laws •Bharatiya Nyaya
involved extensive consultation, including inputs from 18 Sanhita Bill 2023:
states, 6 union territories, the Supreme Court, High Courts, 356 sections, 175
law universities, Members of Parliament, and the public. sections changed, 8
 Modernization and Digitization: The new laws incorporate new sections added,
modern technologies, including an expanded definition of and 22 sections
documents to include electronic records. The entire process repealed.
from FIR to judgment will be digitized, and videography •Bharatiya Sakshya
during search and seizure is made compulsory. Bill: 170 sections,
23 sections
 Focus on Forensic Science: A historic decision to establish changed, 1 new
the National Forensic Science University is announced. The section added, and
goal is to increase the number of forensic science experts, 5 repealed.
aiming for a conviction ratio above 90%.
 Zero FIR and e-FIR: Introduction of Zero FIR after 75 years of independence for citizen convenience.
Provision of e-FIR and designated police officers to inform the family of the arrested person about the arrest
online and in person.
 Enhanced Punishments: Provisions for harsh punishments in cases of inter-state gangs, organized crimes, and
crimes against women. Introduction of community service as a form of punishment.
 Judicial Reforms: Time limits set for filing charge sheets and framing charges. Courts bound to give notice of
framing charges within 60 days. Online availability of orders within 7 days.
 Abolishment of Sedition Law: The sedition law is to be completely repealed, emphasizing the right to freedom
of speech in a democratic India.
 Definition of Terrorism: For the first time, crimes like secession, armed insurgency, subversive activities,
separatism, and challenges to the unity, sovereignty, and integrity of India are defined as terrorism.
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 Trial in Absentia: A historic decision allows the trial and sentencing of a person declared a fugitive in absentia.
Appeals against the sentence must follow Indian law.
 Overall Changes: A total of 313 changes are made in the laws to bring about widespread changes in India's
criminal justice system, aiming for quicker justice delivery within a maximum of 3 years.
 Focus on Women and Children: Special provisions are made to protect the rights of women and children, with
an emphasis on preventing police misuse of power.
 Crackdown on Heinous Crimes: While repealing certain laws, provisions for punishment for exploiting
women, tackling mob lynching, and cracking down on organized crimes and terrorism are introduced.
Provisions of Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (BSA)

Retained Provisions from IEA, 1872
Admissible Evidence
• Parties can present admissible evidence.

• Admissible evidence includes 'facts in issue' or 'relevant facts.'
Facts in Issue
• Determine the existence, nature, or extent of any right, liability, or disability.
Relevant Facts
• Pertinent to a given case.

• Includes documentary and oral evidence.
Proven Fact
• A fact is considered proven when the Court believes it exists based on presented evidence.
Police Confessions
• Confessions to police officers are inadmissible.

• Confessions in police custody are inadmissible unless recorded by a Magistrate.
• Information received from an accused in custody may be admitted if it distinctly relates to
the fact discovered.

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Key Changes Incorporated in BSA, 2023

Documentary Evidence
 A document includes
electronic records in
addition to writings, maps,
and caricatures.
 Primary evidence includes
original documents,
electronic records, and video
recordings.
 Secondary evidence
expanded to include oral and
written admissions, and
testimony of a qualified
document examiner.
Oral Evidence
 Oral evidence includes
statements made
electronically.
 Allows witnesses, accused
persons, and victims to
testify through electronic
means.
Admissibility of Electronic or
Digital Records as Evidence
 Documentary evidence
includes information in
electronic records stored in
optical or magnetic media
produced by a computer.
 Information may be stored or processed by a combination of computers.
Joint Trials
 In a joint trial, if a confession affects multiple accused, it is treated as a confession against all (IEA provision).
 BSA adds an explanation, stating that a trial involving an absconded accused or one not responding to an arrest
warrant is considered a joint trial.
Concerns Regarding Provisions of Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (BSA)

Tampering of Electronic  Acknowledged susceptibility of electronic records to tampering.
Records  Emphasized the risk of a miscarriage of justice without adequate safeguards.
Ambiguity in  Admissibility of electronic records allowed.
Admissibility of e-  Court discretion to consult an Examiner of Electronic Evidence for opinion.
Records  BSA includes electronic records in the document definition.

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 Retains IEA provision: All documents admissible as primary evidence unless

qualified as secondary (destroyed or with the person against whom it must be
proved).
Information Obtained in  Information from an accused in police custody is admissible if it distinctly
Police Custody relates to the fact discovered.
 Supreme Court and Law Commission reports highlighted concerns about facts
discovered in custody due to duress and torture.
Discrimination Between  Information received from an accused in police custody is admissible if it
Accused relates to a fact discovered.
 Similar information from an accused outside police custody is not admissible.
 BSA retains this distinction.
Steps Need to be Taken to Make BSA More Effective

Recommendations of Standing Committee on Home Affairs (2023)
 Safeguard authenticity and integrity of electronic records prone to
tampering. Recommendations
 Mandate secure handling and processing of electronic records through a of Standing
Committee on
proper chain of custody during investigations.
Home Affairs
(2023)
Guidelines by Karnataka High Court (2021)
 Qualified forensic examiner to accompany the search team.
 Prohibition on Investigating Officer's use of seized electronic devices Guidelines by
during searches. Karnataka High
 Seizure and packing of electronic storage devices in Faraday bags to block Court (2021)
electromagnetic signals.
Directive Proposal of EU Directive Proposal

 Mandate use of electronic evidence only with sufficient evidence of non- of EU
manipulation or forgery.
 Ensure secure handling of evidence from production to chain of custody.
 Involvement of IT experts at the accused's request.
Law Commission
Law Commission Recommendations (2003) Recommendations
(2003)
 Prohibition of provability of facts discovered through threats, coercion,
violence, or torture.
 Relevance of facts discovered in or outside police custody. Malimath
 Presumption of police-caused injuries if a person in custody is injured. Committee
Recommendations
Malimath Committee Recommendations (2003) (2003)
 Introduction of 'social welfare offences' category for minor violations.
 Replacement of adversarial system with a 'mixed system.'
 Reduction of the standard of proof required for conviction.
 Admissibility of confessions made before a senior police officer.
The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam brings clarity to electronic records' definition and admissibility, emphasizing expert
certification and hash algorithms. However, challenges for cyber laboratories are anticipated due to increased workload.
It is crucial for enforcement agencies to raise awareness about encryption methods and ensure necessary infrastructure
before the laws take effect, reflecting a commitment to modernize criminal laws in India for emerging digital challenges.
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A tribe in the Western Ghats in need of a lifeline

Why in News?
The Phani Yerava tribe in Karnataka’s Western Ghats faces challenges like addiction, impacting livelihoods and
education, necessitating policy attention.
Key Highlights
 Makuta village is situated in Karnataka's section
of the Western Ghats.
 It's under Betoli gram panchayat of Virajpet
taluka in Kodagu district.
 The village falls under the Makuta Aranya
Valaya near the Kerti reserved forest.
 The area is part of the Talacauvery sub-cluster,
identified as a World Heritage Site.
 Inhabited by the 'Phani Yerava' tribe, a Girijan
colony.
 19 Yerava households successfully claimed land
under the Forest Rights Act.
 They reside on 135 acres of forest land.
 Historically dependent on the forest for
livelihood.
 Reduced dependence due to tiresome collection
of minor forest produce and exploitation by
middlemen.
 Majority now prefer working as daily laborers,
primarily in Kasaragod, Kerala.
 Collect minor forest produce like fuelwood,
honey, dhoopa, and shekakai for consumption,
not for stockpiling.
 Prevalence of alcohol addiction causing
significant concern.
 Entire community found intoxicated, including
adolescents.
 Addiction affecting children's attendance in
schools and community's awareness of external
affairs.
 Important documents kept in custody of non-
tribal members due to community's condition.
 Efforts by Department of Social Welfare for de-
addiction drives.
 Similar issues found across various tribal
villages in the Western Ghats.
 Lack of attention to social issues in policy matters according to NGOs and government officials.
 Leaders of local tribal communities emphasize the need for serious consideration of social issues by the
government.
 Advocacy for policies beneficial to all tribal communities, not just numerically dominant ones, to address
existential concerns like addiction effectively.

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Forest Rights Act, 2006

Enacted in 2006, the Forest Rights Act (FRA) acknowledges the rights of forest-dwelling tribal communities and
traditional forest dwellers to access forest resources. These resources have been crucial for their livelihoods, habitation,
and socio-cultural practices.
Objectives
 Rectifying historical injustices experienced by forest-dwelling communities.
 Ensuring land tenure, livelihood, and food security for Scheduled Tribes and traditional forest dwellers.
 Strengthening forest conservation efforts by assigning responsibilities and authority to Forest Rights holders for
sustainable resource use, biodiversity conservation, and ecological balance maintenance.
Rights Granted Under the Act

The Forest Rights Act recognizes three types of rights:
Land Rights
•Provides ownership rights for land cultivated by forest dwellers, capped at 4 hectares per family.
•Ownership is limited to cultivated land and inheritance is the sole means of transfer.
•Prohibits sale or transfer of the land to others.
Use Rights
•Grants rights to extract Minor Forest Produce, utilize grazing areas, and access pastoralist routes.
•Excludes rights over timber.
Right to Protect and Conserve

•Empowers forest-dwelling communities to protect and manage forests.
•Crucial for safeguarding forests and wildlife against threats from illegal activities and land encroachment.
Eligibility for Claiming Rights

These Rights can be claimed by:
 Scheduled Tribes residing in and depending on forests for
livelihoods.
 Any community residing in forest lands for at least three
generations (75 years) before December 13, 2005, for
livelihood purposes.
Recognition Process
 Section 6 of the Forest Rights Act outlines a transparent three-
step procedure for rights recognition
 Gram Sabha recommendation regarding land cultivation, minor
forest produce collection, etc.
 Review of Gram Sabha's recommendation by screening
committees at Taluka and District levels.
 Final decision made by the District Level Committee
comprising three government officers and three elected
individuals. Enacted in 2006, the Forest Rights Act (FRA)
acknowledges the rights of forest-dwelling tribal communities

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and traditional forest dwellers to access forest resources. These resources have been crucial for their livelihoods,
habitation, and socio-cultural practices.
Tribal Forest Rights

 Colonial era marked by absolute
state control over forests for
timber demand.
 Indian Forest Act, 1927
established legal framework for
forest control
 Exclusive focus on timber
production detrimental to non-
timber species
 Adivasis heavily dependent on
forests for livelihoods
 Scheduled Tribes and Other
Traditional Forest Dwellers
(Recognition of Forest Rights)
Act, 2006 aimed to secure forest
management rights and land
tenure for forest-dwelling
communities
 SAL 2021 report highlights diminishing
significance of forests for Adivasi
livelihoods in Jharkhand and Odisha
 Majority of Adivasi villages located near
forests
 Low percentage of Adivasi households
report income from Non-Timber Forest
Products (NTFP)
 Forest income contributes only a small
percentage to total income
 Adivasi households near forests earn less
income than those farther away
 Income from forests decreases with
increasing distance from forests
 Adivasis rely on forests for food, fuel,
fodder, housing material, and medicines
 Concerns over decreasing availability of
forest resources due to biodiversity loss
 Spiritual connection of Adivasis with
forests
 Curbing Adivasis' access to forests
increases vulnerability of their livelihoods
 Forest department's focus on timber leads
to loss of biodiversity
 FRA aims to reverse this cycle by granting forest management rights to Adivasis
 FRA encompasses rights of self-cultivation, habitation, grazing, fishing, and access to water bodies in forests
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 Implementation of FRA could significantly change livelihood status of Adivasis in Jharkhand and Odisha.
 Under Forest Rights Act 2006, a total of 21.99 lakh Individual titles and a total of 1.08 lakh Community titles
have been distributed.
Tribals of Western Ghats

Geographical Literacy
Tribal Group Description Population Distribution Main Occupation Rate
Original inhabitants of
Karnataka, with a population of
36,076. Mostly found in
Mysore, Kodagu,
Chamrajanagara, and parts of Karnataka (Mysore,
Shivamoga. Also present in Kodagu, Daily laborers in
border areas of Tamil Nadu and Chamrajanagara), plantations, rarely
Andhra Pradesh. Members of Tamil Nadu, Andhra blend with other
Jenu Kuruba primitive tribal groups. 36,076 Pradesh tribes 36.25%
Original inhabitants of
Nagarhole and Kakanakote Occupations include
forests in Karnataka. Population blacksmithing,
around 11,953. Mostly residing carpentry, collection
in Mysore and Kodagu. Some Karnataka (Mysore, of NTFPs, shifting
also in Tamil Nadu and Kerala Kodagu), Tamil cultivation, livestock
Kadu Kuruba regions. 11,953 Nadu, Kerala nurturing 20.12%
Inhabit regions across Tamil

Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka border
in Western Ghats, and parts of
Puducherry. Considered Tamil Nadu, Kerala,
primitive in Kerala. Hindu by Karnataka, Cultivation,
Kattunayakan religion, speak local languages. NA Puducherry collection of NTFPs NA
Primitive tribals scattered over Alcohol

Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and consumption,
Kerala. Particularly found in smoking, poor
Udupi, Kodagu, and parts of Tamil Nadu, dietary habits,
Korga Nilgiri hills. NA Karnataka, Kerala malnutrition 5-6%
Primitive tribals of Tamil Nadu,

residing in thickly forested Knowledge of
slopes and foothills of Western Tamil Nadu (Western medicinal and
Yarava Ghats and Nilgiri hills. NA Ghats, Nilgiri hills) aromatic plants 8.56%

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Empowering Tribals, Transforming India

Pradhan Mantri
Empowerment
Recognition of Janjati Adivasi
through Educational Economic
Tribal Nyaya Maha
Constitutional Empowerment Empowerment
Contributions Abhiyan (PM
Safeguards
JANMAN)
Infrastructure
Tribal Welfare Honoring Tribal
Development and
Health Initiatives Beyond Ministry of Heritage and
Livelihood
Tribal Affairs Legacy
Opportunities
Recognition and Commemoration of Tribal Contributions

 Tribal movements integral to India's history.
 Recognition of Tribal Freedom Fighters'
sacrifices.
 Commemoration of Bhagwan Birsa Munda's
birth anniversary as Janjatiya Gaurav Divas.
Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha

Abhiyan (PM JANMAN)
 Launched for the development of Particularly
Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs).
 Budget of approximately Rs 24,000 crore.
 Focus on basic facilities, education, health, and
livelihood opportunities.
Empowerment through Constitutional Safeguards

and Legislation
 Special provisions in the Constitution for tribal
welfare.
 Ministry of Tribal Affairs established in 1999.
 Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006.
Educational Empowerment
 Establishment of Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS).
 Scholarship and Fellowship Programs for ST students.
Economic Empowerment
 Increased budget allocation for Ministry of Tribal Affairs.
 Financial support for entrepreneurship and tribal livelihoods.
 Initiatives through TRIFED for marketing tribal products.
Infrastructure Development and Livelihood Opportunities: Pradhan Mantri Adi Adarsh Gram Yojana (PMAAGY)
for basic infrastructure in tribal villages.

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Health Initiatives
 Focus on health issues Tribal Special Central Assistance to Tribal Sub-Plan (SCA to
specific to tribal Schemes TSP)
communities, such as Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY)
Sickle Cell Disease.
 National Health Mission Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY)
initiatives.
Forest Rights Act (FRA)
Tribal Welfare Beyond Ministry Integrated Tribal Development Programme (ITDP)
of Tribal Affairs
 Cross-sectoral initiatives Adivasi Mahila Sashaktikaran Yojana (AMSY)
for tribal welfare, including
housing, road connectivity, PM PVTG Mission
financial empowerment,
and sanitation. Eklavya Model Residential Schools
Honoring Tribal Heritage and Pradhan Mantri Adi Adarsh GramYojna

Legacy
 Museums and memorials Pradhan Mantri Janjatiya Vikas Mission (PMJVM)
dedicated to tribal freedom
fighters.
 Development of national memorials like Mangarh Dham.
Constitutional Provisions for Tribal Development and Safeguard

Constitutional
Provisions Description
Empowers states to make provisions for reservation in appointments or posts for any backward
Article 16(4) class to ensure adequate representation.
Allows states to make provisions for reservation in promotions for SC/STs if they are not
Article 16(4A) adequately represented in services under the state.
Clarifies that backlog vacancies will not be considered together with the vacancies of the
Article 16(4B) current year for determining the ceiling of 50 percent reservation.
Applies the Fifth Schedule provisions for the administration and control of Scheduled Areas
and Scheduled Tribes in states other than Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Tripura, which are
Article 244(1) covered under the Sixth Schedule.
Provides Grants-in-Aid to specified states (STs & SCs) covered under the Fifth and Sixth
Article 275 Schedules.
Abolishes bonded labor and prohibits trafficking in human beings and forced labor. Violation
Article 23 of this provision is a punishable offense.

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Constitutional
Provisions Description
Forbids child labor, preventing children below the age of 14 from working in factories, mines,
Article 24 or hazardous activities.
Article 15(4) Ensures special provisions for the educational advancement of Scheduled Tribes.
Mandates the state to promote the educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes and
Article 46 Scheduled Tribes and protect them from social injustice and exploitation.
Article 350 Allows the right to conserve distinct languages, scripts, or cultures.
Article 330 Reservation of seats for Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People.
Article 332 Reservation of seats for Scheduled Tribes in Legislative Assemblies of the States.
Article 334 Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after sixty years.
Article 338A National Commission for Scheduled Tribe.
Article 164(1) Provides for a Minister in charge of tribal welfare in certain states.
Article 371A Special provisions with respect to the State of Nagaland.
Article 371B Special provisions with respect to the State of Assam.
Article 371C Special provisions with respect to the State of Manipur.
Article 371F Special provisions with respect to Sikkim.
Issues Faced by Tribals in India
Exploitat Threats
Market Impact Vulnerab
ion of Forced Varied Inter- to Tribal
Forces of ility of
Natural Displace Health Tribal Cultures
Exploitat Globaliz Tribal
Resource ment Issues Conflicts and
ion ation Women
s Habitats

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Exploitation of Natural Resources
 Government policies prioritize resource extraction for economic growth, conflicting with tribal views.
 Resource extraction leads to ecological damage in tribal territories.
Forced Displacement
 Large development projects often displace tribal communities.
 Displaced communities struggle to find proper rehabilitation.
Varied Health Issues: Some tribal communities suffer from poor health conditions, including shorter life expectancy
and higher rates of diseases like Sickle Cell Anemia.
Inter-Tribal Conflicts: Conflicts arise among tribes over access to natural resources and territorial control.
Market Forces Exploitation: Tribal people are often left unemployed or forced into low-paying, exploitative jobs
due to market interests.
Impact of Globalization
 Globalization exacerbates social exclusion and vulnerability for tribal communities.
 Sub-national movements seek greater autonomy or recognition for tribal areas.
Vulnerability of Tribal Women
 Tribal women are directly impacted by corporate exploitation of lands.
 Poverty drives many to migrate to urban centers, where they face exploitation and poor living conditions.
Threats to Tribal Cultures and Habitats
 Immigrant laborers and development projects threaten tribal cultures and habitats.
 Isolated tribes like the Sentinelese require protection from interference.
Way Forward
Social and Awareness
Community Protection of Legal
Cultural Land Rights and
Empowerment Isolated Tribes Protection
Preservation Sensitization
Rehabilitation
Inclusive Education and Employment
and
Development Healthcare Opportunities
Compensation
Social and Cultural Preservation

 Preserve tribal communities' unique cultural heritage and practices.
 Protect sacred sites and cultural spaces.
Community Empowerment
 Involve tribal communities in decision-making processes.
 Support traditional governance systems.
Land Rights
 Ensure clear ownership of tribal lands.
 Address issues of land alienation and illegal acquisitions.

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Awareness and Sensitization
 Create awareness about tribal communities' rights and issues.
 Sensitize officials and the public to their challenges.
Protection of Isolated Tribes: Enforce the "eyes on, hands off" policy to protect isolated tribes and their habitats.
Legal Protection: Prioritize implementation of the Forest Rights Act to secure tribal communities' land rights.
Inclusive Development
 Undertake development projects with local community consent.
 Aim to uplift tribal livelihoods and preserve culture.
Rehabilitation and Compensation: Ensure fair compensation and rehabilitation for displaced tribal communities.
Education and Healthcare: Improve access to quality education and healthcare services in tribal areas.
Employment Opportunities: Promote skill development and sustainable employment options in tribal regions.
Agni-5 MIRV Missile

Why in News?
The Agni-5 ballistic missile test dubbed the “Divyastra”, that was conducted by the Defence Research and Development
Organisation (DRDO), is strategically consequential. With a range of over 5,000 kilometres, the Agni-5 is the longest-
range missile India has tested so far.
Key Highlights
 India's nuclear deterrent is enhanced with the integration of Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry
Vehicles (MIRVs) into their ballistic missiles, specifically the Agni-5.
 India joins a select group of countries, including the US, Russia, China, France, and the UK, in possessing
MIRV-capable projectiles.
 MIRV technology allows for striking multiple targets simultaneously and evading ballistic missile defenses.
 China's ballistic missile defenses are progressing, but their capacity to intercept India's IRBMs like the Agni-5
is still uncertain.
 Integration of MIRVs with Agni-5 restores balance in the Sino-Indian nuclear deterrent relationship.
 Developing MIRV-capable ballistic missiles is technically demanding, requiring miniaturization of warheads,
precise configuration of re-entry vehicles, and spin stabilization during atmospheric re-entry.
 India's achievement in MIRV development is significant given past challenges with nuclear testing and
engineering limitations.
 The exact number of warheads Agni-5 can carry remains classified, with speculation suggesting a maximum of
three warheads.
 India's nuclear capabilities against China are further bolstered by potential future projects like long-range
Submarine Launched Ballistic Missiles (SLBMs).
 The successful test of Agni-5 MIRV missile signifies India's progress towards becoming a credible nuclear and
missile power, putting China on notice regarding India's preparedness to counter their missile and missile
defense advancements.
MIRV Technology
Global Adoption Strategic
Inception Challenges
and Proliferation Significance

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Inception
 Originated in the United States in 1970 with the deployment of a MIRVed Intercontinental Ballistic Missile
(ICBM).
 Enables a single missile to carry multiple warheads (3-4), each capable of independent targeting.
 Enhances missile effectiveness by increasing the number of potential targets it can engage.
 Can be launched from land-based and sea-based platforms like submarines, expanding operational flexibility
and range.
Global Adoption and Proliferation

 Nations possessing MIRV technology include major
nuclear powers: US, UK, France, Russia, China, and Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry
India. Vehicles (MIRVs)
 Pakistan tested MIRV technology with the Ababeel A MIRV is a ‘missile bus’ whose passengers are
Missile in 2017. nuclear bombs and which facilitates a single
 India tested MIRV technology for the first time with booster to deliver them to different targets. It means
the Agni-5, aiming to deploy multiple warheads at MIRV can target multiple targets that can be
different locations in a single launch. hundreds of kilometers apart with a single missile.
 Agni-5 equipped with indigenous avionics systems
and high-accuracy sensor packages for precise
targeting.
Strategic Significance
 Initially designed to enhance offensive capabilities rather than to defeat ballistic missile defenses.
 Ability to deploy multiple warheads independently makes them challenging to defend against.
 Enhances deterrence and strategic flexibility in nuclear arsenals.
Challenges
 Complex challenges include miniaturization of warheads, development of advanced guidance systems, and
ensuring reliability of individual re-entry vehicles.
 Addressing these challenges is crucial for maintaining effectiveness and reliability of MIRV systems in strategic
operations.
How MIRV Works?

Launch Phase Post-Boost Phase Deployment Re-entry and Impact
•A MIRV-equipped •After the boost •The bus sequentially •The warheads re-
missile is launched phase, the missile’s deploys multiple enter the Earth’s
and follows a upper stage, known warheads along with atmosphere
ballistic trajectory as the “bus,” reaches decoys and independently and
into space, similar to a suborbital countermeasures. proceed to their
any other ballistic spaceflight. •Each warhead can be respective targets.
missile. •In this phase, the bus assigned a different
maneuvers and aligns trajectory.
itself based on the
designated targets.

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Significance of MIRV Technology
Launching Satellites Many Target Options Greater Operational Evading Ballistic

Into Orbits to the Attacker Range Missiles
Launching Satellites Into Orbits

 MIRV technology tested on ISRO rockets for commercial launches, enabling placement of multiple satellites
in orbit.
Many Target Options to the Attacker

 MIRV-tipped missiles like Agni-IV or Agni-V provide tactical advantages, offering multiple target options to
attackers.
 Defender faces challenges defending against simultaneous attacks with anti-missile defenses possibly
overwhelmed.
Greater Operational Range

 Agni-V with MIRV technology features redesigned components for multiple warheads while maintaining
operational range.
 Lightweight subsystems and electro-mechanical actuators improve reliability and maintenance.
Evading Ballistic Missiles

 MIRV-equipped missiles target multiple objectives simultaneously, evading ballistic missile defenses.
 China's development of ballistic missile defenses necessitates India's integration of MIRVs for strategic balance.
Challenges in Adoption of MIRV Technology

Pushing Rivals To Confusion
Requirement of
Adopt More Highly Demanding Regarding
Additional Fissile
Aggressive Technical Criteria Carrying Number
Material
Postures of Warheads
 Pushing Rivals To Adopt More Aggressive Postures: Possession of MIRV missiles may lead to aggressive
nuclear postures by rivals, increasing security threats and risks of nuclear conflict.
 Requirement of Additional Fissile Material: Shortage of plutonium poses challenges for production of new
MIRV missiles, requiring additional fissile material.
 Highly Demanding Technical Criteria: Developing MIRV-capable missiles demands miniaturization of
warheads, lightweight receptacles, and precise configuration of re-entry vehicles.
 Confusion Regarding Carrying Number of Warheads: Uncertainty surrounds the number of warheads
MIRV missiles can carry, complicating strategic planning.
Steps Required to Improve MIVR Technology

 Adding More Weight to India’s Nuclear Arsenal: Further R&D needed to enhance India's nuclear arsenal,
including testing SLBMs integrated with MIRVs.
 Maintaining Guidance and Accuracy of MIRV Missiles: Precision guidance and accuracy crucial for MIRV
effectiveness, requiring ongoing technical development and testing.
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 Ensuring Adequate Nuclear Testing:

Adequate nuclear testing necessary to
miniaturize warheads and optimize re- Adding More Weight to India’s Nuclear Arsenal
entry vehicles for multiple targets.
 International Agreements: Establish
Maintaining Guidance and Accuracy of MIRV
agreements to oversee MIRV Missiles
technology advancement and
deployment, addressing global
concerns and threats posed by Ensuring Adequate Nuclear Testing
emerging powers like China.
International Agreements
Recent Developments in India’s Missile Program

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Agni-5 Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM)
Specification Details
Origin Indigenously-developed
Type Surface-to-surface missile
Range More than 5,000 km
Payload Capability Can carry a nuclear warhead of more than one tonne
How Agni-5 Works?

Launch Process
•The missile is propelled into space during the "boost phase".
•A powerful gas generation system in the canister rapidly builds up pressure, launching the missile.
•The missile accelerates upwards with the ignition of the first stage, reaching supersonic speeds within 30
seconds.
Flight Phases
•The missile reaches heights of 170 kilometers with the second stage burn and 260 kilometers with the third
stage.
•Gravity pulls the missile towards the target during the "ballistic phase".
•Course corrections are made with small side-thruster rockets.
Re-entry
•Friction with the atmosphere heats the outer surface to 4,000°C while maintaining the payload at 50°C.
•Radar-equipped naval warships monitor the missile's trajectory for precision targeting.
Significance of Agni-5
 The test marks the fourth successive successful launch of Agni-5 since April 19, 2012.
 The missile's 5,000-kilometer range enables it to deliver a nuclear payload anywhere in China, strengthening
India's nuclear deterrence.
 It provides India with a reliable second-strike capability, essential for national security.
 Together with the commissioning of INS Arihant, India advances towards establishing a robust second-strike
capability.
Agni Missiles
 The Agni missile class serves as the backbone of India's nuclear launch capability, alongside Prithvi short-range
ballistic missiles, submarine-launched ballistic missiles, and fighter aircraft.
 Agni-1 to 5 missiles are designed and developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation
(DRDO).

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Ranges of Agni Missiles
Agni I •Range: 700-800 km.
Agni II •Range: More than 2000 km.
Agni III •Range: More than 2,500 km.
Agni IV •Range: More than 3,500 km.
Agni V •Range: Over 5,000 km.
Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP)

 Brainchild of renowned scientist Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam.
 Objective: Attain self-sufficiency in missile technology.
 Approval: Formally approved by the Indian government in 1983.
 Mission: Develop five missile systems to meet defence force requirements.
 Collaboration: Involves scientific community, academic institutions, R&D laboratories, industries, and the three
defence services.
 Missiles Developed under IGMDP:
o Prithvi: Short-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile.
o Agni: Intermediate-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile.
o Trishul: Short-range low-level surface-to-air missile.
o Akash: Medium-range surface-to-air missile.
o Nag: Third-generation anti-tank missile.
Model Code of Conduct
Why in News?
Recently, the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) has come into
force with the announcement of voting dates for the Lok
Sabha elections 2024 by the Election Commission of India
(ECI), marking a significant aspect of electoral governance.
What is Model Code of Conduct?

 The Model Code of Conduct (MCC) comprises
guidelines established by the Election Commission of
India (ECI) to oversee the conduct of political parties and
candidates in the lead-up to elections.
 It aids the EC in fulfilling its mandate under Article 324
of the Constitution, empowering it to oversee and ensure
the fairness of elections to the Parliament and State
Legislatures.
 The MCC remains in effect from the announcement of the
election schedule until the declaration of election results.
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Background of Model Code of Conduct

MCC's Evolution
 Passive to Proactive: Initially a passive document, the Model Code evolved into an effective tool for the
Election Commission. It expanded to include public servants, not just political parties and candidates, ensuring
broader compliance.
 Assertive Enforcement: The Election Commission has become increasingly assertive in enforcing the Model
Code, ensuring adherence by all stakeholders. Judicial recognition of the Election Commission's authority to
enforce the Code further strengthens its role in ensuring free and fair elections.
Year Event Description
Kerala's Kerala introduced a voluntary code of conduct for political parties during the 1960 general
1960 Initiative elections to the State Legislative Assembly, promoting peaceful campaigns.
The Election Commission circulated Kerala's code to recognized political parties during the
National 1962 general elections to the Lok Sabha and state assemblies, maintaining a peaceful
1962 Adoption campaign environment nationwide.
The Election Commission formulated a document titled "Role and Responsibilities of

Mid-Term Political Parties during Elections," setting minimum standards of conduct for the 1968-69
1968 Elections mid-term elections.
In September 1979, the Election Commission organized a conference with political parties
to discuss a comprehensive Model Code of Conduct, issuing a revised code before the
1979 Enhancements October 1979 general elections.
The 1991 General Election marked a significant milestone in the evolution of the Model
Code, with further amplifications and proactive measures by the Election Commission to
1991 Evolution ensure its observance.
Current Status and Significance

Enforcement
Legal Backing Preventing Upcoming
and
Debate Misuse of Power Elections
Commitment
 Enforcement and Commitment: The MCC immediately becomes operational upon the announcement of
election schedules and remains in effect until the conclusion of the electoral process. Its enforcement
underscores the commitment to conducting free and fair elections, ensuring a level playing field for all parties
and candidates.
 Legal Backing Debate: Despite its significance, discussions persist regarding the legal backing of the MCC.
Former Chief Election Commissioner SY Quraishi advocated for its legalization, emphasizing the need for
stringent legal action against violators.
 Preventing Misuse of Power: The MCC imposes several restrictions to prevent the ruling party from misusing
its official position for campaigning purposes. Prohibitions include announcing financial grants or launching
projects that may influence voters in favor of the ruling party and utilizing official machinery for campaign
purposes.
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 Upcoming Elections: With India preparing for the next

general elections, the enforcement of the MCC remains
crucial. All eyes are on the Election Commission to
ensure a smooth and transparent electoral process,
adhering to the principles outlined in the Model Code
of Conduct.
Applicability of Model Code of Conduct

(MCC)
General Elections to the
General Elections to the House
Legislative Assembly (Vidhan By-Elections
of People (Lok Sabha)
Sabha)
 General Elections to the House of People (Lok Sabha): The MCC is applicable throughout the country during
general elections to the Lok Sabha.
 General Elections to the Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha): The MCC is applicable in the entire state
during general elections to the Legislative Assembly.
 By-Elections: If the constituency is situated in state capital/metropolitan cities/municipal corporations, the
MCC is applicable in the area of the concerned Constituency only.
o In all other cases, the MCC is enforced in the entire district covering the constituency going for the
bypoll.
Parts of Model Code of Conduct

Part Description
Lays stress on certain minimum standards of good behavior and conduct of political parties,
Part I candidates, and their workers and supporters during election campaigns.
Deal with the holding of public meetings and taking out processions by political parties and
Parts II and III candidates.
Describe how political parties and candidates should conduct themselves on the polling day and at
Parts IV and V the polling booths.
Exhorts political parties and candidates to bring their complaints to the notice of the observers
Part VI appointed by the Election Commission for remedial action.
Deals with the conduct of parties in power, covering issues such as visits of ministers, use of
Part VII government resources, announcements of schemes and projects, etc.
States that election manifestos should not contain anything repugnant to the ideals and principles
Part VIII enshrined in the Constitution.

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Key Provisions of MCC

Meetings and
General Conduct Polling Day Party in Power
Processions
General Conduct
 Parties or candidates must avoid activities that may escalate existing differences between castes, communities,
religions, or languages.
 Usage of religion, race, caste, community, or language to promote enmity or hatred among people is prohibited.
 Criticisms towards other parties should focus on policies, historical performance, and initiatives rather than
personal attacks.
Meetings and Processions

 Parties must inform local police authorities of meeting venues and times for adequate security arrangements.
 Coordination is required between parties planning processions along the same route to prevent clashes.
 Burning effigies representing members of other parties is prohibited.
Polling Day
 Only voters and those with valid passes from the EC are allowed in polling booths.
 Authorized party workers at booths should have suitable badges or identity cards.
 Identity slips given to voters should be on plain paper without any symbols, candidate names, or party names.
 Observers appointed by the EC will address any election conduct issues reported by candidates.
Party in Power
 The MCC, since 1979, restricts the conduct of the party in power, prohibiting ministers from combining official
visits with election work or using official machinery for such purposes.
Issues Associated with MCC
Enforcement
Ambiguity
Challenges
Impact on Timing Limited

Governance Issues Scope
 Enforcement Challenges: Inconsistent or

inadequate enforcement may lead to
unpunished violations due to lack of statutory
backing.
 Ambiguity: Certain MCC provisions may be
vague or open to interpretation, causing
confusion among parties and candidates.
 Limited Scope: Critics suggest expanding the MCC's coverage to include electoral funding, social media usage,
and hate speech.
(WhatsApp)
 Timing Issues: The MCC is only effective during election periods, allowing misconduct outside these periods.
 Impact on Governance: MCC restrictions on government activities during elections may hinder governance.
Way Forward
Strengthen Clarify Expanding Legalizing Public Continuous
Enforcement Provisions Scope MCC Awareness Review
 Strengthen Enforcement: Enhance mechanisms to enforce MCC guidelines and ensure compliance by all
parties.
 Clarify Provisions: Improve clarity and specificity of MCC rules to minimize ambiguity and facilitate better
adherence.
 Expanding Scope: Consider broadening the MCC's coverage to address emerging issues such as digital
campaigning and electoral funding transparency.
 Legalizing MCC: Evaluate proposals to legally institutionalize the MCC for enhanced effectiveness and
enforceability.
 Public Awareness: Launch campaigns to educate voters, parties, and candidates about MCC compliance and
its role in fair elections.
 Continuous Review: Establish a framework for regular evaluation and adaptation of the MCC to address
evolving electoral dynamics and challenges.

(WhatsApp)

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An institute for civil services

Monthly Current Affairs – March 2024

India's Undertrial Bail System ............................... 8 Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry

Global E-waste Monitor 2024 .............................. 56 Yaounde Declaration ........................................... 78

Derivatives Trading ............................................. 59 Report & Index ...................................... 81

RBI Integrated Ombudsman Scheme ................... 69 St. Patrick’s Day .................................................. 90

RBI to Review NBFCs......................................... 70 World Sparrow Day 2024 .................................... 91

Significance of Permanent Commission for Women

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SC’s interim order on the Forest Act

Historical Overruling Chief Justice of India’s Observations

Reaffirmation of Rule of Law

Chakshu, an online platform to report suspected fraud or spam callers

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K S Puttaswamy case and Right to Privacy

Supreme Court asks whether Maharashtra Speaker contradicted verdict

India's Undertrial Bail System

Concerns Regarding India's Bail System

Concerns Regarding the PMUY

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ASI Survey of Bhojshala Complex

High Court’s Order

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Bhojshala Origin The Bhojshala Temple-Kamal Maula

Religious Practices Hindus conduct puja in the temple every

Methods Adopted by the ASI for Excavation

Ambiguity Data Constraints Complex Structures Geophysical Tools

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Broadened Eligibility Criteria

Enhanced Verification Mechanism

Key Provisions of UCPMP 2024

Regular inspections mandated by Instances such as Malbros

Continuous Effluent Quality Monitoring System (CEQMS)

High-Level Committee Report on Simultaneous Elections

Recommendations of the High-level Committee on Simultaneous Elections

 Transition to Simultaneous Elections

Impact on Governance and Development

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Arguments in Favour Arguments Against

Model Code of Conduct

What is MCC and its Evolution?

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Parties and candidates are prohibited from engaging in

Parties must inform local police authorities about meeting

Only authorized individuals are allowed in polling booths,

Identity slips provided to voters should not contain symbols,

Observers appointed by the EC address election-related

Issues Associated with MCC

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Supreme Court Warns Patanjali Ayurved on Misleading Claims

Governance & Social Justice

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Undersea cable disruptions expose India’s crucial telecom vulnerability

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 Stringent regulations impede

Cabinet okays ₹75,000-crore ‘free electricity’ solar scheme

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Objective and Scope PM Free Electricity Scheme