HistoryoftheSikhs 10000892

Qeéicateé
( B Y PE R M I S S I O N )
To TH E
H ON S I R J A M E S B R OA D W O O D L Y A L L ,
’
RLE
L I E U T E N A NT GO V E R N O R
-
OF TH E PU NJ AB ,
As A M AR K OF P E R S ONA L R E S P E CT AN D E STE E M .
HIS H U M BLE S E R VA NT ,
T H E T R AN S L A T OR
A N D E D I T OR .
T R A N S L A T O R S PR E F A CE ’
.
T HE t h i s w o r k h as b e e n b y n o m e an s
t r an s l at i o n of
an e as y t as k as t h e s e n t e n c e s in t h e o r igin al
,
an d in t h e ,
l as t p a rt m o r e p ar t i c u l a r l y a r e s o d i s j o i n t e d t h a t i t w as
, ,
v e r y d i ffi c u l t t o r e n d e r t h e m i n t o E n g l i s h I h av e t h e r e .
,
f o r e m ad e t h e t r an s l a t i o n a s n e a r l y l i t e r a l as p o s s i b l e
,
a dd i n w o r d s in b r a c k e t s t o c o n n e c t t h e m e an i n
g , , g .
W h e r e v e r I h av e b e e n ab e l t o find a t r an s l a t i o n of
in D r T r u m p p Ad i G r a n t h I h a ve g i v e n h is
’
the ve rs c s . s ,
t r an s l at io n
/
as we l l as l t h o u gh I b e l ie v e
my o wn ; fo r a
in m an y i n s t an c e s h e h as l o s t t h e p o i n t o f t h e v e r s e s
,
s t i l l I d o n o t c o n s i d e r m y s e l f a s u ffi c i e n t l y c o m e t e n t
p
au t h o r i ty t o r o no unc e t h at h e is w r o n a n d I l e av e i t
p g ,
t o o th e r s t o d e c i d e o n t h i s p o i n t an d t h e y w i l l at al l
. , ,
e ve n t s h av e b o t h v e r s i o n s b e fo r e t h e m an d c an s e l e c t
, ,
w h i c h t h e y p r e fe r A l l I w o u l d ad d o n t h e s u b je c t is
.
t h at P an d a t N i h al C h an d o f L ah o r e b y w h o m I h a v e, ,
b e e n m o s t m a t e r i a l l y a i d e d in t h i s w o r k an d w i t h w h o m ,
I r e ad it m o s t c ar e f u l l y t h r o u g h c o n s i d e r e d m i n e t o b e ,
the mo r e co r re c t .
I am c e r tai n t h e r e ar e m an y er rors , or if
r ro rs not e ,
at l e as t d i ff e r e n c e s o f o p n on ,
i i in t h e w ay o f r e n d e r i n a
g
n u mb e r o f t h e p a s s age s ; h o p e t h a t t h e s e m ay b e f u l l y
I
oi nte d out an d in b r i n g i n g o ut t h e s e c o n d e d i t i o n
p , , ,
e v e r y c o n s i d e r a t i o n s h a l l b e p a i d t o al l s u g g e s t i o n s m ad e
in t h e w ay o f c r i ti c i s m I d o n o t as k t o b e s p a r e d f o r
.
,
m y o b je c t is t o p r e s e n t a r e al l y u s e fu l an d c o r r e c t
t r an s l at i o n t o t h e p u b l i c an d t h i s I c a n o n l y h o p e t o
,
iv T RA N S L A T O R S P R E F AC E
'
.
r v
a r i e at , by o th e r s , be tte r a c qu a n e d i t w i t h t h e l an gu ag e
t h an my s e l f, k indl y p o n i ti n g o ut an
y e r rors wh i c h they
m ay no tice .
T h e g r am mar I h av e add e d , as I b e l i e v e d it t o b e
m u c h n e e de d , an d t h e R o m an h ar ac t e r w as I c o n c ,
s id e r e d t h e b e s t f o r m in w h i c h t o p r e s e n t i t
,
I d o n o t l ay .
c l ai m t o an y o r i g i n al i t in t h i s f o r it is e i t o m i z e d d
y p a n , ,
s l i g h t l y c h an ge d f r o m an o l d g r am m ar p u b l i s h e d s om e
,
e ar s a go at t h e A m e r i c an P r e s b y t e r i an M i s s i o n P r e s s
y ,
L u dh i an a I h av e o f t e n t r ie d b u t in v ain t o ge t a
.
, ,
g r am m ar an d m
, y ai m in in s e r t in g o n e h as b e e n s im l
py
t o s u p pl y t h i s w an t .
The a
pp e n dix of t e c h n ic al w o r ds an d t e r m s h as
b een c h e fly i ta k en f r o m t h e P an jab i D i c tio n ar y p u b l is h e d
at th e M is s io n P r e s s , L u dh ian a, b u t I h av e ar r an ge d it ,
f o r g e n e r al u t il i ty an d e as y r e f e r e n c e , in it s p r e s e nt
al h ab e t ic al f o r m , an d h av e add e d a r e v e r s e in d e x in
p
E n gl i s h t o e n ab l e a w or d to b e e as il y f o u n d , if ,
re
q u ir e d ,
in t r an sl at in g E n gl i s h in t o G u r mu h i k .
A t th e c o m me n c e m e n t of the g r am m ar , I h av e
g iv e n th e al
p h ab e t in t h e G u r m u k h i c h ar ac t e r , addin g
it s n am e r o n u n c ia t io n an d e qu i al e n tv in E n gl i s h In
, p , .
t r an s c r ib in g n am e s , I h av e k e
p t to t h e k
G u r m u h i w ay o f
s p e l l in g , a s t h is , w h il s t g iv in g t h e t
s ude n t ago o d v ie w
of . th e na me s as
p r on o u n c e d b y th e S i h s , k at t h e s am e
t im e e n ab l e d me to adh e r e to an un i f or m s
y s t e m of
t r an s l it e r a t io n .
I h av e b e e n as ke d to b r in g th i s w or k ou t as s oo n
as p o s s ibl e , as it w as m u c h re
q u ir e d , an d I h av e , t h e r e
f or e , do n e s o as q u ic kl y as I c o ul d . I h av e p r ic e d t h e
w or k at s ix ru
p e e s to sub s c r ib e r s , an d e i h t r u e e s t o
g p
n o n - s ub s c r ib ers , so as to pu t it w ith i n r e ac h of al l .
T RA N S L A T O R S P R E F AC E
’
.
V
S h o u l d t h e d e m an d f o r it b e s u c h as I h av e b e e n l e d t o
e xp e c t , I h op e t o b r in g o u t a s e c o n d , an d , w i th the aid
of ki nd c r i t i c i s ms , a b e t te r , e di t ion of t h e wo r k .
I m us t not c onc u de l w i t h ou t p u b l i c l y ac k n o wl e d in
g g
my b e s t an d w ar m e s t t h an ks t o P an da t N i h al Ch an d , of
L ah o r e , w i t h w h o m I c ar e f u l ly r e ad t h r o u gh ,
an d c o r
r e c t e d, t h e t r an s l at i on . H e is w e l l k n o wn t o m an y c ffi
ce rs , wh o h av e al r e ad y p as s e d in P an jab i , an d to th ose ,
wh o h av e not
y e t m ad e h is i t
ac q u a n an c e , b u t w i s h f or a
r e al l y g oo d in s t r u c t o r in P an j ab i, I w o u l d sa
y , s e c ure h is
s e r v ic e s , an d s u c c e s s in p as s i n g is c e r ta n i .
M H COU R T , L 1 E U T COL
. . .
-
.
,
1 5 th B e nga l Cava l r y .
M us s o o mE
Th e 3oth M ay 1 8 8 8 .
TABLE OF CONTENTS .
P R E FA C E
’
TR AN S L A T C R S
TAB LE OF CO N T E N T S
G U R M U H H I GR A M M A R
’
A PP E N D I X CF T E C H N I CA L W OR D S AN D TE RM S ( G u R M U K H i)
Do .
( E N GL I SH)
A U THOR P R E FA CE
’
S
PA RT I .
— NA R RA T I VE S OF T HE T E N G URU S .
Ch apt e r I . A c c oun t of B ab a N an ak
DO . II . G u ru A n gad
Do . III . A m ar d as
Do . IV . R am D as
Do . V . A rj an
Do . VI . H a r go v in d
Do . VII . H a rr ai
Do . VIII . H a r K i s an
Do . IX . T e g B al l adu r
Do . X . Go v i n d Si ngh
Co de of th e Si kh s
J af a r n am a, o r l e tt e r of v c oi t ry
P A RT I I . H I S T O RY O F T H E S I K H S
-
.
Th e n am e s o f t h e t w e l v e M is al s
A c c o u n t o f t h e M is al s
R i s e o f M ah ar aj a R an J t S i n g h I
Ch ar a c t e r o f R n j i t S i n g h
a
A c c o u n t o f M ah ar aj a K h ar ak S i n g h
N au N ih al S i n g h
Th e L ah au r Cam p ai g n
TA B LE OF C O NT E NT S .
vi i
PA R T I I I .
— CA S TE S , R I T ES ,
S ON G S A N D P R OV ERBS .
Ch apt e r I . Ca s t e s an d r it e s 1 00
Do . II . M u s ic an d s o n gs 116
Do . I II . P r ov er b s 136
P A RT IV .
-
TW E N TY D I S COU R S ES ON E V E NT S
THE L IF E OF B AB A N A N A K .
Ch apt e r I . D i s co u r s e w ith G u p al P n dh a a
Do . r e g a rdi n g t h e p u tti n g o n the

II .
B r ah m i n i c al t h r e ad
Do .I I I D i s c o u r s e w ith t h e phy s i c i an
.
Do IV l e ai d in t h e sto r e
g g
t h e b e tr o th al o f N a n a k
. .
Do . V .
Do . VI . t h e m ar r i ag e o f N an ak
Do .VI I w ith S ém a P an d a t
.
Do V I II
. N ab ab D au l at K h an
.
Do . IX R a i B u l h ar
.
e (i d o l S m
Do . X l e ar din
g .
g t h ) al i
g R a
Do .XI . A r ti S o h il a
Do XII. in S ang l a ( Ce yl o n ) w ith R aj a
.
S i v N a th u
Do X I II D i s c o u r s e w ith M i an M itt/
‘
. . ia ‘ ‘
D C: X I V t h e S iddh s
.
Do .XV w o r s hipp e r s o f G o v i n d
.
Do XVI . t h e d e m o n K au n d a
.
Do XV II
. S u lt an H am i d K ar un
.
D o XV I I I
.
Ch a t t ar d as P an d at
.
Do XIX. K al li .
DO XX .
th e Pan d ats o f K ans i
.
(B an ér as )
PA N J AB I GR A M M A R .
1 . Th e Pa n J ab i, o r G u rmu k h i lph ab e t c on s i s t s o f th i r ty
, a
fi ve l e tt e r s , an d is h e n c e c all e d Pain ti ( th i r ty fi v e ) as u n d e r
-
F rm E g l i h q i l
o . n s e u va e n t . N am e . Pr o n o u n c e d as
1 m a a in w oman .
2 2 i i in this .
u in thu s .
s as s a s in s on .
h ah a h in h im .
k akk a k in kin d .
k h akh a kh in kh afn .
g ggaa g in
g oo d .
h
g gg
a a gh in
gh os t .
n gu nga n in s in
g g .
c h ac h c h a ch in c hu r c h .
c h h ac h c h h a c h as ir at d
p e .
j r;
a s j in j ug .
j JJ
h a ha
j as ir at e d
p .
n an a
y y n
y (y b e in
g h ar d l y
au d ib l e ) .
t h ar d .
t h ar d as p ir at e d .
(1 h ar d .
d h ar d as
p ir ate d .
11 h ar d .
is s o ft .
t s o ft as ir at d
p e .
N
P A J AB I G RAM MAR .
ix
E ng li hs e q i l
u va e n t N am e . Pr op o u n c e d as
d '
d s o ft .
dh d s o ft as p i at e d r .
I1 n s o ft as in ni
gh .
p in
p ul l .
p h in
p h y s io .
b in ba l l .
b as
p i r at e d .
m in m a y .
y in
y ou th .
r s o ft .
l in l or d
w in w in e .
r h ar d .
2 . The v ow e l s ar e
I i t i l f rm M d i
n a o . e a l or fi n al f rm
o . Eq i l
u va e n t . Pr on ou n c e d as
a in woma n .
11 in r u le .
ow in owl .
O
3 .Th e f o ll o w i ng mar k s ar e l
a so use d bi n di tippi ,
0
adh ak .
B i n di an d tippi ar e bb r e v i at e d f o r m s
a of l e tt e rs ,
an d h av e t h e s ame p o w e r as , an d ar e s u b s tit u t e d f or, 719 , n y,

PA N J AB r G RA MMAR .
t r a vo we l t ge y Si m pl Stan d fo r l
y
n, n, or m af e . a n as a n .
i [
A d b ak is pl ac e d b e gv e e n t wo l e tt e r s t o d ou bl e , th e l att e r .
4 T h e f o ll o w i n g c on s o n ant s ar e c o m p o u n d e d
.
E H gy , 7S uh , 75 m h , g rh 35 1h , 7h, I I S I B9T k r ,
“ -
, 5
g
‘
kh r , 31 h tr , d r , q; p r , b r , g bh r
‘
if r, u
{ g r,
3 g q .
5 . Th e n u me r i c al fi g u r e s ar e
0 .
6 N B — If t h e t w
. .o l e tt e r s in t h e
. f o ll o w i n g , kh , g h , ng,
"
h h d h h b h s e p ar a t e l tt r th y ill
j h
'
,
n
y ,
t ,
t , , p , ,
ar e e e s ,
e w be
s h e w n w ith a hyph e n b e t w e e n th e m , e g , k h , &c It must b e . .
-
.
r e m e m b e r e d th at anan d an a r e tw o di s ti n c t l e tt e r s , a n d n o t th e
s a m e as ai an d au .
7Th e r e ar e e i g h t p art s o f s pe e c h :
.
'
Pro
n o u n V e r b A d v e rb Co n j u n c ti o n P r e p os i ti o n an d I n t e rj e c ti o n
, , , , ,
.
8 N o u n s A dj e c ti v e s P r o n o u n s an d V e r b ar e al l li abl e
.
, ,
t o in fl e x io n s f o r g e n d e r n u m b e r an d c as e , , .
9 Th e r e ar e t w o g e n d e r s M as c u l i n e an d F e m i n i n e an d
.
, ,
t w o n u m b e r s S i n gu l a r an d P l u r a l ; an d s e v e n c as e s N o m i n a ti v e
, , ,
I n s t r u m e n t a l G e m tl v e D at 1 v e A c c u s ati v e V o c ati v e a n d A bl a
, , , , ,
ti v e.
10 T h e c a s e s a r e di s t i n g u i s h e d f r o m e ac h o th e r p a r tly
.
,
by in fi e x io n s p artly by t h e u s e o f p r e p o s i ti o n s an d o th e r p a r ti
,
c l e s a n d p ar tly by c o n n e c ti o n
,
.
11 Th e I n s t r u m e n t al a n s w e r s t o t h e A g e n t in Hi n d u
.
s tan i an d is g o v e r n e d by t h e s am e r u l e s
- T h e me is , h owe v e r, .
s o m e ti m e s o mi tt e d a l t o g e th e r , an d , a t o th e r s , it s pl ac e s u ppli e d
t e r m i n ati on s K an dél
:
by th e
1 2 Th e G e n i ti v e t ak e s d a di d e af t e r i t w h i c h ar e g o v e r n e d
.
, , , ,
by th e s ame r u l e s a s t h e h é h i k e in Hi n d us t an i an d is , , ,
i n fl e c t e d as u n d e r by t h e w o r d w h i c h g o v e r n s i t T h e g o v e r n
,
.
in g w o r d is t h e f o l l o w i n g w o r d n o t t h e pr e c e di n g o n e : ,
If t h e go ve r i
n ng r
w o d is M as c u li ne . F mi i
e n ne .
N om i n at v ei
i t is lr S i n gu a
i l r
, ,
V i
o c a t v e , S n g u a , i t is
h r
O t e c as e s , S n g u a , i t is i l r
N o m n at v e , i u a i Pl r l
it i s
V o c at v e , i
,
u a , it is Pl r l
h r
O t e c as e s , u a , i t is Pl r l
AB i G RAM MA R
‘
PA N J .
T h e t e r m i n a ti o n s r é, d a, an d n 5. o f p r on o u n s ar e go ve rne d
by t h e s am e r u l e s o f in fi e x io u .
13 . Th e D ati v e an d A c c u s ati v e ar e fo l l o w e d b y mi n .
14 . Th e A bl ati v e tak e s a p r e p os i ti o n .
‘ ’ ‘
15 . Th e V o ca ti v e h as he or e
p re fiXe d .
Ne w s .
16 . T h e re are th r e e d e c l e ns i o n s w i th tW O or mo r e v ari a
ti o n s in e ach .
D e c l e n s io n I .
17 . T h e fi r s t d e c l e n s i o n is d is t i n g u i s h e d by in fi e c tin g t h e
o b li q u e c as e s , a n d th e n o m i n ati v e pl u r al , a n d c o m p r e h e n d s a l l
m a s c u li n e s e n d i n g in a o r an , e x c e p t K h u d a Go d , p it a, f ut h e r , ,
an d a f e w o th e r s Th e l a tt e r , pit a, is i n d e c li n abl e , a n d
. hud a K
c o n f o r m s t o t h e s e c o n d d e c l e n s i o n , fi r s t v a ri e ty .
18 . Th e v a ri ati o n fi s t d e c l e n s i o n e m b r ac e s th o s e
f
fi rst ,
r ,
n o u ns in w hi c h t h e fi n al a 1 8 p r e c e d e d by a c o n s o n an t as
m im d a , a boy r a a a king a n d is d e c l n e d a s f o l l o w s
j
’
i
, , ,
S G ULAR IN P L URA L. .
19 . Th e d v a ri a ti o n e m b r a c e s th o s e n o u n s in w hi c h t h e
s e c on ,
fi n al a or an is pr e c e d e d b y a v o w e l 8 g p a k h an ét a te mp te r , ,
r
’
, ,
b cm ian , u s k a h a a c a l u m n i a t o r a n d s d e c li n e d as
’
a s ho
p kee e
p
-
r , , ,
1
un de r
S N GU LA R
I PL r R A L . S IN G U LA R . P L U RA L .
p ar k b an a p ar k h f me
'
p a r k b zt n e n ai p a r k h an an n a1 , o r p ar
kh a i a n n n ai
p ar k h an e d zi , & c p a r k h fin zi n d zi , & c o r
. .
'
b zm ie n as & c . i
b a n an d é & c . .
p a r kh am a n as, & c .
p ar kh zi n e n un p ar k h an an n un , o r p ar b an ie n nu n b an an i n un
k h zi n i an n un
rk
p a b an e n un
‘
p ar k h an zi u mi n o r p ar b én ie n mi n b é n i a u n fin
k h zi n ian n un
p ar k h zi n e t e p ar kh an an t e o r p ar b ri n ie n t e b an i an t e
k h én idn t o .
e p ar k h an o o r p a r kh én io e b fin io
xii PA N J AR i G R AM MAR .
D e c l e n s ion II .
20 . Th e s e c on d d e c l e n s i o n is di s ti n g u i s h e d by n o t in fle c t
in g th e b liq u eo c a s e s ( s i n g u l a r ) v o c a ti v e e x c e pt e d
, o r th e n o mi
-
,
n ati v e pl u r al . I t i n c l ud e s o n ly m as c u li n e n o u n s an d h as t w o ,
v ar i ati o n s .
21 . Th e fi r s t var i ati on em b r ac e s al l mas c u li n e s en di n g w i th

a t a s p u tt
c on s o n an ,
m an u k k h a m an , an d
a s on , s uch as e n d
‘
w i th th e l o n g v o w e l s i an d u, as bh a i , a br o th e r , p ali , a h e r d s ma n ,
k h an, an d a ngjh u a t e ar , an d is d e c li n e d a s u n d e r
a
gl u tton ,
S I N G U L AR . P L U RA L . S IN GU LAR . P L U RA L .
m an u kk h m an u kk h
m an u k k h n ai m a n u k k h én n ai
m an u k k h d a, 85 0 . m an u k k h an (151 , & c .
m an u k k h n un m an u k k h an n un
m an u kkh n un m an u k k h an n un
m a n u kkh t e m an u k k h an t e
e m an u kk h e m an u kk h o
or
m anukk h a
22 . T he s e c on d v ar i ati on em b r ac e s m as c u li n e s en di n g in
u an d u n , a s
pp e n , a a th er ,
in or f bh ar an o r b h ir au a br o th e r ,
k aun , a c r o w , a n d is d e c l i n e d a s u n d e r
S IN GULAR . P LURAL . S I N G U L AR . P L U RA L .
p in o r p e o ka un k au
I p iu n ai ka un n ai k aw én n ai
G p iu d a , & 0 . k éu n (1 21, & c . k éw ém d a , dz c .
D or A c p iu n un ka unu n n k éw an n un
Ab p iu t e ka te un k aw an t e
V e p in o r p e w a e k aw a n e k éw on or
k éo n .
D e c l e ns ion I I I
23 . th i r d d e c l e n s ion is di s ti n g u i s h e d b y in fl e c tin g
Th e
t h e n o m i n ati v e p l u r al b u t n o t th e o b liq u e c a s e s s i n g u l a r (v o c a
, , ,
ti v e e xc e pt e d ) A ll n o u n s o f th i s d e c l e n s i on ar e f e m i n i n e T h e
. .
v ar i ati on s a r e th r e e .
24 T h e fi r s t v a r i ati o n e m b r ac e s al l f e m i n i n e s e n di n g in
.
a as b al a c a l am ity d uaa b l es s ing an d is d e c li n e d as u n d e r

, , , ,
S G U L AR IN P L U RA L . .
b lé b l m a b l éia a a or a n
l
b a an ai b al aian n ai
l
b a a d a& c b al aian d a, & c
lé
. .
ba n un b al aizin n un
ba telé b al aian t e
e ba eie l li
e b a ao , o r b a ao l
T o thi s fo r m th e r e ar e s o me e xc e pti on s ,
e .g , .
j ag a, p l ace ,
mak e s in t h e pl u r al j ag an .
PA N J AB I G RAMMAR .
x ii i
25 . T h e s e c o n d v ari ati o n e m b r a c e s fe mi n i n e s di n g
en in
n or nu , as m an , o r m a i u n , a m o th e r , an d i s d e c l i n e d as u nd e r
SIN GU LAR . P L U RA L .
m au n m fiw én
m éu n n ai m éw an n ai
m au n d a & c , . m éw an as & c , .
m au n n un m éw an n fi n
m éu n t e m aw an t e
9 m e a n o r m aw o n
'
e m éu n , o r m a
r we n
26 th i rd v ari a ti o n i n c l u d e s al l o th e r n ou n s f e m i n i n e
. The
o f an y o th e r t e r m i n ati o n a s d h i a d a u g h te r g all a w or d g ai n
, , , , , ,
a c ow b an h o r b ah an a n a r m an d is d e c li n e d as u n d e r
, , ,
S G ULAR P L URA L
IN .
27 . fi n a l v ow e l o f a no u n is fo ll o w e d by a
VV h e u th e
tippi o r bi n di th e s e ar e al w ay s th r o w n f o r w ar d if in d e c l e n
, , ,
s i o n a s yll a b l e is a dd e d
,
so as s til l t o o c c u py t h e fi n a l pl ac e
, ,
e g
. . g ai n a c ow pl u r al g ai an
, , , ,
I I I
28 S o m e n ou n s ar e i n d e c li n abl e a s j okh o n d a nge r t ar an

.
, , ,
mann e r , m al e, a r os a ry
, an d m e ta, a m ot h e r .
N o u n s d e ri v e d f r o m
29 . fo r e i g n s o u r c e s ar e s ome ti m e s
d e c l i n e d i r r e g u l a rly a s b as at a , ,
th in g pl u r al b a s at un
, .
30 bl ati v e is o ft e n s u bj e c t e d t o a c h an g e in t h e
. Th e a
fi n al l e tt e r by w h i c h t h e g o v e r n i n g p r e p os iti o n is di s p e n s e d
,
w i th e g h a r o n f o r g h a r t e fr o m th e h o us e g h a ri n f o r g h ar an
g,
. .
, ,
w ic h c h , in th e h o u s e s d o h a t th in f o r u s d e h att h an D al ( o r t e )
us
b y h is h a n d s , i e , by h is m e a n s ; u s d e d a r g ah e f o r u s d i d ar
. .
g a h w ic h c h , i n h i s c o u r t or h is
p r e s e n ce , u s p as i o n f o r u s p as e t e
,
r om t h a t s i d e
f .
Th e r e a re 11 0 d e fi n it e r u l e s f o r d e t e r m i n i n g g e n d e r s
31 .
of nouns p r ac t i c e a l o n e c an t e ac h th i s .
32 Co m p o u n d s f o l l o w t h e g e n d e r o f t h e l as t o f th e c o m
.
p on e n t p ar t s .
33 D e ri v ati v e s ar e fo r m e d in a v a r i e ty o f w ay s an d
.
,
f o l l o w t h e u s ag e s o f H i n d i e g , .
( i) by c h an g i n g t e r m i n at i o n o f i n fi n iti v e i n t o h at as ,
c h i l au n a to s c e a m c h il a h a t s c re a m ing r , ,
ii) by h n i n g t h e fi nal v o w e l a o f th e adj e c ti v e i n t o

( c a g
i, a s n taul a, h a s ty, u taul i
,
h as te ;
P A N J AB I G R AM MA R .
( iii) by addi n g ai hit o r at t o t h e a dj e c ti v e , , , as c h at u r ,
c l e ve r c h a t u r ai c l e ve r n e s s
,
b ah u t m an y , , , b ah u tait , or
b ah u t at , a bu n d a n c e .
( iv ) by c h an g i n g fi n a l a o f a dj e c ti v e i n t o ia1 o r an as , ,
w ad a g r e a t w a d iai g r e a tnes s ; u c h c h a h igh

, ,
u c h c hén , ,
h e ig h t .
( a ) By c h an g i n g fi n al
a o f n o u n i n t o p un a, as u c h ak ka, a
p ic kp o c ke t, u c h a kk u n a ic k oe he t i n
p p p g .
34 . F e m i n i n e s a r e fo r m e d f r o m m as c u l i n e s by c h an g i n g
t e r m i n ati o n s a s u n d e r
( i) a i n t o
I
1 as gh o ra ,
a h o r s e , gh o r r,
’
a m a r e ; i , 1 a, i a, iy a
i n t o n as u s k a li o r u s k al i a c a l u mn ia to r u s k al an
, , y , a , ,
a fe m a l e c a l u m n ia to r .
( )
i t i i n t o a i a s K h a ttri — K h at t r a
n ni ,
.
(iii) by a d di n g n i o r an i to th e m as c u li n e as li n t ,
a c ame l ,
un tn i a s h e c a m e l ; m u g al M ogh u l m u g al an i , , , a f ma l
e e
M og h u l .
35 i d e ri v e d f r o m m as c uli e s in a w h e n
Fe mi nine s in
’
n
.
, ,
d e n o ti n g thi n g s w ith o u t li f e h av e a di m i nu ti v e s e n s e as g h ar a , ,
a n e ar th e n a r g h a i a s m a l l e a r t he n p o t
j ,
r
,
.
A DJ E CT I V E s .
36 A dj e c ti v e s fo rme d f o ll o w s
‘
. ar e as
( i .
) D e ri v e d f r o m n o un s , by addi n g i ,
as as m an , he a r e n ,
i h e a ve n l y
as man , .
( w ) D e ri v e d f r o m n o u n s by ad di n g a a s bh ar a l o ad , , ,
bh ar a h e av y ,
.
iii
( ) D e ri e d f r o m v e rb s as a n an
j
v ign or a n t f rom
j an n é , , , ,
to kno w , f
an r o m p a r h n a to r e a d
ar h ia u n r e a d ,
p .
(in ) B y a ddi n g w a l e t o a n o u n
,
a s k a r a c l o t h e s , ka
pp , .
pp r e
w al a s an d uk , c l o th e s ho w, b u t k app r e w al a is al s o
u s e d as a s u b s t an ti v e f o r a c l o t h m a n .
l ds d b o th as n o u n s an d adj e c ti v e s
'
37 . A c as s o f wor ,
use ,
ar e d e ri v e d f ro m v e r b s b y add i n g (1 t o t h e r o o t as k h an gl u tton ,
or l u t to n o u s f r o m k h a e a t
g , ,
.
38 . A dj e c ti v e s e n di n g in a '
ar e i n fl e c t e d li k e n o un s , e .
g .
c hi tta ,
w hite .
S I N GULA R . P L URA L .
M asc u li ne . F em i i
n ne . M as c u li ne . F mie ni n e .
N chi tt a hi tti
c hi t t hi tt i a n
j
c e c
Ob i
e c t v e c as e s c hi tt e hi tti
c c hi tt i an c h i tt i an
V c hi t t e c h it ti ac hi tt i , c h ittie ,
hi tt
c e ,
ch ittio , c h it l io
39 . M a s c u li n e s end n i g in i ar e d e c li n e d l i k e p ah (
’
se e .
P A N J AB I G R AM MAR .
xv
-
40 A dj e c ti v e s e n di n g in a c o n s o n an t ar e n o t i n fl e c t e d ,
.
e x c e p t t h e n u m e r a l s w hi c h a r e d e c li n e d a s u n d e r , e g , d a s , te n . .
F mi i
e n ne .
Ob j i
e c t v e c as e s
N B . .
— D o, tw o , w hen i n fl e cte d b e c o m e s d o u an or d o h zi n .
41 . D gre e e s o f c om p a ri s o n ar e p r e s s e d as in U r d fi b y
ex ,
th e h e l p o f pr e p o s iti on s an d an ,
adj e c ti v e p r o n o u n d e n o ti n g
“
al l
”
,
th u s
P o s iti v e T his is a good wor d ih c h an g i gal l h ai
.
,
.
Co m p a r a ti v e T h is i s a be tte r w o r d u s d e n al o r u s t e i h
—
, , ,
c h a n g i g a ll h ai .
S u p e r l a ti v e — This is the be s t wor d i h s arian gal l an t e

.
,
c h an g i h ai o r s ab h n an w ic h c h o n c h ang i ,
g a ll t a il i h ai o r s ab h n an nal o n ih c h an g i ,
al l h a i
g .
P R O N OU N S .
42 . P r o n ou n s ar e p e r s o n al o r adj e c ti e v .
43 . T h e S m p l e p e r s o n al p r o n o u n s a r e
i m ai n , I ; t un , th an
he s h e i t ; w hi c h a r e d e c li n e d th u s
,
Pl r l Si g l Pl r l
u a . n u ar . u a .
as ni t un t us i n
as ni n ai ta in n ai t us i n n ai
as ad a, &c . r
t e a, & c . t u s acl a , & c .
t u h ad a , & c .
D or Ac ma i n n un as a n un t ai min t u s a m in un ha
n ni n i
t uh zi n un
t ai t e , t ai t u s a t e
'
a s iz te nn h én te
t h on tu la i te
44 . dj e c ti v e pr o n o u n s ar e di v id e d i n to t w o
T h e s i m pl e a
c l ass e s d e fi n it e an d
i n d e fi n it e .
45 Th e d e fi n it e pr o n o u n s ar e i h ah th is ; uh th a t ; h a r
.
, , , ,
e ve r y o ne ; s ah h S ar a s a r b a t t a l l t h e w h o l e
, , , , .
46 l b is d e c li n e d l i k e u h (s e e
.
,
b ar is i n d e c li n abl e ;
S ar a is d e c li n e d l i k e c hi t t a (s e e s a bh is u s e d th r o u g h o u t t h e
s i n g u l a r a n d in t h e n o m i n a ti v e pl u r a l
,
in t h e o bli q u e c a s e s pl u r al
s ab h n a n ; i t b e c o m e s in t h e i n s tr u m e n t a l p l u r al s a b h n in a nd , ,
s ah b n an n ah
47 T h e i n d e fi n it e a dj e c ti v e p r o n o u n s a r e k o i o r kai an y
.
,
k u c h , k U j h , k u h u n , s o m e ; k ai kit n e , s e ve r a l ; l i aj a, s ome ;
t h u h u r a, li t t l e , f e w b a h u t b a h u t s, b a th e r a, m u c h , m a n y ; b as s .
,
e n ou h
g h e r h o r a s m or e
, ,
K o i a n d k u c hh ar e o f t e n u s e d p e r s o n ally ,
.
m e an i n g s ome o n e an d so me t h in g .
xv i PA N J AR I G RAM MAR .
48 . K e i is d e c li n e d th us
Si g l r n u a . Pl r u a l .
koi k oi
ki s e n ai, ki s i n ai ki s e n ai, ki s i n ai ; k in h én n ai
ki se d é, & c .
, ki s i ki s e d é, & c ki s i as & c k in h an
.
,
.
,
'
d zi & c , . (i s , & c .
D ki e n n ki s i n ii n
or Ac s ki ’
ii i i n un k in h i n mi n
,
'
s e n un , k s ,
’
Ab ki s e t e ki s i t e ki e t ki s i t e ki n h an t
,
s e, , e
T h e pl u r al , h o w e v e r , is v e r y s e l d o m u s e d ; k ai is d e c l i ne d li k e
49 . K u c h h ku jh ku h u n bah u t b as s
, , , , , an d h o r as ar e in de c l in
a bl e h o r as is o n ly u s e d in t h e S i n g u l ar .
50 .
ms , b ah u t a, t h u h u r a an d b ath e r é . ar e d e c li n e d li k e
c hi tta (s ee
51 . H e r is in d e c li n abl e in th e s i n g u l ar in t h e o bli q u e c as e s
pl u r al ,
it b e c o m e s h e r ein an d h or n an ; i n s t r u m e n t al , h o rin and
h o r n in , or h e r ein n ai , h o r n an n ai .
52 . K ai an d k it n e ar e use d o n ly in th e p l u ral ,
an d ar e
d e c li n e d li k e n o u ns o f s i m il a r t e r m i n at i on th us ,
M li as c u ne .
k ai k it n e k it n i an
ka i an n ai o r k i tn e n ai o r k i tn ian n ai, & c k it n i an . n ai, &c .
R E LAT I V E PR C N C U N S .
53 Th e R e l ati v e P r o n o u n s a r e jo, w h o, wh ic h , th a t, wha t ;

.
i l i r a o r j e h r a, w h os oe ve r , w h ic hs oe ve r , w h o, w h ic h , t h a t ; j it n a;
j
a s m uc h as , as m a n y a s ; j i h a o r j e h é, o
f wh a t s or t ; j e d, j ai d , .
j e d a, as l arge as , a s l ong as .
54 . J o, wh o fi re is d e c li n e d as u n de r
P l l ura .
jo jo
I j in n ai j i i i j bi i
n n na in n na
Gr j is as & c 31 h d é & c j i a as & j é
n n
,
in h n d a, & c
c
j ji a ji a u
. .
, , , .
, .
D o r A 0 jis n ii n ih n un ’
n n n un , nb n n n
Ab ji s t e , ih t e j,
ji a j a
n n te, inb n te
55 .J ih r a, j it n a, j 1 h é, an d j e da ’
. ar e d e c l i n e d li k e c hi tta
(s e e
56 . J ed an d j ai d ar e i n d e c l i n abl e .
CORR E LATI V E PR C N CU N S .
57 T h e Co rr e l ati v e P r on o u n s ar e
. s o, this , th a t, h e, s h e , it ;
i tn a, t his mu c h ; u t n a, t itn a, t ha t muc h ; a i s a, aj i b a,
e j e b a, of s u c h
a s or t ; ih a , e h a of t his s or t
,
tih a ,
t e h a, o
f tha t s or t ; aid , aide,
s o l ar e , s o l on
g g .
58 S o is d e c li n e d li k e jo
.
( s e e 5 4) itn a u t n e t itn a ai s é , , , ,
aj i b a, ih a, t ih a, an d aid s ar e . d e c li n e d li k e Chi tta (s e e ,

A id is i n d e c li n ab l e .
PA N J AB I G R AMMA R .
xv n
I N T E R R O GAT I V E PR o N O U N s
'
59 T h e I n t e r r o g a ti v e P r o n o u n s a r e k au n , w h o ? wh ic h ? ;
.
k ih r a o r k e h r a, w hic h o n e ; k i o r k ia , w ha t k itn a, h ow mu c h
h ow m a n y k ai, h o w m an y 9 ; k ih a k e h a, of w h a t s or t ? k aicl ,
.
,
k e da o r k aicl zi , h ow l a rge h o w lo ng
’
60 K aun is d e c li n e d li k e jo (s e e
.
61 K i hr a k it n a k ih a a n d k aicl é a r e d e c li n e d li k e c hi tta
.
, , ,
(s e e K ai el is i n d e c li n abl e k ai is o n ly u s e d in pl u r al an d ,
is i n d e c li n abl e .
62 K i o r ki a wh a t ? is u s e d o n ly in s i n g u l ar an d is d e c li n e d
.
,
th u s
k i, k i a
k é s n ai
kits as, & c kaih d fi , & c
.
,
’
k as n un , k uh n un
k as t e akib t e
R E F L E CT I VE P R ON OU N S .
63 .Th e r e fl e c ti v e pr on o u n s a r e zi p , mys e lf ,
th y s e l f, &c .
, an d
ap as, e ac h o the r .
64 . A p is s om e ti m e s u s e d r e s p e c tfu l ly as in U rd u , an d is
th e n t r e a t e d as a p l u r al .
65 . Ap is d e c li n e d as u n d e r
S i n gu l ar . P l l
ura .
zi p , ép n e zi p i p , ap n e zi p
z
I ti p n ai ap n ian n a i, ap n in
G
.
ap n a ,
85 0 . ap n a, & c .
D or Ac zi p n un , fip n e n un , {1 p n un , ép n 1 an n un ,
ap n e up m i n
{1 13 t e , ap n e t e , ap t e , ap n ian t e
cip n e é
p te
V i
ap n a, ap n e
A p as is use d on ly in g e n i ti v e ,
d at i v e , ac c u s a ti v e ,
c as e s pl u r al .
CO M PO U N D P R ON OU N S .
67 T h e f o ll o w i n g ar e t h e c o m p o u n d pr o n o u n s u s e d
.
j o k o i ,
w h oe ver ; jo k u c hh , w h a te v e r ; jih a r é k u c hh , w h ic h e ve r ; k o i n a
k o i, on e or a n o th e r ; k u c hh n a k u c hh , s o m e th in g o r o the r ;
k u c hh as k u c hh , s om e th ing e l s e h o r ko i, a n o t h e r h o r k u c hh ,
s ome t h ing e l s e ; ih a j ih é , ah a j ah a of this s o r t uhé j ih a, of tha t ,
.
s or t ; j i h a k ih a, of w h at s or t s oe v e r ; h o r k i, w h a t e l s e s a bh
k o i, a ll ; s abh d a s ab h , a l l ; s ab h k u c hh , e ve r y t hin g ; h a r e k
e very one , a l l k o i ik k , a n y on e h ar k o i, e ve r y o n e .
x v iii PA N J AE E G R AMMA R .
68 ko i , k o i n a k o i, ih a j ih a, ah a j ah a, u h a l i b s ,
. J o
an d j ih a k ih aa r e d e c l i n e d 1 11 b o th th e i r c o m p o n e n t p a r t s th u s
69 . H o r k oi, li o r
k i, s ab h k o i, sa bl i as sa bb ,
h ar k o i, on ly
c h an g e in t h e l att e r c o m p o n e n t , th u s
Pl r u a l .
s ab h de s ab h
s ab h d e s ab h n an n ai
70 . I n ko i ih k , t h e fi r s t p on e n t o nl y is i n fl e c t e d
c om .
71 . Th e r e s t ar e al l i n d e c li n abl e .
72 . T, e ,
an d 0 a r e s o m e ti m e s a dd e d t o pr o n o u n s t o m ak e
th e m m p h a ti c a s u h o , ih o , u h i, s oi, t h is or th a t ve r y o n e , t h e
e
s ab h e , s ab h o , ap o , o n e s v e r y s e lf I n o th e r
’
s am e ; the wh o l e .
c as e s , th e p a r ti c l e h i g i v e s t h e s am e e m p h a s i s .
73 . s ave an d j ih a a r e a l s o u s e d a s a dj u n c t s o f e m ph as i s ,
as b ah u t S ar a, a gr e a t d e a l t h u h u r a j ih a, ve r y l it t l e an d ar e al s o
a tt a c h e d t o a d j e c ti v e s o f s i z e a n d q u a n ti ty , as w e l l a s t o
adj e c ti v e p r o n o u n s , e g , w ad e S ar a, v e r y l arge ; c h h o ta j ih a, ve r y
. . .
s mal l .
74 . P r o n o u n s in t h e I n s tr u m e n t al g e n e r ally
f o ll o w t h e u s a g e
o f n ou n s , by t a k i n g n ai a s a s a n a i, t u s an a i ; u s n a i, u n h a n n ai,
k is n ai, k i n an n a1 , J i s me , J i n b an n ai, & c , b u t n ai is o f t e n o m itt e d

. .
75 I n t h e abl ati v e , m e r e t e ,
. te re te , a re o f e n s u t bs ti tu t e d
fo r m ai t e an d t ai t e .
76 I n t h e o bl i u e c as e s o f u h ,
. q i h jo , , s o, k aun k oi th e
, ,
t e r m i n ati o n s is s o m e ti m e s c h an g e d “
into t ; as ut,
it j it ti t , ,
k it , k it e f o r u s , is , & c .
77 . P r on ou n s l i k e n o u n s a n d a dj e c tiv e s b y b e i n g r e p e at e d
, , ,
ex pr e s s t h e i d e a o f e m ph as i s o r di s trib u ti o n th u s
i( ) u h ap n e ap n e g h a r n un g ae t h e y we n t e ac h t o h is ,
own h om e .
hi j an t u b ane k ar m au n gié n s o s o l e J ao
(1 1 ) j o j o c
'
, ,
t a ke t h e p a r ti c u l a r t h ing s t h a t w i l l be o u s e to
f you .
( ii i ) k u c h k u c h v e r y l it t l e a n d k o i k oi ve r y f e w
, , ,
78 Pr o n o u n s s o m e ti m e s u n d e r g o e li s i o n in t h e fi na l l ett e r ;
.
o r e v e n i n s e v e r al l e tt e r s b y be i n g j oi n e d t o n o u ns e g
j in
id d ‘
, . .
,
f o r 1 s l m on w h a t d ay J ClJ C ll ELI f o r j it n a c h i r a s l o ng a t iine

'
1 r l
'
(
, ,
a s ; i n s u c h c as e s t h e fi r s t c o n s o n an t o f t h e n o u n t ak e s an a d h ak
;
v ' i
PA N J AB E G RAM MAR .
but suc h w or ds ar e r e a lly a d ve rb s ,

an d s h ou l d be t r e at e d as
suc h .
79 Co n t r ac ti o n s an d t r an s p o s iti on s
. a r e s o me ti me s u s e d as
k o ik f o r ko i ik h , an d i k as f o r k i s i ik k .
ITE M S .
80 . V e rb s ar e a c ti v e
t r t r an s iti v e an d i n t r an s iti v e
an d ne u e , .
81 V o i c e s ar e t w o ; a c ti v e a n d p a s s i v e
. .
82 T h e r e ar e fi v e m o o d s I n di c ati v e P o t e n ti al S u bj uu c tiv e
.
, , ,
I m p e r ati v e , I n fi n iti v e T h e S u bj u n c ti v e is f o r m e d by p r e fi x in g
.
j e o r j e h a r if t o th e I n di c ati v e Or P o t e n ti al
, ,
.
83 T e n s e s ar e t w e l v e via (i ) P r e s e n t ( n ) D e fi n i t e Pr e
.
, , ,
sent , (iii) H ab it u al P r e s e n t ( iv ) I m p e r f e c t (v ) I m p e r f e c t , ,
H abit u a l (vi) F u t u r e Pr o b a bl e (vi i ) F u t u r e H abi t ua l (viii) P as t

, , , ,
(ix) P e r fe c t ( v) Pl u p e r f e c t ( xi) F u t u r e P as t ( v ii) F u t u r e

,
.
, , . .
84 E v e ry v e rb h as fo u r P a r ti c ipl e s an d a G e r u n d T h e
. .
p ar ti c ipl e s ar e P r e s e n t P as t I n d e fi n it e an d S u b s t an ti v e
, , ,
.
85 T h e s e c o n d p e r s o n s i n g u l a r i m p e r ati v e is t h e r o o t al l
.
t h e t e n s e s ar e f o r m e d w ith t h e h e l p o f a u x ili a ri e s e ith e r f r o m

, ,
th e r o o t o r f r o m t h e p r e s e n t a n d p as t p ar ti c ipl e s an d th e f u t u r e
, ,
t e n s e p o t e n ti al .
86 I f th e r o o t e nd s in u p r e s e n t parti c ipl e is f o r m e d by
.
,
pl ac i n g a bi n d i o v e r it an d addi n g d a e g an c om e ; au n d é c o m
, , . .
, , ,
i ng s e u s e r v e s e n u d a s e r vin g ; t h e p as t p arti c i p l e by c h an g i n g
, , ,
11 i n t o ia o r w ia e g s is be i n g c om e s e vvi a be ing s e ve d ; th e
’
,
r
, , ,
. .
f u t u r e p o t e n ti al by c h an g i n g u i n t o w an a s aw an I m ay c ome
, , , .
87 I n r e g u l a r v e rb s if t h e r o o t e n d s w ith a c o n s o n an t
.
, ,
th e p r s e n t p ar tic ipl e is f o r m e d by a ddi n g d a t h e p as t by a d di n g

e , ,
iii ; an d t h e f u t u r e p o t e n ti al by a ddi n g an e g g h al l d a s e n d ing , ,

.
, ,
gh al l ia, be ing s e n t ; g h al l an , I m ay s e n d .
88 T h e i n d e fi n it e p a rti c ipl e is f o r m e d by ad di n g k e t o th e
.
r o o t ; as gh al l , g h al l k e , h a vi ng s e n t e x c e p t in r o o t s e n di n g in 11 ,
w h e n u is d r o p p e d , an d k e a ffi x e d t o p r e ce di n g v o w e l , e g , . .
g h al l au c a u s e to be s e n t,
, g h al l ake , h avin g c a u s e d to b e s e n t b u t i is
,
s o m e t im e s s u b s tit u t e d f o r u , e g , a n ai k e , h a vin om e S m ti me s
, g c o e . .
t h e k e is o m itt e d alt o g e th e r .
89 T h e s u b s t an t i v e p arti c ipl e is s o c all e d , b e c a us e , w hil e

.
i t r e tai n s t h e p ow e r o f t h e v e rb , f r o m w hi c h it is d e ri v e d , i t o f t e n
a s s u m e s t h e at t rib u t e s o f a s u b s t an ti v e I t is fo r m e d by a ddi n g .
w al a, h a i r , o r h ar a t o t h e o bliq u e f o r m o f t h e i n n iti v e , e g , fi . .
gh al l n e w al a, a s e nd er .
90 . The i n fi n iti v e is f o r m e d by addi n g n ao r né t o th e r oo t ,

P A N J AB I G R A M MA R .
91 . Th e ge run d h as g e n e r ally t h e s am e fo rm as th e p as t
p a rti c i p l e .
92 . The a ux ili a ri e s use d ar e th e d e f e c ti v e v e rb h an , a m .
d b o n d , to be j
an d m a
’
an ,
t o
g o z .
93 . T he d e f e c ti v e s u b s tan ti v e ve rb ,
11 51 11 , I am , is d e c li n e d
as fo ll o w s
IND ICA T IVE M O OD .
P R E S EN T I m —
a
S IN GULAR P LU RAL .
M asc u li ne . F mi i
e n ne . M as c u li ne. F em in i nc .
1 . h i h a ga
a r) ,
n h au , h a gi n b an , h a ge n h an , h an gi an
2 . h ai b i g a n, a n h i
a n, h ain g i h o, h oge h o , o g l an h
3 h i b ai g a
a h ai h igi
a h an , h an g e h ai n h an , h an g i an
i ll
.
, ,
N B — T h e p r on ou n s W l l l n o t b e g v e n b u t , 1 , 2, 3 W i be i n s e rte d t h r ou g h ou t t h e c on
j u g at o ni
. .
of V h
e r b s , t o s o w fi r s t , s e c on d , a n d t h i d p e r s on
.
r .
PA S T .
-
I w as .
F E M IN IN E .
S i n gu ar . l
1 . s i, s ig a , s an s an g a , t h a, h ais én s i, s igi , s an , s an g 1 , i t hi ,
h a is au
2 . s et , s i g n, s i, s i g a,
t h a, h i i
a s s i, s ig i ,
th1 h i i
a s
3 . Si , sag a, s i, s ig a ,
t h a, h i i
a s s i, s ig i ,
t lu h ai i s
Pl u r al .
1 . se ,
s e ge , s i, s ig e , s an , s i n g e ,
the , h ai s e s 1 au , s ig izi n , s a
’
n , s zi n g 1 an ,
’
t h 1 an
2 . se ,
s e ge ,
s i, s ig e , the , h ia se , S i an , s 1 g 1 an , t hi a n, h ais ian
3 . se , s e ge , s i, s ig e , i n , s i n ge
sa ,
sa n, i th e , s 1 an , s ig isu ,
s an , s an g i an , sa n i
h ai s an
94 . El e n a, to be , n e u te r a n d au x ili ar y v e r b , is d e c li n e d as
f o ll o w s
R oo t , h o , be , e xis t
,
bec ome .
P ri n c ip a l p a r t s P res e n t . p arti c ipl e h u n d a p as t p ar ti c ipl e

.
,
h o i a f u t u r e t e n s e , h o w én .
IMPE R A T IVE M O OD .
P R E S EN T B t h .
—
e ou
S IN GULAR .
2 . ho h o we .
FU T U R E .
—
B e t h ou ( h e r e af te r)
2 . h oin bo i o
P r e s e n t p arti c ipl e H u n d é h u n d a h e i a , , ,
be ing, becoming,
d e c l i n e d li k e c hi tta (s e e 3 8 .
P as t p a rti c i pl e H o i a h o i a h avin g be c ome , , . D e c li n e d li k e

c hi tt a ( s e e
N B I th ] . t mb r f th
.
—
d p l i t d f m th
n e as nu e o e 1 e u ca e or , e h e is o ft en c ha n ge d
in t o 0 , as h 0 1a o ia f or h i h i
o a o a .
I n d e fi n i t e p a rti c ipl e ( i n d e c l i n a bl e ) . .
Ho , h o k e , b o i k e , be in g, h a ving be c ome .
PA N J AB I G RAMMAR
’
S u b s t an ti v e
p arti c ipl e , be in g, o n e t h a t i s , or is to be , be c om in g,
H o n e w al a, h o n w al a, h o n e h ar , h o n h ar , h o n e h ar a, h o n h ar a F o r m s .
1 , 2, 5 a n d 6 ar e d e c l i n e d li k e c h i tt a ( s ee f o r m s 3 an d 4 l i k e
m an u k k h (s e e 2 1 ) in th e m as c u li n e , an d li k e g a ll ( s ee 2 6 ) in th e
f e m i ni n e .
G E R UN D —B e n i
P L U RA L
.
g .
S i nGt LAR .
M as c u li ne. F mi i
e n ne .
N h o izi h oi
Ob l iq u e c as e s h oe h oi
I n fi n iti v e , h o n ,
h o n a to be be comin g , ,
.
H o n is i n d e c li n abl e i n t h e s i n g u l a r m as c u li n e a n d f e m i
nin e it is n o t u s e d in th e fe m i n i n e pl u r al an d b e c o m e s h o n e in ,
al l t h e c a s e s o f t h e m as c u li n e p l u r a l H o n a i s d e c li n e d li k e .
c hi t ta (s ee
IND ICA T IVE M O OD .
P R E S EN T T EN S E —I i t . ex s .
S GULA IN R P L U RAL
DE F INI T E P R E S EN T — I am e ais tin g .
S INGU L R A . P L U RA L
F mi i e n ne .
h un d i
~ h an
h un d ih i a n
h un di h i a
I M PE R F E CT .
-
I w as i i
ex s t n g
SIN GULAR
M as c u li ne . M as cu li ne . F mi i
e n ne .
1 . h un d as é h unde se h u n d ian s ién
2 . h u n d aS é h un d e Se h u n di an 51a m
3 . h u n d as é
'
h unde se h un di an s i zi n
FU T U R E P R O B A B L E — I p r oba b l y am , s h a ll be , or m ay h a v e b e e n , e x s t ng.i i
S GULAR IN . P LU RAL .
M as c u l i n e . F mie n in e . M as cu li ne . F mi i
e n ne .
1 . h u n d ab o w an ga h u nd ih o w zi n g i
’
h unde h o w an g e h u n di én h o w an g i an
2 . h un d ah o w e n g a u n h
ow e n gi di h h unde h o w e ge h u n di an h o w e g ian
3 . h u n d e h ow e g a
. h u n dl h o w e gi
'
h unde h onge h a n d ian h o n g ian
PA S T — I b e c am e .
S IN GULAR P LU RAL
l li
. .
M a s cu in e . F mie n i ne . M as c u ne . F mi i
e n ne.
2 . h o ra h o i an
PE R FE C T — I h ave b e c om e
P L UR A L
.
S I N G U L AR
xx ii PA N J AB i G R AMM AR .
P L UPE R FEC T .
—I h ad bec om e
S IN GU LAR
M as c u li ne . M as c u l n e . i F mi i
e n ne.
2 . h or a ea h oi si h oe se h 0 1 an s i an
FU T U R E PA S T — I p r ob a b l y h av e , or s h a ll h av e , be c om e .
S i N G U L AR . P LU RAL
M as c u li ne. F mi i
e n n e. M as c u li ne.
1 . h o i ab o w a g a n h o i h o w fin g i h o e h o w an ge h ia o n h o w an g i an
2 . h o i ah w e g a o n h oi h ow e n gi h o e h o w og e h i an
o h o w o n g i an
3 . h ow h o w e g a h oi h o w e g i h o e h on g e h 0 1 an h on g i i n
FU TU R E — I s ha ll b e .
S IN G U LAR . PL U RAL .
M as c u li ne . F mi i
e n ne. M as c u li ne . F em i n i ne .
h o w an g i h o w an g e
h ow e n gi h o w oge
h o w e gi h onge
P OT EN T IA L M O O D .
P R E S EN T I w l d b — ou e .
S IN GU LAR PL U RAL .
M as c u li ne. M as c u li ne . F mi i
e n ne .
h un d a hund i h unde h u n d i an
D E F INI T E PR E S E N T I m s
— ay be ex st ngi i .
S IN GU LAR PL U RAL
li
.
F mi i e M n ne . as cu ne .
h
i h ow a
und n h un de h oy e
h
di h we
un o n h un de h ow e
h
d i h ow
un e h un d e h on
IMPE R FE C T .
—
I w ou l d h av e be c om e
S IN GU LAR
Ma s c u li n e. M as cu l ine . F mi i
e n ne .
h 0 1 a h un d é h oi h u n di h oe hu n de h 0 1 an hu n d a 1 n
FU T U R E PA S T .
—I s h a ll h a ve b ec om e
SI N GU LAR .
F mi i e n ne.
h o i h o w én
h oi h oW e n
‘
h
h oi ow e
F U TUR E — I m ay or s h a ll b e, I ma y or s h al lb e c om e .
S IN GU LAR . PL U RAL .
9 5 I rr e g u l ar
. neu e t r an d a u x ili ary v e r b J an a ,
to g o . R o o t,
J ab , go .
PA N J AB T G R AMMA R .
P re s e n t p ar ti c ipl e jzrn d a p as t p arti c ipl e ,

’
, , g ia, f u t u r e t e ns e ,
] aw én .
IMPE R A T IVE M OOD .
P R E S EN T G t h .
—
o ou .
P LU RAL
FU T U R E — Go th o u ( h er e af te r ) .
P r e s e n t p ar ti c ipl e , J an da , J an d ah 0 1 a . D e c li n e d li k e c h itl a
(s ee
P as t p ar ti c ipl e M as c u li n e g1 a g 1 a h 0 1 a F e mi n i n e gai gai h oi
, , , , .
D e c li n e d li k e c hi t ta (s ee
I n d e fi n it e p a rti c i p l e ( I n d e c li n abl e ) . .
J a j ak e jaike goin g h aving go ne

, , ,
.
S u b s t an ti v e p ar ti c ipl e goin g one th at goes or is to go , , ,
J an e w a l a j an w a l a j a neh a a
, j an l a jan e b a1 a J an b ar a ,
r
,
1 i , , .
F o r ms 1 2 5 a d 6 ar e d e c li n e d l i k e c h it l a (s ee 3 8 ) f 0 1 m s 3
,
n
i
, ,
a n d 4 1 ik e n a b u kk h ( s e e 2 1 ) in t h e m as c u li n e an d l i ke g al l ,
i n th e f e m i n i n e
(s e e 2 6 ) .
G E R UND G i g .
—
o n .
S GUL R IN A
M li
.
as c u ne .
Ob liq u e c as e s .
g ae , g a l an ,
PL U RAL .
j aizin
l
g a1 an
j ai a g ae
ae
J ,
liq
,
Ob ue n, ga
-
i an , g i an J a i an , g al an
'
INFIN I T IVE M OO D .
-
T o g o , go i ng .
S IN GULAR . P LU RAL .
M li F mi
ne M e ni n e as c u l in e Fm i e in ne .
j
a s cu . .
i J
I
j é n a, j an an an e J an ién
Ob l iq u e c as es j an e ,
j inn j an i , ja n J an e , J un i e n
j an i an
INDICA T IVE M O OD .
P R E S EN T .
—I
go .
M as c u li ne .
M as c u li ne . F mi i e n ne .
2 .
J an d é J an d mn
D E FIN I TE P R E S EN T .
—
I a m go i n g .
F em n n e i i .
'
j én d l un h zl n
j and ian h o
j én dian h an
PA N J Ani G R AMMA R .
P R E S EN T H A B I T UA L .
— I am i n th e h ab t i of go i ng .
S GULAR IN . P LU RAL
M ascu line F mi i e n ne . M as c u li ne .
j am m
.
1 .
J an da h u n d ai
'
h im j fin d i h
i him und J un h
d e u n d e h i m, a u h u n d izi n h i m
'
2
'
j irn d a h und a h i j zin d i h

di h i un a n j si n d e h u n d e 11 0
'
h
j zi n d ian u n d rl a h o i '
j j
. a n
3 .
j zi n d a
'
h u n d ah a i an d ih
di h i un a an d o u n d e h nn h j an d ian h un d ian h an
IMPE R FEC T .
— I w a s go i ng .
S IN GU LAR P LU RAL .
M a s cu li ne . M as c u li ne . F mi i
e n ne .
J i
amd a s r i ja nd i si J an d e se J a n d u n S l an
I MPE R FE C T H A B I T UA L .
— 1 w as i n t h e h a b t of go i i ng .
S GU LAR IN . PL U RAL
M as c u li ne . F mi i e n ne . M as c u li ne .
J an d é h u n d é
. .
’
S zi ja n di h und i si j an d e h un de se J un d i an h u n ch an S l an
FU T U R E P R O B A B L E —
I am p r ob ab l y, or s h a ll b e , go ing .
S GU LAR IN P L URA L
M as c u li ne .
J an d e h o w on ge J an d i an h o w o n g ian
j an d e h aw e g e j én d 1 an h o w e g ién
j an d e h o n ge j én d i an b o n g an i .
FU T U R E H A B I T UA L .
-
I am p r o b ab l y, or s h a ll be i n t h e h a b i t of goi n g .
S GU LAR
IN
PA S T — I w en t .
S IN GU L R A . P LU RAL
M as c u li n e. F mi i
e n ne. M as c u li ne .
'
i
g zl n
a
PE R FE C T .
! -
I h ar e go n e .
S IN GU LAR P LU RAL .
M as c u li ne . F em i n in e
P L UPE R FE C T .
—
I h a d gon e .
S IN GULAR . PL U RAL .
M as c u li ne . F mi i e n ne . M as c u li ne . F mi i
e n ne.
2 .
gia s é g ae se g amn s ién
FU T U R E PA S T I p r — oba b l y h av e , or sha l l h av e , gon e .
S GULARIN . P LU RAL
F mi i e n
/
ne . M as c u li ne .
i
ga R O W EI n g a g ae h o w an g e g aian h o w an gl an
ga 1 h o w e n g i g a e h o w o ge g am n h o w o gm n
g a l ll O W l g ae h o n g e g uffi n h o n g i n iz
FU T U R E — I s ha l l or w i ll go .
S IN GULAR . P LU RAL
M a s cu li ne . F mie n in e . M as c u l in e .
gaw an g i J aw an
’
ga w zi n g e g i an ,
J a w e n gi ga og e ,
J aw o g e ga o g i a u , J aw o g i a n
J aw e g a
’
Jan g e J a n i an
g
l
P O T EN TI A L M OO D I .
—
w ou d go l .
P R E S E NT .
S IN GU LAR . P LU RAL
M as c u li ne. F mi i e M
n ne . a s cu li ne .
J an cl ian
DEFIN I T E P R E S EN T — I wo u l d be go i ng .
S INGULAR PL U RAL
M as c u li ne. M as c u li ne .
jén d a h u n d a j én d i h un d i J an d e h un d e
J an ch an h un d ién
—
l
I w ou d b e i n t h e h a b t i o f go i ng .
is t h e s am e as de fii n te p r e se n t .
FU T U R E P R O B A B L E — I m a y b e go i ng .
F mi i e n ne .
J
h w an an di o
j a d i h ow e n n
j an d i h w o e
FU T U R E H A B I T UA L I .
—
m a y b e in t h e h a b t i o f go ing .
M as c u li ne F mi i e n ne
PE R FEC T — l
I w ou d h av e go n e
S IN GU LAR
M as c u li ne . M as c u li ne .
gai h u n ch ’
g ae h un de g amn h un dién
xx vi PAN J AB I G R AM M A R .
FU T U R E PA S T .
— I m a y h av e gon e
SIN GU LAR
M as c u li ne
FU T U R E — I m ay , or s ha ll , go .
S GULAR
IN . PL U RAL .
M as c u l i d F mi i
ne an e n ne . M as c u li ne d F mi i
an e n ne.
96 . R e g u l ar verb , g h al l na,
t o s e nd .
R o o t , gh al l , s en d .
P r i n c i pal p art s P r e s e n t p ar ti c ip le , gh al l da. .
c ipl e , g h al l ia F u t u r e t e n s e , gh al l a
. n .
A CT I V E V O I CE .
I M P E R AT IV E M o o n .
P R E S EN T T EN S E .
— S en d .
S IN GU LAR .
2 g h al l
FU TUR E
.
. S en d ( h e re af te r)
PA R T I CI PL E S .
P R E S EN T S di . en ng .
S IN GU LAR .
PL U R A L .
M as cu li ne . F mi i
e n ne . M a s cu li ne . F mi i e n ne .
N g h al l d a , g h a l l d a g h al l d i, g h al l d i gh al l d e , gh al l d e g h al l d i an , gh al l d i an
h o i an
.
o a h i h oi h oe
Ob l c as e s
.
g h al l d e,.
g h al l d i, g h al l d i gh al l d i an gh al l g h al l d ién , g h al l d i an
g h al l d e h o e h oi i
d an h o ién h oia n
V g
.h al l d e , g h al l d ia , gh al l d ie , g h al l g h al l dio , gh al l d e g h al l d io , gh al l d io
h al l d ié o a
g
d ie
.
h i
o e h i bo o i i
b o o gh al l d ian b o io
P A S T ~H .
-
auin g s e n t .
M as c u li ne M as c u li ne . F em i i n ne.
ll i
.
g h al h a h 01a gh a h oi g h al l e h o e g h al h an h 0 1 an
Ob q . c as e s .
g h al l e h oe g h al l i h o i g h al l ién h o io n g h al h an o ian h .
V g h al l e h oe ,
h i gh al l ia o e gh al l io o e h i g h al l io h oio , gh al h an
h i
g h al l ia o a g h ll i ah o i e u h o io .
I NDE FINI T E — H v i . a ng s ent .
G h al l , gh al l k e ( I d cl i bl )
n e na e .
S U B S T AN T IVE S e n d i n g o ne t h at s e n d s , o r is t o s en d
— .
.
,
Gh al l an w al a, gh al l n e wal a, gh al l an h ar , g h al l n e h ar , gh al l anh ér é, gh al l ne h ér é .
PA NJ AB i G RAM MA R .
x xv u
F o r ms 1 , 2, 5 an d G ar e d e c li n e d l i k e c hi tt a (s e e 3 8 ) fo r ms
3 an d 4 l ike m an u k k h (s e e 2 1 ) in t h e m as c uli n e a n d li k e , g h al l
( see 2 6) in th e f e min i n e .
G E R UND .
— S end i ng .
S rN G U L A R . PL U RAL
M as c u li ne F mi i
e n ne.
g h al l l a g h al l i
Ob i lq u e c ase s g h al l e g h al l i
INFINI T IVE M OO D .
— To s en d , s e n d n
g i
S GU LAR
IN .
llf as cu l i n e . F mi i e n n e. M as c u li ne .
N .
gh al l n a, g h al l an g h al l n i g h al l n e
Ob l .
g h al l n e , g h al l an g h al l n i, g h al l an g h al l n e , gh al l n i an
c as e s .
IND ICA T IVE M OOD .
P R E S EN T I d —
sen .
S IN GU LAR . PL U RAL .
M asc u li ne. F mi i
e n ne . M as c u li ne .
F mi i
e n ne .
g h al l d é gh al l d i g h al l d e g h al l d i an
D EFIN I T E P R E S EN T .
-
I a m se n d ng i .
S IN GU LAR . P LU RAL
M as c u li ne . F mi i e n n e.
1 .
g h al l d é h i m
.
g h al l d i h am
2 .
g h al l d a a n h i g h al l d i a n h i
3 .
g h al l d é h ai
.
g h al l d i h ai
— I am in t h e h a b t i o f i
s e n d ng .
S GU LAR
IN PL U RAL .
M a sc u li ne . M as c u li ne .
F mi i
e n ne .
l .
g h al l d a h un d ah a n gh al l d i h u nd i g h al l d e h un de h an g h a l l ch an h un d i an
h an .
h am
2 .
g h all d zi h u n d é h i
a n g h al l cl i h un d i g h al l d e h unde ho g h al l d ian h u n d i an
h i a n .
ho
3 .
g h al l d a hu nd e h ai
.
g h al l d i h u n di
g h al l d e h u nde h a n g h al l d i an h u n d i an
h a1 .
h an
I MPE R F EC T .
-
I w as s e n d ng i
S IN GU LAR
M asc u li ne . M as c u l in e .
g h al l di si
'
gh al l d é s zi
g h al l d e se
g h al l ch an 8 1 am
IM PE R FEC T H A B I T UA L .
—
I w as i n t h e h a b t i o f i
s en d n g .
S GULAR IN P LU RAL
'
g h al l d zi h u n d zi
'
s in g h al l d i h un d i si g h al l d e h un d e s e
g h al l d mn h un d i an
s ién .
xx v iii r AN J AR i G R AMMA R .
FU T U R E P R OB A B L E — I am p r ob ab l y, or s h a ll be , s e n d n g. i
S GULAR IN . P LU RAL .
M as c u li ne . F mi i e n ne. M as c u li ne . F mi i
e n n e.
1 .
g b al l d a h o w dn g zi g h a l l d i h o w fin g i g h al l d o h o w zi n ge g h al l d izi n h o w an g i a n
2 .
g h a l l d zi h o w c n g zi g h a l l d i b o w e n g i g h al l d e h o w o g e g h a l l d i a n h o w o g ian
g h a l l d ai h o w e g zi g h a l l d i h o w e g i g h al ld e h o n g e
'
3 .
g h al l d w n h o n g ian
FU T U R E H A B I T UA L .
~
— I am p r oba b l y, or s ha ll be , i n t h e h a b t i o f i
s e n d n g.
S GULAR IN P LU RAL
M li as c u ne . M as c u li ne. F mi i e n ne .
1 .
gh al l d zi unda h g h al l d e h u n de
g h al l d i an h u n d l an
h o w zm g a h o w an g e
'
. h o w an g ian
2 .
g h al l d fi u n da h g h al l d e h un de gh a l l d ian h u n d i an
h ow e n ga h o w o ge . h o w o gian .
3 .
g h al l d ii u nda
. h gh a l l d e h unde
g h al l d ian h un dl an
h ow e g a h o ng e h o n g ian
PA S T — I s e nt .
S IN GULAR AN D PL U RAL .
M as c u li ne. F mi i e n ne .
g h al h a, g h al l e g h al l i, g h alh an
PE R FE C T — I h a ve s e n t.
S GU LAR
IN AN D PL U RAL .
M a sc u li ne . F mi i
e n n e.
gh al li a h ai, g b al l e h an gh al l i h ai, gh al l ian h an
P L UPE R F E C T .
—
I h ad s e n t.
S GULAR IN AN D P LU RAL .
M as c u li ne . F mi i e n ne.
gh all i é s é, gh al l e
. se g h all i s i, g h al h an s 1 an
FU T U R E PA S T —
rb
I p o ab l y h ave , or s ha ll h ave , s e n t .
SI N GU LAR AND P LU RAL .
M a sc u li ne . F em i n in e .
g h al li ah o we g é, gh al l e ho u ge I g h al l i h o w e g i, gh al l irin
'
h o ng1an
N B — In t he se p as t t e n s e s , t h e n oun or p r on o un l
w o u d b e in t h e in s tr u
l
. .
m e n t a c as e .
FU TUR E — I . s ha ll s end .
S IN GULAR PL U RAL .
PAN J AB I G R AMMA R .
P O T EN T IA L M OO D
PR E S E N T I w l d
.
se n d
—
. ou .
S IN GULAR P L U RAL .
F mi i
e n ne .
g h al l d a g h al l d i g h al l d c g h al l d ian
DEFINI T E P R E S EN T — I w o u d be l s en d n g i .
S IN GULAR P LU RAL
li l
.
M M
.
asc u ne . Fe m i i
n ne . as c u i n e .
F mi i
e n ne .
g h al l d é h u n d é ,
g h al l d i h u n di g h a ll d e h un de , «
5
11 3 11d h an d l an
— l
I w o u d be i n t h e h a b t i o f s e n d ng i .
I s th e sa me as t he de fi n it e p r e se nt .
FU T U R E P R O B A B L E —
I m ay b e s en d n g i .
F mi i e n ne . M a s cu li ne .
g h al l d i h o w an gh al l cl e oy e h
g h al l d i o w e n h g h al l d e b o w o
g h al l d i ow e h gh a l l d e h o n
FU T U R E H A B I T U A L . I m ay be in th e h a b t i o f s en d n g i .
S GULAR IN P LU RAL
g h a l l d ian u n ch un h
h
o e
y
g h al l d izt n h u n d l an
’
h o wo
g h al l d ian h u n d ién
h on
P E R FE C T — I w o u d h a ve l s e nt .
S GULAR IN .
AN D P LU RAL .
M as c u li ne . F mi i e n ne .
g h al h a h un d a, g h al l e h un d e li h un d i , g h al l i an h u n d ian
FU T U R E PA S T —
I m ay h av e s en t .
S GU AR IN L AN D PL U RAL .
M as c u li ne . Fem i i n ne.
h ll i h
.
g h al l ia h o w e , g h al l e h o n g e ow e , g h al h an h o n
N B —T h e
. . n o un or p r on o u n in t h ese two p as t t e n s e s w o u d b e in l t h e in
s t r u m e n t al c as e
l
.
FU T U R E I m —
ay or w ou d s en d .
S GULAR IN AN D P LU RAL .
M as c u li ne a nd F mi i
e n ne . M as c u li n e a nd F mi i
e n ne .
g h aHa y e
g b al l o
g h a Ha n
x xx PAN J AB I G R AMMA R .
PA S S I V E .
97 T h e p as s i v e v o i c e h as n e ith e r an im p e r ati v e mo o d n o r
.
a g e r u n d a n d t h e p as t p ar t i c i pl e a c ti v e
.
,
is u s e d w ith a p as s i v e
m e an i n g .
INFINI T IVE M OOD T b t h i gb t .

— o e sen , av n ee n s e n .
S i N GU L A R . PL U RAL
M li F mi i M li
as c u ne . e n ne . as c u ne.
gh l l J
"
gh l h J mi gh l h ji i a a a
'
, a
'
i n a e an e
f I f
gh al l ié j fi nu
’
.
Ob q g h al l e j zi ne , g h al l e J an , gh al l e J an i an gb al l e gh al h an j ai mén
’ '
c as e s
j
.
g b al l e j zi n e g h al l izi aine j an ian

Thi s f o r m is h o w e v e r s e ld o m u s e d .
INDICA T IVE M OO D .
P R E S EN T I m t —
a s en .
S IN GU LAR PL U R AL
M as c u li n e. M as c u li ne .
g h al l ié j fin d zi
. g h ll i jé
e nd i g h al l e J an d e
g h al h an J an d i an
D EFINI T E P R E S EN T — I am be i n g s en t .
M as c u li ne . M as cu li ne .
gh al l ié a j
md ia h én g h al l i j e md i h én
’
g h al l e J an d e
’
h am g h al h an J an dl an h én
g h al l i é j an d é a n h i g e h ll i
j én d i a n h i g h al l e j zi n d e ho g h a ll ién j én di én h o
h ll i
. .
g h a l l ié
.
j én d é h ai .
g e j én d i h ai g h al l e j én d e h an g h al h an j én d ién b an
— I am i n t h e h ab t i o f be i n g s e nt.
S GULAR
IN PL U RAL .
F em i n i ne .
gh al h an J an d i an
’
h u n d l é n h an
'
gh al h én J e n dién
h a n ch én h o
'
gh all ién J an d ién

h u n d izi n h am
I M PE R FEC T — I w . as be i n g s en t
S IN GU LAR .
M a scu li ne . F mi i
e n ne . M as c u li ne.
gh al l ié i n d as aij ’
g h al l i j én d i S i gh al l e J an de se
’
gh al h én J an dién smn
IMPE R FE C T H A B I T UA L .
— I w as i n t h e h ab t i of b e i n g s en t .
S GU LAR IN P LU AL R
M as c u li ne
I t !
g h e ll i j é d i n
h n d i Si
u
PANJ AB I G R AMMAR .
FU T U R E P R O B A B L E — I w i ll b e , or p r ob ab l y am be i n g, s e n t .
S GULAR IN . P LU RAL
F mi i e n ne .
gh al l i a n d i J
h o wé n g i
g e h ll i j
an d i
h ow e ngi
gh al l i j ii n cl i
h ow e gi
PA S T — I w as s en t .
SIN GULAR P LU RAL

M as c u li ne . F mi i e n ne M as c u li ne.
g h al l i g a i
’ ’
gh al l e g ae gh al h zi n g ai an
PE R FEC T .
— I h a ve b e e n s en t
M as c u li ne . Fem i i
n ne . F mi i e n ne .
1 .
gh al l izi g in b i n z
’
gh al l i g a i h i m g h al h an g a l an h i m
2 .
g h al l ié g i a n
‘
iz h i g h al h g a i a n
’
h i g h al l ifin g n en h o i
3 .
g h al l ié g i h ai iz
'
g h a l l i g ai h a i g h al l ién g al an h an
P L UPE R FE C T .
—I h ad be en sent
S IN GUL R A .
M as c u li ne. F mi i e n ne . M as c u li ne .
g h al h u gm Sé g h e ll i g ai Si g h al l e g e e se g h al h an g ai an S i an
FU T U R E PA S T . I s ha ll h av e be e n , or p r o b a b y w as , l s en t .
S IN GULAR .
e n ne .
gh alh a g m , g h al h a h o m , h o w fin g é
'
1 . or .
g h al h g a f , or g h a l l i h o i h o w én g i
g h al l i é g i n , g h a l l ifi h o iai , h o w e n g a
’
2 or
g h a l l i g ai , or g h al l i 13 0 1 , h o w e n g i
h ll i
. .
3 .
g h ul l ié g ie,
. or g h al l ié h o izi , h o w e g é
. . h
g aik g ai,
’
or g e h o i, h ow e g i
P LU L RA .
1 .
g h al l e g a e , or g h al l e h o e , h i
g h al h a n g a an , o r g h al h an h 0 1 a n , h o w én g am
2 .
g h al l e g a e , o r g h al l e h o e , h o w o e
g g h n l h an a f /
g f i n , o r gh a l h a n o an , h o w o ién
g h i
3 .
g h a ll e g ae , o r gh al l e h o e , h o n g e i
gh a l h an g a an , o r g h a l h an h o izi n , h o n g icxn
’
FU T U R E —
I s ha ll be s en t.
M a sc u
’
li ne . F mi i
e n ne . M asc u li ne . F mi e ni n e .
gh al l i j fiw zi n g i
’
1 g h al l izx j fiw én g zi g h al ie jé w é n g e g h al h an J aw én g l au
h ll i
.
2 g h al h a j é w e n g é g e jé w e n g i g h al l e j zi w o g e g h a l l izi n j éw o g ién
h ll i ja
.
3 .
g h al l ié j a
. i W Cg é .
g e j aw e g i g h al l e n ge
g h al l ién j f mg ién
P OT EN T IA L M O OD .
P R E S EN T —I w l d b . ou e s en t .
S IN GULAR PL U RAL
M as c u li ne . M asc u li ne .
2 .
gh al l izi jm
z
’
d tx
’
g h e ll i ja nd i g h al l e J an de g h al h an J an di i m
XXX“
D EFINI T E P R E S EN T — I am t o be s en t .
S l U LAR P LU RAL
li
.
M as c u li ne F em i i
n ne .
M as c u ne
FU T U R E P R O B A B L E -
I m a y be s en t .
S I NGL LAR
'
P LU RAL
M a s cu li ne .
1 gh u ll ia J an d zi
'
m
.
11 0 m
g h e l h J e n cl i
'
2 .
gh e l l izi J e n d zi
h ow e n h ow e n
3 .
g h e l l ie j zi n d fi
'
g h e l h an d
’
j i
h ow e h o we
FU T U R E H A B I T U A L .
— I m ay b e i n t h e h a b t i o f be i n g sent .
M as c u l in e . F mi i e n ne . M as c u li ne.
g h e l l isi j fin d e g h ll i j e l i gh e l l e J e nde
'
1 .
e nc
hu nde h
o w en h d i h we un o n h unde h oy e
g h ll i j e d i gh e l l eje nde
2 g h al l ie j fi n d a
.
e n
h un de h ow e n h li h ow e
u nc n h un de b ow o
3 .
h ll i j
g u a an d e gh l h J e d i
e
'
n g h ll j au e nde
h un de h o we h ow e h on
PE R FE C T — l
I w ou d h av e b e e n s ent .
S IN GULAR P LU RAL
li li
. .
M as c u ne . F mi i e n ne . M as c u ne .
F mi i e n ne.
g h e ll i e g l e h und eg h ll i g i h
e e und i gh e l l e g e e h u n de g h e l h e n gafal u h u n d m n
'
FU T U R E PA S T -
J m ay , 01
'
s l
h a l h av e b e e n , s e nt .
SIN GULAR
li
.
M as c u ne . F mi i
e n ne .
1 gh e lh e gie, or gh e l h e h 0 1 e , h ow e n
g h ll i g i
e e or g h ll i h i h ow m
e o
’
h ll i g i h ll i h i h w n
. , , s
2 g h e l he g i e , or
’
g h e l l ia h 0 1 e , h w o en g e e or g e o
h e ll i g e i h ll i h oi h o w
. .
, , o e
3 .
gh e l h e g et , or
’
gh e l l izi o e, h i h w o e g , or g e , e
P LU RAL .
1 .
gh e l l e g e e , or gh e l l e h o e , oy e h gh e l h e n g e i e n'
or g h e l h e n h 0 1 an oy e h
2 .
gh e l l e g e e , or gh e l l e h o e , h o w o g h e l h en g e l e n or g h e l h e n h o ien b o w o
3 .
gh e l l e g e e , or gh e l l e h oe , h o n g h e l l ien g e en i or g h e l h e n h o ien h o n
FU T U R E — I m ay , or s h a ll ,
be sent .
S IN GULAR PL U RAL
98 . T h e f o l l o w i n g is a n o th e r f o r m of th e p as s i v e v o i c e ;
ac i t ve ,
m ér n e, t o be a l — R o o t , m ar . .
P r i ip p e rt s ; p r e s e n t
nc al
p e r t ic i l e
p ,
m er d e, p as t p a r ti c ipl e ,
m em futu re te n s e me r é n
“
e ,
.
PA V S S IVE OICE .
INFINI T IVE M OO D .
— T o be be a te n
M as c u li ne .
mai r id é ei n , . j ’
ni ér id e J e n c m e d en ri i j zi n izi n
m zi r id ti j é n é
U hq . c as e me de a ri
i n, j m ai r id i e n J iri J ,
m a d e un i e n , m er id izin J an m n
m en d e j zi n e r i
m e i d j an ri me de J e n
I ND I CA T IVE M O O D .
P R E S EN T I m b t —
a e a en .
P L RAL U .
M as c u li ne . M as e n l i n c . F mi i
e n ne .
m
I I d
ar l
I
a
I I
m r d
I u i i m
I I d ur l e
I
m r d
I
e
II
i i an
D E FIN I T E P R E S E N T —
I am be i n g be te n a
S IN GULAR
I
M
I
as c u
w
li ne
P R E S EN T H A B I T UA L [ . am in t h e h a b t
.
i f be i n g b e a te n
o .
S GULAR IN . PL U RAL .
. e n ne M as c u li ne . F mi i e n ne .
1 . m zi r id zi h d e m er i d i
un m er i d e h u nde m er i d i e h n u n d ifi n
’
h en he n he n him
2 . m e de ri h d e m er i d i
un h di un m er i d e h un d e m ai m d um
’
h and i an
h i
a n h i
a n ho ho
‘
3 . m zi r id zi h un de mar ia): h und i ma
in d e h un de m er i d l e n h u n d i an
hei h ai he n he n
IMPE R F EC T .
-
I w as b e i ng be a t e n .
M as cu li ne. M a sc u l in e . Fm e ini ne .
m ér id é Se me d ri i Si m é r id e se m é rid ie n
H A B I T UA L
I
I MPE R F E C T .
— I w as i n t h e h a b t i o f be i ng b e a te n .
S IN GU LAR P LU RAL
M as c u li ne M l as c u i n e .
m e id r i h un d i Si m er i d h e un d e s e m i r id ién h an d ién
l s in iz
FU T U R E P R O B A B L E — I s ha ll be, or p r o ba b y l a m be i n g, be ate n .
S GULAR IN P LU RAL .
M as c u li ne .
e n ne.
m er i d h o w zm g e m ar id ién h o w éng ién

’
1 m er id zi h o w en g e m zi r id i h o w en g i e
m er i d
. .
m ér id zi h o w e n g a m zi r id i h o w e n g i h o w o ge m er id ian h o w o giii n
2 . .
m e i d i h o we g l
1 I rI x 1
m r l
I f
e
l m ng e
I I l
m e r i d i an h o n g i e u
l 1 ;
m ixr id é h o w e g e
’
a u e
3 . .
xxx iv PA N J AB f G R AMMA R .
FU T U R E .
— I s h al l be b e ate n
S IN GU LAR
I II I II
1
e
1 :
n ne
h o we v e r s e ld om u s e d .
P O T E N TIA L M O O D .
P R E S EN T I w l d b b t .
— ou e ea e n
SI N GU LAR
M a sc u l i n e . M li as c u ne . F mi i e n ne .
I m é id i r m r d
I I
a i e m er id ian
D E F IN I T E P R E S EN T .
—
I am t o be , o r c ou ld b e, be aten .
S N GU LAR
I PL U RAL .
M asc u l i ne . M as c u li ne. F em in in e .
mfir id zi
'
h un d e mér id i h un d i m a ide r h un d e m ér id ia
i n h u n d ien
FU T U R E P R OB A B L E — I m a y be be ate n
S IN GU LAR .
F mi i
e n ne . M li asen ne.
m ér id i h o w zi n m erid h y e o e
m ér id i h o w e n m er i d b w e o o
m ér id i h o w e m ar i d h e on
F U TU R E H AB I T U A L .
-
I ma y be h ab tu al y be a te n i l .
M as c u l i n e . M as c u li ne . F em in i ne .
1 . m er id é . h un de r
m e id i h undi m ér id e h un d e r
m e i d i an h u n d l an
h ow ii n h we o n h oy e h oy e
2 . ri
me da h un d e m rid ah i un d i mer i d e h un d e m ar id ién h u n d i an
h wo en h w o en h on o h ow o
3 . mar i d é . h und e m er i d h i und i ma d e ri hu n d e m er id ian h u n d mn
h ow e h ow e h on h on
FU T U R E — I s ha ll , or w l i l , be be at e n
S IN GU L R A .
M asc u l i n e an d F mi i e n n e. M as c u li ne an d F mi i
e n ne.
1 . m er ien
2 . m er ie n
3
. m e ier
Thi s t e n s e is se l d om us e d .
99 . The
th e r f o r m s o f h i m ar e al s o o f t e n u s e d as aux i
o
i ar l e s al th o g h n o t g i v e n ab o v e
l h u S i i s t e éd o f s e is o f t e n u s e d
‘ ’
, g n .
,
i n t e m as c u l i n e o f p e s t t e n s e s .
PAN J A B I G R AMMA R
I
.
X XXV
I R R E G U L AR V E R B S .
1 00 . Th e f o ll o w i n g ar e s o m e o f t h e m o s t c o m m on i rr e g u l a r
v e r bs in th e p ar t s n o t r e fe r r e d t o , th e c o nj n DO ati o n is r e g u l ar ‘
a
:
a .
L
m .
$z J fi i
A
p S
— f
e
a
2 a s
5 fi m 3 s
w a
m n m
.
m mm
m
; e £ pg £ 0
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:
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e
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g
e «
.
a e .
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w
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a
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f é E E
fi
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a fia e z
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m ?
3; ? m
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m n e o
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n . fi n n n ”
.
:
g
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m
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s ?
.
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m M
.
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a $
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8 m
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c u 4 g a fi
. c m 5 £ a c o n s
x
e a 2 a z 3 n c o
s g 3 5 e e a n e d
s e 6 6 a mma s m
x xx vi PA N J AR T G R AM MA R .
CA S UA L V E R B S .
10 1 v e rb s a r e u s e d to e x p r e s s
. Cas u al wha t is d o n e by t h e
i n s tr u m e n tal ity o f an o th r p e r s o n an d r e e
,
a f o r m e d e ith e r f r o m
a c ti v e o r n e u t e r v e rb s (i) by a d di n g a n , ,
w an , Ian , a] t o t h e
r o ot ; e .
g .
,
k a r w an c a u s e to d o
k a r , d o , h e r ei n or ,
.
d k h s e e dikh l an o r d e k h al
e
,
a u s e to s e e s h ow
, ,
c ,
.
ii by h n in h l as t s h o rt v o w e l o f t h e r o o t i n t o a l o n g o n e
( ) c e
g g t e ,
e .
g .
,
b al , b u r n , be] , c au s e to bu r n , kin d l e
u kh ar , be r o o te
r
d u
p ,
uk he i , '
T oot u
p,
t u r , d ep a t, t o r , r s en d away .
M o o ns T E NS E S ,
&c .
102 yll abl e w e

. in t h e th i rd p e r s o n s i n g u l a r
The s
“
,
f u t u r e b th i n di c ti v e a n d p o t e n ti al o f s u c h v e rb s a s t e r m i n a t e
,
o a ,
th e i r r o o t s in n is o f t e n c h a n g e d i n t o e a s j ae ga f o r J aw e g e
,
.
103 T h e s yll abl e .

ye of th e i n d e fi n i te f u t u r e p o t e n ti al ,
is o f t e n c h an g e d i n t o iy e a n d ie a s h u riy e c h al i e ; an d t h e thi rd , ,
p e r s o n f u t u r e p o t e n ti al an d i n d i c a ti v e ad m it s o f w a b e i n g
,
i n s e rt e d b e fo r e fi n a l n a s h o w e n f o r h o n , .
104 T h e p as t t e n s e s a e s o m e ti m e s u s e d f o r t h e fu t u r e
. r
,
e g
. J e t a i n a gg e p ai r d h ar a t an m a i n t e ri jan l ai I f yo u p u t
.
, , ,
a I w i l l t a ke y u r life o .
105 T h e p as t an d i m p e r f e c t ar o f t e n u s e d i n t e r c h a n g e
. e
ably ; s o a r e t h e p r e s e n t an d t h e d e fi n i t e p r e s e n t .
106 T h e f u t u r e p o t e n t i l is s o m e ti m e s u s e d f o r t h e f u t u r e
. a
i n di c a ti v e e g J e h u k am h o w e t an m a i n j aw an If th e r e is a n
,
. .
, ,
o rde r I w il l g o . .
10 7 T h e i n fi n iti v e g o v e r n e d by a n a c ti v e v e rb s o m e
.
,
ti m e s d r o p s t h e t e r m i n a ti o n n é n é & c e g T u s i n ac h c h h ian c h ijan

,
, ,
. . .
,
d e j an d e b e You kn o w h o w to gi ve g o od t h in gs ; T un p ai h j an d a
,
h a i n D o yo u kn o w how to e a d
,
r
”
o f t h e i n s t r u m e n t a l c as e b e i n g o ri g i n a lly
“
108 Th e n ai .
”
a p r e p o s iti o n m e an i n g by t h e i n fi ni ti v e is o ft e n c o n s tr u e d , ,
w ith t hi s c a s e t o e x p r e s s c e rt ai ty o r o bli g a t i o n t h e v e rb b an
,
n
,
b o n e b e i n g a t t h e s a m e ti m e e i th e r e xp r e s s e d o r u n d e r s t o o d ;
”
o r .
th u s m ai n au n é I w i l l c e rt a i n ly c o m e ; u S n e au n zi 8 51 h e w as
, , ,
t o h av e c o m e t u s i n au n a y ou m u s t c o m e ,
.
1 09 I n t h e p as s i v e v o i c e b o n e is s o m e ti m e s s u b s tit u t e d f o r
.
,
J a e n a s B ah u t m a
, y a k h a r c h i h o i h ai M u c h we a l th h as be e n e re ,
e n d e d ; M ih n at k i ti h u n di h ai L abo u r i s be in g p e n
p for me d , ,
PA N J AB I G R AM MA R .
x xx v u
1 10 . Ne ut e r v e rbs c an , in s o m e c as e s , be u se d in t h e p a s s i v e
fo r m , b u t w ith o u t a p as s i v e m e an i n g , e .
g .
, p r ap a t h o id é
a c u ir e s
q j a s g oe s m .
111 . In som e p art s of f o l l o w i n g p e c u li a ri

t h e Pa u J ab , t h e
”
ti e s p r e v ail i n s t e ad o f th e i n s tr u m e n t a l p ro n o u n u s n e , t h e v e rb
t ak e s th e s u ffi x o s , an d a t t h e s a m e ti m e d r o p s its o w n fi n a l
”
l e tt e r, as K i t o s , he d id , f o r U s n e k i t a; P i n d e as an , w e a r e d r in kin g,
-
is u s e d fo r A s i n p i n d e h an g e M a i n h a rd a ah a, I w a s d oing, f o r
m ai n k a rd a s é u h k a r s i , he w il l d o , f o r u h k a r e g a n as e , w as n ot ,
fo r na hi n sé .
CO M PO U N D V a ne s .
1 12 . fo m p o u u dv e r b s ar e f o r m e d
by u n iti n g a v e rb w ith a n o u n ; as M u ll l e n a to buy ,
k a bul k a r n a to ac c ep t b ra n b o n d to be e xp l ain e d
, , ,
.
by r e p e a ti n g a v e rb w i th s o m e s li g ht v a ri a ti o n t o ,
g i v e g r e a t e r e m ph as i s as U kh ar n a p u kh a n a to be
,
r
,
l u c ke d u r oo t a n d b r an c h B o th p a rt s ar e c o n j a
p p .
g a te d th r o u g h o u t .
by p r e fi x in g t o v e r b a l r o o t s c e rt ai n o th e r v e rb s
, , ,
w hi c h e n a bl e th e m to e x p r e s s p o s s ibil ity i n c e pti o n , ,
tr an s iti o n c o m p l e ti o n & c e g W ei c h s ak n a to be a ble

, ,
.
,
. .
,
to r e a d ; t u p ain d to s e t o u t
r b a hi jd n a to s it d ow n ;
, ,
k h a h a tn a t o j in i h e a tin g
,
s .
by p r e fi x in g a g e u u d t o t h e v e rb k a n a th u s d e
r i
,
n o ti n g h a bit a s U h p a r h i a k a r d a h e is in th e h a bi t
, ,
o f r ea d in g .
by p r e fi x in g a p a rti c i pl e e i th e r p as t o r p r e s e n t t o a
, ,
v e r b d e n o ti n g a c ti o n o r r e s t t o s i g n i fy t h e i d e a o f ,
c o n ti n u a n c e as U h m a i n un m ari h i g ia
,
h e we n t o n ,
be a t ing m e ; g aj u i u n h an d e h a t h o n j an d i l ag g i G h a z n i ,
be gan to go g a d ua l l y o u t of t h e ir h a n d ; u h k a n m
r s
k a r d a j an d a hai h e go es o n d o in g t h e w o /
,
c I f th e r .
p a rti c ipl e is r e p e at e d t h e m e an i ng is ditf e r e n t as U h

, ,
k a n m k ard a k a r d a j an d a h ai h e d oes th e w or k as h e ,
goes .
A D V E RB
1 13 . M an y ad v e rb s w e r e o ri g i nally n o u n s , o r a c o m b i na
t io u o f n o un s w ith o th e r p a rt s o f s p e e c h , a s u th e , th e r e , f r o m u s
“ ”
th au n , th at pl ac e ; k ic hc h a r , h o w l o ng, f ro m k it n a, ho w m u c h ,
” ” ”
chir , tim e ; th e y a r e th e r e f o r e o f t e n c o n s tr u e d w i t h p r e p o s iti o n s ,

“
a s if th e y w e r e n o u n s s till , as u th e t e or u th o n , r o m t he r e , f
t h en ce ; al s o w ith adj e c ti v e s , a s h a r k it e , e ve r y w h e r e
”
.
xx x v ii i r ANJ AB i G R AMMA R .
CON J UNC T I ONS .
114 . Th e f o l l o w i n g ar e s om e o f th e c o n u nc j ti ons in mo s t
f reque n t us e
ak e , ke, t au , th e n
l ill
or . .
at e t o, and. t an b h i, n eve t h e e s s , r st
l l
.
,
ap a r; aip ar e xc ep t, b ut . mi e , a s o, bot h a nd .
a t h w fi, o r .
p ar , b u t .
e r an d . b al ak , b u t , bu t e ve n
l
- .
m ag w an , m ag ou , b ut, b ut e ve n . b h aw c n , a t h o u gh .
j o, j e k ar , if .
y a, or .
1 15 S o m e o f th e s e a r e u se d as c o rr e l a ti v e s to e ac h o th e r
.
a s , j e if — ta , t h e
n n b h a w e n ,
a l t h oug h— t an bh i, s ti l l ; n al e , bo th
na l e , a nd O f th o s e th a t n a t u r ally go t o g e th e r , th e f o r me r is
.
s o m e ti m e s u n d e r s t o o d , a s H u k m h o w e , t a n m ain j a w an , if I h ave
r mis s io n , I w il l b i n g u n d e rs too d
p e g o ; j e e .
P R E POS I T I ON S .
116 W h a t h as b e e n s ai d o f th e o r i g i n o f ad v e r b s
. .
l i k e w i s e appl i e s to p r e p o s i ti o n s an d th e y th e r e fo r e h av e th e , , ,
s am e p o w e r to c o n t r o l t h e g e n d e r o f w o r d s d e p e n di n g o n th e m ,
th at n o u n s h av e ; e g c h ap h e r e o n a l l s ide s d e ri v e d f ro m c h ar
. .
, , , ,
fou r an d ph e r a a c ir c u i t r e q u i r e s t h e g e n i ti v e p ar ti c l e o f th e
, , ,
w o rd w h i c h i t g o v e r n s t o b e in th e m as c u l i n e g e n d e r as U s
, , ,
m ak an d e c h a p h e r e a l l a r o un d th a t p l a ce ,
.
1 17 T wo p r e p o s i ti o n s ar e o f t e n u s e d t o g e th e r as w ic h c h
.
t e o r w ic h c h o n o u t of fr om th e m id s t of
, w ic h don th r ough the , ,
m id s t o
f .
118 . v e r u s e d e x c e pt in c o mp os i ti on w ith o th e r
D on is ne ,
r
p p e o s m on s o r W i th a d v e r b s .
119 On is a n i n s e p ar ab l e p r e p o s iti o n an d is w r i tt e n as
.
,
p a r t o f th e w o rd w h i c h i t g o v e r n s as g h a r o n fr om h o me , .
1 20 . T h e f o ll ow i n g p r e p o s iti on s gov e r n t h e g e n iti v e c as e
ag ge , b ef o r e . s an e
2toge th e r w i th
ag g io n , f r o m b ef o r
e . s am e t ,
.
an u s zt r
'
,
a c c or d n g i to . sahmne , bef o r e .
a n g s a n g , a c c o mp an y n g i . sah m n io n , f r om bef o r
e.
an d a r w i th i
,
n . s at h ,
2w i th
a n d ar o n , f r om i i
w th n . s ang,
.
an d ar d o n b y t h e w a y of s a b ab b , o n a cc o un t o f
l
.
,
a n d ar d io u , j i i
t h e n s d e of h e th be ow
l
. .
,
rde ir
g d e , ab ou t . b e t h o n , f r o m be ow .
u te a bo ve , o n . h e t h d o n , b y t h e w ay o f the r id
un d e s e
upa r o ve r , on . o f .
u p ar o n , f r om a bov e . ha kk w ic h c h , r e s p e c t n g. i
u p ar d o n , b y t h e w ay of th e k ol , by
l
.
u p ar d io n , up p e s de r i of . k o o , f r om .
’
x xmx
kol d o n ,
k o l d io n ,
l by '
b ah ar d o n ,
b ah ar d io n ,
by t h e way of t he
o u ts d e of i
l
.
k aran , b ag a , on t h e s d e of i .
k é r an , b ag al o n , f om t h e s d e of r . i .
ir
g d e , a oun d r . b ag al d o n , by t h e s d e of i .
g ab h b h e , i n t h e m d s t i o f . b il j h , be s d e s i .
g e l , w th i . b aj h o n , b e s d e s i .
c h h u tt , w t h out i . m ag a , b e h n dr i .
i
t a u , to . m ag ar o n , f r om be h n d , af te i r
mil , w t h i m ag ar d o n , b y t h e e a of r r
l
. .
n ao n , f rom, i n c omp a ri s on i
w th . hr
m a e , b ef o e r .
me r e 1 "
m u h r o n , f o m bef or e r .
ne r e , te r e
ar e a
l ag , a dj a c e n t to .
n e ri o n , the v cf r om i i i ty f
n o . r
l ég o n , f o m c on ta c t w ith . .
n e r d o n , t h o ug h t h e r v i c i n i t y of l agb h ag , a bo u t
l
.
i h
n c e , b e ow . l a i, f o r .
n ic h on , f rmb o e n e ath l an b h , b y t h e s id e of
li
. . .
n iéin , ke . Ian b h c h an b h , a b o u t, i n th e v ic i n i ty
p an,
}
by
o f .
p it s , w al , t o w ar d s
.
h
p a on , w al o n , f r om th e d i re c t i on o f .
p és o n . w ic h c h , in , a m on g .
p ic h c h h e , af t e r . w ic h c h o n , f r om w t h n , f om i i r am on gs t.
p ic h c h h o n , af t e r fr , o m. be h i nd . w ic h d o n , by t h e w a y of t h e i n s i d e of ,
th r o ugh .
i
w th , e qu al to w ic h c h in , t h o u gh r
i h al
. .
w c e ,
b ab a t , c o n c e r n n g i w ic h k ah e , in th e m d s t i of .
h r
,
b a a , o u ts d e of i . w ic h k ar ,
b ah ar o n , f o m w t h o ut r i . w ikh e , i n , r e s p e c t n g. i
w as t e , f o r , o n ac c o u n t o f
l ik
.
w an j h i i ,
’
e.
1 21 . p r e p os i ti o n s g o v e r n i n g t h e d ati v e c as e
Th e a re N un ,
t am , t o r i t i kk a an d ti k u r an d th e y al l m e an to o r f or
, , ,
.
1 22 T h e f o ll ow i n g p r e p o s iti o n s a re use d with th e a bl e .
S ir , on th e h e ad f
o e xac t l y a t or o n ,
on w th i
p ur te
,
3133;
u p on .
b y, o f , ou t o f .
r
p u on , 0 13 .
r
p a te , f ro m o n, off . k rk
a e, b y , by me an s o f by t h e m e a n s
,
u t t on,
NUMB E RS AN D N U M E RAL S .
1 23 . The na me s of th e fi gu r e s are
E ka, o ne , (1 135, t h r ee, c h au ka, f ou r, p anJ a, we , c h h ak ka,

k r n i n e, b i n d 1 , mp h e r ,
’
i
s x, s ate, s e ve n , ath a, e i h
g ,t n a i é,
n a i an ,
o r n a u z -
1 24 . T h e fi g ure s ar e a s o s o m e l ti m e s ca ll e d ,
ikank or ikzrng ,
d fiénk or d uan g , & c .
xl PA N J ABi G R AM MA R .
1 25 . Th e ca r di n al an d o r di n al n um b e rs a r e as f o ll o w s
Ca r d in a l s . Or d in a ls .
1 ikk .
p ah il é , l at.
2 md
'
d uj zm 11 u ,
'
2 do .
, du
i
3 t nn, tr ai . t ij zi , t i , iz 3rd
h r
4 (t ei c h au t h é, 4th
j
.
p au j w zm , 5 th
’
5 p an .
6 0 11 11 8 . c h h e w én , 6 th
7 th
’
7 s at t . s at t m,
8 a tth . a t t h w én , 8 th
9 m m , n a -u n . n au w én n a -u w én 9 th
'
1 0 d as . d as w e n 1 0 th
1 1 g iér én , y ér én .
g iér n w an , y é r w én
' '
1 1 th
1 2 b ér én . b zi r aw zi n , 1 2 th
1 3 te m a r ’
. t e r aw zm ,
’
1 3 th
c h au d h w én ,
’
1 4 c h au d zm 1 4t h
1 5 p an d r zm
’
.
p an d h a r w é n , 1 5 th
1 6 s o l zi h s o l aw fin l 6 th
‘
1 7 s at ér é n . s at ér aw an , 1 7t h
1 8 ath é r én . a t h ér a w én , 1 8 th
u n n ih w z m,
'
1 9 nn n i . 1 9th
2 0 b l h , W ih b ih w én
'
. 20 t h
'
2 1 ik kl . ik k ih w an , 2 1 8 1;
2 2 b éi . b é is w én , 22u d
2 3 t e i, t e ri . t e is w én , t r e is w é n , 23 r d
2 4 c h au w i, c h aw w i, c aa b
'
h i , c h ab b i . c h au b is w én , c h aw ih w én , 24th
2 5 p o mp , p ac h oh l .
p ac h is w én , p an jih w ft n , 2 5 th
2 6 c h h ab b i . c h h a bb is w én , 2 6 th
2 7 s at éi . s at éis w én , 2 7t h
2 8 a t h éi at h éis w z m,
’
. 2 8 th
2 9 u n at t i u n at t r i , . u n n a t is w é n , 2 9 th
3 0 t ih , t b ri . t is w én , t ih w én , t r ib w zm ,
y
'
3 ot h
3 1 ik at t i, a k at t i, ak at t r i ik t is w an , ak at t is w zm ,
’
. 3 l s t.
3 2 b at t , b at t r i i . b at t is w én , 3 2 md
3 3 ten , te t i ri .
'
t e t l s w én , 3 3rd
h
3 4 c an t , o h au t r i i . o h au t is w én , 3 4t h
3 5 p ain t i, p ain t r i .
p ain t is w én , 3 5t h
36 c hh at t , c h h at t r i i . c h h at t is w én , 3 6 th
3 7 s ain t i, s ain t r i . s ain t is w zi n , 3 7t h
’
a t h at t fs w zm ,
’
3 8 at h at t l , a t h at t m 3 8 th
’
'
3 9 u n t éh . u n t él is w é n , 3 9th
’
4 0 c h él i . c h él iw én , c h éh s w an , 4 0 th
4 1 ik t él f . ik t éh al w én , 41 8 t
'
4 2 b ait éh b at él i . . b iah él w én , 4z u d
’
4 3 t it é h , t ait él i, t ir t él i . t it éh al w én 43 r d
44 c h au t él i
’
. c h u t zi h al w an , 44 t h
4 5 p ain t él i, p an t él i .
p ain t éh al w én , 4 5 uh
4 6 c h h it él i, c h h at al i . c h h it éh al w én , 46th
4 7 s ain t éh , s an t él i
'
. s a in t é h al w én , 4 7 th
’
4 8 at h t zl l f . a t h t éh al w én , 48 t h
4 9 u n an j fi , u n w an l a
'
u n an j h w én , 4 9 th
j
.
5 0 p an éh .
p an j fl h w én , 5 0 th
5 1 ik w an j é . ik w an j h w én 5 1 st
5 2 b aw an j é . b aw an j h w zi n , 52 md
5 3 t iw an jé , t ir w an j
’
t iw an j h w am, 5 3r d
5 4 c h u h an j é, c h au r an J a . c h u r an j h w én , 5 4t h
5 5 p ac h w an j é .
p a c h w an j h w én 5 5 th
c h h iw an j h w én , c h h i an jh
p
56 chh iw an j a, c h h ip an J a . W én ,
57 s at w an j é . s at w an jh w én ,
PA N J XB T G R AMMA R .
Ca r d i n a l s . Or d in a l s .
58 a t h w an j a . a t h w an
j h w én ,
59 u n zi h at . un ab a t w én ,
60 s a tt h . s att h w an,
’
61 ik ei h a t . ik éh at w an ,
62 b a at h . b zi h a t w én ,
63 t r e h a t , t e h at . t r e h a t w fin ,
64 c h au h a t . c h an h a tw a n,
65 p ain h a t .
p a in h at i n ,
66 c h h iéh ét . o h h ié h a t w é n ,
67 s a ba at h . s a t z Lh a t W a
'
n,
68 a th a b at . a t h ah a t w an ,
69 u n h at t ar . u n h a t t ar w a n,
70 s at t a r . s at t a r w an ,
71 i k h at t ar , akh at t ar . ik h a t t a r w én ,
72 b ah at t ar . b ah a t t ar w an ,
73 t ih a t t a r . t ih a t t a r w an ,
74 c h u h a t t ar , c h au h at t ar . c h u h a t t a r w én ,
75 p an j h a t t a r .
p a n jh a t t ar w an ,
76 c h h ih a t t a r . c b h ih at t ar w a n,
77 s at a b t ar . s a t at t a r w a n ,
78 a t h at t ar . a t h at t ar w an ,
79 u n és i . u n as iw an
8 0 as s i . a s s ih w an
81 ik i
as . ik fbh tl s iw a n , ik as fw an ,
’
'
8 2 b i és i b ié h és iw an , b ias iw an ,
’
8 3 t ir as i, t iés i . t ir as iw f m,
c h nr a s iw é n ,
’
8 4 c h n r fis i, c h au r zi s i .
8 5 p ac h és i .
p ac h as iw fin ,
o h h i i s iw é n ,
'
8 6 c h h izl s i .
'
8 7 s a t as i . s at as iw én ,
a t h ei s iwén
'
8 8 a t h iz s i .
,
8 9 u n an w e n . un fih an w én ,
9 0 n aww e , n ab b e . n ab h b h a n , n ab h b h w a n,
9 1 k én w e n , ik fin m e n . ik é h an w an ,
9 2 b én w e n , b zfi n m e n . b éh a n w an ,
9 3 t ir an w e n , t ir an m e n . t ir an w an , t ir én h w an ,
t r izi n l i w zi n ,
c h u r én w e n , c h u r zl n m o n h a n w én , c h u r én h
’
94 . c h nr a
w an ,
9 5 p ac h én w e n , p ae h én m e n .
p ac h ah an w an , p a c h an h
w an , 9 5 th
96 c h h i an w e n , o hh i an m o . c h ia h an w én , c h l n an h w én , 9 6 t h
97 s ab én w e n , s at én m e n . s at a h an w én , s at an h w én , 97th
98 a t h zi n w e n , a t h én m e n . ath a h a n w an , a t h fin h w én , 98 th
99 n ir an n w e n , n ir an n m e n . n ir a n n w f m, 9 9 th
100 s ai , s aik r a , s au . s e izi , s a a
-
i
, s au w zi
n,
’
1 00 t h
N . B .— I n 1:h e o rd i na s , l th e te m r i na l mi n
”
is li lab e t o be c ha n
ge d i nt o
“
m in .
1 26 Th e a g g r e g a t e n u m b e r s a r e
.
1 k au o r k a n , H; ( l d
u u h a,
2 df mi, 22 1 d ha ié, 3 bi an u o r t iafi n , “
3 g 11 t a , nu t a, o r fi th a 4 c h a u k é , 4 g d h an n c h a, d h au n oh a, 5 p an j a
’
6 c h h a k ka 7 8 33135 , 8 a t h a 9 n aii n , 1 0 d eb s, d ah ak a, d ah é kk a, 2 0
, ,
-
(
k o ri , b i b r a, W il l a, 5 0 p an j ah 1 0 0 s ai, s aikr é, s a u , h ajé r , s ah ,
s ar , s ah an s a r , l akk h , k a r o r , l ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 00
a r ab , k h a r ab , n il ,
p a d am , d h ajam .
s an kh .
x iii PANJ AB I G R A MM AR .
1 27 T h e f o l l o w i n g w o r d s d e n o t e p r o pm tio n s
.
D u dh i 1 1 t o 1 ; p a11 j d u w anj i 2 t o 3 ; p anj ot 1 i ac h o tr i

or p
5 to 1 0 0 ; das o t1 i 1 0 t o adh dh a1 i 1 t o 1
°
.
1 28 . Th e f rac ti on a l n um be rs ar e
g ddh a p au 4 p au , p , tih a1 g d udh

, ,
an —
2
a d dh
1 “
11 1 1111 d tih i , i
t au n , ti nn a u , I i s aw a , s awai , s aw ai a 1 )
o a p p ,
1
1 p d s a w a d o , 2 % d h a i , 2§ p au n e
1
d udh , d e d h , d e u d h t1 ,
s
a u n e o, 2
t in , 3 s aw s ti n n , 3 §
i s ad b e ti nn , 3 2 p a u n e c h r, 4
a 1 s aw a c h a r ,
4 3 s é d h e c h ér , & c
°
.
1 29 . T h e f o l lo w i n g w o r d s , ex p r e s s i n g agg r e g at e n um b e rs ,
h av e p e c i al appl i c ati on s
s .
J o r o r j o r a a p air ; takk a two p ice ; g an d a fo u r cowr ie s fo u r

, , , ,
ic e o r fo u r r up ees d h a i a 0 1 d h ay a two a n d a h a lf s ee rs p as e r
° °
p , , ,
o r b atti fi ve s e e r s dh ar i te n s e er s dh an u n twe n ty s ee r s man

° ° °
, , , ,
fo rty 8 6 6 7 6 m én i 1 2 man s ; n o k ar a n ine p ie c e s of c l o th

“
, .
”
1 30 W o r d s d e not i n g fo l d a1 e
.
“ °
D u na d u ni two fo l d ; t1 un a t1 u n a th re e fol d ; c h au n a
, , ,
0
°
, ,
c h au gu n a f ac h au n é ive fo ld ; c hh iau n a
f ou r o ld ;
p p j
an au n a
j , ,
c h h igu n a s i n: fo l d ; s a t au n a s at g u n a s e ve n fo l d a th au n é a th , , ,
g u n a e igh t fol d ; n au n a n an g u na n ine fo ld d as au n é d as gu n a
, , , ,
°
,
te n fo l d .
13 1 One a nd t hr e e qu ar te r fo l d is e x p r e s se d p au n d u
. ne
t wo a n d a h a lf fo l d d h agu n a d h égu n a ; two a n d t h r ee qu a r te r

, ,
fold p au n e t i11 n & c

,
’
e
, .
1 32 S i n g l e d ou b l e & c ar e e x p r e s s e d as fo ll ow s
.
, ,
.
,
S ing l e ik a h r a o r k a hi r a ; d o u bl e d oh ai a o r d o b ar as ; t rip l e
, , ,
ti h ar a 0 1 t ih ar aS qu adr up l e c h an d ar a c h a u h ar a c h a u h ar aS
° °
, ,
-
,
-
°
an au h a r a
q u in tu p l e , p j or
j
p a a uh a1 as ;
e
s extu
p le , c h h e au x
qa
s ep tup l e, &c . t r
s a au a, &c .
1 33 . A d v e rbs of mme ar e
To d ay a” ye s te r d ay or t o mo r r ow k all ; to 7n or row, b h al a k,
- - -
b h al k e ; d a y befo r e yes te r d ay , d ay afte r t o“777 0 7 r ow, p ar as o n ;

fou r th d ay ( inc l u s ive ) befo re o r afte r , c h au th ; fifth d a y ( in c l u sive )
befo re or afte r ; p anjau t h ; s ixt h d ay ( inc l u s ive ) befo r e o r after
c h h iau th s eve n th d a
y ( i n c l u s ive ) befor e or after , s atau th ; e igh th
°
d ay ( in c l u sive ) befor e or afte r , ath au t h .
1 34 . Th e d ay s of th e w e e k ar e
S u nd ay M o n d ay , s o m w ar
a1 t w ar 1 T ues d ay, man g a l ;
° “
or 1
p
W e d nes day, b u dh ; Th u r s d ay, bi r, W ir, j u m e r at ; F r i d a , s u kk ar,
y
u m a ; S atu r d a b ar , s an ic h h ar h af t a
J y , .
1571 11 1 11 13 1 G RAM MA R .
135 . Th e m o n th s ar e
fr m m i dd l e of M rht a c o m i dd l e of
A p ril
o
M ay
J une
J u y l
t
’
t don , t
’
t d r on A ugus t
A ssn r
S e p t e m be
K at t ah r
Oc t o b e
M ag h g h ar N r
ov e mb e
P0 11 D r
e c e mb e
M ag h r
J an u a y
Ph aggan F r r
e b ua y
136 he . T c i v i l y e ar b e g i n s w ith J h e t ; t h e as t ron om i c al ,
w i t h B ai s ak h .
1 37 . E ac h l u n a r
m o n th is di v i d e d i n t o t w o p ar t s o f fi ft e e n
d ay s e ac h ; th e fi r s t, f ro m n e w t o fu ll m o o n , is c al l e d s udi , o r t he
l igh t h a lf, a n d th e s e c o n d , f r o m f u ll m o o n t o n e w, b adi , 0 1 th e °
d ar k h a lf T h e d at e s , tith , o r th itb , a r e as f o ll o w s
“
.
l st e k am .
9th n au m i, n a u m i -
.
1 0 th d as m i
’
2 nd d 1 1j . .
3rd t ij . 1 1 th i k ad s i k ad s i
, .
4th c h au t h . 1 2t h d u ad s i .
5 th p an c h m i . 1 3t h t ir ad s i .
6th e h h a t h c h at h , kh as ti . 1 4 th c h au d e .
7 th s at ain , s at m i . l 5ib (s u d i) p u n m a p u r an m as i , .
8 th at h ain , a t h m i , a s l m i, a th o n . 1 5t h (b ad i ) m an s am as s ié , .
1 38 . Th e p 1 in c 1 p al °
p o m be o f th e c o m p as s a r e
N . u ta r . N E . . i s an k a un .
S
. da kkh a n. S E . . a ga k n an n .
E.
p j r ab . S \V . . na ri it k aun .
W .
p a e h c h h am . N W . . b aib k a un .
S YN T A X .
N o u ns a nd Pe rs on a l P r o n o u n s .
139 . T wo 0 1
°
mo r e n ou ns co m i ng t o g e th e r , an d m e an i n g
the s am e th 1 n g h av e ,
a c o mm o n g ve rn m en t
o , e .
g .
,
1h ta ,
Sa e d
p iu dh a r am s i n g h d a m al h ai . T h is is the p r o e r t
p y o f o ur
fa the r , B h ar ru S ingh .
N omin a tive
T h e s u bj e c t o f a v e rb , e x c e p t w i th t h e p as t t e ns e s o f
1 40 .
ac ti v e v e rb s , is r e q u i r e d t o b e in t h e N o m i n ati v e , e g , h o r a . . G
ac h c hh a t ar an 11 111 c h al déi h ai, T h e h o r s e goe s w e l l .
I n s tr u me n ta l .
T h e in s t r u m e n ta l c a s e is u s e d t o e x p r e s s th e s u bj e c t
1 41 .
o f an y o f t h e p a s t t e n s e s 0 1 a c t i v e v e rb s , e x c e p t k un a to s ai
b o l n a to sp e a k, l i an n a t o br ing, an d a l l v e rb s c o m p o un d e d w i th
c h u k k n a t o f in is h .
1 42 . In some t a r ts , th e s i gn n ai is c o m mo n ly om itt e d .
x li v l A NJ
’
XBl GR AM MA R .
Ge ni tive .
1 43 . T he g e n iti v e c as e is c o ns tru e d w ith se v e r a l p ar t s of

s pe e c h
W ith S a r k ar d zi al , Th e p r op er ty
’
f th e
'
(i ) . n o u n s , as 111 , o s ta te ;
(i i ) . l V ith s u b s t a n ti v e p a rti c ipl e s , u s e d as n o u n s , as Bal akgm

d a b h a r au m v alii , Th e te a c h e r of th e bo ys
-
( iii ) i th ad ie c t iv c s a s l s k an m d e l aik F it f or this bus in e s s

W , , ,
(in ) W i th g e r u n d s as U h p h al d e k h ah a d i an r o g i b o g i a H e
, ,
be c a me il l by e a tin g f r u i t
( )
v W i.t h v e rb s in t h e i n fi n iti v e m o o d as U h m e r e {t u n t e ,
H e w as fien d e d a t my comin g
'
a kk 1a o
g , ;
“ i th p r e p o s iti o n s (s e e as G ua c h i h oi p oth i m e re
(V L )
l
b h ar aw d e k au l h a i T h e l os t bo o k i s w i th m y br o th e r ;
,
(V I L ) W i th a p a rti c ipl e as U h m e r an u d e hi m a r g i a He d ie d
,
e
,
at t h e m o me n t o
f my c om n i g .
T h e n o u n , w h i c h g o v e r n s t h e g e n iti v e , is s o m e ti m e s
1 44 .
o m itt e d a s R aj a d e ( g h a r) ih k p u tt
, jan niia, A s on w a s bor n to th e
king ; u s d i ( ga ll ) s u n , h e a r h im g h a r di an ( l o k an de ) w anj h u,
like th e p e op l e of t h e h o u s e .
1 45 T h e p r op o s it io n is n o t a l w ay s e x p r e s s e d ,
.
as M ai n u si
ag a r ah an a, I w i l l s ta
J g y i n th is ve r y p l a c e .
1 46 T h e s i g n o f th e g e n iti v e is v e r y o f t e n o m i tt e d , a s I s l ai
.
f o r I s (1 51 l a i, o n t h is a c c ou n t ; ik k N an a k p ad r i aia, a r ie s t o
f
-
p
N d n a h c a me .
1 47 Th e g e n iti v e is u s u ally th o u g h n o t a l way s pl ac e d

.
, . ,
b e fo r e th e n o u n th at g o v e r n s i t .
1 48 T h e g e n iti v e w ith t hin is s o m e ti m e s s u b s ti t u t e d f o r

.
t h e d ati v e 0 1 ac c u s a ti v e as U m m e r e t am k é e h u ditt a H e g a v e m e
“
°
, ,
a kn ife ; u h m e r e t éin a p ne n a l l e
g ia h e too k me w i th h im , .
D a tive .
1 49 T h e d ati v e p r e p o s iti o n
. mi n is of e n t om itt e d ,
as Uh
g h ar g ié , He w e n t h ome .
A c c u s a ti ve .
150 . Th e ac c us a ti v e , is use d af e t r an a c t i v e v e rb ,
as Uh
m an u kk h ap u s g h or e n 11 u
’
m ard a h ai, th e m a n is be a tin h is
g
h or s e .
1 51 . T he i ti v e f o r m o f t h e n o u n is f r e qu e n tly
n om na
use d fo r t h e a c c u s a ti v e e s p e c i ally a f t e r v e rb s d e n o ti n g i v i n g
,
g ,
as k i ng or , r e c e i v i n g as U h p o t h i m ai
, d io Give m e th a t book ; 11 11 ,
ih k s aw wal mai mi n p u c h h ia, h e a s ked me one

q u e s t io n .
PA N J AB T G R A M MA R .
A bl a t ive .
15 2 I n s t e a d o f t ak i n g a p r e p o s iti o n , t h e
. a bl ati v e ti m e s
s o me
a dd s i o r e t o t h e fi nal s yl l abl e , e g , M e ri j a b . fo r M e r i j ab an
n t h e m o r n in l
t e , B y m y to n g u e p j ,
l ia r e i g (s ee a so
153 . ti m e a n d pl ac e a e
No u n s of r o f te n r e p e at e d a n d u s e d
,
in t h e a bl a ti v e w i th o u t a p r e p o s iti o n ,
t o e x p r e s s t h e id e a o f
c o n ti n u e d s u c c e s s i o n as U h
g h a i
g h a i a s H e c am e c o n tin u a l l r r
y; ,
n a a r d e ph uk j a n d i k h ab a r
g h ar
g h a r kl in d r a hi 8 1 th e n e ws of i
g ,
t h e bu r nin g of t h e c i ty s p r e a d f o m h o u s e t o h o u s e ; b u t th e y ar e r
m o r e p r o p e rl y ad v e r b s .
Voc a tiv e .
154 . The v oc a ti v e is c on s tr u e d w ith an i n t e rj e c ti o n , e ith e r

ex p re s s e d u n d e rs tood as H e m u n d i a, 0 boy ! m ar n k k h a
°
0 1 ,
0 man 1
A dj e c ti ve s , j p r a d e c ti ve
on o u n s a nd
p ar tic i l e s
p , .
1 55 . S u c h m u s t a g r e e in g e n de r n u m b e r an d c as e w ith ,
“
th e n ouns , p r o n o u n s 0 in fi n itiv e s w hi c h th e y q u ali fy e g U h

°
1 , ,
. .
,
o p ia
r n
g a an i H e w a s ke e p i n g o t h e r p e op l e s c o ws
n un r ak kh d a s é ,
’
as in ih ian j i h ian a l l el n n a hi n s u n i an s i an , w e h a d n o t he a r d
g
s u c h w o r d s a s th e s e ; 111 k u r i w a d i h as s a n w al i h ai, th is gir l is a
g r e a t l a u gh e r .
156 .h e n u s e d to q u ali fy s e v e r al n o u n s o f di ff e r e n t g e n d e r s
W ,
c o n n e c t e d w ith e a c h o t h e by a c o nj u n c ti o n th e y m u s t e i th e r
r
,
ag r e e in g e n d e r a n d n u m b e r w i th t h e n e a r e t or be
p u t in th e s ,
m as c u l i n e g e e r a lly t h e m a s c u l i n e p l u r a l in r f e r e n c e t o th e m al l
,
n
,
e
Ve r bs .
15 7 A V e r b m u s t ag r e e in g e n d e r n u m b e r a n d p e r s o n
.
, , ,
w ith it s s u b j e c t w h n e v e r t h a t s u bj e c t is in t h e n o m i n a ti v e c as e e g
,
e
,
. .
,
l h n d e s e Th e f a m e r s w e r e p l ou gh in g
’
.J im id ar l o k b h au u nt a
,
r
t h e gr o u n d ; s a r i an t im a t an m il k e kan m k a a n gian a l l th e
r r
,
w o me n un ite d w i l l d o th e w or lc .
15 8 h e n a v e rb h a s t w o o m o r e n o m i n ati v e s in th e
. W r
S i n g u l a r n u m b e r u n it e d by a c n j u n c ti o n it m ay b e m a d e pl u r al
,
o , ,
s o a s t o ag r e e w i t h a l l o f t h e m b t if th e y a r e o f di ff r e n t g e n u e
d e r s t h e e r b m u s t b e in t h e m a c u li n e f o r m e g P it a ar dh i
,
v s ,
. .
,
k atth e j an d e s e Th e fa th r n d l u g h te r w e r e g o in g toge ther

,
e a ( a .
159 I f al l t h e n o m i n a ti v e s a e pl u r a l 0
. e v e n th e o n e r ,
1
°
a dj a c e n t t o t h e v e rb th e i r p e s o n s b e i n g t h e s a m e
, t h e v e rb r
,
r e f e r s di r e c tly t o t h e l a s t o n ly a n d a g r e e s w ith i t in g e n d e r a n d , ,
n u m be r e
g
. P it a ar u h d i a
. . l
,
h ian k a tt h i a n
j a n d ian s i an n T he r
,
fa th e r a nd h is d au gh te r s we r e go ing t ge the r o .
1 60 1 V1 € n th e n o m in a t iv c s a
. 1 o f di ff e r e n t p e r s o n s th e re ,
,
v e r b c o n fo r m s t o th e fi r s t r ath e r t h an t o t h e s e c o n d a n d t o th e
, ,
l i PA N J X B T G R AM MA R .
s e c on d r ath e r th an t o th e th i r d e g M a i n a r t iu i j i w angé l a nd yo u , . .
,
’
z ,
w il l g o l n ar t e r e b l u i jao gc y ou a n d you r b r oth e rs w i l l go ; b u t

’ ’
ii i ,
,
th e thi r d p e r s o n if pl u r al n d n e a r e s t t h e v e rb , m a p r e v il
, y a ,
a
o v e r b o th t h e o th e r p e r s o n s if s i n g u l a r e g M ai n ar t 11 11 a r t e r e
'
.
, , .
,
bh a i k at t b o j an g e 1 a n d y o u a nd y ou r br oth e r s w il l go toge th e r
, , , , .
161 A n ac ti v e v e rb in t h e p as t t e n s e s w h e n t h e in s t r u
.
, ,
m e n t al is u s e d a g r e e s w ith its o bj e c t it u s e d in th e n o mi n ati v e

, ,
f o r m o f t h e a c c u s a ti v e in g e n d e r an d n u m b e r e g R aj n ai u c h c h i
, ,
. .
,
k an d h u s ari Th e m as o n bu i l t a high wa l l ; b u t it t h e o bj e c t is in
,
th e ac c u s a ti v e f o r m th e v e rb m u s t b e in th e th i rd p e r s o n m as
, ,
c u l i n e s i n g u l ar e g
,
R aj n a i u c hhi k a n d h mi n u s ar i a T h e m as on
,
. .
, ,
bu il t a h igh w a l l .
1 62 . When th e r e is m o r e th an o n e o bj e c t in th e n o m i nati v e
f o rm, t h e v erb s h o ul d a g re e in g e n d e r a n d n u m b e r w i th t h e
nea es r t .
I nfi n i tive an d ge r u n d .
1 63 . V e r b s in t h e i n fi niti ve ,
an d g e ru nd s , ar e su bj e c t to
th e s am e g e n e r al r u l e s as n o u n s .
1 64 T h e i n fi n iti v e o f an a c ti v e v e rb w h i c h h as a n o un in
.
,
th e n o m i n ati v e fo r m f o r i ts o b j e c t mu s t ag r e e w ith th at n o u n ,
in g e n d e r an d n u m b e r e g Ixac h ic h ian l am i an h o n g l an T h e r e wil l

,
. .
, ,
be gn as h i n g o
f tee t h .
- 65 . G e r u n d s al s o s om e ti m e s c o n fo r m th e i r g e n d e r to th a t
of th e n ou n s t hey
g o v e r n , e g , M e r a b h ar au 1 n e 1 i . . j am i n att e
h aw e l i p a1 c h ah an d a h ai, M y b r o the r w is h e s to b u ild a h ou s e on m y
g r o un d b u t n o t al w ay s , e g , A s i n
p o t h ian p ar h i a k ar d e h i m W e . .
a r e i n th e h abit of r e a din g b oo/ cs .

IN D E X TO G R AM MAR .
D .
— c o nc l a .
Ab l t i a v e c as e , 1 4, 3 0 . D l i
e c e n s on s s e c o n d v a ri t i 1 9 a on , .
r i t i g r i g 1 2 2 on s ov e n n secon d h w di ti g i h d o s n 20 ,
r l r g rd i g 1 5 2 1 53
os u s e
fi r t ri t i 2 1
p p e ,
.
, ,
u es e a n , ,
. s va a on , .
A e c u s at iv e 13 s e c on d 22
rul r g rd i g 1 5 0 1 5 1
c as e ,
. .
e a n t hi rd h o w d s t n g u s e d , 23 i i ih
A dj t i
es , ,
.
.
ec ve p r on ou ns , a g r m t f 1 55 ee en o , ,
fi s t v a at o n , 2 4 r ri i .
1 56 s e c on d 25
A dj ti
.
hi r
.
gr m t f 1 55 1 56 en o t d 26
l i f 3 8 3 9 40
ec ve s , a ee , ,
.
.
d e c e n s on o D ri , , ,
. e v at v e s , i h ow o m e d , 3 3 fr .
f rm t i f 3 6 3 7
o a on o , ,
.
A d rb 1 1 3
ve s, .
f t im 1 33 o e ,
.
A gg r g t m b r 1 26 1 29 e s,
A l p h b t G rm khi 1
e a e nu ,
.
u u F e m in i n e s e n d ng i i n 1, m e an n g o f , 3 5 i
d r p t f ll y 6 4 li
a e , , . .
i p pr es ec u h ow fr o me d fr
o m m as c u n e s ,
A t r m i l y r om m
z ,
on ou n , u s e ,
.
136 ence s, 34
A ili ri
s on o ca ea c . .
d i f rm i g t 92 o n e n se s , F ig r u es, na me s
123 1 24 of,
l
ux a e s us e n . .
ha & t h r f rm f c o e o s o a so n u me c al , 5 ri
F ld
n, .
, ,
.
o r
w o d s d e n o t n g , 1 30 , 1 3 1 i
l
, ,
F r ig
o e n n ou n s , d e c e n s o n of 29 i
l
.
,
Fr ti ac o n a n u m b e s , 1 28 r
l
.
F t r
u u e p o t e n t a , h ow i
o m e d , 8 6, 8 7 fr
l
.
Bi nd i, r u es r e ga rd i ng p os t ii on of , in
de c l i
e ns on o f n ou n s , 27 .
C G e n d e rs ,
9 .
i n fl e x io n o f , 8
C r d i l mb r 1 2 5 l
.
a na nu e s, r u e s f or d e t e m r i i n ng, 31 .
C i fl i 8
as e n e x on s , . G e i tin ve c as e , p r e p os i t i on s gov e r i n n
g,
C h w m
as e s , y 9 o an 1 20
l
. .
,
di ti ti f 10 s nc on o G iti
en v e c as e r u es r e ga rd i n g, 1 2 , 1 43
l rb h w f r m d 1 0 1 , ,
.
C as ua ve s, o o e 1 47
C h g ll w d i m d d t
.
, .
an es a o e n oo s an e n se s , G e i tin ve c as e , s ub s t it u te d f or d at i v e or
102 106 a c c u s at v e i 1 48
C i il y r mm
-
.
.
,
v 1 36
ea co e nc e s , . Ger un ds , 1 84 .
C m p ri
o d gr a f 41 s on , e ees o f rm ti o a on o f , 91
C m p p ri i p l p i t f 1 38
. .
,
o as s , nc a o n s o ,
.
C mp d
o & g
oun d r f 32 n ouns, c .
, en e o ,
.
rb h w f r m d 1 1 2 ve s, o o e
C j ti j
.
,
on u n c 1 14 115 on s , ,
. 11 0 5 71 . s ub s rit u t e d f or an a in p as s i v e ,
C t mp d 4
o n s o n an s , c o ou n ,
. 109 .
D ti
a v e c ase , 13 I d l i bl
n ec 28
na e n ouns,
I fi i t i h w f rm d 90
. .
p r e p os t o n s ii g o v e n n g , 1 21 r i n n ve o o e
l I tr m t l r l r g rdi
. .
, ,
r u es r e ga r i d n g , 1 49 . ns u en a c as e ,
u es e a n g, 11,
D ay s o f W e e k 1 34 1 4 1 1 42 1 6 1 1 6 2
l ,
I tr m t l
,
w i t h i fi i ti
. .
, ,
D e c e n s ons i h o w m an y , 1 6 . ns u en a c as e n n ve , ex
fi r s t , h ow d s t n gu s e d , 1 7 i i i h pr rt i t y & 1 0 8
e sse s c e a n c
fir I rr g l r rb t b l f 1 00
. . .
, ,
s t v a at o n , 1 8 ri i . e u a ve s, a e o , .
x l v iii INDE X TO G R A M M AR .
P— c o n ol d .
Ko i, d e c l i
e n s on o f , 48 Pr o no un s f i
d e in t e d e c e n s o n o f 4 6 l i :
li i
.
.
e s o n i n , 78 .
r
g o v e n m e n t o f , in s y n t a x , 1 3 9 .
h o w m a d e e m p a t c , 7 2 , 73 , 77 h i .
r
L e t te s , d s t i i nc t o n o f , i G i f i
nd e i n t e 4 7
l
. .
L u n a mo n t r h s, d i iiv s o n s an d d e c e n s on o f , 4 9 i
1 37
l l
.
Pr o n o u ns , i ns t r u m e nt a c as e ,
r u es
r e ga d r i
g , 74 n .
Pr o n o un s , n te i rr o g at v e i 59
l
.
,
M rka s u se d in w t n g , ri i de c i
e n s o n Of
M th
on s , n am e s o f , 1 3 5 . 60 62 .
M d oo s o f v e bs , 8 2 r Pr o n o u ns , ki n ds of , 42
l iq
. .
ob f u e c as e s o c h an g e in 76
rfl i
, , .
e e c t ve 63 , 6 4
l
.
,
de c e ns i on o f
rl i
,
N e u te r rb ve s in p a s s i ve 1 10 e at v e 53
l l i
.
, , .
N o m i n a t v e e as ei ru es r e ga rd i ng 1 40 d e c e ns on , 5 4 — 56
im l j i
.
, .
N o uns , y n t a x o f , 1 39
s s p e ad e c t v e 4 4
r l
.
. .
N u mb e s , 9 r .
p e sona , 43 .
in fle xio n s o f , 8 Pr opo rti on , r

w o d s d e no t n g , 1 27 i
l l
. .
N r
u me a s , de c e n s o n o f , 4 0 i .
r i
O d na l n u mb e r s, 1 25 . R oot of v e rb s, 85 .
P rt i i p l
a c gr m t f w ith
es, S i gl
a d bl & h w
ee pr d 1 32 en o ,
n ou ns , n e , ou e , c .
, o ex e s se , .
& 1 5 5 1 56
P r t i i p l i d fi i t h w f rm d 8 8
c .
, ,
.
a c es, n e n e o o e ,
.
f rb 8 4 o ve s, .
p t h w f m d 86 87 T as f rb 83 o or e , ,
. e n se s o ve s, .
pr t h w f rm d 8 6 8 7 e sen 1 W f rm d 8 5 o o e 10 o e
Ti p p i l r g r d i g i d l i
, , , .
,
.
b t ti h w f rm d 8 9
su s an f ve ,
o o e , .
,
ru e s e a n , n e c e ns on o
P rt f p h 7
a s o s eec 27 n ou ns ,
P l i ri t i i p rt f P J b 1 1 1
. .
,
e cu a es n a s o an a , .
Pr p it i
e os 1 1 6 1 18 1 19
on s , , ,
.
d t g th r 117 use o e e
r i g b l t i 1 22 V rb g h l l ( t i f ) d l i d 9 6
.
,
g ov e n n a a ve , . e a na ac ve o ec ne , .
d at i ve 1 21
,
.
( p a s s i ve of ) 97 .
ge n iti v e , 1 20 h an
l l
.
Pr on o u n s , ab at v e i of p e r sona I an d h on a
th ou , 75 .
,
ja a n
Pr on o un s , c om p o u n d , 67 r
m a n a (p a s s i v e of )
l
.
dec e n s on of , i 68 V rb ki d f 8 0
e s, n s o ,
.
71 . r l r g rd i g u es e a n s y n t ax o f , 1 57
Pr o n ou n s , c o n t r ac t o n s i in , 79 1 65
l
. .
co rr e at v e i 57 V ti
oca 1 5 1 54
v e c as e
l
. .
, , ,
de c e ns on of , i 58 Vi f
o ces o rb , 8 1 ve s
fi V wl 2
. .
de n ite , 45 . o e s, .
GL OS S A R Y
TECHNICAL TER MS AND W ORDS .
G uru m uk h i. E n gl i s h .
T h e s o un d w t ih w hi c h i
s n ge r s beg i n t he i r
m us c i .
A B D H GT
’
A ki nd of Hi nd u d e vote e w h o w o s p s S i v , r hi h
n e g e c ts l th e c e emon e s r of e g o n , an d i r li i
go e s na k e d, h i
av n g t h e b o d y b e s m e a e d w t h r i
as he s .
A D D I AU F ees or p r e se nts , g i ve n to p ri e sts , m u s i c i an s ,

&c
A DE S . n A l
s a u t at o n i of J gio s .
A D HA R W A NJ A Ty i n
g o ne e nd of a s he et r ou n d the na ke d
i
w a s t , an d t h ro w i g th e n h r ot e e nd ove rt h
l r l i m i n ary
e
s h ou de r a c om m on p e to c oo ki n g
Hi
,
am o n g nd uw ome n .
A D HI X R A An a rr an ge m e nt, by w hi c h th e r fit f
li l p o s o
cu t v at o n i or c at t e r ri
ea ng ar e d t d
q ll
-
e vo e
e ua b e tw e e n t h e p e
y who f r ih
l l
s on u n s es
th e an d o r s t o c an d t h e k ab o u r .
A G AS T A t hi n
g f rmo d e of p ap e , s o m e w r h at l ik e
r ll l
an
u mb e a, an d tu r n e d c o n s t an t
y ov e r th e
h d fea o a ri
b de g r oo m , as pa t r of th e
m rr i ga a e ce r e m ony .
A KAS B I R T L i vi n g on w h at P r id ov e nc e m ay se nd fr o m
d ay t o d ay .
A K AS D IP A l am p , w hi h c Hi n d us ha ng a o l ft b am
l
on a
b o o , in t h e m o n t hK at t ak ; a so a b e ac o n
I h li l
.
A K AS PA U N n a n
g an d h o d i ng th e b r e at h , a J og i c e r~ e
m ony .
A KH AR A A l
p ac e f o r w r est li ng or f e nc n
g i or ot he r
Spo ts r .
A KK A pl an t , c o n t a n n g a i i m j i l ky i w hi h gr o w s
l j l
u ce, c
ab u n d an t y in s andy un g e s .
T i un ng th e v o ce i f or i i
s ng ng , ta ki ng t h e p tc i h
l il r r
.
A go d or s ve o n am e n t , w o n o n t h e r fr
he ad , c o m m o n y c o ns s t n
g o f se ve a p l i i r l i
o
e ces
e
li
.
A M B AR I A tte r or s e at, w it h a c an o p to ri d in
p l ac e d o n an e e l p ha t n o r c am e l
y,
.
e
G L OS S A R Y OF T E C H NI CA L TE RM S .
A— c o n t in u e d .
P ria ngs o f t h e m an g o , d ri ed in t h e s un .
Th e co ou e l r d p o wde , t r hr o wn by Hi nd us on
e ac h ot h r e d u ng t h e ri H li o .
AM R AT The f d f oo o th e go d s , am b r i o s a, n e c ta r im
m r t l i ty
,
o a .
AN W LX T h o n am e o f a n ac i d fr i t u w hi c h is use d f or
m e d c n a , dy e i i l i n
g, an d ot
,
h e r p rp o s e s u .
A R GJ A Th e n am e of a pe rf u me of a ye ll ow c o ou l r
an d c o m p ose d of se ve r a l s c e nte d i ngre
c li e n ts .
A go d l or s i l e r ring
v , w t ih a m i rr o r se t in
it , w o r n on th th mb
e u .
A r m y p rf rm d i d r t i
ce e f th
on e o e n a o a on o
i g b r i g l m p i r l rl y
, e
g d by m
o s, ov n u n n a s c cu a
r d t h h d f th im g
o un b f r it e ea o e a e , or e o e ,
mp
ac c o i d wi h b i t r m i d
an e t o s e ous us c an
r i g i g f b ll
n n o e s .
A ki d f g m i l m d
n o s on or us ca o e .
Th e h as es of
d e ad , t h e b o n e s , & c ,
th e . w hi h c
r m ai n
e u n c on s u m e d b
y t h e fir e o f a f un e r al
p i le .
AS T AK A s ong in hon o r u of a t ute l a ry s a nt i or

i d e ty .
A ki nd of Hi nd u f ki r
a h o s e h ab i t s a e
w
fil h , r
ve ry t y, an d wh o w e ar s b r s s r i gs in a n
h is ea s r .
AU NST A ki d f g r d r w
n tho fi
gr d i th u e a n on e o un ,
n e
f rm f t h h d f r k b y w hi h
o o e ea o a a e , c a
sup r ti ti er m y i p rf r m d b y w y
s ou s c e e on s e o e , a
of pr g ti t i g th oi i t f fr i d
nos ca n e v s s o en s .
AU TAR B i r th i r ti ,
nca na on .
B AB A L A f th r a e a te rm use d by d au g t e h rs an d
e sp e c ay in t h e i ll
,
s on g s , w hi c h ar e
,
s un g
a t w e dd n gs i .
B A B AN A bi r e f or an ag e d pe r r p r d wit h
s on , p e a e
spe c a i l e xp e n s e , as a m rk r p t
a of es ec .
Th e l o ng, l o os e , d is h e ve ll d h i r f f kir
e a o a a .
H a ir too s h rt t o o ie d i t
be t kn ot n o a .
An as s e s s m e n t , or e ac t i o n f l b
x an d o a ou r
r
p o d u c e , m ad e b y G o r m e n t in add i t i o n t
ve n o
th e e gu a r
t ax e s l r .
,
E xac t o n o f i l ab ou r w ith ou t c o m p e n s at o n i
T h e n am e o f a s w e e t m e a t , re e m b l i
s ng th e
l
m u b e y , m ad e o f g am , rr r c l ar i fi e d b u tte r
a n d s u ga r .
BA D D H Th e s tu b b e o f l w h e at &c st i ll s t an d n g i in t h e
fil
.
, ,
e d .
G L OS S A R Y OF T EC H NICA L TE RMS .
B —
i
c o n t nu e d .
B AD L A A ce rt i fi c at e , g i ve n to a G ov e rnme n t se r v an t ,
s ta ti g n the te rm s of se r vi c e ,
&c .
B AG H T P AUN I To fl ap th e
t h e s d e s , at t h e a rm s ag a n s t i i
same t m e ma ng a i
o ud t e m u ou s s o un d ki l r l
w t ih
t h e v o c e , d o n e b y b e g g a s t o e xc t e i r i
i n t h e s p e c t a t o s a n al m s g v n g u m o u r i i h r .
B AGPH A R AI Th hi h i g i
at wt o a g ro o m b y t h e b y e r
c s ve n u
f t r h r s e is s l d
,
a e a o o .
B AG PH A R AI Th t w hi h i g i e n t o t h e s i t r o f a b r i d
a c s v s e e
g r om wh n h o l e a e s h im af te r h a i ng e s e v , v
l d tt
e d d h im a s h o r t d i s t a c e
or a n th en e n o e
w d d i ng j er y ou ne .
F l w i g i f s an d an d wat r from t h e b o t t om
o n n o e
of a we ll
BA HI A ridg ed cy li nde r of go d l or s ilv r e , wo r n on
the ar m b y w om e n a s an o r n am e n t
B AH I K A c om mon , or op e n g r oun d, nea r a v i ll ag e
w h r e e c at t e l as s e m b e l .
B A H IND A Th e s tr i p p i n g ar id o b b n g b y n a t r i i ve w om e n of
an y o ne h
w o m t e y m ay m e e t h on th e l et o f
M gh a .
BAH IR A E t i g t l b r d d d r i ki g w t r d r w
I
a n s a e ea an n n a e a n
th pr i d y p r ti d
e l igi e v o us a , ac se as a re ou s
rit by H i du t h T d y f th m t h
e n s , on e ues a s o e on
C h t i w r hi p f t h g d d
e , f m ll n o s o e o ess o s a
p ox .
B A H OR A Gi f t t o t h e b d e g o om
s ri r ’
s m ot h e r ,
at a w e dd i ng ,
b y t h e b d e s at e
’
ri f hr .
B A H OR E D A T E U R i
T h e p e t t c o at , s e e t a n d b e as t p e c e , g v e n t o h r i i
a b ri r
d e g o o m s m o t e , at a w e d d n g , b y t h e
’
h r i
ri
b d e s at e
’
f hr .
B A B U T TA An o r n am e n t wo r n on th e uppe r pa t r of th e
a nir .
B A I N C H HA R Am r an e ma rk ab e l f or co rp l
u e n c e an d s t e n g t r h ,
but no t f or w ts i .
B AI S I A ki n
gdom of t w e n ty t w o s ta te s , s po k e n of
hi ll
-
a s ove ri e gnty .
B A I TH A K A pl ac e wh r e e p e op l e m ee t to s it an d c on
r ve se
BA J N I A p r t g f th p r d
e cen a e o e o uc e of a fil e d se t
p rt f
a th b a fit f t h or e e ne o poo rr e l
c as s e s , as
b l k m i th b rd
e
b rb a ers,
'
ac s s a s, &c .
ll
,
B A K AIN Th me naf tr h i g e o a ee, av n a t hi c k u mb r e a

s h ap e d to p .
B A K H CK X A pl ac e p r e pa e d r by Hi nd us t o t h e m e m o y r
an d for t he w o r hi p
s o f an c e s t o s , c o n s s r i ti g
i ll r f r
, n
of a p t, i p a an d ao m e d of th e e a rt h
ke
ta n out o f t h e p i t ; t e e ar e g e n e a h r r lly
t hr ee or ou f r
t og e t e h r .
B AKH A LL N r il l
’
Wh t ea
g am, i
m a z e , & c , b o e d w o e an d h
l
, .
e at e n w t ih i
c o n d m e n ts , s u c as s a t p e p p e , h r
o il , &c .
li
l G L OS S A R Y Ub
‘
T EC H N ICA L TE RM S .
B— c o n t im w d .
B A LAJ
’
Th at w hi c h is g i ve n to ca rp e nt e r s an d ot h r e
a rti s an s , a so l to B r ah m an s , on th e fi rs t or
se c ond f t r t h D w al
d ay s a e e i i.
B A L B A KK A R A A go a t th t h b a ff r d t as een o e e o a d e ty i .
BAL BALJ AN X To go r d dr d p r
o un an o un a e s on , in t o ke n of
de v o ti t hi i t r t
on o s n e es s .
BA L B HA K K H h
O n e w h o e at s w a t h as b e e n o ff e e d t o a d e t y , r i
i
i t b e n g s u p p o s e d t at h e d o e s s o at h is h
perfl .
B AL B H O G An e fi e r in g t o K ri h s n a, p r e s e n te d ea rl y i n the
mo r i n ng .
B AL GU N T h e w a , e d ge , ll h or f e nc e , s u rr o un d ng a i p ie ce
of g ou n d r .
B A LL The l
h e r t h o n g u s e d in d r i v i g a s uh ag a o r
e at n
d r g o e r p l o ug h e d g r o n d
a v u .
A me d i m m s i l m od e u u ca .
A m m b l i g s o d m d e b y t h e w ors hi pp e rs
u n un a
p p s d t o b e p l as i g t o h i m
,
o f S hi a d v, n su o e e n
”
as B am , M ah ad e w , b am , b arn .
A We ll , or r r ir
e se vo , w t ih s tep s l e ad n g i d o wn
t o th e w a t r e .
A p r w h h h rg
e s on o as c a e of a fro e st d ist ri c t .
A m i d f d gi xe t ee ven o c ow s an d b u ff a l oe s to
i r nc t h ir m ilk
e as e e .
E m b rg l i da rt i o a o n an a c e l .
A rt i l t p rt
n a c e se a pa as a l e dge f o r t he p ay .
m e nt of a s u m of m on e y .
B AN D H A P r p rt y d t d t r l i g i
o e h rit b l
e vo e o e ou s or c a a e
p rp u t pr r th r
ose s , ry f p o ocu e e e c ov e o a e r s on
fr m i ko s c n e ss .
A y t hi g f rb i d d
n t b n l d p b l i ly o en o e so u c .
A ri g p t b t t h
St n k i u ti a ou e ne c n c on n e c on
w t ih a v ow .
B AN D H E J A sum , i
g v e n b y s t p u at o n t o c e t a n a i l i r i f ki r s
at w e d d n s , t o
g i
p e ve n t t e m om g v r h fr i i g
l
n
r
t oub e .
B AN D I T h e n am e o f an o n am e n t r wo r n b y w om e n on
f rh
.
th e o e e ad .
Th e Hi nd u c e re m on y of s w n g ng i i a
hi l d
y ou n g
c ove r h a e ap o f mu d th e 1 2th o f t h e
fir
on
st p ak k h of B h ad on .
B AN G A nr o na m e nt , w r o n the w ri sts, m ad e of
l
on
g as s , 86 0 .
B AN G A R L an d , w at e e d r ne i t h e r from We ll n or ri r ve b ut
th e r i
,
dep e nd e n t on a n .
An o r na m e nt, w o r n b y w om e n on th e f rho e e ad .
A.
ki nd of b r ac e e t l wo r n by w om e n on th e
w ri st
T h e d e v ot i on al s e r vi c e of t h e S ikh s .
G L OS S A R Y OF T E C H NICA L T E R M S .
B— c on t nu e d i .
B AN K An an kl e o r n am e n t , wo r n b y w om e n , u s ua ll y
m ad e of s il e r
v
B AN K Aw d oo en d agg e r us e d in f e nc ng i .
B AN K A l rg a e o il o r gh i vesse lm ad e o f s ki n
l
.
B AN K PA TA S gi ni k d e -st c , ag g e r -
e xo c s e ri .
B ANN A C H ANN A E ar t h t h r w o n up i nto a ri dg e to f rm o a

b ou n d a y r .
The n am e o f a ca s t e wh o wo rk i n b am b o o s .
A H i du h pk p r n s o ee e .
A d i rg gf th l i i b t tl
e sun or os e s a n n a e .
A l t h r w ll b k t
ea e e -
uc e .
A h p f ld
s ee l o or e n c o s u r e .
G r d o w hi h m l
o un t pl n t d c e on s , e c . , ar e an e .
A l f f k ir w h
c as s o d r wt b t a s, o ar e u n e a vo o a s ai n
fr m fl h d w i
o es an ne .
A t c as e f th f r p ri m ry H i d u t
, one o e ou a n c as e s .
T h e n am e of a low c as t e , m uc h g iv en to
b e gg n g i
mG 11 —
.
BAR K
\
fl
r Th e c ot l hi n g, &c .
, g iv en to a rid
b y th e b de
b e ri
r m f th r th
g oo
’
s a e on e d ay o f t h e w e d d n g i .
A b r i d g r m p rty t e oo
’
s a a a w e dd i n
g .
T h m t ri l m
e if t t ia e a an es a on of th e D ity e ,
v iz ”
th r i w d u nive se v e e as const it t i n h is
b d i ly p rt
e u
g
o a s .
B A R IAN D al k d gr d
soa d , e ,
m ad e u p o un an ,
i nto ba ll s
w t ih i
c o n d m e n t s , an d d e d in t h e ri sun .
T o d e v o t e an a t c e , u s u a l y m o n e y , b y p as s ri l l
in g it o u n d t h e e ad r
of a e n d in t o e n h fri k
of at t a c m e n t h
a n d d e v o t o n t o h im , a t e i f r
w c hi h
it is g v e n aw ay t o t h e p oo i r .
BA R N A A p r t f l t hi g j w l t
e se n o t t c o n e e s, e c sen a
f m i ly f th
, .
, o
b r i d b f r m rr i g e by th e o e a a e , e a o e
b ri d g r m e oo .
B AR N I P rf rm i g r l i g i
e o ri t f n f mily ; t h e ous es or a a e
ffi
o f h
ce o h l d p ri t a ou s e o es .
B AS A K N S G Th m f th
na f b l d k w hi h i i d
e o e a e sn a e, c sa
il d r d th
e s
t b o e cor t h t k p it fr m
e o un e ea ,
o ee o
b r ti gu s n .
B A S AN T Th p ri g f t h y
e s r (fr m m i d d l f M r h
n o e ea o e o
m id d l
a c
t f M y) rd i g t t h S h t
e o a ac c o n o
’
pl
o e zi s r as ,
b t m g th amm p on fr m m id e co on eo e o
ry t m i d d l f A p r i l
u
,
dl f F br
e o e ua o e o .
B A S AN T -
PA N C H M IN Th fi f h d y f M gh d i t i g i h d m g
e t a o a , s n u s e a on
th S ikh
e th i r ry f G r u G i d
s as e an n v e sa o u ov n
i gh d
S n
’
s e c e as e .
BA T fi Th h re s a e of p r odu c e w hi h c be l on
gs t o Gov
e rn me nt .
l iv G LOSS A R Y OF T EC H NI CA L T E R M S .
B — m n t1*n u c d .
B AT A R N I The ri r ove r w hi c h H in d i i s
’
s u p p os e th e
l
ve ,
s ou s of th e de pa r t e d p as s , i n e n te ri ng th e
i is i l
b e wo d ; rl l
a s o a c o w o lf e r e d to Brah
l
nv
m an s , w h e n on e is nea r ( y i ng, w t ih a V ewi

t o h is s af e p as s ag e ove r .
A s w e e t m e at .
F ood by th e
sent am y o f a b r id e h o f t h e f il
hi h r
g e c as s o f n d us l
t o t h e o d g n gs of Hi l i
r
t h e g o o m a n d h is a m y , o n t h e st d ay f il fir
of th e w e d d n g c e e m o n e s , it b e n g c o n i r i i
r l
t r ar y t o u e t o e ce v e rt em u nd e the r i h
ri l r f
b da oo on th e s t d ay fir .
B A T L OH A l rg b r a l et i i g tw as s v e sse c on a n n o n e or o
i w hi h H i d u
,
m d au n k t h ir f d
s, n c n s c oo e oo
wh l rg q t i t i
en r q ir d
a e u an e s ar e e u e .
B A TNA A m i t r f m l il d m fr g r t
x u e o ea o an so e a an
m t r i l w hi h i
, ,
a e d ab tit t f
,
c s u se as a su s u e or
p h i g t h p r p r t y f m ki g t h
s oa av n e o e o a n e
ft d d l i t
,
ki s n so an e ca e .
A b d ry l i b t w fi l d
ou n a ne e een e s .
E t r ll w
x a a f f d t p y o an c e o oo o se o s .
A w ll i w hi h t h r
e , t p l ndi g d w c e e ar e s e s ea n o n
t th w t ro e a e .
BAU RY A A l w t w h i h b i t t h j gl
o c as d li
e o n a e un e s, an ve
p rt l y b y t h g m t h y d p t ly
,
a t h e a e e ca c , an ar
by t hi i e v ng.
A w oode n c an o p y or p av il i on , u nde r n e at h
hi h H i n d um rr i ag e e p rf rm e d
w c a s ar e o .
Th e m e o f a H i d u y s t e m o f p hi l o p h y
na n s so .
A d i i i o n f th e K h at t r i as t e t w hi c h G ru
v s o c o u
N a k b l ge d
,
na e on .
B E G AR I On e w h w k s n d r c o m p l s i o n w h e th e r
o or u e u ,
p id a t or n o .
Th f e d p l c d b e f o r e a w e d d i n g p ar ty at t h e
oo a e
b ri d s h
’
s e ou e .
A n i rr e g l r s t re am w i t h a l y b ot t om
u a c a
i g t h p p ar a c f c a l o f w hi c h
,
h av n e a e n e o a na
t h J al
,
t h e re e tw o i ar d h ar D o éb n e an .
M y g i n t o d an c i n g g i rl a d o t h e rs at a
on e ve s n
w d di g e n .
B E L NA Th tick
e s w i t h w hi c h t h h n d
, f a b ri d e e a o
gr o o m i s tr c k a p rt s f t h e m arr i ag e
u ,
as a o
ce r e m ony .
A c oa s e r r op e m ad e of g r as s , s t aw , e r tc .
Th e l ow l an d b o de r ri n
g on a ri r ve .
A c as te of th e J ain i pe r i hi e fl y em
l r ffi
s u as o n , c
p oy e d in t a c .
A ffi dr wh o n s h M Bd f w fi h a m mm
fir hi l
s
Th e s t s av n
g of a c
’
d s a h i h ir
l
.
An h
on o a y t t e am on s t S
g hsrr i ik .
GL OS S A R Y OF T EC H N ICA L T E R M S .
B— c o n ti m ce d .
B H AJ T A pr e se nt o f fr i t u s, s w e e t m e at s , e tc , . s e nt by
the r pa e n t s of a b ri d e an d b ri de g r oo m to
t h i r fr i
e e nds , w he n i i ti ng t h e m nv t o th e
wedd i ng
B H A J W AN S a monl i h y e ll ow
c o ou l
rd r c o l ou r e d e e dd s
l th s)
- -
, ,
w i th g e r (f k rti
’
a i s c o e .
B H AN Th m r k m d e t h r o g h a gr e e n fi e l d b y
e a a u
t r i g d w
u n n th e s t lk n b ot h sid o i n a s o es, n
d i d i g i t b e t w e e t w p ar t i e s
vi n n o .
B H AND On w h s i g
e r c i t e s r e s in ab s e f
o n s or e ve s u o
an oth r nd with e i w t o i j r h is
,
a a V e n u e
h r t r
c a ac e .
A f kir o ki g p l ac e
a
’
s c
'
o n -
.
A s d d r i i t h e p r i e o f g ra i e t c
u en se n c n, .
A w t i g p l c f t r ve l le r
a er n
‘
tc b e i ng
a e or a s, e
f r i s h d w i t h e s s e l s re ad y fill d
u
.
,
u n e v e .
W g e g i e n t a t ac h e r
a s v o e .
O ne w h p r p ar e s i c tu al s f or t r ave ll e rs at an
o e v
L an d b e s t ow e d on a Brah m an or f kir b y
a a
r l ru e ,
a s an ac t o f r l ig ie o u s al m s gi v i n g
Al ow c as t e o f B rah m an s ,
t ath s ub s st i by
b e gg i ng .
A d i v i s io n o f t h e a m an c as t e , Br h ge n e r a ll
l
e m p o e d in s n g n g t h e
y p a se s i i ri of p e rs on s
y
in t h e op e o f h
e m u n e at o n r r i .
B H ATT A F o od ta k en to f rm r d t h i r
a e s an e wo rk m en in
th e fil e d .
B HA TTT F ood p r e p a ed r f or th e f m i ly
a of a d e c e as e d
pe r s on by a r e l at v e o r i fri d en .
B HAT TT Gr i a n i g ve n by a z a m i ndar to a b l ac k s m i th
on ha i v ng a n e w h oe or p l oug h s h are m ad e .
,
B H AU L T P yia n
g a s h r a e of g r ai n , e tc r t r .
, as en or eve
nue ,
the c utt ng i an d g t h ri g b i g d n
a e n e n o e
unde r th e i ns
pe c t i on f o r t f th a se v an o
l l
e
g ov e r nm e n t or an d o rd .
B H A U NT
- Th e w h ee l on w hi h c th e r op e of a we ll b -
uc ke t
tu r ns .
B H AU R The sound m ad e w t i h th e b e at i n g of s h oe s,
as the s h oe s we nt b h a ur , b auh r ,
”
sp o k e n of
one c as t in a su it
BHET A s ac ri fi ce ,
of e r in g , o r s ong o f p r i a se , in h o n
our of a go d d e s s .
3 11 1 T i m Th e w te e a t , w hi rh hi c h w h en g r oun d an d
i
m x e d W i t w a t e , is h r use d
,
by b oy s in l ea n r
in g t o w t e ri .
B H OJ K T A B rah m an ,
wh o o ffi c ia t e s an d r e c e ve s i th e
ff r i g
o e n s at c e rt i h ri a n s ne s .
B H ON D AN M y gi
on e ve n to th p r id i e es ng Br ah m an s at th e
c l ose of a w e dd i n
g .
l vi G L OS S A R Y OF T E C H NICA L T E R M S .
B— c o n tt n u c d .
B H U AR X
Pr ev a en c e l idem ic th e r s i c k e s
o f an ep or o n s
i n p rat i l r l l i t
ay cu a oc a .
BHUS RA A pl ce l d w i t h t h orn h e dg t s i dh a e ou e
i ll g w h r at t l a k e p t
a ,
e nc ose ,
fo a v a e e e c e re ,
e ac
,
mi d
z a ha i g h i wn
n
'
zi r v n s o .
I HAH N O A s i t of l th g i e t o t h e b ri d b y t h
u c o es, v n e e
b r i d gr m s f at h r t w o d ay s ft e r m a ’
e oo e a r
,
r ia g e
A g t bl
ve e a e or fr i t l f t f
u e or s e e d .
A ri g w r n , o n b y w om e n on t h e t oe s , t h e u
pp e r
s id e o f w hi h c is b o a d r .
B I CH K A N U A An o r n am e n t wo r n on th e c e nt a r l pa t r of
th e e ar
A pr e se n t gi ven to a pe r son on d i sm i s i s ng h im .
The i
t m b e s , s e t ob r l iq l ue y at th e e d ge o f a
we ll ,
t o su pp o t t h e r w he e l on w hi h t h e
c
r op e r uns .
I i
nvo c e , or p ri ce t i kc e t .
A m na e ap p li ed to tw o ki n d s o f m s i c l in u a
s t ru m e n t s, th e on e a st r i ge d t h t h e r a
n ,
e o ,
w i n d i n st r um e n t
B IND A r r p f gr w ith i l d w i t hi as s o r s, co e n
h h a w ll
c oa s e o e o
k ac pp r t t c k p th e as a su o o ee e
i d fr m f ll i g i
a ,
s es o a n n .
B IND I Th m
e na f r m t w r by w m e o an o n a en o n o en on
th f r h de o e ea .
B I N N IJ A p d m t p l d t h h d t up p rt
a or a ac e on e ea o s o
b rd
a u en .
M d w w dl d r r d f th G r
ea o or oo an e se ve or e ov e n
ment
Ab ou n d a ry l i ne b etwe en fi ld e s .
A r e l ig io u s as c e t ic who ab an d o n s t e r r e s t ial
ob j e c ts , t h ou g ht s,
,
p as s i on t s, e c .
B I S A R J AN Am an t a r r e p e at e d by Brah m a
n s , e tc at th e
l
.
, ,
c os e of p fij a f o r t h e p u p os e o f g r iv i n
g th e
G o d h is i i i
d sm s s on .
B o nni Th m ll t f t f h i r t h t a H i d li r t ai n s o n
e s a u o a a n e
t h e r o w o f h is h e d
c n a .
B OB U L A h p f g r i n a t h re hi g fl or w i n o w e d
ea o a n o s n o , n
d r dy f o
an t ri g w y ea r s o n a a .
A he g t p e c i ll y e k e p t f b re e d i g
oa es a on or n
-
,
p u p ose s r .
B OKKA Al e at h e r b uc k e t use d in d r wia ng w at e r fr o m

ll
-
a we .
B OR A ki nd of s il e r v or l
g o d o n am e n t , r wo r n on
th e f ee t, li o ns , r
a m s , & c , m ad e so as to
i kl
.
t n e .
G ra in
gi ve n t o ca rp e nte r s, e tc .
, at s o w n g i t mei .
Ab oy s
’
p igm e n t - s t an d , u s e d by sc hool b o y s in
w ri t i n g On t he i r w oode n t ab l e ts.
G L OS S AR Y or T E C H NICA L T ER M S .
B— c on t i nu ed .
BU HU N I M Th e fir st sa e l in t h e mo r i n n
g , f or w hi h c th e
hi
c as s pa i d d ow n .
BU NJ AH T A di i i v s on of th e K h t tri a c as t e ,
c om p ri is ng
fi f ty t w o g e t s , t h e m e m b e s o f w c r hi h i nte r
l
-
rr
m a y am on g t e m s e ve s , b u t e m a h r i n se pa
r fr
ate om ot e K h a t t r is h r .
BU R D O BU R D T Fighti n
g c oc k s, &c .
,
on the c on d it i o n t h at t h e
o wne r of the w i nn e rt k a es bo th .
B r aux A pl d ge or e a ne s t r rp m on e y , u ee ge ne r a ll y
l
e a
be i g p ac e d as a ft r de po s i t a e a b a ga r i n is
f ll p r i i
n .
m ad e , an d b f r
e th
o e e u ce s pa d i up ,
to p r e ve n t e i t h r p r ty r tr t i g
e a e ac n .
C]
C H A B GTA R X An e l e v at e d p l ac e to
'
s it on, m ad e of b ri k c s or
ea rt h
C H AD A R A ikh
T h e c e e m o ny , am o n g S r rr i
s , of ma y ng a
i r hr h rr l i
w do w to a b ot e , or ot e e at v e , o f t h e
h hi h
d e c e a s e d u s b an d , w c i h i
c o n s s t s in av n g
i l h
a s ng e r r
s e e t s p e ad ov e r i
t h e c o n t ac t n g
ri f i i i G r hi
p a t e s b y t h e o f c at n g an t .
C H AK AR A h rp d g d i r
s a t l di e c rr i e on or s ee s c us , a d
h d b y A k al i
e
-
, ,
th
on d s d
e a w p ea s , an u e as ea on .
A fr m w hi c h t h w ll o f a w ll i b i l t
a e on e a e s u .
A l ow m e an pe r s on , on e of l ow c as t e , an
o u t c as t .
C HAN DA G
t
A c o ou l r
d aw n n g , s t e t c e d w t t h e
e i r h ih G ran t h
ove a b r ri
d e o r b d e g o o m , in t h e c e ri r r e m ony
o f M zi y an a t w e d d n g s
’
i
i ll
.
T he h e ad m a n o f a v ag e o r o f a r
t ad e .
A tr enc h d u g in th e g o un d r an d u se d as a
fir e p ac e l w he n l a r ge d n n e s i r ar e to be coo k
l
,
e d, and s e v e r a p ot s ar e to be se t on at on e
t mei .
Am e ss f or c at t e l , m ad e o f ai d, sa l t an d r
w at e .
Th e ce r e m on
y of f ee d i n
g B rah m a n s and o th r e s
on s p e c al i o c c as o n s , as i on the c ons e c r tia
ilt
on
of a w e l l o r t an k to e xp a t e i th e gu s up
p os e d t o ave b e e n h ac q ir u e d by ki ll i n g in
s e c t s in d gg n g i t i i .
C H AU The co l te r of a p l o ug h .
(H L U J B A C H C H A A r e se r ir of m as o n y , r ll ad ac e n t j to a
ll
vo u sua y
we
C H AU K A A pl be sme ar d w it h m i t r f w d g
ac e e a x u e o co -
un
h r Hi du t
an d m u d w e e n s ea .
A q r pl pr p r d
s ua th gre d r ac e e a e on e o un , ov e
w hi h ata i pr d t w dd i g d d i t i
c s s ea a e n s, e ca ons ,
& t h a t m rk
c ; m d by
on B rah e a s ar e a e a
r bl m
.
,
m b rb r t
an bt i f or a e o o a n av o u a e o e ns
fr m t h p l to d th m rk w e an e s , an e se a s ar e , or
hi p p d b y t h b ri d
s d b ri d gr m
e e e an e oo , or
t h r p rt i
o er d a e s c on c e ne .
l v ii i G L OS S A R Y or T E CH N I CA L T E R M S .
C— c on t n u e d i .
C H AU N K I B H AR N I To l
s e ep on th e g r oun d , in st e ad of on b e d,
a
fr m r l ig i
f lfil
e i l ri ous mot i ve s to u a p g m
l g
o ;
g w i th t e b d t d t ou s e epi n ou a e s ea e .,
f p i l gri m
a , .
wh mp yen a t p t co an o s s o a a
pl i t dj i
.
th i w y th
ac e wh on e r a os e , o n en o n
rr d i g i ll g
,
i g t h m t h r fr m t h
n e e e o e su o un n v a es,
m
co i d with th m m
e yn, f th i an e an o e r
fr i d w h k p w t h t h r g h t h i gh t
e n s, o ee a c ou e n ,
d r t r h m th
an t m r i g
e u n o e e ne x o n n .
A ki d f n kl w r by w m o ne c ac e o n o en .
S e e Ch ab ii tar a .
Ag am e p l ay e d w t ih l o n g o b on g l d ic e .
The n am e of th e fir st m o n th in t h e i i l y e ar
c v .
A sm a l k e t u s e d f o k e e p i ng b re ad in
l b as r .
Pr e se n t s g i e n t o a b r i d e b y h e r mat e rn al gr an d
v
pa r e n ts .
OE H A T T I A pi e c e of r e d S ilk se nt t o ann o u n c e t h e d e at h
of a pe r s on t o h is r e l at v e si .
CH E E D N i A h s oe m a k e r s awl b t s e d in th e P an j b o n l y
’
u u a
to ou t l t h e r n o t t o b ore h o l e s an d it s b l ad e
ea
,
is a l w ay s fi at
,
.
,
A w h rm as e an .
T h p rt f
e a o a g u n -
s t oc k , in w hi c h th e ramr o d
i i rt d
s n se e .
A f r l p il
un e a e ,
a bie r .
An o v a l - s h ap e d di h s u su a ll y m ad e of w ood ,
use d by f ki r
a s .
C H I TTH A Am e m o an d u m o f r m on e y p ai d , or w age s of
s e r v an t s
C H OL I A h rt g
s o ow n , w or n b y w ome n , r e ac hi n g onl y
t o t h e wa is t
A l rg a e l o ok of h ai r on t h e t op of th e h e ad .
A b am b o o , u s e d f o r r a s i i ng a l o ad
to b e de
i
p o s t e d o u t h e b ac k o f a b e as t o f b u d e n r .
C H U H AR H T HA M A we ll w t i h f ou r P rs i an w h e e l s e .
C H OH R A Th e na me of a ve ry low c as t e , w h os e b us ine ss
is s we e p ng i .
Th e r e n t of a v i ll age or d i s t ri c t .
The su m r
ag e e d u p o n as the p ri ce of an y
t hi ng .
C H U N GT T ax l e v e d on i me
b y w e g m e n , b e ng a rh c an t s i h i
h f
an d u o f w at e v e l
is w e g e d h r i h .
o n us A r
s e t o f b a c e e t s , e xt e n d n g om th e w st l i fr ri
u p th e o e ar m fr -
.
c u uau am A di h s c on s s t i i ng of b r e ad b rk o en an d m i xe d
w t i h gh i an d s u ga r .
C H U TR A A l rg h a e
'
an d u f l as muc h as b e ta
c an k e n up
i h t h e h an d a d fi n g e rs
M
,
w t n e xt e n d e d .
C H U TE I A s m al l h a d f as m c h as c an n u l u b e ta ke n
w i t h t h e t h u m b an d fi n ge rs
, up
.
G L OS S A R Y OF T EC H NIC A L T E R M S .
D
D A CHC HNA A pr e se n t to B r ii h m an s on so emn l or s ac r ifi
c ial o c c as o n s i .
D A HX A i k f s t e d t t h e n e c k f c att l t o
st c a ne o o e
k e p t h e m fr m r nn i ng aw ay
,
e o u .
T h e b ri d i s tr c t s h e r in
’
at t e d t wh e s n an , o n u
t h e p rf r m a n f t h e c re m n i s
e o ce o e o e .
D AI A Th b rid r m s t t e d an t w h i s tr c ts h im ’
e e oo a n 3 o n u
i t h p rf o r m
n c of t h e c r m
e e ie s an e e e on .
D AK A U T A c t f Brah m s w h c si d e r t h e m
as e o an o on
l v s b l t o b ar t h e c al am i ty o f t h
se e a e e
,
j bb d a a d t h e r f ore d o
a ar o t h e s i t at e t o
n, n e n
r i e it ece v
D AK H U L A Th tr ce
e en f a w e d d i n g p ar ty i nt o a c i t y
an o
i ll g
or v a e
D AM DAM A A m n m e t rai s e d i c o mme m orat i o n o f gre at

o u n n
G ru m o g t h e S i kh
u s a n s .
D A M M AN S TH I A p r p or t i at e d i tr i b t i o n f a b an k rup t s
o on s u o
’
p r p r t y am o g h i c r e d i t r s
o e n s o .
DAN D An r
o n a me n t wo r r n o un d th e ar m ab o v e th e
e l b ow .
A f ki r w h h d d f t
a os e ea an ee ar e na ked .
A H i du l t ti n sa u a on .
Ad d f y
ee f r gift o c on v e an c e o a .
A i fl t d b d l ki
n n d a e u a o -s n u se as a b u oy in
f rry i g t r m ( m m i
e n a s ea co on n th e hi ll s ) .
DA R B AR T h e c o m m o n ap p e at ll ion of th e g r e at S ikh
l
t e m p e a t A n m r it s ar .
Ad j tm t f d i p t
us en o a s u e .
A d r f t p y b l t i gh t ta b ri g a a e a s o one ea n
rt i m rk w hi h it d r i b
ce a n a s, c esc es .
D ASAU N D H A t i th ti ff r i g f t
e th f th
or v o ve o e n o on e - en o e
tim t d
es l f pr im l gi
a e v a ue o a e s o n o r an a , ve n
t o a go d .
D A S O G I AH RT A m e t od of h s h ar i ng , by w hi h c on e ta ke s te n ,
an d t h e o t he r l
e e ve n p a ts r .
D A S OT R A Te n p e r c e nt of r e ve nu e g i ve n t o th e h e ad m an
i ll
.
of t h e v ag e .
DA S T A K D e mu rr ag e o r fin e m p os e d i an d r e n e we d da y il
f or d e l ay in ob e y ng o d e i r r s .
D A U N DA U N KA RNA T o p ub li h s b y b o at o f dr m u .
DE H R A A s ac r e d se pu c l hr al m on u m e nt or G ru s
u
’
s e at .
D H AB An unwa ll e d t an k or p on d .
DEX HA The hi g h g r oun d w hi c h h as n ot been ov e r

fl own b y th e cu rr ent of a ri r ve .
D II A ID E N I
"
I
'
o s it
’
be fr o e an y On e an d o b s t n at e i l y rf e u se
to l e a ve ,
b y w ay of
,
e xt o rt i n
g c omp li an c e
w t ih s om e d e m an d .
D H A N AS A R T The na me of a m us ic a l m ode , w hi c h is on ly
pe rf rm o e d a f t r t hr
e ee in t h e a t e f r n o on .
1x G L OS S A R Y or T E C HNICA L T E R M S .
m wd
’
D— c on h .
D II A R A S om e t n g t o wn hi nt o th e hr i Op p o s it e sca e , l to
l
b a a n c e a v e s s e in w c l hi h a l iq i d u is t o b e
we g ed i h .
I-
l ir e f or ta ki n g c ar e of a rti c es l .
A h e ap o f g ra i n,
q u an t t y
or i of ot h r e m er
c h an d is e , c o ll e c t e d to b e w e
g i he d .
D H A R M S AL A An in n , w h re e p oo r r t av e ll e r s ar e s up p li ed
g r at u it ou s l y .
D H IN GU L I Aw e ll b uc k e t he d a t t ac to a po l e w hi c h w o rk s
l r p ri i p l e
-
,
On the e ve nc .
D HO K An ap p o n t m e n t i f or tw o li i t gan t s t o m e e t at a
ce rt i a n
p l ac e to ha ve t h ire c au s e a d u d c at e d j i .
BE GAN An i g i te d p i l o f c h aff a d r b b i h aro n d

n e n u s u
w hi h p o p l e w ar m t he m s l e
,
c in c l d
e e v s o
w e at h r e
D IBBH A s p i s o f p e ar g r
ec e s e d in s e v e ra l s as s u
c r m e ie e on s
A o t ry b t w e n tw o r i e rs
c un e e v .
P l g hi g fi l d b o t h w ay l g t h a d c ro s s
ou n a e s, en n .
A nor m t w r b y t h b ri d e at w e d d i g
na en o n e n s .
Th e c o un t ry b e tw e e n tw o s ma ll r
s t e am s .
Th e n am e of a c as t e of M h u am m ad an mu s i
i
e au s an d ba ds r .
A tr ac t of c ou nt ry l y i n
g b e t w e e n t w o m ou n
i r i dg s
ta n e .
D U N G W Ai C ll e c t i ng gra i
o n, h ar ve s t ng i .
E
E N D WI Ah o Op - s h ap e d m at or cus hi on , m ad e of co rd
or c o l th an d p ac e d l on the c r own of the
i all y
,
h e ad b y t o s e h who ca rry r
bu d e ns , e s pe c
b y t ose w h o h ca rry ve sse l s O f w at e r .
G
G AHA Se i ing an d h o l d i ng u n de r r tr i es a nt r
p e sons or
l
z
r op e rty be on
g i ng to a debto r in o d e t o r r
p
c om p e l p ay m e n t .
,
Th re hi s n
g or t r i
e ad n g o u t c o n r w i th o xe n .
Th e n am e of a man t a r pr y r r p t
, a a e e ea ed by
B rah m a s w i t h n the r ry osa .
G AN DA A s t ri g w i t h k
n n o ts , w r th ko n on e ne c ,
&c .
,
as a c h rm a .
Th e n am e of a v e ry l o w c as t e ,
a so rt of g psi i es.
A ki nd iof ea rt h fr m t h
ob ta ne i d o e G au g e s
an d u s e d f or m a rki g t h f r h d
n e o e ea .
GAR ASN A T o ge t on e i nto tr bl by p r

ou i g e e ss n a c a l im
w c hi h c a nn o t e as i ly be me t .
GAR I S T Th e ma rri e d s t at e or c on d it i on o f a se c u a l r
(n o t a m on k) .
GL OS S A R Y OF T EC H N IC A L T E R M S .
G -
con t n u e d i .
G A U N IM AR A c as p e o p e w o s e w o me n , w an d e n g
te of l h ri
a w ay om om e , fr h
p e t e n d t o b e w d o w s , an dr i
h i
av n g i
n d uc e d p e s on s of w e a t to m a y r l h rr
h
t e m , w at c t e op p o tun t h h ir
y t o s e z e an d r i i
ca rr
y o ff v a u ab e p o p e t y l l r r .
Th e n am e o f a mus i c al m od e , s u n g at i
m d d ay ,
The n am e Of a c as t e Of B rah m n s t h at a h ad
h ir orig i n n t ry o f G a r
.
t e in th e c ou u .
GA U R i
-
The n am e of a m us i c al m od e , s un g t owa ds r
e ve n ng i .
A c ow t h at g i ves ri h mi l k c .
Gr i a n o f an yki d b i l e d w h l n ,
o o e .
Th c ir l
e f h i r r o un d t h e h e ad w h e n t h
c e o a ,
e
r w is s h a
c o n ve n .
A t i tl f a l as f H i n d u f aki rs
e o c s o .
A or n m t w orna o n t h e w ri s t enb e i ng a ri ng n ,
w ith ri dge d b a k a c .
G OT K UN AL A Th e at i g t g e t h e r o f p r s o nn f th s m e s o e a e
f am i l y t h e b r i g i g h m f b r i d
e o
on n n o e o a e .
GR AN T H T O wh b i s it is t r d a d p n d
ose us ne s o ea n ex ou
h o w e v e r a e ab l e t o
ne
th Gr eth e ry f w an v e r
l
-
, ,
do the at t e r .
Ad i d k f wd
r e ca e o co -
un g .
A t k f d ri d w d
s ac o e co -
ung.
A t f p pl wh
c as e o eo e o se ll m i l k .
A h ir l t h h mp
a c o or e s ac k u se d f or l o ad n g i
l
-
, ,
as s e s , o xe n , an d mu es .
Af e ll ow -
d i s i p l e f t h e s am e G r u
c o u .
T h e d ay on w hi c h o e is i i t i t e d as n n a a d is c i p l e .
Am e ss f o r c at t l e , m a d e of c ut s t r aw , o il c k a e
mea l , w at e , & c r .
,
G U TT Aw om e n s
’
h ai r , p l a i te d an d h an g i n g d ow n t h e
b ac k .
H
A s t at e o f e c s t ac y i n t o w hi c h f aki rs wo rk t h em
se v es l .
A t ri s n g of b e ad s .
A l on g s u c c e ss on i of fie ld s w t ih l u xu ri an t
c r op s .
A m t i t rr t ou n a n o en .
A P r i wh l e s an ee .
A p rt i f l d t l i d w hi l t h
o on o an -
ax ev e e e co is r n
t s d i g b f r it i r i p
an
pr ti dn , e o e s e , ac se by t h e
S ikh g r m t ove n en .
H AR N n i T o gu e s s at the wi g h t e of a t hi ng by l if i t ng
it .
l xii G L OS S A R Y OF T EC H N I CA L T E R M S .
'
lI —
-
c on l t n u c d .
H AS LI Ag l o d or s il e r
v co ll awo r r n b y w om e n an d
c hi l d r en as a n o r n am e n t .
S h u tt n
g up i al l th e s h op s in a ma rk e t .
O n e b y w o s e aid e m p oy m e n t is h l Ob ta in e d .
h r r ri i
T h e c a ac t e an d w t ng in w hi c h ac c ou n t s
a e k pt
r e .
H OK A A p b l i p ro c l amat i on
u c .
C o t r ac t f o t r a s p o r t at i o n
n r n ofg oo d s , i n c l u d i ng
th p y m e n t o f d ut i e s
e a , w t ou ti h e xt a r ex
p enses .
H uN Th e up s an d d ow n s of l if e.
I
L an d ,
&c, fr fr ee om to ll ,
85 0 .
An o rg g v e n t o t h e d ifi e r e n t
an o f s e n s e , a n am e i
r
o g an s o f ac t o n a n d p e c e p t on ; t os e o f i r i h
ac t on i
b e ng t h e an d , t h e i
o ot, t h e vo ce , h f i
r
t h e o g an o f g e n e at on a n d t h e o g an o f r i r
e xc e t on r i Th
o s e o f p e r c e p t on b e n g t h e b a n
. i i ri
or .
i
m n d , t h e e y e , t h e e ar , t h e n os e , t h e
t o n gu e an d t h e s n ki .
Af av o u rit e ,
or p at r on , d e ty i .
J
A m f r k d p i ri t
an o an an S .
A gr t f t gi t Br ahm
ea d th p r
e as ve n o an s an e oo
fr m r l i g i m t i
o e ou s o ve s .
J AGiR L d gi
an by G r m t r w rd f
ve n ov e n en as a e a or
r i
se v ce
J A J M AN Ap r e wh t m Br ah m
s o n , on b b os e c u s o an s , ar ers,
‘
d th r h
an l g l l im T h h r d i
o e s av e a e a c a e e e
i ll g
.
t ry B r ah m
a b rb r & f an or a e , c .
, o a v a e
m t b us p id h i f w h th r h e b a
‘
s ees, e e e e
mpl y d
e th r o e , o r an o e .
J A K H M AN A C mp ti t
o ldi r f
ensa w d on o a so e a ou n or
l l im b l
or
th e oss of a in b at t e .
J AKK H A ry h l y m
ve dm t d t d w r hi p p r o an an os e vo e o s e .
J AMAN T AB AD B il a ri tyor se cu .
J AN A M PA T M A h r p i w hi h t h b i rt h f hi l d
o osc o e n c e o a c
r l r d t fig r ti f t h ,
y ea d un a a e an c on u a on o e
pl d t il d
,
t t tim
an e f b i rt h s a e o , ar e e a e .
J AN E O A tr i g w r r d t h
s n k b y Brah m o n ou n e ne c an s
an d K h at t r is .
A l
c as s o f Hi nd u f ki r
a s, w h o w e ar m at t e d h ai r
an d ri ng a be ll .
,
J AN N Y Th e co m p an y , w hi c h at t e n d s a b ri d gr e o o m at
a We dd i ng .
S i l e n t r e p e t i t i on of th e N am e of G od .
G L OS S A R Y OF T E C H N I CA L T E R M S .
J —
c o n t n ue d i .
Ad e vot on i w hi h c c on s s t s i in i l e t r p e t i t i on
s n e
of th e N am e o f Go d , an d c o u t i n g t h e b e ad s
n
on a rry osa .
M at t e d h ir w r a as o n by f kir a s .
A c as e o t f f rm r a e s .
An e x c av a t o n i b y th e s ide of a r iv e r , fr om
w hi h c w at e r is d aw n r up f or i rr i g at i o n .
L ong c on t nu e d i r i a n .
Th e n am e o f a c as t e wh o c at c h fi sh an d b i rd s
an d c a rry pa l ki s .
,
Th e mo r i n n g or e ve n ng i tw i l i gh t .
Af av o u ri t e s ou r c e of g r at ifi c at iOn , a b e s e tt i ng
s in .
A u s te r
d e v o t o n an d
e
‘
i i nt e n s e m e d i t at i o n ,
r i
p ac t s e d b y J o g is .
A Hi n d u s a u t at o n l i .
On e o f t h e e g t y i h -
f r l kh
ou a s of b i rt h s or t r an s
i r i
m g at o n s , t o w hi c h h ad m e n ar e s ub e c t j .
M ri e as u ng l i m ati ng t h e p ro d c e
an d o r e s t u .
A di h s u s d by d
e o t e s t o c o ll e c t t h e i r e fi e r
ev e
i in , b i g h l f t h e h e ll o f a c o c o a
’
n
gs e n a t s -
nu .
W d & ee s, o .
, l
c e an e d o u t o f a fie d l .
A m rr i g a a e e n g ag e me nt .
L am p b l k w i t h w hi c h t h e y e l i d s ar e
ac , e -
p i t da n e .
K A L AN D AR A ki d f m k w h o d e s e rt s h m e an d fr i e d s
n o on o n
a d tra
n l s ab o t w i t h s h a e h e ad an d
ve
,
u v n
,
b oar d .
K ALS An ea rt h en w at e r -
v e ss e l ,
used in Hi ndu wor
S hi p .
KA MA N j lr
T h e u g g e y p e o m e d b y w o m e n at t h e t m e rf r i
of ma ag e , b y w c rri
it is s u pp o s e d t h e hi h
ri r
b d e g o o m is aff e c t e d , an d e n s n a e d in t h e r
ri
b d e s ove
’
l .
An e xte ri r o c it y w al l b u t f or de il f en c e .
r r ri
‘
An o n am e n t wo n on th e w s ts by me n an d
w om e n .
KA N G AN A A pa rt i -c o ou l r d thr
e e ad , t i e d rou n d t h e r i g h t
ri t w s of a b r i d gr e o om o r bri d e .
A l rg a e c om b u se d by S ikh s .
Th e n am e o f a g am e , i nw hi c h b oy s d r aw l i n e s
w t i h c h r a c o al on st s i t w o d i ff e r e t
on e n n
p l ac e s .
KA N JAR A l
c as s of p e op e l w h o w an d e r ab o u t m an u
f a c t u r in g an d se
,
ll i ng su rki m at s , b as k ets ,
&c .
l xi v GL O S SARY or T E C H N I C AL T E R M S .
K— c ont n u e d i .
K AN of An o ffi r ce ap p o n t e d i by G o ve rnm e nt to v a ue l
a crep .
K A N T HA A r ry m d f
osa a e o l arg e b e ad s of go d , l s i l ve r
ry t l
” . , ,
on x
c y
s a or .
A n offi r w h k ce o e e p s an ac c o u n t o f t h e t e nu r es
by w hi h c
,
l an d s ar e h ld e .
K APAL K I R Y A A rm ony a hi c h w h e n a
m ong H i d us
n by w
e ar e s t r e l at i e b r
ce e , ,
rp se i b r t th k
as s e n v e
a ll w t h
co s u n ,
th k ll i
e so rd e r t u ,
t e nt h s
n o o e an
to p esca i b e i g s p peos e d
,
t o h
n ne av e n u
d e p art d a t t h e t i m e o f d e at h
e .
K A R AH A b rd oa u se d f or l lli
e ve ng g r o un d d r aw n by
men or o xe n .
K A R AH PA R S AD A ki n d of sw e e t m e at , m ad e of fl ou r , s u ga r an d
Se lf s ac ri fi ce w t ih a V ew i to i
o b ta n s a v at o n . l i
A m rr i g g g
a a e en a e me nt .
H ir f th h d
a o e ea .
A l ft h d d m
e -
an e an .
Th e l l o w an d o n th e ma g r i n of a ri r ve w hi c h
is o c c as o n a i ll y o v e r fl ow e d .
,
St r e am r u n n ng i t h ro g h a rav i n e
u .
A two e d ge d d ag g e r wo r n on th e h e ad by
A k al i
-
s .
K H ANN I A rd
n o ea l of fi r e t a ke n i n to the h an d s , to p r o ve
one s
’
i n n oc e n c e .
Th e a lm s -c up of f ki r
a s .
A b l
k e t p l ac e d o t h e t o p
an n of a ca rt f or
c arry i g f o o d f r t h e b u ll oc k s
, ,
n o .
Aw d oo e n s an d a l , f as t e n e d o n w t i h t h o n gs .
A r k i c ee , l
n e t or d e e p w at e r -
c ou s e r .
T h e b a s s in m u s ic .
Ap p r i a se ment of a c r op, an d th e b oo k in
w hi h r e c ord e d
c .
K H A TT A l ot of p r e se nts, g i ven to a b ri d e by h er
pa r e nt s .
D i ly
a t w t b k
ac c o u n , or as e - oo .
A t ri p t h g d rri d i i g l t ri p e oo s ca e n a s n e .
C m p t i f m i g h i ld
o en sa on or a us n a c .
A t ri g d i tr m t p l y d w i t h
s n e ns u en a e th e
figr n e s .
,
A p t h d q i lt w r b y
a c ti e u , o n as c e cs .
M r b y gr
a s d b g ou n , a o .
A d t ti e t r k r f t hi
ec v e or ac e o eves .
O wh h
ne h ir pt th
o hi as n o a e xc e on e c n.
A t h r gh i tig ti
o ou nv e s a on .
Gr b rl y
e en wh t t f h r f d
a e or ea , cu or o se ee .
G L OS S A R Y OF T EC H NICA L T E R M S .
K— c on t im t e d .
To ri a n m ode r t ly a e , to sp ri k l n e .
Art i fi i l m c a d w pi g t f rl r i g
ou n n an ee n a un e a s .
A l rg l l f dr wi g w t r ea th r e v e s se or a n a e
fr m w ll
a e
o a e .
F m i ly r p t ti
a e u a on .
A y t h w h i r d i t t h i f m i ly
ou , o s a c e o s a .
A ir ri g k b y w hi h h i ’
n on n o n an Ox s ne c ,
c e s
r d g i t t hi
se cu e a a ns eve s .
K U N Gu Th m
e fna ryI fi mp iti f
e o d a ve ne co os on o re
l r m d f la d by w m t
c o ou ,
a e o an u , use o en o
r m t th ir f r h d
o na en e o e ea s .
KU PP A t k f h ff
s ac o c a .
K U R AM K A RAH f A di h pr p r d t b t
s th i e f a e o e e a e n on e o c c as o n o
t h fir t m ti g p r b ri d
‘
e f th t fs ee n o e a en s o a e
d b r i d gr m d i w hi h t h r p er e oo an n c o
t ll w d t p r t i i p t
an , e s on s
r a e no a o e o a c a e .
L
LAD DX Al o ad o r r
b u de n f or hi re d a i m al
a n .
L ADD A B AH U N A To ca rry on hi re (c u m l s h e rs s & c )

‘
u e ,
e , .
Th e ees f
v
gi e n to v ar i o s f n c t i onar i e s
u u at
w e d d ng s , & c i .
L A G AN A pr e se nt , se nt by a b de s ri ’
f th r
a e to th e
h ou s e o f th e b ri de g r o om , w t ih th e sum m on s
t o th e w e dd i ng .
L AG N A R W i t hh d ng oees l i f fr om Brahm an s an d o t h ers

at w e d d n g s , & 0 i .
An ad o p t e d c hi l d .
A w e ll -
r op e d r aw n by th e h an d .
A c o c o an u t .
An e m p ty c o c o an ut s h e ll .
Th e h e ad m a n o f a v i ll ag e .
A W i sp of g r as s , &c use d in li g t h i n g a fune ral

pil
.
,
e .
L A NA A f rm r ’
s e s t at e w t i h al l it s ap p u rt e n an c e s ,
l
a e ,
o xe n , p o ug hs ,
&c .
F rr i g
e a e ,
or hi re of a b o at , or t e l l at a b r dg e i .
A r d tilu e s e in a he dg e , c on s s t ng of a i i f rko ed
st c i k .
Th e cu rr e n t of a ri r ve .
A r c op o r c u t t i g f gr i
n o a n or g r as s , &c .
, t h at
is c ut mo r the an o n c e in t h e s am e s e as o n .
A l
s an d e r ous c h arg e .
An rm y i l di g b gg g f ll w r &
a nc u n a a e, o o e s, c .
A w ll r p d r w b y
e -
o e a n o xe n .
A r m y t H i d u w d d i g i w hi h t h
ce e on a n e n s, n c e
b ri d d b ri d g r m m k
e f r i r ui t
an e oo a e ou c c s
r d fi r
oun a e .
l xv i GL OS S A R Y OF T E C H N IC A L T E R M S .
L— c on t im wd .
L AUP AU S om e t hi ng g iv e n i n s te ad o f c as h to d i s c h arge
an ob li gat on i .
E tr p y t r
x a a o s e v an ts , &c .
, on a j r
ou n e y .
A hi r d r p r e ea e .
M
M AH A L Th e fr am e w o rk f r p o o e to w hi c h t h e ea rt h
l
en
p o ts o f P r i wh
a e s an ee ar e at t ac h e d .
M A H APA R S AD M e at , o r f d pr t oo e s e n e d as an o ff e ri to
id l
ng an
o .
A h e ad m an amo ng H i n d u f aki s r .
O n ap p o i t e d b y G ov e r n m e n t o r a l an d l o rd
e n
t os p e ri t e n d th
u h ar e s t i g of g rai n e t c
n e v n , .
,
t h t is r ai s e d o n s h ar e s
a .
MA H I T A A t i t l e o f r e s p e c t ap p l i e d t o Brah m an s an d
o t h e rs .
M A H CR A T T h e t i m e s p p o s e d f a ou r ab l e f o r e n g ag i n g in
u v
any e t e rp ri s e o e n t e ri g u p o
n an y b us i r n n
n e s s as d e t r m i n e d b y d i v i n at i on
, e .
A C hu ka w h o h as b e c om e a S ikh
r .
Th at whi c h is s p e n t o n ac c ou t o f a v i ll ag e n
b y t h e h e ad m an f or t h e b e e fi t o f f aki rs
,
s e t t l e d b y a t ax l e i e d h al f
y e ar l y
n
e tc .
, v -
A g re e i n g t o m e e t p e c u n i ary o b l i g at i on s f or
.
M A N AU T i
an o t h e r .
L o w m o i s t g r o n d o t h e b an k o f a r i v e r
u n
A b e t ro t h e d f e m al e
.
A b e t rot h e d b oy o m an r .
A n l e at e d p l at f rm in a c o rn fi e l d o n w hi c h
e v o
,
n e s i t s t o w at c h
o .
T h e c e n t ral p o t i o n o f t h e B ar D o a rb i .
A ma s h e i g h t u s e d in s p e aki n g o f t h e d e p th
n
’
o f w at e r in a w e l l o
,
t an k r .
A n i n c an t at i o n o r c h an t .
Am on u m e n t e r e ct e d in m e mo y r of d e c e as e d
Hi nd u .
a
A m s a ll r o om , e r e c t e d on th e ro o f of a h ous e
A pl l
.
ac e w h e re co rp se s ar e b ur n t ; a so the
h at re m ai n af te r a r i
b on e s t b u n ng .
M A SAN D A A G ru s p r i e s t w h r e c e i v e s offe rings

u
’
o an d
,
p re s e n t s t h e m t o t h e G ru u .
MAT Am on u m e n t e r e ct e d in m e m o y r of a d e c e as e d
Hi ndu .
An ab b e y o r c o s t e l i r of S an n i as i f ki r
a s .
A wr h r e ad o f v ar i ous c o o s c hi e fl y
e at t h of l r u ,
r hi t e w orn b y W ome n on t h e
s aff o n an d w
,
h in gs
e ad at w e d d .
MA -U N Th m a s o n ry w o r k o f a w e ll t h at r e mai n s
e
ab ove
g r oun d .
GL OS S A R Y OF T E C H NICA L T E R M S .
M u
c on t in u e d .
MEDNT A b dy f p i l g ri m g i g t
o o s o n o vi s i t t h e t om b of
i t
a sa n
A f m l g t t w dd i g
.
e a e ue s a a e n .
A m l g t t w ddi g
a e ue s a a e n .
A f m i ly t t
a p tr i m y e s a e or a on .
A t f M l m a mp l y
c as e o us a ns , e o e d as mus i c i an s ,
d b rd
an a s .
MI S A L A p t ty d p d y b r i
e e en enc su se v e n t t o th e au t h or
i ty of a R dj a .
A t i t l f r p t f Brahm
e o es ec or an s .
D y fr m w hi h i t r t i r k
a o c n e es s ec on e d .
T h e m a n , w h o s t an d s on t h e e dge of a w e ll
an d h
an d e s t h e c a l h ras , r i
in d aw n g w at e r .
,
M OD I A trk p r
s o e ee e .
M U CH A L L A K A A fi i m p d i rt i
ne , os e n ce a n c as e s of a rb i t r t i a on ,
p t h p rt y r f
u on i gt e a e us n o ab id e by t h e de c i
s iOn .
MU K A T D li r
e ve fr m t h b dy d
an c e of the s ou l o e o an
mpti
e xe fr m f r t h r t r m i gr t i on o u e an s a on .
A p g b y w hi h m t i n
as s a e t r d c ou n a s ar e e n e e .
B r i g i g h m w i f f t r m rr i g
n n o e a e a e a a e .
A b it b i d t r tr p to ti
a -
r th r, se nea a a , en ce o e s
of th e s am e s p e c e s i .
Am an u ac t u f rr e of g l as s a rm l e t s .
A h e ad m an in a R aJ a
’
s, or S a da r r h ’
s o us e
h ld o .
M U S A LL A A ki d of s ta ff T h s ap e d , carr i d e by f kir
a s,
l
n ,
to p ac e th e h e ad on in pr y r a e .
NA K H AS An op e n ma rk et w h e re h or s e s c at tl e , &c ar e
l
.
,
so d .
N A M ON A R AI N A f rm o o f s a u t at o n a l i m o n g S u n n ia
as 1 s .
N AN K AR An a ll o w an c e in l an d or m o n e y , t o h u s b an d me n
an d ot h r e s .
A go ld e ar - ri ng wo r n by Hi n d us .
T h e n am e of a t rib e of j u gg e l r s an d r op e
d an c e s r
NE C H I F ood g ve n to i Brah m d a y f or
an s il one ye a r f or
th e bene t of fi a d e c e as e d p e s on r .
,
NEU NDA An i i t at i on
nv to a f e as t .
A f rm r wh r t d
a e o e n s an cu li
t v at e s l an d be l on g
i g t
n th r o an o e .
PA H I L CN A w b ff l t h t h
co or u a o, a as g i ve n or is ab o u t
t gi
o h fir t lf ,
ve ,
er s ca .
,
l xv iii G L OS S A R Y or T EC H NICA L T E R M S .
m tc d
’
P— c on t t .
PAH U L Th e S ikh b p t i s m o r i te f i n i t i at i on w hi c h
a r o
i s t i S p ri k l i g
, ,
c on s s th nf c e of th e n n , on e a
c an d i d t e a ki d f s h e rb e
a , p re i o sl y c o n n o t, v u
s e c ra e t d d p i g r n d w h at r m i n s t o
, an as s n ou e a ,
be dr k b y l l t h e i i t i at e d w h o a e p e
un a n , r r
s e nt, o ut of th e s am e c u p .
An Op e n ma rk e t , or ma rk et p l ac e .
Th e w a lk f or b u ll oc k s in d raw i n g w at e r fr om a
we ll .
PA K K H U L T Th e l a rg e c an v as s he e t ,
s p r e ad at t h e b o t t o m of
a ca rt .
Gr oun d l e ft f or a i
t me , unt i ll e d an d f all ow .
Ar o ll of c an d e l -
wic k u se d in e x or c rs m g e v il
sp iri t s .
PAMM A A na me g i ven in rid i cu e l to Brahm a ns in t h e

P jb an a .
PANC H n PA N CH AI T
o A C mm itt o ee rb i t r t i
of a a on .
P AND H A A h lmsc oo -
t r
as e Brah m w h d i r t t h
, or an o ec s e
w e dd i n g s an d th r o r m i f f m il y e ce e on e s o a a .
PAN J OT R A Fi ve
p er c en t f th r
o gi t th e e ve n u e ve n o e
i ll g e
.
,
h e ad m an o f a v a .
PA N J R A T N A Fi ve t hi n gs pu t int o th e m o t h of u ad e c e as e d
Hi nd u, v ia , go l d s i l v e r c op p e r
, , , pea an d rl
c o r aL
PA R A M H A N S i
A n as c e t c , w h o p o e s s e s t o rf ha ve s u b d ue d
al l h is p as s o n s b y m e d t at io n i i .
PA R B A r dd
s ac e ay , o r s e as on of r l ig ie ou s , id ol at r ou s
f t i i ty
es v .
PAR I TA On e of
the Br h
a m an s , t at o tfi c iat e s at a w e d h
i h l i
d n g , o d n g a s e c o n d a y p ac e , an d at t e n d r l
in g t o an y t n g t at m ay e u e hi h is h r q ir
se r i v ces.
F d oo ,
or sw e e t m e at s , o ff r e ed t o t h e go d s .
Am k a e -w e ight to ba l an c e th e sca es. l

R e ad i ng th e s ac r ed b oo ks as an ac t o f d e v ot i on .
Al an d n g - p i la ce or f rrye w h ree th e s h o re is
s m o ot h an d
,
h a d, r an d
,
t h e w at e r f rd o ab e . l
PA TTH A y o u n g g o at , t h at h as n ot y e t b e gun t o g ive
m ilk .
On e w h o ke eps the l an d ac c o u n t s o f a v i ll age .
Af r ou pi an n a e ce .
A r i g m d f d b b h gr
n a e o a as s , an d w or n on
f th fi g r
,
th e i
ou r n e , o n o c c as o n s o f p r e se nt ng i
rt i fi i g
ce a n o er n s .
PE TL A A b t hi g p l
a wh r th rn ac e ,
e e e e is li l
tt e or no
d t t th
e sc en w t r o e a e .
A w f r p t d b y H i du
a e ,
as e n s on th e frh d o e ea .
A w doo rp r f r m i
en sc a e or e ov n g m r fr an u e o m
a s t ab e l .
GL OS S A R Y OF T EC H N ICA L T E R M S .
P— c on t n ue d . i
Ag e nt e s l h owe r of ri a n, a d ri z z l e .
The c ot te r of a p l oug h .
A q ar s w oode n
u am e , s g t y
e fr li h l l o ad e d , d r aw n
b y o x e n in t e ad n g o u t c o n r i r .
A pl oug h s h are
-
.
Th e ar m o f a ri r ve .
The s hi i n n
g
-
o ut o f th e s u n on a ri a ny d ay .
A w i w i g f gr i n no n o a n .
A t r ti pr
ea dy se on oso o r ve r s ifi c at io n .
A t hr shi g fl r e n oo , or p l ac e w h e re g ri a n is
s t ac k e d up .
Ah o ll ow b am b o op ou gh p er , a t t ac he d to a l
p e n d ic u l a r l y , W i t t h e l o w e e n d b e n d t he h r hi
h r
s a e , an d t h e u p e
p av n g a to c on rh i h r
i ll
op p e
i
ta n th e se e d, w c is t u s d r e d n t o th e hi h h i
f r
ur o w in
p as s n g a o n g i l .
Th t w hi h h as b e e n p ai d o n a s um d ue
a c .
C h ari t y g i n t b t ai n m e ri t ve o o .
Th e n m e o f o n e o f t h e e i g h t e e n H in d uS as tras
'
a .
I?
R A B AB A ki d n of v o i li n w t i h t h r e s tr i n g s e .
Am i us ca lm ode o f w hi c h t h e re a e s ix r , n am e d
ft r
a e s ix D e o t as .
At un e of a l
c as s d i tis nc t fr m th o e rag s ;
th r e e ar e thi rt y , n am e d a f t r d ifi
e erent g od
d e s se s or de i v s .
Ap au s e , or r e p e at , in m u s ic .
Th e na me of th e S ikh C ode .
A f or m of wo r hi p
s ,
u se d by S ikh s in th e
e v e n ng i .
R AK K H La nd r r e se ved by G ov e r n me n t, t h e w oo d , g r as s ,
&c .
, on w hi h c , is n ot to be c ut .
W ag e s f or k epie ng w at c h .
Th e ap ar t m e n t s o c c u p e d i b y R an is .
Mrh e c an d s e i b e s p o e n at a k r i rt
ce ta n a e, [i r
r es
p e c t iv e o f w at t h e mah rk t r t m
e a e ay tu r n
out t o b e .
R A PT T A i ll
v ag e c h au k id ar , w h o r epo rt s to G o v e rn
ment .
Al e ve l p i e c e of g r o un d .
T h e p ac e l w he r e Hi n d us c o o k an d e at t he ir
f
ood
R ATA B D i ly
a a ll o w an c e of f oo d f or h ors e s , c at t e , l
e tc .
B AT H A f r wh ou -
l
e e e d n at v e c a i rri ag e .
Th r e c ou se , or dr y b e d of a ri r ve .
l xx G L OS S A R Y OF T EC H NICA L T E R M S .
R — c o n t n ue '
i d .
RA UL Aw an d e ri n g c as s , l w h o p ac t s e b e gg r i i ng q uac k
,
e ry , t h ag i ,
e tc .
R AUN A m r hy p t i fi ld
a s th b rd r sf o n a e , or o n e o e o
tr m
a s ea
W t ri g fi l d p r i t p l ghi g
a e n a e e v ou s o ou n .
L l gr d b r f rd r
e ve oun , a e o ve u e .
Th [ ki g f t h g r d p r d u e d b y t h
e s oa n o e o un , o c e
r fl w i g f ri r
ove -
o n o a ve .
R RU Ri A p p tire f g r t
ar a i m ll k on o su a , e c .
, n s a ca es
r d w i t h t il d
c ov e e -
see .
A m w h i i t t t i t r l ig i d t i
an o s na en ve o e ou s u es .
Ad yl b rr a -
a ou e .
C h r dy m y
as , ea on e .
O wh p y
ne h h ke p r
o a s c as a c as -
e e .
Th d p wd r
e re d b y H i du t w ddi go e u se n s a e n s
H li
,
a n d at th e o .
RO PN A Th at w hi h
by a g s c at e t o th e
1s s e nt irl ’
f hr
ri r
b d e g o o m e e c t in t h e c e e m o n y o f m ag n i, l r
i i
c on s s t n g o f s e ve n d e d d at e s , an d v a i o u s ri r
o t h e r t hin g s
Th e c ou r se , or dry b e d . of a ri r ve .
A s p on g e ,
one wh o li v e s on o th r e s .
S om e t hi n g ad d i t i o n al as ke d f o r by a p ur c h as e r
ft r a e a b arg ai is c n o n c ud e d l .
,
R U RH A t rr o e nt f or me d b y ri
a n .
53
A r l i gi p r
e i ou s e s on o r s a n t .
Th ti k p t
e s d r th c u un e e b in d e r p ar t of a ca rt
t i t fr m t i l t i
,
t pr o ev en o ng .
S A G AN Pr t e se n s, l m gi or a s, ven on c o n t ac t in g r a
m rr i g a a e
S AHA
I I
Th e d ay a p p o int ed f or a we dd ing an d fi xe d
b y a s t o og e r l r s .
,
Am yd l r one
p it l i t
-
ea e or c a a s .
A m ll m g i t
s a l b rg i su ven o sea a a a n .
D mp p p l i d t l d b j t t i
a a e o an su ec o n u n d at o n s , i
w ll w t r d b y t h
,
th t i
or a
pr s e a e e e o xi m i ty of
tr m
a s ea
A H i d u S ikh t m b
n , or , o .
A d f d t i l w it ; l
e en an n a li
t v at o r
il
a su a so, a cu
of th e so
M ti i
en on n g th e N am e o f G od .
A hi l dc o r an i m al e tc ded i c at e d t o t h e go ds ,
l
.
, ,
an d to be 1 e de e med at o n e -e e ve nt of t h eh
l
v a ue s e t up on it .
S AN D H LS. R e p e at i ng m an t r as , an d s i p p ing w at e r , at
s un ri s e , s un s e t , an d m dd ay , a c e e mo n y i r
p e r f on n e d
'
by Br h a m an s , Ch at t ris an d
\a is as .
G L O S S A R Y QOF T EC H NI C A L T E R M S .
S— co n t n u e d i .
Th e n am e o f a f am ily am o n g th e J at te .
Th e n am e o f a c as s a l m on g t h e J atts .
Cu t s t aw ,r m i xe d w t ih gr i a n, o il - c a ke an d
w at e r , as f ood f or c at t l e
A w vo , o r c on s e c r ti
a ng a t hi n g ,
t o G od .
A h ll b l
s e own by Hi nd us at wo r hi p
s .
Ad t evo e e wh o p rf o e s se s to h av e ab an d on e d
rl d
,
th e w o .
Am i i tt di g
u s c an , ai gi g w m en n on s n n o en.
M i i tt di g d
u s c an s , a i g g i rl en n an c n s .
A H i d u r m y i w hi h t h y w or hi p
n ce e on , n c e s
d f d Br ah m
an m d y d ri g t h
ee an s o n so e a u n e
m th A n ion mm m r t i f t h irss n co e o a on o e
p i al
,
d d t r
e c e as e d f th ir an c e s o s , an or e s ec
b en e t fi .
Th e i c al m od e
n am e o f a mus .
A m s i al i n s t r m e nt l ik e a i o l i n
u c u v .
A J ai d e o t e e w h o w e ars a s l i p o f c l ot h o ve r
n v
t h e i h al at i o n
,
h is m th to av o i d ou of n
ani m a c u ae l l ,
Th e s e v e n s oun d s o f an o c t av e t h e g am u t .
A t hi g f rm d f p p r m w h t l ik
n o e o a e so e a e an
m b r ll
, ,
u d t ed r th h d f
a , an u ne
r
ov e e ea o a
b r i d g r m i t h m rr i g
e rm yoo n e a a e ce e on .
T h gr i g i
e b y f rm r t
a n th C h am r ve n a e s o e a s,
i h b i t i g t h i r i l l g i mp
n a n ti f e v a e s, n co e n sa on or
th m ei l r i i lly a t d f
en a se v c e s o c c as o n a ex c e o
t he m
S A R N AT An i fl at n e d s ki n u se d to ca rry p asse ng e r s
ac r os s a ri r ve .
A AR B A S TAR
B ST A rm d tr m
s an ac c o u e e n ts .
S A T AB A A m t h f fi ri g
a c or n a gu n .
A w m wh imm l h e rs e l f o n t h e f r l
o
S ATT o an o o a te s
il
un e a
p e of her h u s b an d .
A m rk t w h ra e e e d r y g o o d s ar e b a t e r r ed, th e
p ri b i g fi ce e n xe d b y a g o b e t w e e n -
.
S AU R E S A L TT A T e n t, b ag s , b e d d ing &c l o ad e d on a c am e l
ll i
.
, ,
in t r av e ng .
S AW A D H AN A f rm f o o bene d i c t i on ,
u se d by Br ah m an s to
i f ri rn e o s
S AW A Y Y A T h e n am e of a m e as u r e in p o e t y , r an d a m od e
in m u s c i .
I P
S A A Th e ce r e m ony o f weep i ng , or ma ki ng l am e n .
t a t io n , f o r t h e d e ad p e rf rm o e d b y w o me n .
I
S BBE A f ki r a r of g e at a t t a n m e n t s , a i w o n d e r gvo r k e r ,
e ig hty f r -
ou of w h om ar e r ll
g e n e a y s t at e d t o
ie x st .
S I HRA A h p l e t o f fl w e rs o a p i e c o f g o l d o
C a o r e
i l r fr i g w r ro n d t h e f re h e ad b y a
, r
s ve n e , o n u o .
b r i d g r o o m at t h e t i m e o f m ar r i ag
e e .
lx xii G L OS S A R Y or T EC H N ICA L T E R M S .
S Co n t n u e d i .
A d i ip l sc e , or f o ll owe r , of Na k na .
A S ik k h w h o is a f o l l o w c r
’
o f G ov i n d i ng h
S
an d
,
h as b e e n f rmo a ll y i n i t i at e d by re c e i i n gv
,
the p ah u l .
S I R B AL A . The at t e n d an t of a b r i d gr e oom , wh o ri d es
be hi nd h im on h ors e b ac k in t he ma rr agi e
p ir o c e s s on .
A b i r s h ap e d l ik
e ,
e a l ad d e r , use d by Hi ndus.
T h e n am e i c al m o d e app r p r i at e d t o
of a mu s , o
f r on i w i nte r
th e a te no n .
S w e e t m e t s o ffe r e d t o s ai n t s
a .
Ob e sc ab u s i v e s o n g s s un g b y w om e n at
ne or ,
w e d dings .
s o nu i A t i tl e f t h e G r u w h o re s i d e s at K ar tzi r
o u
pur, an d o f h is f o ll ,
owe r s.
s uD R A Th e n am e of th e l owe s t of th e f r gr ou e at
Hi n d u c as t e s .
S U KK H A w m d t bt i
vo a e o o a n s om e t e mp o r a l bl es
i g s n
A p k ddl
.
ac -
sa e .
C rm i l
e e l on a u n c e an n e s s fr om c hi l d b i r t h
-
,
l t i g f r ty d y
as n o a s, an d e xt e n d n g i to e ve ry
t hi n g in the h o us e .
T
A c op p e r i co n e q u al t o tw o p ic e .
A sm a ll h at c h e t c rr i e d a b y S ikh s to c ut t o ot h
t h e m s e l ve s
,
b r us h es f or .
Th e dw e ll i n
g p l ac e of a f ki r
a .
L ow g r ou n d , c o n t ig u ous to a m o u n t ai n .
A n e t, in w hi c h c ut s t aw r is ca rr i ed .
A -
ki n d o f au s t e r e de v ot ion .
Am rh m d w l d
a s , or ea o an .
A f ll i t f w m
u su o o an s
’
c otl he s th e t e ur
i t i g f t hr p i
c on s s n o ee ec es, th e p e tt i c oat
h wl ;
,
h rt g w
s d
o o n an s a th e be u r , of t wo
bod i c e an d v e il .
T E WA Th e r eco rd of one s
’
b i r t h from w hi c h ’
f rt i t b
o l ltd
un e s o e ca cu a e
,
.
On o s ,
TH ADD A A l d m rk b d ry p i ll r
an -
a , or ou n a a .
T H APi D ri d k f w d g
e ca es o co -
un .
TH OK A S I KK E Th rp t r
e ca t m g S ikh en e c as e a on s .
TH O S S A Th t h mb p r
e t d t ur d d w
u e sen e ne o n, in t o ke n
of den i al
TI K K A A ma rk , m ad e b y Hi n d us , on th e frh o e e ad ,
&c , . as a s e c t a ri an i s t i n c t i on
d .
TI K TI K I
'
A p r op , S h ap e d l ike a T o n w hi c h fakir s
l e an to r est or p r ay .
,
GL OS S A R Y or T EC H N ICA L T E R M S .
T— c on t n u e d i .
Th e t h r ee wo rl d s h e av e n , ea rth , h e ll
an d .
‘. T h e n a m e o f a p an t , l ( b as i ) l , w hi c h H i n d us
r r hi p
l
d e e m s ac e d , an d w o s .
U
U D H AL A w o m an , who l e av e s her h us b and , an d
ta k e s up w t i h an o t h e r m an .
A c c u s at o n i of an in n oc e n t p e r s on .
V
V AC H A t ax l ev ed i b y t h e l am b ar d zi r
'
of a. v i ll age
on t ho se w h o ar e n o t z am n d a s i r .
V A CH OL A On e who me d i at e s b e tw e e n two p ar t ie s , a
med i at o r .
VADDE G ro un d fr om w hi c h th e a mp h as been
r e m o ve d .
A s on g , s un g o n i rt h o f a c hi l d
the b
Th e s ur f ac e o f a r o g h l y p l ou g h e d fi e l d
u .
S e e b ajm
’
An r
o n am e n t , wo r n on the w ri s ts , m ad e of
g l as s , l ac , etc .
V AR A A h s p o d,
ee -
f l or l
e n c os u e r , w t ih a h e dge
r o u n d it
See barn s .
S e e B ate h r i .
Se e B a tn a .
See B a tt .
M i o s tu r e of g r ound , m a n g it fi t t o p ki l h
a so l the p r op e r i t m e f o r s o w ng i .
ou g
See Bed .
W h t d gr m w m i d t g t h r
ea an a so n xe o e e .
A l w f lly m rri d w i f
a u a e e .
A y rd rr d d b y b i l d i g
a ,
su ou n e u n s .
A ki d f w d ri g f ki r w h p r t i
n o an e n a , o ac se s
rt i
ce t rit i a n au s e es .
VI E T Th l i t hi p (j jm a i) f Brahm N
e c en s a n o a an , a t,
e tc .
l xxv i G L OS S A R Y OF T EC H N ICA L T E R M S .
GL OS S A R Y
OF
TECHNICAL TERMS AND W OR DS .
E n gl i s h . Gurum ukh i.
A CC OUN T S ( T rm e s w it h f
r e e r en c e
t o) Ch itt h a; h in d ak i ; kh as r a .
A PAR T M EN T S (Q u ee n s
’
) R an b as .
A R B I T R A T OR S ( T r m e s f or ) P an c h; p an c h z ut .
B AR D S (T m f ) er s or Bh d an .
B A S K E T S (Ki d f ) n s o C hh b b a a .
B A T H IN G P L A CE S ( T rm f ) e or P tla
e .
B EAC ON A k a d ip s .
B I R T H S ( T rm r f rri g t )
e s e e n o J an am p at r i ; s ut a k; t e w a; v ad h aw a .
B OOK S (N m f ) a es o Pi n ga l ; pa ra n .
B U R D EN S (P d f rry i g)
a or c a n Bi u ; E d w i
nn n
l l
.
(T m er d w i th r f r
s us e t ) e e en c e o C h r g un ; kh arar ; kh e p ;
ua 1 add a; add a
b ah u n a p ak k h l i s ad h w ai u t an ga r .
B U R Y IN G P L AC E S (Te rm s f or ) M as an s am ad h ,
.
C
CAR R IA G E S ( Ki d n s o f) R ath .
C A S T E S ( D ifi t)
'
B a iya r
b a an ; b a a ; b éu r y zi ; b an s t o r ; rr ’
j
e ren n n
b u n aki ; b e d ; b at t b h éb r a i b h at r é h
h
C a n d a; c u r a; d ak au t h h
d um ; g ar is t ;
i i t i a g au n im ar g aujj r a tt ; r j
j hi j j l
r s g u
g ; ;
wa an a r k
m a ab m ir asu n at ; au r i r
s an dh i i ; s an n iés i ; s a
’
n s s ud a h i r .
C ATTL E ( C mm f ) o on or B hik
a
(E l
.
r f )
n c os u e or Bh aa u r .
(F d f )
oo or B d ; b a ; h at
au r c g u t aw a;
'
k h ii d ratah sani .
(I t m t f )
ns ru en s or D a li a; k u n d él .
C E R EM ONIE S ( V r i a ou s ) B hia nd a b ak h uk a; b a hi rab al b al J ami ; b an d a i z

h ar h atth ; c h au n ki h r i
b a n ; s an d h u ;
’
na
i c
s ar éd h r
v a n a.
( Te rms w i th r ef e ren ce t o) Paw it t r a .
CH A FF (S tack of ) K up p .
CH A R I T Y ( Te rm f or ) Pun n .
GL OS S A R Y OF T EC H NIC A L T E RM S .
IX X V II
C—
'
c on tz n u e d .
C H AR MS ( Ki n d s of ) B an d ha; b is ar j an ;
g an d a ; g a1 t r i ; g ét r i
ja n e u; k h
an t a; m an t a
; p ah t u r .
C H I L D ( Ad p t d )
o e L aip al ak .
C I T IE S ( T rm ith r f r
e s u e e e n ce to) K a m ar k o t .
C L IEN T (T m f )
er s or J jmaa n ; V ir t .
C LOT H E S (Ki d f ) n s o Ch li o ; t ou r b eu r .
C OOK IN G ( C t m t) us o s a Adh r w a an y zx j
’
C ON T EM P T ( T m er s B a im c h h ar
l
.
CO W ( Te r m s r e at n g i t o) G h u a; g u h ar a ; g h e n l i ; p ah il ii n ; t h zi p i
’
C U LT IVA T I ON ( Cu s to m s re
(gar cl in g) A d h iar a; b ajn i ; b a t ai ; b r ai , b h auh

’
( Te r m s ) B a ll b ac l1 ; b 1 ar ; b o h u l ;
; b at t a ; b at t i ; h h
b an h c h a - u ; d as o i ar i
g ; d o a , d u n gw ai h r
ga a ; h i
h ar ; k ad h ai a a : l an
g am
k r h h
l a u ; l a v i h ar ; m a n h a '
p h ah 1 1 r a ;
-
; p h al a
o
p h al k i 5 p h at k a ; p h al 1 i ; p i r p or ; au n
’
r
r au m ; 1 e
j , s a l h zi b i ; v ad d h ; v a n v at t
' ’
h ;
v a tt ; v e 1 ar a .
D EA T H (B one s c o e c te d ll f ter )
a A st
(B i e r u s e d at )
.
. B ab el n ; hikk a; i h i C S r .
( Ce re m on i e s a t) K p al k i y i n e hi p an j atna
a r z c r
, s at i
( D i r ge s s a ng i t)
.
B a ; ki r n e ; S
r
pa la .
( Foo d u s e d a t) Bh at t i .
( Mod e of a n n ou n c e me n t o
f) C hh t t i a .
DE B T S (Te r ms w th i rf
e e ren ce to ) D m m a s ahi l a p au ; m an ant ;
a n u
’
i m i t i ; p uJ J at
D EC O Y B I R D ( T r m f e or ) M ul h o .
.
D EED S ( Ki d f )
n s o D an p at t ar .
DE VOT E E S ( Ki d f ) n s o A b dh u
t au g h ar b a ag i ; b h ab ii t ia r '
,
d ar ;
r
b 1 ag 1 , d an d a ; g i n ; ak k h
ar a m h an s
J an g am ; a an J k l
V1 a 1
p
r ’
s are w ar a
; sad : s id d h h
g .
( Pr ac t i ce s of ) A k as p au n ; ak as b ir t
; h ai l ; j ap
s am an ; t a r ; J ap ; j og
p
l
.
(Sa u tat on s o i f) A d e s ; cl an d a u t , u a j h r , n amo n ar a1 n

; r z1 m r am
’
s am a d h a n
l
.
( Te rm s r e at n i g B ab i a n a ; b am ; b h aj w a n ; b an d ar ; h
k c hk o l
'
c h ip p i a
; k h ap p ar ; k h in t h a
ma h t;
t aki y a
an
.
m at ; m us a ll a ; s an kh ; t ik tik i
DEV OT I O N ( Ki d f ) n s o J ap ;
J ap ; p at ; t ap h
DI G NI T A R IE S ( V i
.
ar o u s
) Ch a n d an
; h
j ab h e d ar ;
’
l am b ar dér ; m usadd i
p at w ar 1
jh
.
DI S T R IC T S (N a m e s f or ) M an a ,
D RAFTS (N m a e f or ) D ar s an i .
l xxv i i i G L OS S AR Y OF T EC H NICA L T E R M S .
EA R T H ( Ki d f ) n o
E S T AT E S (T rm f e or )
F
FA T H E R ( Te rm u s ed for) B ab l a .
FAM I L Y P R IE S T (T rm f e or ) Pa d h a
n .
F A R M ( T rm r f rr i g t )
e s e e n o L i n a; p éh i .
F E E S ( G i v e n t o p i i c s ts , m us ic i an s ,
e tc .
) A d d ién j; b al aJ ; b h arw al ; b h at ti ; b idai g f i
D
d ac h oh h n a l au s .
F E R R IE S ( T rm p p l i e s a c ab e l t o) L ang h ai ; p att an .
F E S T IVA L S (P wd r o e u s e d at ) A m b ir ; r o la .
( Ap p a r atu s u s e d at ) A k as d ip .
( Var i ou s ) B as an t p an c h min j p arb

agg ; .
F IE L D S (B ou n d a ri es, e tc .
, f)
o B add h ; b al g un b ann a; b att ; b ir ; c h an n a;
F OOD S ( K i n ds o f) B akk al i an ; b ari an ; c h u r ma gh u ugan i ;

p a s ad r .
F OR E S T S ( T rm l ti e re a ng to) B an b a] i r .
F R U I T S ( Dri d) e A m b c h fir .
( K i n d s of ) An wl a l al e r l al e ra .
G AM E ( K i nd of )
G E S T U R E S ( Te rms i
ap p l c a b l e
t o)
G OA T (S ac fi c i al )
ri
( Bre e d i n g)
( You n g)
G OD S ( Food of )
( In c arn a ti on of )
( S on gs in h on ou r of )
( Te rm s u s e d w i th r ef e r e n c e t o)
G UN S ( Term w i th r ef e re n c e to)
G R A S S ( Ki n d s of )
H A I R (T rm e s u se d wi th rf
e er e n ce
t o) B br a 1 an ; b o dd i ; b h add an ; c h ot i ; gir d é ;
gu t t j at k e s ; kh e s s a .
H AN DFU L ( rm Te s f or ) Ch u tk a c hu l ki .
H I R E (Ki f n ds o Dh r a al ; kh id al ; r ak k h i.
H OU S E ( m b R oo a ov e ) M ér i .
I
INN ( T rm w i th f r
e s r e e en ce to) Bh r a o ; b h ath iar fi ; d h ar ms ala .
INVI T A T I O N ( T f o a e as t ) N e u n da .
I R R I G A T I ON (T rm) e J h aral .
G L OS S A R Y OF T EC H NIC A L T E R M S .
L A B OU R ( Te rms ap p l i c ab l e to) B t h ; b i h b iga ; b i g r ; j

ac ac r a 1 r o au d ar .
L AN D ( Ter ms p p l icab l e t )
a o B a g r ; b d ; b t ; b h at i ;
n a b ir ; d h éh é
ar e
d o ab a; d o n n a ; d i i n ; n am ; ag ; k ud a
’
i i j ir h r
kh ob h ii ; man d ; p a ac ; r ak k h ; r ar ; au ; l h r r
r i
t a a ; t h ad d a; t a l a l .
L A W ( Te rms ) D ar m ad ar i ; d as t a ; d h o h ; k ga a ; h am au J
t ab ad an n k h o jji kh i k h uc h c h h
i n ; m ssa ;
la m u c h al l ak a ; i l rap t ; i
si mi ;
uj ; v ac h o l a .
L AMP B L AC K ( Te rm f or ) K ama] .
M A R K E T ( T rm ) e s N ak h ii s
’
; pa i n th ; s a tt i .
MAR K S ( T rm f )
e s or Pe u r i ; t ikk a .
MI L I T A R Y ( T rm ) e s B atti ; j ak h m fin a; l au l as k ar ; s as t ar b as t a r
s at aba .
MI SCE L L ANE OU S ( Te rms ) D aun d au n k ar ma d a de m ;

g a as u a
.
h i ’
r
’
k
l 1 at tal ; h 11 n ; il n h 1 l a w as il a ; h o k a ; j i u n b 11 ti ;
’
k h ab c h ii ; m s a ; p au h ;
’
i
n d ; r ul d ; t h o s e sl '
ri .
M ONE Y ( T er m s i
w th f
r e er en c e
to ) ” Ro k ar ; r ok a r y a s al 1 11 k a
1r ;
’ ’
ta ka
M ONUMEN TS (K
.
i d f) n s o D h ra
e :m a rh ; m at ; s am ad h .
M OUN T AIN PA S S ( T rm e f or ) M u kh él ii
'
MU S I C (N t ) o es A ; s ar g am .
( Ki nds o f) A s su r i ; d h an as ari ; a
g ur
-
a
g u ri
-
ragm ; r
s a an g ; s aw ay y a ; s ir i r a
'
g .
Al up ; b am ; kh arj rah a u .
B in ; khi n g ; r ab ab ; S a an gr i .
S ap ar d a s ap ar d ai .
O FF E R IN G S (K in ds f)
o B al b h o g ; b e t ; d as au ndh ; h k ar éb p ar s fid ;
k ar b at t ; m a a p a s ad h r .
OMEN S ( W y f t ki a s o a ng ) Au n si ; c h au n k ; k an g re ; m ah fir at .
OR G AN S ( Th ) e . I d ri
n
OR NAM EN T S (K i d n s o f) A ll i ; ar i ; hi ; b ah t t i ; b an d i ; b an g ;
s ba u z
g r a; ban gr i ; b an k ; b ic h k an a b ic h h
'
b
’
an u i ui
b i di ; bo ;
n h an k a ; c h a n p k al i ; c h u r ;
r c r u
d a d ; d o a; g o k h r ii ; l ar ; h as l i ; k an g an ;
'
n r i
n an t v an g .
P
PE R F UME S (K i d n s Ar gjé ; b atmi ; k un gir ; v at na .
P H I L OS OP H Y (H i d u) n V e d dn t .
’
PI G M EN T ( U d f se or r i
w it ng
i
w th ) B d hk a; b hi tia
u
PI LG R IM S (Ter m for )
.
. M d i e n .
IX X X G L OS S A R Y OF T E C H NICA L T E R M S .
P— c o n t in u e d .
P L ACE S (F m t i g t )
or ee n , e c . B ait h ak ; c h ab t i t ar ii
'
c h aunt r a; d h fu m
'
P L AN T S ( K i d f ) n s o Akk ; t u l s i .
P L E D G E S (T rm d w i the u se
f
r e e re n ce to )
P R IE S T S ( T r m r e s l
e at n gi to )
P R O PE R T Y ( T m er u s ed w th i
f
r e e r e nc e to ) B an d h a.
PU R C H A S E S ( Te n n s r e l at m g to) B agp h ar a1 ;
’
b y z1 n a .
R
R AIN S (S to mr at e n d o f) Ag at t h .
( K i n d s of ) J h ari ki n n a p h ak k .
(S u n s h i n i n g af te r)'
Ph ar ak a .
R E PU T A T I C N (M an of )
'
K u l t iz r ak .
( Fa m i y ) l K u l p at .
R EVENU E ( Te rm s ) Ch u k zi n a d as o t r a a i in fimi ; k ac h c h h h r
k an o ; i k
an ug o ; m a h as s u l m a w a n fin k ér ; l
p an j o t r a ; p at w a ; sim ; s a in a va c ; ri i r h
v a ni
j .
R IVE R ( S ac r e d ) B at ar m
’
( K in d s of ) B i e n h ar h k h ad d é ; kh ér i .
p h i mt r ur h .
( S k i n s f or s w i mm i n g) D r ia a n s a n a1 r .
( C urr e n t of ) L at .
( Cou rs e of ) Ra -
u r u b ar .
ROPE (K i n d of ) Ber .
S ALE S ( T e r ms u s ed w th i re
f e r en c e t o) B a dh ; b é
n n dh a bh ar b h ar i ; b l j ak ; b u h u u i ;
dh r t ; a a h ar n é ; r an g i s au d a r o ar k ;
r o k ar y a ; r u n g a; s a i .
S A L VA T I ON ( T rm f ) M k t
e or u a .
S ANDA L S ( K i d f ) K h rd
n o a un .
S E R VIC E ( C r t ifi t f )
e B ad l aca e o .
S H E EP (E l rf )
n c os u Baa ara e or , v .
S H O E MA K E R S (I t m t ) Ch h d i ns ru en s e n
S IC K NE S S ( T m l ti g t ) Bh
er re a n o “ u a r a.
S I K H S (S p i l t rm
ec a l ti g t ) B i bh i ;
e s re a n o an , a c h é d ar a; d ar b ii r r
g an t h i
gu r b h ai : gu r w ar k én g h ii
’
k an d a h
m as an d a ; m a ab j i ; h
p a ui ; r dh at n ém a
r ah u r as ; s ikkh s ngi h s od hi ta ku a
t h o as ikk h k .
S IN GL E S T IC K ( T rm e s u s e d at ) B k; an b an k p ata .
S NA K E ( K i d f ) n o B as ak n ég .
S P OR T S (Pl f ) ac e or A kh a a r .
( T rm p p l i b l
e a ca e t o) B rd b rd i
u o u .
S P R IN G (N m f ) a e or B t as an .
G L OS S A R Y OF T EC H NICA L T E R M S .
S— c on t in ue d .
ST A T E S (H i ll t m f ) , er or
S T O R E K EE PE R ( T m f er or )
S UI T S ( T rm d w i th
e use re ef r
en ce to) Bh r au .
S W E E T MEA T S ( Ki n ds f)
o B at as a; b ad an a; r ri ; i rmi
eu s .
T
T AN K S
”
( K i n d of ) D h ab .
T I TL E S( Of r e sp e c t) M h t
a an , ma hi t a m i s s ar
, .
( Of r id i c u e ) l P mma
a
'
T R AD E S ( Te r m f o r ) M u n l ar .
T R AN S M I G R A T I ON ( T e r m w i th
r f
re e t )
en ce o
T R AVE L L IN G ( Te rm s u s ed w thi
f
r e er e n c e t o) Se -
ur h sa li a t ; sun dka .
T R EE ( K i d f ) n o B k
a ai n .
T W I L I G H T (M rn i n g o o r e ve n n g i ) J h u s mu s a .
VE S S E L S
( Var i ou s k in d s f)
o Ba k ;
n b ail o h ; k al e
K
V OW ( i n d of ) S u k kh .
W A S H E R MAN C hhi m b a .
W EAP ON (K i d n o f) Kh an d a .
W ED D IN G S ( C e r e m on e s a ti ) Ag as t c h an d an a k am an ; la un ; s ar g as t ;
s u tt h n i .
B h
a or a b ah o r e de t e ur ; b ar as uh i b ar n s ;
b r ah m 1 c h h ak k kh att -
l ag an r op n a ; s ag an .
(F hi k r am
'
ood a t ) B a te h r i °
be ; b h aj l ; g ot k u n al zi ; u
k a ah r i v atah e r i .
( Fe e s g i ven a t) B agp h ar ai b an dh e j ; b e ] ; b h o m d an ; l ag ,
(D iffe r e n t p a r ti e s at, B rat ;

a d a1 ; d aa; i
m e l ; m e an ; p a t a; l ri
n am e s o f s ar b zi l a .
(A p p ar at u s u s e d at ) Bed ; bed i; be l n a; k an g an a; ma -
ul i; s ibr l ;
'
e
ve d.
( Te r m s w thi re er f D eik h al a; g a t th an n y ; j k th
k l aw a;
a
e n ce t o) . m an g ; m an g e t ar m u s ens.
W E I G H T S ( T rm e s w th i ref e r en ce
t o) D h ra p a
a , s an g .
W E LL S ( K i d f ) n s o B an , b au li ; c h u h ar h ta; h ar h at .
( T rm r g rd i
e s e a ng ) B ah b id d h b nd ; c ah i h k ; c h au b ac h oh a
m an s at ; m a u n mod h -
i p ai i r .
(I n s tr u men ts ) B ér a; b ha i; bo kk a; d h ingu h ; k o h ; l a ii
’
un
jj ;
la uu m ah a l .
l xxx ii L
G OS S AR Y OF T E C H NIC A L T E R M S .
W ~ c on tin u e d .
W OM EN ( T r m p p l i
e s a c ab el U d h él ; v mh t é .
W OR L D S ( Th ) r ee T ir l o k .
W OR S H IP ( C r m ie e o n es at ) Ar t f .
Y
Y AR D (S u rr o un d e d b y bu i l d i n gs ) V ah r é .
Y EA R ( T er m f or ) Ch et .
A U T H OR S
’
PR E F A CE .
H ow th at S u pr e m e B e i n g w l1 o by H is P o w e r
e xce ll e n t is , , ,
h a v i n g c 1 e a t e d t h e g ai d e n o f t h e e a th ad o r n e d i t w ith v e n o u s
0
1 ,
k i n d s o f c o l o u r s an d s h ap e s an d m a d e e a c h fl o w e an d f r u i t ,
1
i n i t s o b e a u ti fu l in it s e x c e ll e n c e th a t t o t h e p r e s e n t d ay n o , , ,
w i s e m an by h is w i s d o m ,
h as b e e n abl e t o alt e r t h e o ri g i n a l,
£0 1 11 o f e v e n o n e s i n g l e l e af in it o
1 t o m ak e a n d m a n i f e s t ,
r
a n ythi n g af t e 1 a ne w f as h i o n A g ai n h o w v e 1 y e x t e 1 1 e l y .
,
1 1
o w e f u l is th a t S u p 1 e m e B e i n w h o d o e s w h a t e v e 1 H e w ill s
p 1
g , .
B e h o l d ! t h e s am e m a n i s s o m e t i m e s p o o r s o m e ti m e s ic h n o w , 1 ,
a king an d n o w a b e g g a r
,
an d h o w e x c e e di n g ly w o n d e r f u l is,
H is Cr e at i o n £0 1 t h e f o r m o f o n e d o e s n o t b l e n d w i th th a t
,
o f an o th e r F r o m h e ari n g o f th o s fac t o ri e s w hi c h H e h as c o n ti
.
1
e
,
n u al l y m a d e a n d o bl it e r a t e d u p t o t h e p r e s e n t t i ri e i t is pl ai n ly i
,
m an i fe s t th at t h e Cr e a t o r h a s n o n e e d o f a n y o n e ; an d thi s a l s o
b e c o m e s k n o w n th a t H e h a s m a d e t h e w o rl d in s u c h a w o n d e r
,
f u l w ay th a t t h e m ak i n g an d e ffa c i n g o f it 1 s H is c u s t o m f r o m
B e h o l d l t h e h o ly t h e pi o u s th e b a d t h e g o o d k i n g s an d
,
ol d . .
, , , ,
s u b j e c t s w h o h av e c o m e i n t o i t
,
th e y h av e n e v e b e e n l l o w e d ,
1 u
a l w ay s t o r e m ai n in it I f y o u as k t h e tr u th th e n t h e w o rld
.
,
is a pl ac e o f h alti n g a n d th o s e p e o pl e w h o c o m e h e r e a n d li v e
, ,
l o n g a n d f o r g e tti n g th e i r d e a th b e c o m e o bli v i o u s o f th e i r
, , ,
Cr e at o r th e y l o s e th e i r birth in pl a
,
2
I f I w e e t o un i t e an v . 1
a c c o u n t o f t h e p e o p l e o f t h e w h o l e w o rl d th e n I w o u l d n e v e r ,
c o m e t o an e n d b u t in th i s b o o k I w il l n a1 r at e s o m e w h a t o f
,
t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f a v e ry s m all p m t io n o f t h e w o 1 ld n am e l y , ,
o f t h e P a n j ab an d t h e p e o pl e w h o h a v e c o m e i n t o thi s l a n d d u r
,
in g t h e l as t f o u r c e n t u ri e s an d t h e d e e d s a d ac t s w h i c h th e y di d
,
n
b e f o r e th e y at l as t t o k th e i r o ri g i n al r o ad Th e r e ar e thr e e
, ,
o .
p art s in thi s b o o k I n t h e fi r s t p ar t th e r e is a s h o r t a c c o u n t
.
,
o f th e li fe an d d e e d s o f th e t e n G u r us (s pi r it u al t e ac h e r s )
c om m e n c i n g w ith B ab a N an ak w h o w as o n e o f th e ,
b e s t a m o n g s t t h e h o ly m e n o f th is c o u n t ry d o w n t o G u r u ,
G o vi n d S i n g h w h o l aid th e f o u n d ati on o f t h e S i k h r e li gi n
,
o .
I n t h e s e c o n d p a1 t t h e 1 e is a n a r r ati o n o f e v e n t s c o mm e n c i n g
, ,
f r o m th e M ah ar aj ah R an j i t S i n g h d o w n t o t h e arr i v al o f t h e
I e , p e 1 s o n s , w h o m e H is w o
1
s rk h op s in w hi h
H is d o n g s ar e c a
c i rri d
l
. . e on
3
T h e e xp e s s o n s r i
b i t an d d e at rh h “
i
c o m n g an d g o n g ,
”
& c , ar e i rp
e e at e d
f l if
.
y
u s e d t o s g ni y e i .
l x xx i v P R E F ACE .
E ng li s hin t h e PanJ ab . I n t h e thi r d p a r t , th e r e is a n ac c o u n t

o f t h e s o n s an d s t o ri e s an d r i t e s a n d c u s t o m s o f thi s c o u n t r y ,
g
a n d a s h o rt e n u m e r a ti o n o f th e c as t e s , r e li g i o n s , a n d b e l i e fs .
Thi s b o o k I , P a n d a t S a rdh ai R am , w h o l i v e ih th e c ity o f

’
-
Ph a l o u r , in t h e di s tri c t o f J al a n dh a r , p r e p a r e d ag r e e a bly t o th e
d e s i r e o f H is H o n o r (p o s s e s s e d o f hi gh v i rt u e s , m o s t m e r c i f u l ,
t h e o c e an o f k i n d n e s s ) M 1 1
(.S i r D o n al d ) M ac L e o d , L i e u t e n an t
G o v e r n o r o f th e P a n j a b , in th e y e a r 1 9 2 2, B ir B ikr am ajit, i e , . .
1 8 6 6 A D , w h o e v e r s h al l
. .
1
h is th o u g ht s 0 11 i t , an d tr av e l
th r o u g h it f r o m b e g i nn i n g to e n d, w ill pl ac e in h is m i n d t h e
f u ll p a r ti c u l a r s of th e P anj ab .
HISTORY OF THE SIKHS .
PA R T I .
CH A P T E R I .
Acc ou n t o
f B d ba N dn a /
c .
IN v ill a g e c all e d R a h h o n d 1 Ta l w an d i w hi c h is n o w k n o w n
a ,
i
,
as N n k a a l a s i t u a t e d in t h e d i s tri c t o f t h e T a s i l o f S a ak p u r an d
,
r
t h e di v i s i o n o f L ah a u r in t e h o s e o f a K h a tri V e di
,
n am e d
h 3 u
, ,
K al a w h o a t th at ti m e w a s t h e P a tw ar i (l an d s t e w a rd ) in
, , ,
, ,
t h e y e a r 1 5 26 B B i e t h e y e ar 1 4 6 9 A D . 0 11 t h e
. d ay o f th e
.
,
. .
,
r
f u l l m o o n o f t h e bri g h t h a l f o f t h e m o n th K att ak a t m i d n i g ht a , ,
s o n w as b o r n IVh e n K al a g a e i n f o r m a ti o n t o h is f am il y p r ie s t
. v
,
th e n b e h av i n g m e d i tat e d a c c o rdi n g t o t h e c u s t o m s f t h e
,
o
S as tr as c all e d t h e n a m e o f th a t c h il d N an a k a n d s aid O ,
K al li ! thi s c hild w il l b e o f a v e ry g o o d a d r e li g i o u s n a t u r e an d
, ,
n
,
m an y p e o pl e w il l f o ll o w a f t e r h im ; h e is t h e b e l o v e d o f G o d an d ,
w ill r e m o v e t h e p e r p l e x i t i e s o f m a n y p e o pl e ; a n d r e m e m b e r thi s
a l s o th a t th i s is n o c h il d b u t a n I n c a r n a ti o n o f t h e
,
D e ity ; fo r
thi s r e as o n h is n am e is N an a k N ir an g ka i (N an a k t h e in c o r p o
,
r
,
r e al ) H e w ill r e g a rd t h e o n e I n c o r p o r e a l L o rd n l y as tr u e a n d
.
o
,
w il l r e v e r e n c e n o o n e e l s e h e a ri n g th is K al a w as g r e atly ”
0 . 11
,
pl e as e d t e n h e h ad a c c o m p li s h e d a l l t h e rit e a n d c u s t o m s
. s
o b s e r v e d a t birth a n d h a d d i s m i s s e d t h e p ri e s t w ith m u c h k i n d n e s s
,
O L o r d I t h n k T h e e w i t h l l my h e a r t a n d s o u l f o r
,
h e s aid ,
a ,
a
th a t T h o u h as t c a s e d u c h a w d r f l s o n t o b e b o r n in t h e
, ,
u s on e u
”
h o u s e o f s uc h a p o r o e a s I N o w th e y r e l a t h is h i s t o ry
o n . e
th u s t h at w h e n N an ak W s n i n e y e a r s o l d th e n ag r e e ably t o a
, ,
h is fa th e r s c o m m a n d in t h e h o t s e as o n h e w e n t t o a j u n g l e
’
, ,
to g r az h is b u ff l e s an d b c o m i n g d i s tr e s s d f r o m t h e h e a t h e
e a o ,
e e
,
w e n t t o s l e e p u n d e r a tr e e e o l e s ay th a t a bl a c k s n ak e c r aw l e d
p p
1
3
T h B ab i K h t i ( th Kh t i f th l i f N a k) d i id d i te a r s e na ar e
t w f m i li
a r s
r ll y p p l i d t t h
e z or o ne o v e n o
th S dhi
e s, d V d f b t t h t rm S d h i i g
e o an c u e e o s e ne a a o
d i ipl r t t t h S ikh r l i g i fr m G ru G i d t i m
o a , e e
d V di i
’
sc f or c on ve s o, e on o ov n s e an
pp li d t th
u
ll d S i gh f
es o ,
e , e s
a o wh w r os e rt d b y N a k b t h y
o e t
e c onv e na t ar e n o ca
ly t k fi m r t d b g t b
e e ,
u e e n s, or
it m t b r m mb r d t h t t h
us e e eS ikh r e e a e ac e on oo oo an e an
ll d fr m t h t i m f t h la t G r u G i d S i gh
r o e
so ca e o e e o e s u , ov n n .
2 HI S T O RY or r u n s u ms .
on t o h im , a n d , h av i n g s p r e ad
it s h oo d o v e r h is fac e , s h a d e d h im .
In t h e m e an w hil e , R aibul ar , w h o w as th e p r o p r i e to r o f th a t v ill ag e ,

h av i n g s e e n thi s h is s t at e , s ai d to h i ms e l f, T hi s chi ld is s o m e
”
w o r s hipp e r o f t h e D e ity , a n d h a v i n g c o m e t o h is fat h e r , b e g an
to s ay t o h im T h i s thy s o n is v e ry h o ly W h e n N ana k w as .
fi ft e e n y e ar s o l d , th e n h is f ath e r, h av i n g g i v e n h im t w e n t y
r u pe e s , a n d s e n t w it h h im (t o att e n d o n h im ) a s e r v an t , n am e d
B h ai B ars , w ho f r o m o l d h ad l iv e d in t h e h o u s e , s aid t o h im ,
”
0 s o n d o th o u go a n d p u r c h as e s o m e g o o d m e r c h an d i s e .
T h e n N an ak , t ak i n g h im ( B ars ) w ith hi ms e l f, is s u e d f o r t h t o b u y
s o m e thi n g ; a f t e r h a v i n g g o n e a l ittl e w a , h e s a w a c o m p a n y
y
o f b e gg a r s , w h o w e r e d e s ti t u t e o f f o o d an d c l o th e s , a n d , h av i ng
t a k e n c o mp as s i o n o n th e m, fe d th e m w ith th os e t w e n t y r u p e e s .
B al a, h is s e r v a n t, ad mo n i s h e d h im m u c h , s ayi n g , K al li s e n t
y o u t o b u
y s o m e g ood m e r c h a n di s e , w h y d o y o u th r o w a w ay
th e s e r u p e e s t o n o p u r p o s e N an a k d id n o t h e e d h im in th e
l e as t , b u t th u s add r e s s e d h im, 0 B en, w h a t m e r c h an di s e is
b e tt e r th an f e e di n g th e h o ly in th e N a m e o f G o d a n d h a v i ng
th u s s a id , h e r e t u r n e d h o m e W h e n K ahi h e a rd thi s , h e b e at
.
’
N an ak v e ry s e v e r e ly , a n d th e n e w s o f i t r e ac h e d R aib ul ar , w h o , f r o m
h a v i n g s e e n t h e s n ak e o v e r s h ad o w i n g t h e fa c e o f N an ak , h ad g re a t
fa ith in h im h e , R ai b rd ar , g a v e t h e t w e n ty r u p e e s f r o m h is o w n
'
p o c k e t ,
a n d th u s r e li e v e d h im f r o m h is b e a ti n g b u t as N a nak
s till u s e d t o t a k e m o n e y f r o m t h e h o us e ( o f h is fa t h e r ) , a n d
e x p e n d i t i n t h e n a m e o f G o d , a t l as t h is f a th e r s e n t h im t o th e
c ity o f S u l t a n p u r , w hi c h is in th e di s tri c t o f K a p ur th a l a , t o th e
h o u s e o f h is s i s t e r N an a ki, an d w r o t e a l e tt e r t o th i s e ff e c t t o
L al a J a ir am, w h o w as N an ak s b ro th e r ih l a w
’
) Vh e r e as N an a k
- -
.
c a u s e s m u c h l o s s h e r e , I h a v e , th e r e fo r e , s e n t h im t o y o u ; d o y o u
k e e p h im w ith y o u , a n d t e ac h h im s o m e b u s i n e s s a n d p r o fe s s i o n ,
th at h e m ay e s c h e w t h e s o c i e ty o f b e g g a r s , an d b e c o m e fit t o
”
as s o c i a t e w ith t h e g o o d W h e n N an a k a r ri v e d in S u lt an p u r ,
.
-
th n N an aki a n d J air am, o n s e e i n g h im , w e r e m u c h p l e as e d ;

e
m o r e o v e r , a f t e r a f e w d ay s , in t h e y e a r 1 5 4 0 , o n t h e 1 4 th o f t h e
b r i g h t h al f o f t h e m o n t h M agh a r , th e y p l ac e d t h e l ad in s e r v i c e
as S t o r e k e e p e r t o th e N a w ab D au l a t K h an L o d i , a n d h a v i n g
“
m ad e o v e r to h im a t h o u s a n d r u p e e s in c a s h , s a id , O N an a k ! n o w
t ak e u p th i s b u s i n e s s , an d d o n o t c au s e an y l o s s l if G o d w i l l s ,
t h e n t h o u w ill:o bt a i n m u c h p r o fit f r o m thi s o c c u p a t i o n
'
1
N an a k , .
h av i n g t ak e n w ith h im th at s e r van t , w h os e n am e w as B h ai B el a, ‘
a n d w h o by c as t e , w a s a
, J
S an d h u a t t, b e g a n to c a r ry 0 11 th e
tr a n s ac ti o n o f t h e b us i n e s s ; s til l h is c u s to m o f g i v i n g f o o d an d
dr i n k , t o a n d b e s t o w i n g c l o th e s o n , t h e g o o d a n d h o ly , w hi c h h e
h a d f r o m o l d , did n o t d e p art f r o m h is h e a rt W h e n , in thi s .
4
A r
s to e isk p t u p b y al l s m all c hi fs fro m w hi c h s p p l i e s
e e u of fl ou r , d al , & c
ll d t h M od i K h a
.
,
ar e i s su e d t o h i r at t e n d a t s : t hi i
t e n s s ca e e na or C om missa ri at
go d ow n .
l .
— AC C OUN T or BAB A N ANA K .
mann e r , h e h ad c o n ti n u e d c a rryi n g 0 11 , f o r s om e t i m e , t h e aff ai r s

o f th e b u s i n e s s , an d h a d r e n d e r e d h is a c c o u n t s in f u ll , th e n in
t h e y e a r 1 5 4 4, 0 11 th e 5 th o f t h e b ri g ht h al f o f t h e m o n th M ag h ar ,
h e b e c am e b e t r o th e d , in P ak h ok e R an dh aw a, t o th e d au g h t e r o f
M ul a K h at r i w h o by f a m ily , w as a Ch o n a W h e n t h e d ay o f
, , .
h is m a rr i ag e d r e w 11 e a 1 , th e n N an ak s f a t h e 1 , K al u , t o g e th e r
’
w ith h is br o th e rh o o d , s e tti n g f o r th f r o m T a l w an d i , c am e t o
S u ltan p u r , an d t h e n c e , h av i n g fo r m e d t h e m a 1 r i ag e as s e m bly ,
in t h e 1 e a1 1 5 45 , o n th e s e v e n th o f t h e b r i g h t h al f o f t h e
m o n th Bh ad o n w e n t t o P a k h o k e R an dh aw a , a n d p e i fo r m e d th e
,
m ar i iag e o f N a n ak H av i n g c o m pl e t e d t h e m a.rr i ag e ,
T
D
N an al; w e n t l o 1 s o m e d ay s t o a l wan d i ; th e n , w h e n s o m e
d ay s h ad p as s e d , h a v i n g c o m e f r o m th e r e t o S u ltan p u r, h e
b e g an t o c a r ry o n t h e b u s i n e s s o f t h e s t o r e N an a k , w h o al way s
r e m ai n e d e n g ag e d in t h e w o r s hip o f h is L o r d an d p e r f o r m anc e
o f s e r v i c e t o t h e g o o d a n d h o ly , di d n o t s h o w m u c h aff e c ti o n t o
h is w i fe On e day , w h e n h is s i s t e r N amak i h a d ad m o n i s h e d h im
.
m u c h , h e c o h a bit e d w ith h is w i fe A f t e r a s h o rt ti m e , in h is .
thi r ty -
secon d y e arb o r n in t h e h o u s e o f Bab a N anak
,
a son w as ,
a n d h is n am e w as c al l e d S i ri Ch a n d W h e n S i ri Ch a n d w as
’
f o u r an d a h al f y e ar s o ld th e n an o th e r s o n w as c o nc e i v e d
- - - Thi s ,
.
is t h e o c c u r 1 e n c e o f o n e d ay ; 1N an ak f1 o m t h e d e s i r e o f w o r s hip ,
pi n g h is L o r d 1 1 c u t o u t an d did n o t 1 e t u 1 n h o m e f o r th 1 e e d ay s
,
1 1
o n thi s i t b e c am e 1 s p o r t e d in t h e c ity in N aw ab D au l a t s
’
,
an d , ,
(m i n d ) th e r e a1 o s e thi s s u s pi c i o n th at N an ak h av i n g e m b e z z l e d , ,
t h e mo n e y o f t h e s t o r e h a d g o n e aw ay s o m e w h e r e W h e n th e
,
.
N aw ab h ad s p o k e n s o m e s e v e r e w o r d s ab o u t N an ak to N an a k s ’
b r o th e r in l aw J ai r am th e n N an ak h a vi n g r e t u r n e d 0 11 th e th i r d
- -
, ,
d ay r e n d e r e d h is ac c o u n t s i n f a ll b e s i d e s a s u r pl u s o f s e v e n
, ,
h u n d re d an d s i x ty r u p e e s in th e a c o u n t s to t h e N awab s c r e dit ; c
’
thi s s u m h e as k e d to be d i s t rib u t e d t o th e g o o d an d h o ly an d ,
f r o m th at v e r y d ay h av i n g l e f t h is f a m ily an d t h e b u s i n e s s h e
, ,
b e c am e a f r e e m an T he N a w ab a n d o th e r p e o p l e a d m o n i s h e d
.
h im m u c h b u t h e w o u ld n o t l i s te n t o w h a t a n y o n e s ai d ; b u t f r om
, ,
th at d ay f o rth h e t o o k u p h is ho d e in t h e j un g l e s an d
,
r
t o m b s an d s e at e d t h e r e c o m m e n c d to g i v e u tt e r an c e to t h e
, , ,
e
s o n g s f u l l o f t h e s o rr o w o f s e p a r ati o n w hi c h a r e w ri t t e n in t h e
, ,
G r a n th S ah ib Th e n a ft e r th r e e m o n th s th at c hild w hi c h h a d
-
.
, , ,
b e e n c o n c e i v e d w a s b o r n an d h is n a m e w a s c all e d L akh mi D as
, ,
.
W h e n S i ri Ch a n d w as fo u r a n d thr e e q u a rt e r y e a r s o ld a n d -
,
L ak h m i D as a b aby in a r m s a n d 1351 s N an a k h ad t u r n e d d e v o t e e , ,
th e n N an a k s f ath e r ih l aw k e p t S i 1 i Ch an d w i th hi m s e l f an d
’
- -
,
l e f t L akh mi D as w h o w as y o u n g to ge th e 1 w ith h is m o th e r in
, , ,
S u l t an p u r in th e h o u s e o f J i a111 w h o w as N anak s br o th e r i11

,
a 1
,
’
-
l aw I n t h e m e an w hil e n e w s r e a c h e d N an a k s f a th e r in Tal
’
.
,
w an d i th at N anak h ad t u r n e d f a k i r
,
K ai n o n h e ar i n g it .
, ,
A I
4 HI S T OR Y o r 1 11 11 s u
1 1
ms .
b ec am e ve ry i
lli n g M a r d an a th e D am w h o w as t h e
a n x o u s , an d c a ,
M ir és i (fa m i ly ha r d ) o f t h e f a m ily s ai d t o h im : “
D o th o u go ,
”
an d b r i n g n e w s o f N an ak f r o m S u lt an p u r W h e n M a r d an a .
c am e t o N an a k 0 11 s e e i n g h is f a k i r l i k e s t a t e
,
h e c o mm e n c e d t o -
,
sa O N a n a k ! w h a t d i s g u i s e is thi s th o u h as t as s u m e d P an d
y z
c
w h a t ad v an t a g e is t h e m in l e av i n g thy f am ily an d b e c o m i n
, g a ,
fak i r ?
”
N an ak s a i d t o h im T h a t h o u s e is fal s e b u t thi s “
,
a b o d e t o w hi c h I h a v e att ai n e d is t r u e ; b u t c o m e I h av e for a , ,
l o n g ti m e d e s i r e d th e e d o th o u r e m ai n w ith m e
,
M ar d a na a t
,
.
fi rs t 1 e fu s e d t o r e m ai n w ith h im b u t a f t e r war ds o f h is o w n , ,
ac c o r d a c c e pti n g h u n g e r a n d n a k e d n e s s h e b e g an t o l i v e w i th
, o ,
h im N an ak h av in g c al l e d th a t B h ai B a a w h o w as h is o l d
.
, ,
s e r v an t s e n t h im t o T a l w a n d i
,
s ayi n g D o th o u g o in pl ac e o f , ,
M a r d an a a n d g i ve L al a K al a c e r t a i n i n t e lli g e n c e o f N a n a k
,
-
”
h a v i n g b e c o m e a fa k i r Th e n M a rd a n a a n d N an ak b o th be g an
.
t o li v e t o g e th e r a n d w h e n B ab a N a n a k g av e u tt e r an c e to s o n gs
,
in th e w r s hip o f h is L o r d M a r d an a h av i n g s e t th os e s o n g s t o
. o , ,
m u s i c u s e d t o p l ay th e m o n t h e r e b e c a n d s i n g th e m
,
S e e i ng ,
.
h is n e w c u s t o m s an d s t r an g e h abi t s al l t h e n e i g hb o u ri n g p e o pl e
b e gan t o c all h im a w an d e r e r f r o m t h e r i g ht r o a d W h e n .
M a rd an a a M ir as i b y c as t e w h o w a s w e a k a t h e a r t h e ar d h im
, , ,
se lf c a ll d a w an d e r e r
e by h is b r e th r e n h e b e c am e s o r ro w ,
f ul o n w hi c h N a n a k s ai d O M a r d an a ! d o n t th o u b e c o m e o
1 1
w a v e ri n g thi s is th e c u s t o m o f th e w o rld th at th o s e w h o l e av e ,
th e i r w ay s a n d f o ll o w t h e r o a d o f G o d
,
th e m th e y c al l ,
m a d an d w an d e r e r s ; b u t th e r e is n o thi n g t o f e ar f o r w e h ave -
n o r e gar d f o r th e m an d h a v e s o l d o u r s e l v e s in t h e n am e o f
,
G o d w h o is L o r d o f a l l
,
Th e n N an ak t o g e th e r w ith M ar .
,
d ana h av i n g c o m e t o E m n aw ad t o th e h o u s e o f L al o t h e
, ,
ca rp e n t e r w h o w as a v e r y g o o d h o ly m an l i v e d th e r e
, W he n , .
h e h ad d e t e r m i n e d to r e m a i n th e r e a w hil e th e n M a r d an a ,
w e n t t o T al w an d i f o r s o m e ti m e t o v i s it h is f a mily A t fi rs t .
,
o n t h e v e r y h e ar i n g o f t h e w o r d s o f B al a M a h it a K a l li an d h is ,
br o th e r L am w e r e m u c h g ri e v e d ab o u t N an a k ; b u t w h e n
1
M a r d an a g a v e th e m f u r th e 1 f u l l n e w s o f h im th e y b e a m e 1
,
c
s till m o r e di s tr e s s e d an d w e r e g r e a tly e n i a g e d at h im (M a rd a
)
5
,
na .
M ai d an a e x pl ai n e d m u c h t o 11 111 1 0 M ahit a ! N ana k 1
h as n o t b e c o m e a f ak ir b u t a b an k e r o f b an k e 1 s a n d a k i n g o f, ,
”
k i n g s ; b u t K al li o n h e a ri n g h is w o r d s h e a v e d m an y d e e p
, ,
s i gh s o f re g1 e t I n th e m e an w h il e R a ibu l a r h e a ri n g o f th is
1
.
, ,
c ir c u m s t a n c e th a t M a rd an a h ad c o m e f r o m N an ak c a ll e d h im
, ,
t o hi m s e l f an d as k e d N an a k s n e ws W h e n M a r d an a h ad t o l d ’
, .
5
q
I n c o ns e u e n c e o f w a t h e h ad t o d t e m G al d ah ah
ir on a m e an s t o l h h
l ik kl
.
be come e the n e c ac e ou n d th e n e c r
W e n a p e s o n c o m e s an d b o t h e s k h r r
l
.
any o n e a n d ann o y s h r
im g e at y , t h e c o m m o n e x p e s s o n u s e d is “
Y ou av e r i h
b e c om e a w e g t o n m e i h
e th e n e c ac e oun d m y n e c
”
l ik kl r k .
C HA P . I .
—A CCO U N 1’ '
OF B AB A N X N A K .
h im of h is h o l y s t a t e , th e n t h e R ai, w ith m u ch e n tr e aty ,

s ai d , I f tho u w i l t al s o o b t a i n m e a s i g h t of h im I s h al l e v e r ,
”
r e m ai n u n d e r a d e bt of g r atit u d e to th e e M ar d an a r e pl i e d , .
O R ai ! I h a v e n o co n trol o v e r t h e f a k i r , b u t , o n m y o w n
p a rt , I w il l s ho w n o r e m i s s n e s s in t ak i n g y o u to h im
”
In .
t h e m e an w h i l e , M ard an a, a cco r d i n g to h is pro m i s e , s e t forth

to r e t u r n , an d t a k i n g B h ai B al a, w h o h ad arr i v e d b e for e h im ,
c ame L
to th e ho us e o f alo , t h e c arp e n t e r , an d, r e j oi n i n g
N an ak , to l d h im t h e n e w s o f all b e i n g w e l l a t T a l w an d i O n e .
d ay , w h e n th e y s a w N an a k s e a t e d a lo n e M a rd an a an d 132115 ,
j oi n i ng th e i r h an d s , p e titio n e d : O G u r u ! R aib ul ar is v e ry
a n xio u s to obt ai n a s i ht o f y o u , a n d if to d a
g y y o u w il l g o to
-
”
Ta l w an d i , th e n h is d e s i r e w i l l b e fu lfil l e d N an ak , h a v i n g .
a g r e e d to th e i r r e q u e s t , too k h is l e a v e of alo t h e c a rp e n t e r L ,
a n d , d e p a rti n g th e n c e , r e ach e d T a l w a n d i , a n d , h a v i n g a rri v e d
a t t h e w e l l of B a l a, s topp e d th e r e T h e n N an a k s ho u s e hold ,
’
.
h a v i n g h e a rd o f i t , c am e , an d , i mm e d i a t e ly o n s e e i n g h is f a k i r
l i k e s t at e , s tor m i n g , b e g a n to s ay , 0 N an a k ! w h at d i s g u i s e
“
is thi s th o u h as t a s s u m e d B e h o l d w e , t h y fath e r an d m oth e r ,

u n cl e a n d ot h e r r e l a tio n s , s e e i n th e e , ar e r e a tly di s tr e s s e d ;
g g
do e s n o pity a ri s e in th e e ? H e a ri n g thi s s p e e ch , N an ak ga v e
”
u tt e r a n c e to th i s s o n in t h e M aru R ag
g
Cal l p ati e n t e n d u r an c e m y m oth e r an d co n t e n t me n t m y
6
,
fath e r
Ca l l tr u th m y u n cl e for w i th th e s e m y h e a rt h as c o n
,
q u e r e d its p a s s io n s 7 .
L i s t e n L am to th e s e good q u ali ti e s b u t as al l p e opl e ar e

, , ,
b o u n d in c h ai n s ,
H o w c an th e y t e l l w h at a r e g ood q u al iti e s
A ffe ctio n for Go d is my broth e r an d l o v e o f th e Tr u e G od ,
is m y s on
P a ti e n c e h as b e co m e my d au g ht e r an d in s u ch I a m ,
ab s orb e d .
F orb e a r an c e is m y co m p an io n an d p r u d e n c e is my d i s cipl e ,
Cal l th e s e my f a mi ly wh o a l w ay s r e m a i n w ith m e ,
T h e o n e S u p r e m e B e i n g is my L ord an d H e i t is who ,
c r e at e d m e
I f N an ak l e ft H im an d b e c a m e a tt ach e d t o s o m e o n e e l s e
i
h e wo u l d b e p u t to p a i n ”
.
H e ari n g thi s th e y all b ro u g h t h im to th e R am an d th e R a i

, ,
w as g r e a tly pl e as e d to see h im Th e R ai e n tr e a t e d h im .
K h im a l m
5 ”
p d
a so e an s ar on .
7 Vi K am (l t ) m h ( w rl d l y f i t i ) k dh ( g r) l b h ( v t u
‘
z .
, us o o as c n a on ro an e o co e o s
)
ne s s d h i k ar ( p rid )
an n e .
6 H I S T OR Y o r T H E s u ms .
m u ch , N an ak d o tho u r e m ai n h e r e I w il l g i v e th e e s o me
O ,
l an d fr e e " B u t N ana k w o u l d n o t a g r e e to r e mai n th e r e Hi . s

.
ho u s e hold al s o e xhort e d h im g r e a tly b u t N an ak w o u l d n o t l i s t e n ,
to wh at an y o n e s aid an d aft e r a f e w d ay s m ad e pr e p a r atio n s

to r e tu r n N anak s u n cl e L am s a id to h im I f tho u ar t d e t e r
, ,
’
.
, , ,
m i n e d t o w a n d e r a b o u t o v e r t h e co u n t ry th e n d o th o u t ak e ,
s o me m o ne y an d t r affic in hor s e s ; bu t i t is n o t b e co m i n g fo r
,
”
o n e li k e th e e to w an d e r a bo u t l i k e a fa k i r
,
N an a k th e n .
, ,
u tt e ri n g thi s co u pl e t g a v e r e p ly : ,
I w il l l i s t e n to th e S as tr as m ak e th e m m y me rch an di s e a n d , ,
, ,
t ak e abo u t (fo r s al e ) t h e hor s e s of tr u th 5

I w il l m ak e goo d w o r k s my c as h an d w il l n o t d e l a r thi s till ,
to morrow -
“ I wil l to Go d co u n try fo r th e r e I s h a l l ob t ai n a n abo d e

g o s , , ,
of joy .
A t l as t w h e n N an ak b e g an to d e part th e n t h e R ai s ai d
, ,
P oi n t m e o u t s o m e w or k ( to N an ak s aid n othi n g w ith

h is m o u th b u t by s i g n s gav e h im to u n d e r s t an d D o you “
"
,
c au s e an u n w all e d t an k to b e d ug h e r e
8
T h e R ai th e r e an d .
,
t h e n a gr e e d (to d o s o ) an d N an ak to g e th e r with Bh ai B al a
, , ,
an d M a rd an a a a i n c am e a n d li v e d
g ,
in t h e ho u s e of t h at s am e
L al o th e c a rp e n t e r W h e n fift e e n d ay s h ad p as s e d th e r e th e n
.
C
,
N an ak co n s u lt e d w ith M a rd an a an d B al a s ayi n g o me le t , , ,
”
u s tr a v e r s e s o m e d i s t a n t c o u n t y 5 u po n w hich h e w ith tho s e r
, ,
two p r e p ar e d (t o d o s o ) I n s h ort w h e n N an a k s e t o u t fro m

,
.
th e r e h e w e n t to th e co u n try o f B an gal a an d in t h at c o u n try

,
. , ,
v i s it e d v ario u s pl ac e s of pil g ri m ag e an d citi e s an d it is c o m , ,
m on l y r e port e d th a t in t h a t co u n try by r e as o n of l e in g a
, ,
i
s tr an ge r h e u n d e rw e n t m u ch fa ti g u e in m an y
,
pl a c e s W h il s t .
h e tr a v e ll e d o v e r B an g al a h e s aw m an y oth e r co u n t ri e s an d ,
m o u n t a i n s a l s o w hi ch w e r e in its n e i g h bo u r h oo d ; m or e o v e r
, ,
as h e for m e d fri e n d s hip s in tho s e l an d s w i th m an y p e opl e ,
in s o m e pl ac s h e s an g s o m e of t h e s o n g s w hich a r e in
e ,
t h e Gr a n th ; an d at oth e r pl a c e s th e y v i s it e d a h e n M a rd an a t h e ,
M ir as i lo s i n g h e a rt b e c am e s ad N an k u s e d to g i v e h im
, , ,
a
a d v ic e an d s ho w h im s o m e m i r a cl e s an d th u s g av e h im m u ch ,
c o m fort I n s h ort B ab a N an ak al w ay s in co m p an y w ith

.
, ,
tho s e two w e n t al s o to M akk a an d M ad in a an d his d i s co u r s e s

, ,
w ith t h e s h ri n e a tt e n d an t s an d pri e s t s at th o s e pl a c e s ar e ,
w ri tt e n in th e boo k of t h e J amam S ei kh i A ft e r a ti m e N an ak
9
.
,
3
ll
T o b h ai s a n u n w a e d t an k , a w a e d o n e b e in g c a e d t a] ll ll .
9
I t m u s t b e b o r n e in m in d t h at t h is w o r k c o n t ain s o n y s e e c t io n s r o m t h e l l f
rea l J an a m S ak h i , w h ic h is d e p os it e d in t h e o d e n T e m p e at A n m r it s a r , an d Gl l
z
i s ab o u t fi v e t im e s t h e s i e o f t h is I t h as be e n p r in t e d an d c o p ie s c an b e o b t ain e d
Gv
.
f or fif t e e n r up e e s om th e fr
o e r n m e n t Bo o k e p ot L a h o r e D . .
C H AP . 1 ,
-
A c c o ux r o r BAB N AN A A K .
m a k i ng h is m i n d, r e t u r n e d fro m M akk a to S u lt an p u r to s e e
up
h is s i s t e r N an ak i, an d , h a v i n g r e m ai n e d th e r e a whi l e , d e p a rt e d
( ag ai n ) to tr av e l i n t h e m o u n t ai n s , a n d , w an d e ri n g abo u t th e r e ,
me t w ith m a n y g oo d an d holy m e n ; m or e o v e r , b e th e r e m e t
w i th G o r akh n at h J
o g i , w h o fo u n d e d t h e s e c t of th e K au p ati
.I o g is 1 0
I n s ho rt , B ab a N an a k w e n t to m an y i s l an d s an d h a rb o u r s
.
o f t h e s e a, an d h ad a g r e a t fan cy fo r v i s iti n g o th e r co u n .
tri e s , au d th at M ard an a, th e M ir aS i, w h o al w ay s a cco m p an i e d -
m
h i , al s o d i e d in a s tr an ge l an d in a city c a ll e d K h u r m a
n e ar K ab ul A l th o u g h , by c as t e h e w as a M i r as i , i e , a
. . .
M u s al m an , s ti ll d u ri n g h is l if e ti m e h e u s e d to s ay , O G u ru i
’
d o n o t b u ry m e a ccordi n g to t h e M u s al m an rit e s , b u t b u r n m e
as a Hi n du N an ak , alth o ug h in h is h e art h e h a d n o l e an i n g
”
.
to w a r ds e ith e r Hi n d u o r M u s al m an c u s to m s , s til l th o u g ht i t ri ght

to b u r n M ard an a ag r e e ably to w h at h e h ad s ai d Th e n B aba .
N an a k , w ith B al a, w e n t to S e t ban d R am e s u r , an d th e r e ag ai n
m e t G o r akh n ath Jo g i W h e n h e r e t u r n e d fro m th e r e h e c a m e
.
,
to A ch al w h i ch is n e a r to t h e city o f l V a t al a ; aft e r a tt e n d i n g a
fai r th e r e , h e agai n w e n t b ac k to T a l wan d i , whi ch is q u it e clo s e
to i t an d, o n a rri v al , h e a rd th at h is f ath e r K al li , a n d R ai b ul ar ,
h a d di e d , an d h is u n cl e L a w as ali v e m
N an ak , o n h is arri v a l .
th e r e d id,
thi n k i t p r e p e r to s e e an y o n e bu t t ak i n g o n ly
not ,
a so n o f M a rd an a M i r as i n am e d S aj ad a with h im w e n t , , ,
to M u lt an W h e n h e c am e to Tal am b h a t h e n a T h ag wh o w as
.
, ,
s e at e d d i s g u i s e d as a g ood an d h oly m an taki n g h im to h is ,
ho u s e u n d e r th e pr e t e n c e of f e e d i n g h im i m pri s o n e d S aj ad a ,
M ir as i w h o h ad go n e to w an d e r a bo u t t h e city an d s a i d
, ,
G i v e m e w h a t e v e r tho u h a s t oth e r w i s e tho u s h a l t b e k ill e d ,

.
N an ak h a v i n g obt ai n e d i n for m atio n of thi s s e n t Bh ai B al a to

, ,
th at d e c e itf u l o n e an d g o t S aj ad a r e l e as e d a n d h av i n g g o n e to
, , ,
th at i m po s to r s ai n t s h am e d h im m u ch s ayi n g : O h o l y
, ,
“
broth e r ! w h a t is thi s y o u p r acti c e ? b u t al tho u g h p e opl e ,
s e e i n g thy di s g u i s e d s t at e r e ga rd th e e as a h oly m an h o w ,
,
w il l thi s r e m ai n hid fro m th at S u pr e m e B e i n g who k n o w s ,

”
t h e i n w ar d t ho u g h t s of e v e ry o n e I n thi s w ay w h e n .
,
h e h a d ad m o n i s h e d h im m u ch a n d s h am e d h im th at T h ag , , ,
fal li n g a t th e fe t of N anak p e titio n e d e 0 tr u e G u ru ! , ,

“
I am a g r e a t s i n n e r a n d a w r e t c h e d m an b u t (l i s t e n to )
, ,
m y r e p e n t a n c e I w ill n e v e r do s u ch a th i n g ag a i n N an ak .
,
h e ari n g thi s pl ac e d h is h an d o n h is h e ad an d s ayi n g Go d

, ,
“
for gi v e thy s i n s d e p a rt e d fro m t h e r e

”
A gai n w an d e ri ng .
,
a bo u t h e c am e to th at city K h u r m a an d l e ft S aj ad a th e r e at
, ,
t h e t o m b of h is f a th e r ( w hil e ) h e hi m s e l f w i th B al d w e n t to
, , ,
K an dh ar On t h e ro ad h e pl ac e d h is h a n d o n a c e rt a i n S p ot
.
, ,
‘0
Th i t f J gi
s se c b o di ti g i h d b y t h i
o s c an p l it r ; he ths n u s e e r s ea s ence e
na m ka (
e ) p at i ( p l it )
n e ar s .
H I S T O RY O F THE S I KH S .
th e n am e hich h as th e r e f o r e b e e n c al l e d P a n j a S éh ib ; in
of w
s h ort o n h is h an d h e th e r e a l s o h e e u p a m o u n t a i n ,
R e a ch r .
i ng K ab u l h e ad m o n i s h e d m a ny M u s a l m an s n d H in d d s in th e
.
a
n am e of G o d an d a f t e r w ar d s m e t w it h
,
a J o i B al u d a1 o n a
g , g , ,
m o u t a i n w hi ch w as k n o w n by h is am e t e c a ll e d t h e hil l o f
n
,
n
,
.
,
B al g u d al D p arti n g th e n c e h e a g a i n c a m e t o t h e h o u s e of t h
e ,
c a rp e n t e r L alo Th e r e t h e w i f e of H ay at K h an M an j h M u s al
.
.
,
m an w h o for m e rly s e e i n g t h e g oo d n e s s of N an a k h ad b e l i e v e d
, , ,
in h im g a v e h im h e r y o u n g d a gh t e r ( in m a rri age ) a n d fr o m
,
u , ,
th at d a te h e r n am e w a s c a l l e d M at a M a nj h o t Th e n N an ak
,
.
,
h a v i n g m a d e h e r h is o w n (m a rri e d h e ) l e f t h e a t L alo s ,
r ,
r
’
ho u s e an d h i m s e lf t ak i n g B al a w i th h im w e n t to K ul c h h e tr fo r
, , ,
t h e f a i r of t h e e cl i ps e o f t h e s u n Th e r e w e r e a g r e at m a ny .
f ak i r s a s s e m bl e d th e r e w h o o n h e a ri n g N an ak s n a m e a n d
’
, ,
d e s criptio n b e c am v e ry a n g ry w i th h im ; a n d oth e r p e opl e

,
e
al s o who w e r e G r ih as t s
,
11
an d h a d
g o ne to th a t f ai r a nd , ,
lo o k e d o n N an a k a s a w an d e r e r fro m t h e ri g h t ro ad k e pt ,
th e ir di s t an c e fro m h im M or e o v e r a K h a tri w h o w as a .
, ,
M u n s h i h a v i n g g o n e t o K i n g B ah ir am K h an L o d i s o n of
, , ,
S i k an d a r K h an L o d i r e p o rt e d s e cr e tly to h im A fakir n am e d
, , ,
“
,
N a a k w h o h a s co m e to t h e f a i r r e gar d s n e ith e r th e V e d as
n
, ,
no r t h e K u r an ; i f y o u w il l a s k h im w h a t is h is fa ith th e n i t ,
w i ll b e w e l l B ah ir am K h an h a v i n g c all e d N an a k a s k e d h im
”
, , ,
.
an d ,
b e co m i n g an g ry a t h is a n s w e r s i m pri s o n e d h im in h is ,
p ri s o n h o u s e a d c u s e d N an a k a n d Bal a to g ri n d at a m ill
-
,
n a .
W h e n s e v e n m o n th s h ad p a s s e d a t t h e b a ttl e of P an ip at B ab a r , ,
Ch u g a t t a 12
o v e rc a m e B a hir am K h an L od i a n d th e r u l e of , ,
B ab a r w as e s t a bli s h e d o v e r t h e w hol e co u ntry On th e s e v e nt h .
d ay ,
B ab ar h e a ri n g o f B ab a N an a k b e i g i m pri o n e d W itho u t
,
n s
f au l t l e t h im go a n d s ai d G o 0 N an ak ; go W h e r e v e r th o u
, , , ,
w ilt
”
N an a k to g e th e r w i t h B al a c a m e to P a k h o k e r an d h aw a
.
, ,
-
,
t h e v il l age of h is f a th e r ih l a w a n d b l e s s i n g J it e r a n d h aw a - -
, ,
who w as by c a s t e a J a tt in t h e n am e of God m ad e h im h is , ,
o wn d i s ci pl e A g a i n aft e r s o m e d ay s h e s e n t J i t e an d B al a
.
, ,
to t h e h o u s e o f L alo t h e c a r p n t e r s a yi n g Go an d b ri n g t h e ,
e
, ,
d au g ht e r o f H ay at K h an M a j h a n d th e y b ot h bro u g h t M at a n
M an j h o t W h e n h e w a s g i v i n g h e r a pl a c e to p u t u p in a t th e
.
h o u s e of J it e h is fir s t w ife al s o w h o w as k n o w n a s M at a Ch o n i
, , ,
t ak i n g b oth h e r s o n s n a m e d S iri U h an d an d L a kh m i D as w ith ,
h e r c a m e a n d l i v e d w i th B ab a N an ak
, W hil t N an ak r e m ai n e d . s
t he re m an y p e r s o n s w e r e b l e s s e d by h e ari n g t h e n a m e of G o d
, .
O n e d ay N an a k h av i n g g i v e n ad v i c e in t h e n am e of God to a
, ,
J a t t n a m e d B u r a R a n dh aw a m a d e h im h appy ; a n d M al e t h e , ,
n
Gr ih a s t t h o s e w h o m ar r y a n d h a e am il ie s
ar e v f
B
.
T h is i s e i d e n t y v l
ab a r C h u g a t t a i , t h e c o n t e m p o r ar y o f S al im S h ah of
D lh
e i, l
t h e b u i d e r o f t h e o r t c a e d S a im g ar h f ll l .
C HAP . I .
— A C C OU N T O F B AB A N AN A K .
c a rp e n t e r a M u s ah n an al s o r e c e i v e d t h e b l e s s i n g o f (l e ar n i n g
,
w h a t tr u e ) w or s h i p 1 s f i o m N an a k a d h is fri e n d U b ar a K h an ,
n
Path an w as al s o c o n v e t e d t o t h e w o r s hi p o f G d by N an ak
,
r o
, .
I n t h i s s a m e w a v m a n y p e r s o n s o b t ai n e d (t h e b l e s s i n g o f h e a r
,
i n g) t h e N a m e o f G o d t l o u g h th e k i n d n e s s o f N a n 1 k , N at a 11
M a n j h o t l iv e d s e v e n y e a r s w i th N an a k a n d d i e d l e a v i n g t w o ,
d a u g ht e r s A ga i n B ab a N an ak t a k i g
.
,
w ith h im w e n t n
,
to t h e co u n try of S i n d h a n d th e r m e t w ith m a n y p e o pl e an d
'
e
, ,
av e u tt e r an c e t o s o m e of h is s o n g s \ V l e 1 he r e t u r n d fro m 1 1 e
g .
th e r e h e c a m e t o Pak Pat an w h i c h b e l o n gs to S h e i k h F a ri d
, , ,
F ak i r an d m e t a p e r s o n n a m e d B ah i z1 n w h o w a s a v e ry g ood
' ’
r 1,
,
a n d holy m an ; m o e o e a t h is s u g g e s tio n N an a k g v e u tt e r
r v 1
, ,
a
a n c e to t h e s o n g of As a w h i ch s a v e ry c e l e b a t e d d e v oti o n a l
1 3 i i
,
s o n g a m o n gs t t h e S i k h s T h e n B a b N an a k o c a m e a n d l i v e d in
. a
P k h o k e r a n d h aw a a n d Bh a i B al a w h o fr o m o l d h a d r e m ai n e d
a -
, ,
w i th h im h a v i n g r e c e i v e d p e r m i s s io n fr o m h im w e n t to T a l w a n d i
, , .
N o w B al a h a d b c o m e a v e ry g o d m a n t l1 o g h t h e k i n d n e s s
e o 1 u
of N a n a k an d w h e n h e wa s s e t ti n g off for T a l w an d i h e s k d
’
, , ,
a e
,
“
0 N an a k ! w h o w il l b e G u fi in thi s c o u n try a ft e r y o u ? s o r
th a t follo w i n g a ft e r h im I m ay o b tai n s al v a tio n f ro m h is ,
s oci e ty G u r u N an k s a i d O B al a t h e d i g n ity of t h e
” “
. a ,
,
G u ii s h ip w i l l b g i v e n to n e L ah in a K h a tri w h o is a T e h u n
’
r e o ,
by f am ily a n d h e w il l b e q u i t e l i k e m e an d a d e v ot e e of G o d
, ,
m y f ll w r s fro m f o l lo w i g a ft e r h im w i ll e n j o y p e a c e (of
o o e n
m ind) O n h e a ri n g thi s B al a w e n t to T a l w a n d i
. an d B ab a ,
N an a k r e m a i n e d th e r e D w e ll i n g th e r e h e c o n v e rt e d m an y .
,
p e opl e m or e o v e r in th at p l ac e h e a l s o b e s to w e d t h e G u ru s hi p
, ,
o n G u ru A n ga d w h o 1 s c all e d t h s e co n d k i n g an d th e n
,
e , ,
w an d e ri n g a bo u t h e l e ft thi s w orl d in t h e y e ar 1 5 9 6 B B
,
if . .
,
.
1 539 at a pl a c e c al l e d K r t arp u r w h i ch is n o w c a l l e d t h e a
,
D e h r a (s h ri n e ) o f B ab a N an a k I n s h o rt 0 1 h is d e a th t h e .
,
1
,
Hi n d u s s ai d ; Th i s w as o u r G u r fi w e m u s t b u r n h is b o d y
“ ”
, ,
a n d t h e M u s ul m an s c a l li g h im th e i r s pi it u a l
g u id e
,
w i s h e d to
n r ,
b u ry h im W h il s t in thi s w ay m c h d i s p u ti n g w s g oi n g o n
.
, ,
u a ,
h is b o d y di s app e a r e d a n d co u l d n o t b e fo u n d in t h e cl oth e s
w h ich h a d b e e n p u t o n h is c o rp s e F o r thi s r e a s o n th e r e is .
,
n o to m b of h is a n y w h e r e i th w o rld b u t w h e r e v e r th e r e a r e n e
y of s w o r s hi p e r s t e r e i th e r s K ha aw an or l i k e n e s s
h i h e h i “
an p ,
r , ,
or e l s e s o m e cl o th o fl ag is r e v e r e n tly p u t u p r
,
.
T h i s B ab a N an ak w as n o t a v e ry l e a r n e d or l i t e r a t e m an ,
b u t fro m m e r e ly a s s oci a ti n g w i th s o m e h oly m a n t h e l o v e of t h e

, ,
s e r v i c e o f Go d w a aro u d in h im H is b e li e f w a s s o m e w h a t
s se .
d iff r e n t fro m t h e o l d Cas tr a s

e an d boo k s a n d M h am m dan , ,
u a
‘3 l v
A t r a n s a t io n o f ir is g i e n in T 1 u m p p s A d i G i a n t h , p ag e 4 7 2
’
.
K h a 1 aw a n a r e w o o d e n s a n d a s , w h ic h a i e as t e n e d o n t o th e l f fe e t by
.
m e an s of l
e at h e r t h o n g s , e ry m u c h v
e s e m b in g c o g s o r
p at t e n s r l l .
10 m s r os v or THE su ms .
proph e t s an d H i n du i n c ar n a tio n s fo r h e d i d n o t hol d d e iti e s ,
a n d i m a ge s an d pl a c e s of p il g ri mag e in m u ch r e s p e ct ; h e o n ly
r e g ard e d o n e G od an d co n s i d e r e d al l goo d an d e v i l as co m i n g
,
fro m H im an d fro m e v e ry s o n g an d w o rd o f h is h is b e l i e f is ,
cl e a r r iz th a t n o l i v i n g cr e at u r e h as an y po w e r Go d d o e s
,
.
, .
w h a t e v e r H e w ill s — if H e w i s h e s H e c a n m an i f e s t g oo d an d if ,
He w il l s H e c an s h e w forth e v il
,
.
VR
E SE .
Th e r e is al w ay s a n i n c e s s an t m o v e m e n t in th i s fai r 15
.
16
T h e whol e f ai r w ith o u t t h e wo r s h i p of God is c o n te m pti bl e

, , .
‘ C mi
5
g
o d g i g i n b i gb r
an o nd d i g,
. e .
, e n o n an v n .
i .t h w rl d
r .
, e o ,
0 11 11 11
. 11 — A
. CCO U N T o r (1 11 11 6 A NGAD .
11
CH A P T ER II .
The Cir cu ms tan ces o

f Ga r d A nga d .
T H E Y n a rrat e h is circ u ms t an c e s ( lif e ) th us ; o n e d ay a

T e h u n K h at i n a m e d D ah i na w e n t f 1 o m h is o w n \ ill age w h ich
r
, , ,
w as o n e of t h e v ill ag e s 1 n t h e j u ngl e to ge th e r with t h e m e m b e r s ,
o f h is fam i k to ob t a i n a s i ght of t h e g odd e s s c l K o t K an g r a

, .
W h e n h e a rri v e d w h e r e B ab a N an a k l i v e d it e n t e r e d h is h e ad ,
t h at as a t th a t pl ac e
,
th e r e w as a c e rt a i n N an ak N ir an g ké ri
, ,
w h o w a s 1 e p 0 1 t e d to b e a v e ry g oo d a n d holy m an h e s h o u l d
1 1
o a n d obt ai n a s i g h t of h im al s o an d s e e of wh at k i n d a n d
g ,
o f w h at s e ct h e w as a fak i r H av i n g th u s 1 e fl e c te d an d fo un d .
,
o u t N an ak h e w e n t to h im an d appro a chi n g h im ob t ai n e d a
, , ,
s i g ht o f h im IVh e n h e h a d b e n t h is h e a d in o b e i s an c e th e n
.
,
N an ak as k e d ; 0 broth e r S i k h l W h o ar t tho u an d wh e n c e
“
.
a r t th o u co me ! an d t e l l m e thi s a l s o w h at is thy n am e an d , ,
w hith e r g o e st tho u ? H e 1 e l ie d
p O h oly S i r I am by
”
,
“ —
fam ily a Te h u n K h ati i an d my n am e is Lab i n a ; I h av e co m e

h e r e o n ly to ob t ai n a s i ght of y o u an d am goi n g wi th my ,
fam ily to K an gr a 0 11 h e a 1 in g th i s s p e e ch N an a k an s w e r e d
.
’
, ,
”
“
W e ll broth e r g o a n d o b t a i n a s i gh t of t h e g o dd e s s
, , but he ,
r e pl i e d O G u ru my h e art n o w d o e s n o t d e s ir e to g o f u rth e r
, , ,
for fro m s e e i n g th e e it h as b e co m e s a ti s fi e d ; n ow I h av e n o
, ,
c ar e for a n y go d o r god d e s s thi s is n o w my d e s i r e th a t
0 , ,
I may a l w ay s r e mai n at thy f e e t an d m ay e m ploy my h an d s ,

”
an d f e e t 1 11 thy s e r v ic e N an ak o n h e a ri n g thi s s a id to h im
.
, ,
o v e r an d o v e r ag ai n D o tho u n o w go to thy h o me an d aft e r

, ,
w a rd s co m e b ac k ag ai n B u t h e w o u l d n otyag r e e to go fro m.
th e r e A l l h 1 s r e l atio n s wh o w e r e w i th h im s e e i ng thi s h is
.
, ,
s t at e b e e 1m e
,
m u ch d i s t r e s s e d b u t t l a s t b e i n g h e lpl e s s th e y , ,
a
,
w e n t aw ay to th e i r o w n ho m e s W h e n L ahin a h av i n g r e m ai n .
,
e d th e r e wi t h h is w h ol e body an d s o u l co mm e n c e d to w 0 1 k an d
, ,
l abo u r fo r N an ak th e n th e r e s pr a ng u p m u ch aff e c tio n b e t we e n

,
th e m for h e (L ah in a) b e gan to l e g ard N an a k as e q ual to God

, ,
an d al l t h e o th e r S i k h s b e g an to s p e a k h i ghly o f h is l aho m an d
toil S i 1 i Ch an d an d L akh m i D as a l s o w h o w e 1 e t h e s en s of
. ,
B aba N an ak co u l d n o t p e r fo u n a s m u ch s e r v i c e as L ah in a
,
.
co mm e n c e d to d o To w rit e h e r e in fu ll a n a cco u n t of thi s h is

.
ob e d i e n c e w o u ld b e u n pro fi tabl e b u t I w ill n a rr at e s o me w h at

of i t .On e d a y B ab a N an ak an d h is two s o n s an d L abi na w e r e
,
g oi n
g s o me wh e r e wh en a m e t al cu
p f ell,
fro m t h e h an d o f ,
12 11 1 s r o 11 v o r T H E s u
1
ms .
N an ak i nto s o m e th ic k m u d w hi ch w as v e ry d e e p N an ak s ai d ,
.
t o S i ri Ch a n d S 0 1 p l l o u t t h e c up
,
H e r e pl i e d
1 uO fath e r .
”
, ,
m y clo th e s a r e v e ry b e au ti fu l a n d w i ll g e t b e s m e a r e d w i th m u d
co m e l e t u s g o 0 1 an d I w i ll s e n d b a c k s o m e l abo u r e r t o g e t i t
,
1 ,
out A g a i n N an ak a d d r e s s e d L a k h m i D as t o t h e s am e e fi e c t
, ,
0 11 w hich h e g a v e th a t s a m e r e ply Th e n w h e n h e l oo k e d to .
,
w a r d s th at S i k h L ah in a h e j i n i n g h is h an d as k e d ,
O holy
,
o s, ,
”
G u 11 w h a t a r e yo u r c o nn n un d s ?N :1 n ak r e pl i e d D ig o u t th a t
1
' ’
“
1 , ,
m e t al c u p H e i m m e d i at e ly o n h e a ri n g i t j u m p e d in with h is
.
, ,
cl oth e s 0 11 an d h a v i n g d ug o u t t h e m e t al c u p fro m th e m u d
, , ,
m ad e i t o v e r to t h e G fro m th at v e ry d ay h e '
an d
1
11 1 11
,
e w v e ry d e a r to B a b a N an ak A g a i n a n oth e r ti m e w h en a
g i .
, ,
g
r e at c 1 o w d h ad a s s e m bl e d a ro u n d N an ak then h e b e com , ,
in a g it a t e d w i she d to se
p a a te hi m s e lf f o m th em ; at i i
g ,
th at ti e ak i ”
m m n
g hi
,
m s e l f n a k d fo
e m h i s body to h s h e d
i a i
,
h e r u b b e d a s h e s o v e r h i m s e lf a n d as s u m i n
g a v e ry h i d e o u s , ,
d i s g u i s e b e g an to e at ( a rrio n ) w ith t h e d o gs ; 0 1 th i s al l
,
c 1
,
t h e p e opl e c al li n g h im m d a n d a v il e cr e a t u r e r an
,
a
,
a w ay ; b u t L a b i n a al o e s til l r e m ai n e d w i th h im N an ak
n .
too al s o tri e d g r e atly to d ri v e h im w ay b u t h e w o u l d n o t

, ,
a ,
l e a v e h im M or e o v e r s e e i ng a d e ad body lyi n g in a c e rt ai n
.
,
pl a c e N an ak to pro v e h is s i n c e ri t y s a id
, ,
O b roth e r L ah in a”! , ,
“
if thou w is h e s t to r e m ai n wi th m e th e n e at th at d e a d bo d y ,
.
W h e n h e a t o n c e 0 11 h e a ri n g th i s ord e r r a n to w a r d s th e cor ps e
, , , ,
th e n N an ak k n o w i n g h im to b e a tr u e lo v e r of h i m s e l f k i s s e d
, ,
h is h e d an d s aid
a
,
O d e ar o n e ! thy n am e is L ah in a (to t ak e )
,
”
,
a n d I k n o w th a t th o u m u s t t a k e s o m e thi n fro m m e al s o I
g n .
th i s w ay h e n e v e r t u r n e d aw ay fro m an y co m m an d of N an ak
, ,
b u t d ay by d ay h is i n cr e as i n g lo v e w a x e d g r e a t e r
, , .
O n e d ay M at a Cho n i a s k e d N an a k W hy d o y o u s ho w ,
“
g r e at e r lo v e to L abi n a th a n to S iri Ch an d a n d L akh mi D as ?

”
-
T h e n h e r e pli e d L abi n a a ltho u g h h e is an oth e r m an s s o n s til l ,

’
n e v e r di s ob e y s m y ord e r s ; b u t by th e s e w h o a r e c all e d my ,
s ons m y o rd e r s ar e n e v e 1 o b e y e d
, g y I l o v e h im
ac c o r d in l , ,
w h o stud ie s m e w ith al l h is body an d s o u l O n e d ay .

,
N an a k p r e s s e d h im to h is br e as t b e for e a w hol e as s e m bly an d , ,
pl aci n g fi v e pi c e an d a coco a n u t b e for e h im fir s t hi m s e l f b e n t ,
h is h e ad in ob e i s an c e to h im a n d th e n s ai d to al l t h e a s s e m bly , ,
0 broth e r S i k h s ! fro m to d ay I h a v e g i v e n t h e G u ru s h i p -
to h im ; w ho e v e r is a S i k h (di s cipl e ) of m i n e l e t h im , ,
r e g ardi n g h im as G u ru b e n d h is h e a d in ob e d i e n c e to h im ,
.
H e is a tr u ly holy m an N o w th e r e w il l b e n o ch an g e in thi s ;
.
G o d h a s m ad e h im H is o w n a n d h e w il l a cco m pl i s h t h e b u s i n e s s ,
(d e s ir e s ) of m an y H e s a id thi s a l s o B e for e h is nam e w as “

.
, ,
L ah in a b u t n o w a s I h av e p r e s s e d h im to m y bo d y a n d b e s tow e d
,
‘
7 ‘i 6 . . t ak in g o ff h is d h o t i 01
1
w ais t l
c ot h .
0 11 111 1
. II .
—A C( J OU N T o r ( 1 11 11 6 A N GA D .
on pow e r of th e a dor atio n of G o d th e r e for e h is n am e is

h im t h e ,
”1 8
c all e d G u ru A n gad T h e n t h e d i s cipl e s p e titio n e d . O
G u ru l agr e e ably to yo u r o rd e r s w e w il l r e ga rd h im as 0 11 1 G u ru ,
1
b u t w h a t s h al l w e r e g a rd th e m a s w h o a r e yo u r s o n s Th en ,
N an ak r e pli e d Go d h i m s e l f w il l t ak e c a r e of th e m ; i t is n o
,
“
co n c e r n of yo u r s d o y o u pl ac e th e w or s h ip a n d o d e r in g s of th e
G u ru b e for e h im wh o h as bro u g ht hi m s e l f i n t o t h e w ay of G o d ,
w ith al l h is bo d y an d s o u l On h e a ri n g th i s al l t h e as s e m bly .
,
bo w e d to G u ru A n g a d an d w h at e v e r ord e r s h e u s e d to g i v e , ,
th o s e th e y u se d to pl a c e 0 1 th e i r h e ad s to ob e y ) an d 1
1
.
A n g ad a l s o fol lo w e d a l l t h e a d v i c e h e h a d r e c e i v e d fro m B ab a
N an a k an d k e pt s tr ai g ht th e ro ad of r e li g io n A ft e r A n g a d h ad
,
.
r e mai n e d th e r e s o m e ti m e ; th e n h e c am e a n d l i v e d a t K ah ir ian
d e K h a d ii r a n d u s e d t o e a r n t h e m e a n s an d n e c e s s a ri e s for h is
’
food an d cloth e s by m ak i n g rop e W h e n al l t h e S i k h s h e a r d .
th a t B ab a N an a k h a d s e at e d A n g ad o n t h e s e a t of t h e G u r 11 ’
th e n th e all b e gan to co m e to h im m o r e o v e r th a t Bh ai B al a
y
al s o w h o ,
h ad r e m ai n e d w ith N an a k fro m o l d c a m e t o g e t a ,
si ht of h im an d A n a d h e ard fr o m h im al l t h e p a rtic u l a r s
g g ,
a bo u t N ana k fro m h is b irth u p a n d t hi s B a l a a ft e r a f e w d ay s , ,
di e d t h e r e W h t e v e r e xhort ati o n s N an ak u s e d to m ak e in t h e
. a
n am e of t h e W ai n G u r ii
( G d th n ad a l o co n ti n u e d to
’
o ) e s e A g ,
s
m ak e T h e i n t e rpr e t atio n of thi s n a m e

. IVah G u r u ( w h i ch ,
is t h e ch i e f i n c a n t a tio n in t h e S i k h r e l i g io n ) is s ai d to b e thi s : ,
I n t h e i n c an t a tio n w an G ur u a e th e s e f o u l t t e r s w h g , of ,
r r e , , ,
th e s e t h e w r e fe r s t o I Vas d e o th e h t o H ari a n d t h e thir d

,
'
, , , ,
w h ich is g t o G obi n d an d , t h e 1 t o R am an d thi s is t h e ,

1
a dor a tio n of t h e i n c a r n atio n s o f t h e f o u r Y o g s A n d som e

19
.
p e opl e g i v e an th e r m e a n i n g th a t wah is a w or d of pr ai s e a n d
o
, ,
G u ru is th e n a m e G u r d e o th e r e fo r e fro m thi s t h e G u ru is pr ai s e d , ,
an d oth er s s a
y a
g e at p e r s o n is c all e d G u ru a n d s G o d is g r e a t e r
,
i ,
a
t h an a l fr o m thi s n a m e vVah G 1 t h e S u pr e m e Be i n g is pr ai s e d
l ,
20 ‘
1 1 11
1
’
,
.
A lth o u g h t h e S i k h s m ad e m a ny o ff e ri n g s t o B ab a A n gad s till h e ,
n e v e r s p e n t an y o f th e m o n h i m s e l f b u t e x p e n d i n th e m all in t h e
g , ,
N a m e of G o d g o t h is o w n l i v e lih ood e n ti r e ly by r o p e m ak i n g
, .
A n d th e s e G u ru m u k hi l e tt e r s a l s o w h i ch a r e k n o w n t hro u gho u t
-
,
t h e P an j ab h e a rr an g e d a n d a lt e r e d fro m th e l e tt e r s o f t h e
,
S as tr as ; t h e thirty fi v e d e v o io n a l s o n g s
t ?1
al s o w hich -
th e ,
S i k h s r e ad w e r e al l co m p il e d by h im H e d id n o t co m po s e
,
.
Th 18
tw w d
e se m T h ob dy th ort it l G r u b i g g iv
s e an
“
e ac er o
”
e e
“
u ,
”
e n en
h im i f n re t h i h vi g b
e r e nc e t w d h im t h p w
o f t sh i g th a th on e o er o e ac n o e rs
d t Na k
n es o e e
i r f r
”
G d hi
’
w y t a o d ob dy , an t h i g b p
o n e e ence o s av n een re s s e o na s
b dy (
o g) an .
pr
”
Y g p i d
o i
or
g ld ilv b
er o d i , ; thv a ,
t i th o e n, s e r, r as s , an ron e e se n s e
K ly ga oi org ron a e
t f t h b y B ab N a k
.
t t h tr t h
2”
Thi l t i I b li v
s as s, e e e , n e ar e s e u ,
as s e or a na .
‘E 3
h f th ac b g i w it h
o f t h t h i ty fi
e se l tt f th e A lph b t
n one o e r -
ve e e rs o e a e
d T mpp A d i Gr
’
t i e ru t h p g 60 2s -
an , a e .
H I S T OR Y O F T HE S IKHS .
an
y thi n g e l s e b e s id e s b u t h e co n v e rt e d m an y p e opl e
,
a nd th o s e
tl S O
,
w h o w e r e s i nn e r s fro m as s oci a ti ng with h im e s ch e w e d
, ,
th e i r s i n s a n d ob t ai n e d i n w ar d p e a c e an d t he (bl e s s i n g
,
o f t h e ) N ame o f God Th e n h av i n g pl ac e d b e for e t h e th i rd

.
,
k i n g i e G u ru A m a r d as fi v e pi c e an d a c o c o an u t an d h av i ng
,
. .
, , , ,
b e n t h is h e a d in h o m ag e h e ga v e h im th e s e a t o f G u ru s hip
,
an d h i m s e l f l e ft thi s body (d i e d ) in t h e y e a r 1 60 9 B B ,
th e y e a r 1 5 5 2 A D . .
CO U P L E T .
W ho m s h all o n e r e g ard as a n e n e my a n d with who m m ak e

,
fri e n d s h i p
A l l the wo rld is l i k e a d r e am an d an e v e r s h ifti ng pl ay
, .
OHA P 11 1 C CO UN T G U R O A M A R D AS 15
'
. .
— A or .
CH A P T E R III .
T he Cir c u ms tan ce s f G u r ic A mar d i is

’
o .
G u ru A m a r dés w h o is k n o w n as th e th ird k i n g w as a Bh al a
, ,
K h atr i of a v ill age W as ar k i w hich is in th e d i s trict o f A n m r its ar

'
, , ,
a n d fro m h is v e ry chi ldhood b e w as of s o g oo d a di s po s i ti o n th a t

'
, , ,
w h e r e v e r a r e li g io u s a s s e m bly w as coll e ct e d th e r e h e u s e d to go ,
a n d t o t h e b e s t o f h is po w e r
,
p e r f or m t h e s e r v i c e of t h e g oo d ,
[ D d h oly w ith m u ch aif e e t io n A lth o u g h h is f ath e r an d m oth e r .

,
o n s e e i n g th is h is s t a t e u s e d e v e n t o b e s o m e w h a t an g ry in th e i r
,
h e art s s till h e a ccord i n g to h is g oo d di s po s itio n n e v e r w i th dr e w

, , ,
fro m t h e s e r v ic e of t h e h o ly O n c e A ma r d as w e n t to H ar d u ar .
,
to b ath e in t h e holy G an g e s an d w h e n h e a rr iv e d th e r e i t s o , ,
h app e n e d th at a th i r s ty P an d a t d r an k w at e r fro m h is h an d s
,
.
W h e n h is thir s t h ad ab at e d th e P a nd at as k e d h im W h o m ay s t
, ,
”
tho u b e an d w h e n c e h as t t h o u co me
,
? H e r e pl i e d 0 yo u r ,
Hi gh n e s s I am a Bh al a K h a tri n d h ave c om e fro m
,
v i ll ag e ,
a a
n am e d W és a rki in th e co u n t r y of th e Pan j éb A gai n t h e

”
.
P an dat as k e d W h o is thy G u r fi, H e r e pli e d O holy S i r at , ,
p r e s e n t I h av e n t ad o pt e d ny G u ru o
”
O n h e a ri n g th i s a .
,
t h e P a n d a t w as g r e a tly d i s tr e s s e d an d c al li n g o u t s a id A l as , , , ,
a
g r e a t m i s fort u n e h a s b e fa ll n m e th at I h a v e d r u n k w a t e r e
,
a t th e h an d s o f th i s p e r s o n w h o h as n o G u ru A l as ! I am a ,
.
g r e a t s i n n e r th at at t h e ti m e of m y th ir s t
, ( I di d n o t co n s id e r ) ,
”
how w ill thi s my s in b e for g i v e n ? A m ar d és o n h e ari n g thi s
’
, ,
b e c am e v e ry m u ch as h am e d in h is h e art ; m or e o v e r fal l i n g a t ,
t h e f e e t of th at P an d at h e p e titio n e d I f yo u r Hi g h n e s s “
,
w ill n o w fo r g i v e m y f au l t t h e n I i m m e d i at e ly o n g oi ng ho m e , ,
”
w il l a dopt a G u r fi W h e n A m ar d as c am e h o m e h e b e g an to
'
.
,
m ak e s e arch for a G u ru On e d ay h e h e a rd fro m s o m e o n e th a t

.
,
clo s e to th e r e in K ah ir l an d e K h ad ur Baba A n g ad a p e rfe ct

, , ,
G u ru w as l i v i n g an d who e v e r too k h is a d v i c e obt ai n e d s al v atio n

, , ,
a n d th o s e ood u a l iti e s wh i ch b e c a m e a G u ru i a p a ti e n c e
g q v, , , ,
co n t e nt m e n t forb e a r an c e cl e m e n cy d e v otio n & c w e r e al l to b e

, , , , .
,
fo u n d in h im I m me di at e ly o n h e a ri n g th i s h e w e nt to K h adu r
.
, ,
a n d s e izi n
, g th e f e e t o f G u r u A n g ad s aid O holy S i r I h a v i n g , , , ,
h e a rd yo u r n am e h av e co me to y o u to obt a i n s a l v ati o n d o y o u
,
h a v e co m p a s s io n o n m e a n d g i v e m e i n s tr u ctio n ; n o w h e r e d o
,
I s e e s u c h a p e rf e ct G u ru as y o u al l p e opl e w i s h to m ak e
di s c ip l e s to do th e m s e r v ic e b u t I h av e n o t h e a r d of a n y G u ru ,
”
b u t yo u r s e l f who b e s tow s s al v ati o n o n h is di s cipl e s
, B ab a .
16 H I S T O RY o r T HE s u ms .
A n gad ,
o n s ee n
g h iis d e v o tio n w as m u ch p l e as e d
, ,
a nd,
g i v i n
g
h im a d v ic e in t h e n am e o f t h e W ah G u ru , s ai d , O b roth e r S i k h !
y 0 11 m u s t 1 s p e a t th i s n a m e w i th e v e 1 y br e a th w i th a t 1 u e h e a i t , an d
i n t h e 111 0 1 11 in
1
g h a 1 i11
1
g ,b a th e d
1
y o u m u s t m e d it a t e 0 1 1 t h e N am e
,
”
of God . H e f u rth e r s a i d , “
T hi s b o d y is a c a g e of bo n e s a n d
fl e s h , a n d in a v e ry f e w d ay s i t w il l b e b r o k e n a n d s h a tt e r e d
t o pi e c e s th at , i n d e e d , is a m o m e n t o f p rofi t wh e n , w ith th i s
bo d y , o n e c a n b e c o m e of s e i v ic e t o a n y h o l y , g o od , b u n g 1 y , o r
th ir s ty p e i s o u D o th o u e s ch e w t h e v ai n t h o u ght s of thy
.
m i n d , a n d a l w a v s r e m a i n e n g a g e d 1 11 t h e w 0 1 s h ip of thy ord , L
i n d b e co n t e n t e d w i th H is 1 1 il l ; t l 1 is 1 s t h e s u m t o t a l of m y in
s tr u c tio n a n d a d 1 ic e A m a 1 d é s , w i th al l h is bo d y an d s o u l ,
”
.
a d o p t e d thi s ad v ic e , a n d , fro m th a t d a y , b e a n t o a c t a r e e ably to it

g g ,
a n d did n o t a g a i n r e t u r n an d o t o h is ho m e , b u t b e g an t o l i v e
g
t h e r e , r e g a r d i n g t h e s i g h t o f h is G u ru a n d t h e s e r v ic e of h is
d i s c ipl e s , a s tr u e g a i n I n s h o rt , h e
. a cc e p t e d th e s e r v i ce
o f t h e G u r ii w ith a l l h is h e a rt a n d s o u l , b u t h e w o u ld n o t e at a n
y
thi n g , n o t e v e n b 1 e ad fro m t h e G m 13 s coo k i n g s qu a1 e Th i s
’
.
w as h is c u s t o m , th at l ie u s e d to c a r 1 y a b o u t a b u n d l e of s a l t a n d .
o to p e opl e s ho u s e s a n d s e l l i t , a n d w h a t e v e r h e ob t ai n e d f 1 o m
g
thi s , w ith it h e u s e d to p ay for t h e e xp e n s e s of h is foo d an d
clothi n g , an d n e v e r t as t e d a s i n g l e g r a i n fro m t h e G u m , fo r h e
tho u g h t th u s I t b e h o v e s m e w i th m y bo d y an d s o u l an d
w e a lt h to d o s e r v ic e to m y G u ru ; t h e r e for e i t is n o t b e co m i n g
”
for m e to g e t m y fo o d fro m h im A n d thi s w as t h e m an n e r of
.
h is s e r v ic e 5 th at h e u s e d al w ay s t o g o fro m K h a dur to th e ri v e r
n e ar G o b in d w él , w h ich w a s t w o k o s fro m th e r e , to b ri n g l a r g e
br a s s pot s of w a t e r fo r h is G u ru to b a th e w i th an d th e r e w as th i s
g r e a t h a r d s h ip in i t , t h a t , w h e n h e u s e d t o g o fro m K h a dur t o fi l l
t h e p ot s , h e w e n t b ac k w a i d s to t h e ri v e r n e a1 G o b in d w al ; w h e n
h e h a d fil l e d i t , (h e r e t u 1 n e d ) loo ki n g to h is fro n t , f 0 1 h e
1
tho u g h t th at h e m u s t n e v e r t u r n h is b ac k to w a r d s h is G u ru .
A g a i n , all w h o w e r e c e l e b 1 a te d holy d i s cipl e s th e r e , for al l o f th e m

a l s o h e u s e d to fil l a n d bri n a t e r , a n d w h e th e r a n
g w y o n e as k e d
1
f o i i t 1 n t h e d ay or n i g h t , s til l h e 11 o u l d g o to th e ri v e r an d bri n g
i t, an d h e n e v e r t u r n e d a w a y h is f a c e fro m t h e co mm an d of h is
G u ru an d t h e h oly Th i s is t h e o cc u rr e n c e o f o n e d ay ; th a t wh e n
.
A m a r d as w a s bri n g i n g w a t e r a t n i g h t , o n t h e ro a d h e s t u m bl e d
i n to a w e a v e r s h o l e
’ 32
an d f e ll W h e n t h e w e a v e r as k e d ,
.
“
W h o is th e r e th e n th e w e av e r s wi fe , w h o al w ay s s aw h im
’
f e tch i n g w at e r , g av e r e ply , W h o e l s e c an h av e f al l e n in at th i s
ti m e ? I t m u s t b e t h e s tri c k e n b y c al am ity , an d h e w h o h as n o
- -
h o m e , A m r ii ” 93
’
. A m a r d as , g e tti n g u p , a g a i n w e n t to t h e r i v e r ,
Kh ad d l
i is t h e h o e in t h e g r ou n d in w h ic h a wea v er p u t s h is fe e t w h e n
s it t in g a t t h e l
o om .
25
A m r u i s t h e s h o r t f o r A m ar d as .
C HA P . 111 — A . C C OUNT o r (1 11 11 11 A M A R D AS
1
.
an d th at s am e w ay h av i n g d r aw n w a te r c am e to t h e G u r fi
in , , .
I Vh e n t h e G u ru h e ard fro m s o m e o n e th a t p e opl e s ai d th at h e w as

’
h o m e l e s s th e n h a v i n g s e e n h is s i n c e rity a n d d e v otio n h e e m
, , ,
br a c e d h im a n d s ai d 0 p e opl e A m r u is n o t h o m e l e s s b u t
,
“
, ,
f i o m to d ay t h e S ap 1 e m e B e i n g h a s m ad e h im th e h o m e of
,
t h e h o m e l e s s an d t h e h e l p of t h e h e l pl e s s
,
w ho e v e r b e co m e s
”
a tt a ch e d to h im wi l l a tt ai n r e a t h a ppi ne s s , an d th a t v e ry d ay
g
h e pl a c e d b e f 0 e h im fi v e pi c e a n d a coco an u t an d b e n t h is
1 ,
h e d in ob e i s a n c e to h im a n d s a id t o al l as s e m bl e d
a
,
To d ay -
I h av e m a de o v e r t o G u ru A a d as t h e th ro n e of t h e G u ru s h i p ; 111 r
l e t al l p e opl e d o ob e i s a n c e to h im f r h e is a p e rf e c t G u ru ; t o d ay ,
o -
t h e S u pr e m e B e i n g h as t ak e n h im fo r H is o w n ; th e n w h o e v e r
fol lo w s h im 1 11 pl e as e th e g e a t L 0 d
,
11 A ft e t h e d e a th of 1 1 . 1
G u r u A n ga d t h w h ol e b o d y of f o l l o w e 1 s o b e y e d G u r u A m ar d a s
,
e
,
a n d h e al s o ow n e t e d m an y p e opl e a n d k e pt s t i a igh t t h e w a d
i
, b
of r e li g io n Thi s G u ru A m a d as w as a v e ry g o o d h oly m an
. r
’
th e y s ay th at n o o n e e v e r s a w h im an gry in h is w h ol e lif e ti m e -
h e w a s of a v e ry cool t e m p e r e d d i s po s iti o n t h e b e lo v e d of God

-
, ,
an d m e rcif u l an d h e n e v e r bro u g ht h is
,
h e a rt t o d o an y b as e
ac tio n b u t a l w ay s r e m a i n e d e m ploy e d in g oo d w or k s an d r e li i n
, g o
,
an d a l w ay s co n ti n u e d fi m in t h a t ro a d w hi ch G u 11 A n g ad h a d ’
i 1
,
poi n t e d o u t to h im Th e y n a rr at e t hi s s to y of h is for b e a1 an c e
. 1
1 -
t h at w h e n aft e r t h e d e ath o f A n ga d A m a1 d as c am e an d l i v e d i 1i
,
, ,
G o bin d w al t h e M u s al m an s w h o b 0 e e n m ity t o w a d s h im b e g a n
, ,
1 1 ,
to afflict h im m u ch s till h e n e v e r t o o k an y n otic e b u t m ad e th i s

, ,
r e qu e s t t o G o d O Lo r d d o th o u d ir e c t th e ir h e art s On e ,
.
d ay w h e n h i di s cipl e s h a v i n g ti ll e d s o m e p ot s w i t h w a t e r w e r e
,
s
, ,
b ri n g i n g i t fo r h im to c oo k w i th th e n a lo t of M u s al m an b o y s , ,
s hooti n g t th e m w ith p e ll e t bo w s b r o k e t h e p e t s to pi e c e s
a H is ,
.
di s cip l e s c am e a n d s aid O G u ru ! th e T u r k s a e a l way s br e ak r
in g o u r p e t s w h at r e m e d y s h al l w e a pply f o r th i s
, T h e G u ru ,
w ith m u ch forb e a r n c e g av e r e ply F ro m to —d ay d o y o u bri n g
a
, , ,
w at e r in w at e r b ag s f o r th e y c an n ot b e bro k e n w it h p e ll e t bo w s
, .
T h e S i k h s a ct e d a ccord i n g ly b u t t h e M u s al m a n s did n o t a lt e r th e i r
,
b e h av io u r t e n t h e S i k h s b e g a n to bri n g w at e in b ag s th e y
. 1
,
s pl it t h e b a gs w ith a rr o w s T h e S i k h s ag ai n p o i n t e d th i s o u t .
to th e G u r u ; an d t h e G u ru ag i n n s w e r e d O broth e r S i k h s ! a a ,
d o y o u bri n g t h e w at e r in b r as s pot s T h e S i k h s a ct e d a g r e e .
”
a b ly to thi s w or d b u t a g a i n t h e M u s al m an s th ro w i n g b ric k s
, , ,
b e g an to s m as h t h e pot s I n s h or t al tho u gh t h e M u s a lm an s .
,
'
h ar as s e d B ab a A m ar d es an d h is d i s cip l e s m u ch s ti l l h e n e v e r ,
u s e d an
y h a r s h w o r d s to w a r d th e m b u t in h is h e a rt pr ay e d for th e i r ,
w e l f a 1 e for h e co n s i d e r e d a l l g ri e f a n d h appi n e s s a s co m i n g f 1 o m
,
God I Vh e n h is di s cipl e s add r e s s e d h im s ayi n g O G u ru ! h o w

.
,
lo n g s h al l w e b e a r t h e tyr an n y of th e M u s a l m an s th e n h e
an s w e r e d B e ar th e m a ll yo u r lif e for to t ak e r e v e n ge is n o t
“
, ,
B
18 HI S T OR Y or TH E S IK H S .
th e r e li gio n of th e g oo d ; m or e o v e r r e m e m b e r th at th e r e is 11 0 ,
p e n an c e e q u al to p ati e n c e a n d th e r e is 11 0 h ppi n e s s e qu al to for

,
a
b e ar an c e a n d n o s in g r e at e r th an c o v e to u s n e s s an d n o d u ty g r e at e r
, ,
”
th an m e rcy an d n o w e apo n b e tt e r th an cl e me n cy On h e ar in g th i s
,
.
,
al l h is d i s ci pl s b e c a m e q u i t
e A m a d as a l s o w a s n o t v e ry l e a r n
e . r
e d o r l i t e r a t e b u t w a s e n t i r e ly t ak e n u p w ith t h e w or s h ip of th e
,
S u pr e m e G o d T h e A n an d B an i (t h e s o n g of j oy ) w h ich is
.
,
writt e n in t h e G r an th an d w h ic h al l g oo d d i s ci pl e s co mm itti n g
, ,
to m e m o ry co n ti n u ally s i n g w as co m po s e d by h im b u t e xc e pt
, , ,
i t h e co m po s e d n o oth e r s o n g T h e v e ry l ar g e b ao l if wh ich 24
.
is in G o b in d w al w a s b u il t by h im ; th e y s ay w ho e v e r s it s o n
, ,
e v e ry o n e of it s e i g h ty fo u r s t e p s a n d b a th e s a t th e m a n d s h a ll
-
, ,
a t e ach s t e p r e p e a t in f u l l t h e
, J ap ji S ah ib h e wil l b e fr e e d ,
fro m p as s i n g th r o u g h t h e birth s an d d e a th s of th e e i gh ty fo u r -
l ak h s of li v i n g th i n g s an d w i l l g o to h e a v e n
25
.
A t th a t b a ol i e v e ry y e a r a l ar g e f ai r t ak e s pl ac e an d m an y
, , ,
p e opl e r e cit e th e J a pji S ah ib in f u l l in th at w ay a t it s s t e p s

-
.
A m ar das h a v i n g b e s to w e d s a l v a tio n 0 11 m an y p e opl e at l as t

, , ,
i n t h e y e a r 1 63 1 B B 120 t h e y e a r 1 5 74 A D r e ach e d h is f u l l
,
. . .
,
a e an d a ft e r h im G u ru R a m D a b e a to p e rfor m t h e
g ,
s
g n
b u s i ne s s of G u ru s hip .
V R E SE S .
On e tr e tch e s o n e s fe e t fo r two d ay s in thi s world

s
’
,
An d a t l a s t d e p art s s i l e n tly th i s w orl d is a lto g e th e r f al s e .
34 A b a o i isl a ve ry la r ge we ll w it h s te p s l e ad in g d o w n t o it .
95
T h e t ot a l numb e r of l iv ing spi rit s is s aid to b e
CH A PTER IV .
Th e Cir c w n s tmz c e s o
f Ga r d R cim D d s .
itam D as w as a S o d / 1 ? K h a t ri
“
,
a n i n h a bi t a n t o f t h e v ill ag e
C a l l e d G u r l i c h a kk , a n d in h is v e ry e a rly y e a rs c a m e to G o b in d w a l,
an d l i v e d in t h e h o u s e o f h is m o th e r s f a m i ly ’
Th e .
m e m b e r s o f h is mo th e r s f a m ily w e r e v e ry p o o r , a n d h e
'
u s e d a l w ay s to s e l l t h u s g o t t h e m e a n s fo r
2
h an d
g u n
g g an i ,
t h e i r a n d h is o w n l i v e l i h oo d Thi s is t h e occ u rr e n c e o f o u e
.
,
d ay ; h e w a s s e at e d n e a r t h e d oo r o f B ab a A m a r d es h o u s e
’
s e ll i n g c h u n gg a n i, w h e n s u d d e n l y B ab a A m ar d as c a l l e d h is
pri e s t an d s a i d , O holy S i r m y d a u g ht e r is n o w g r o w n u p do
“
ou o a n d s e a rch fo r a g o o d fa m ily an d a h u s b a nd f h er ,
y g ”
or
a n d pr a y g e t h e r b e tro t h e d . Wh e n t h e pri e s t w a s a b o u t to s e t
forth , th e n t h e w i f e o f t h e G u ru s a i d , Th a t b o y , w h o s e ll s
’
h un a n i , is a l ad o f e q u al a e w ith h e r d o ou e t h im for
g gg g y g
m y d a u ght e r , fo r m y d a u g ht e r is t h e s a m e ag e A t th a t t i m e
”
.
G u ru A m ar d as s ai d to h i m s e l f N o w m y d a u g h t e r h as b e co me
,
( t h e w if e
) of thi s yo un
g l ad , for it is t h e r e l i io n o f t h e K h a t i is th a t
g
t h e p u rp o s e , w h i c h fi r s t co m e s i n t o t h e h e art , th a t y o u o u g ht to
a c co m pli s h H a v i n g th u s r e fl e c t e d , h e c al l e d th at l ad an d
”
.
as k e d h im , O d e a r b o y ! w h o m ay s t th o u b e H e r e pl i e d ,
“
[ a m a S o d h i K h atr i A m ar d as , o n h e a ri n g thi s , th a n k e d th e
”
.
S u pr e m e B e i n g, s ayi n g , P
r a i s e d a r t T ho u O o r d ! th a t T ho u
, L
h as t h ad r e s p e c t for m y v o w fo r if thi s l ad h a d n o t b e e n a K h at ri ,
,
th e n my co m p a n i o n s w o u l d h a v e r e pro a ch e d m e m u ch for gi v i n g
m y d au g h t e r to h im I mm e di a t e ly , h e pl a c e d th e b e troth al
”
.
g ift s i n the l ap of th at l ad , an d a ft e r a fe w d ay s , h a v i n g
m arri e d h e r , R am D as too k th at g i rl t o h is o w n ho m e in G u ru
c h ak k .O n o n e occ a s io n , th a t g i rl to g e th e r w i th h e r h u s b a n d , R am
,
D as , c a m e to h e r fa th e r a n d as a l l t h e o th e r d i s cipl e s a n d a tt e n d
a n t s w e r e d o i n g s e r v ic e to t h e G u ru , s h e al s o , r e g a r d i n g h im
a s t h e tr u e G u r u , b e g a n to p e rfor m h is s e r v ic e a n d d o a tt e n d an c e .
O n e day it th u s h a pp e n e d th a t , a s h e r f a th e r w as s e at e d 0 11 a s q u ar e
w ood e n s to o l b athi n g , a n d thi s g i rl w as po u ri n g W a t e r o v e r h is
bo d y , a n ai l in t h e s tool r a n i n to h e r fo o t ; b u t s h e , thi n k
in g t h a t if s h e lift e d h e r foo t , h e r f ath e r , s e e i n g t h e blood w o u l d .
for e go b at h i n g, d id n o t lift h e r fo ot e d th e 11 11 1 1 W h e n t h e .
6
S e e n ote 3 .
27
G h u n gg a n i is g r a in o f a n v k in d b o i le d w ho l e ,
and t h e n d ip p e d in lt
sa ,
p e ppe r
,
O il a
. n d o t h e r
s e a s o n in g s .
20 H I S T O RY o r 1 11 11 s um s
1
.
bloo d r e a ch e d d o w n to b e lo w th e s tool th e n t h e G u ru s ai d , ,
”
D a u g h t e r w h e n c e h a s t h e bl o o d co m e P
,
T h e d au g h t e r wh o ,
d id n o t t hi n k i t ri g h t to t e l l a n u n tr u th 0 11 h e r f a th e r e n q u iri n g ,
s e v e r a l ti m e s tol d h im t h e w hol e tr u th G u ru A m ar d as 0 11
,
.
,
h e a ri n g i t e m b r c e d h is d au g h t e r n d s ai d I h a v e g o t n ot h i n g
,
a ,
a ,
e l s e w i th m e a t thi s ti m e b u t g o fr o m to d ay I h a v e b e s t o w e d
.
, ,
-
o n y o u t h e b a d g e o f G u ru s h i p T h e d au g h t e r j oi n i n g h e r ”
.
,
h an d s p e titio n e d 0 tr ue G u ru O m y f a th r ! d o y o u gi v e thi s
, , ,
e
”
b ad ge to m y h u s b an d T h e G u ru t h e r e an d th e n b e for e al l .
,
,
t h e d i s cipl e s pl a c e d th e fi v e pic e an d a c o co an u t b e for e h e r

,
h s b a n d R am D as a n d m ak i n g ob e i s a n c e to h im s aid
u , ,
To d ay ,
-
I b e s to w t h e b ad ge of G u ru s h ip 0 1 R am D as ; l e t tho s e wh o ar e 1
m y d i s ci p l e s loo k o n h im a s th e ir G u ru Th e n h av i n g g i v e n ”
,
.
,
R am D as ad v ic e in t h e n am e of t h e VVe h G u r u h e t au ght h im al l
’
i
,
t h e rit e s n d c u s to m s an d by h is k i n d n e s s s e t h im 0 11 t h e r o ad of
a
,
r e li gio n A ft e r t h e d e ath of A m ard es G u ru R am D as b e g an

.
,
to li v e a t h is h o m e in G u r uc h ak k an d al l t h e S i k h s u s e d to co m e ,
th e r e an d al l t h e a s s e m b l y l o k e d o n G u r uc h a kk as t h e ab od e o f
,
o
th e G u ru T hi s R am D as b e c a m e a g oo d ho l y m an an d h a v i n g
.
, ,
obt ai n e d t h e gr e at n e s s of: G u ru s h i p s til l e v e n d id n o t b e co m e ,
p 1 0 nd H i.s d i s po s itio n w as v ry g e n tl e a n d h e u s e d a l w ay s e , ,
a r e e a bly to t h e c u s to m of B ab a N a n ak to p l a c e h is t ho u g ht s
g ,
o n th e S u pr e m e Be i n g O n c e in a c e rt ai n pl a c e h e m e t w i t h .
, ,
G u ru S iri C h an d w h o w as t h e s o n o f B ab a N an ak ; an d S ir i
,
Ch an d s e e i n g th a t h is b e a rd w as v e ry lo n g a s k e d
,
O R am D as , ,
why h a v e y o u l e t yo u r b e ar d g ro w s o lo n g R am D as gav e r e ply ,
I h v e l e t it g ro w t o w ip e o ff t h e d u s t o f yo u r fe e t w ith
a
,
”
On .
h e ari n g th i s S iri C h an d s a id , B roth e r ! y o u p e opl e h av i n g ,

“
,
S po k e n s u ch w ord s of l o v e a n d d e v oti o n h a v e o b t a i n e d t h e b d e
g ,
a
of G u ru s h i p an d w e w h o ar e s o n s by r e as o n of p ri d e h av e b e e n
, , , ,
”
d e p ri v e d of it .
I n s hort G u ru R am D as w a s a v e ry good p e r s o n an d h a v i n g ,
ob t a i n d g r e at n e s s d id n o t b e co m e p ro u d Thi s v e ry B ab a R am
e , .
D as h av i n g di s co v e r e d a n o l d t an k in G u r u h ak k c a ll e d it s n a me
,
c ,
A n m r it s a r a n d in t h e c e n tr e b u il t a pl ac e of ch a n ti n g an d c al l e d
, ,
it s n am e H a m an d ir ji (T e m p l e o f G od )
r th e n o n a cco u n t of th a t ,
t an k t h e n am e o f G u r uc h ak k w as ch an g e d to S i r i A n m r it s ar
, .
T hi s G u ru R am D as a l o c o m p o s e d m an y s o n gs th e n h av s
,
in g g i v e n o v e r t h e G u ru s hi p to h is o w n s o n A rj an h e m arch e d ,
f ro m t h e w orl d in t h e y e a r 1 6 8 8 th e y e a r l fi A D . .
CO U PL E T 5
C
. b
Thi s orl d is a d r e am of th e n i gh t w h i c h i mm e di at e l y
w , , on
y
o ur
S e e i n g i t p a s s e s a w ay ; ,
Good an d b ad al l w i ll go n o n e wil l e s c ap e ,
-
,
—
CH A P TE R V .
T h e Ci r c u ms ta n ce s
’
o f Gu mt A rj a n .
A rj an fro m h is c h i ld h ood a l w ay s ob e y e d th e co mm an d s
, ,
of h is fath e r an d fi x e d h is th o u g ht s 0 11 t h e w or s h ip of t h e
,
S up r e m e B e i n g S e e i n g h is g o o d n e s s h is fath e r b e s to w e d o n
.
,
h im t h e G u ru s h i p ac c o r d i n g to fo r m e r rit e s b e for e a l l h is d is
,
-
c i pl e s,
a n d p u bli cl y g a v e h im t h e n am e o f G u ru A rj an S ah ib .
W h e n A rj an aft e r h is f a th e r b e g a n to d i r e ct th e ro a d o f r e l i gio n
, , ,
th e n g r e a t a s s e m bl i e s b e g a n t o c o l l e c t On e d ay al l th e d is .
,
c ip l e s p e titio n e d s ayi n O G u ru ! f ro m h e a ri n g t h e s o n g s“
g
1
, ,
th a t G u ru N an ak u s e d t o s i g o n e s h e art o bt a i s q u i e t a n d n ,
’
n ,
th e d es i r e of w or s h ip i s i n c r e a s e d ; b u t oth e r S o d /
Li 2
(G u ru s )
5
h a v als o co m p o s e d m a n y s o n g s an d v e r s e s to w h i c h t h e y h av e
e ,
'
a pp e n d e d t h e n am e of B ab a fr o m r e ad i n g the m
’
in a m an s h e a rt a h au gh ty s pi rit an d i n t e ll e ct u a l p rid 99
’
,
ar e e
cr e a t e d ; for th i s r e as o n it b e h v e s th a t s o m e m ar k s ho u ld b e ,
o
att a ch e d to t h e s o n g s o f B ab a N an ak t h a t p e opl e m ay b e a ble ,

”
t o di s ti n g u i s h th e m fro m t h e v e r s e s o f oth e r s O h e a ri g t h i s . 11 n
,
G u ru A rj an col l e ct e d fro m v a rio u pl a c e s t h e v e r s e s of B ab a s
N an ak a n d tho s e of t h e o th e r G u ru s (A n gad
,
w ho l ive d ,
a ft e r N a n a k a n d oth e r
,
d e v ot e e s a l s o w h i c h w e r e n o t O p p o s e d ,
to t h e s o n gs o f B ab a N an ak Th s e h e c o ll e ct e d to g e th e r a n d . e
a v e to t h e s crib e Bh ai G u rd a s t o w rit e s o th a t h e m i
g h t tr an
'
g ,
s crib e th e m al l to ge th e r in t h e G u r m u k h i c h ar a c t e r ; an d fo r
thi s r e as o n th at A n gad a n d t h e oth e r G u ru s al s o h ad pl ac e d
,
t h e n a m e o f N an a k to th e ir v e r e s h e th e r e fo r e t h o u gh t it s , , ,
.
w o u l d b e d iffic u l t f o h is d i s c ipl e s t o s e p a r at th e v e r s e s o f N an a k ;
r e
h e a cc o rdi n g ly p u t thi s d i s ti n g u i s hi n g m a r k t o t h o s e v e r s e s w h ic h
w e r e N an a k s m M h al a p ahil a r fi s t h l ah al a (0 G u ru )
’
a r
1
o 1
, , ,
an d t h o s e s o n g s th a t w e r e s u n g b y t h e s e c o n d G u ru th o e.
,
s
h e c al l e d T h e e c o n d M ah a l a s n d in thi s w ay c a l li n g th e m 1
” "
Th e t h i rd M ah al a a n d T h e f o u rth M a h al a h e s e p a r at e d
“ “
al l t h e son s of t h e G u ru s ; a n d th os e s o n s w h i c h he h i ms e l f
g
g
al s o h ad co m po s e d l t h o u g h t h e s e al s o w e r e c a ll e d b y B ab a
,
a
”
N an ak s n a m e h e d e s i g n at e d Th e fi fth M ah al a an d s e p a r a t e d
’
,
“
,
th e m fro m t h r e s t A n d t h e v e r s e s o f K ab i r a n d R am an a n d
e .
an d D h an a Bh aga t a n d N am D e e an d R aid as & c w h ich h e ,

.
,
wr ot e in i t to t h e m b e a ff x e d t h e n am e s of th o s e s e v e r al d e v o t e e s
,
i
,
21" T h i i t h t it l f t h G
s s e wh id
e t K
o ti p e u r ri
’
o res es a ar
-
. r ur .
29 I n st e ad o f h u m i it y l an d a l ow o p i n io n o f o n e s s e
’
lf .
H I S T O RY or nn sur ms .
bloo d r e a ch e d do w n to b e l o w t h e s tool th e n t h e G u ru s a i d , ,
D au g h t e r wh e n c e h as th e b e d co m e
,
T h e d au g h t e r wh o ,
d i d n o t thi n k i t ri g h t to t e l l anu n t r u t h o n h e r f ath e r e n q u i r i n g ,
s e v e r a l ti m e s tol d h im t h e w ol e tr u th G u ru A m ard es o n
,
.
,
h e a ri n g it e m b r a c e d h is d an g l e r an d s ai d I h a v e g o t n o thi n g
, , ,
“
e l s e w i th m e a t thi s ti m e b u go fro m to d ay I h a v e be s t o w e d , ,
-
on
y o u the b ad e
g of G u r us l
p T h e d au h t e r
g j oi n i n
g h er .
”
,
h an d s p e ti tio n e d 0 t r u e G ui O my f a th e r ! d o y o u gi v e thi s
, , ,
”
b ad g e to m y h u s b an d T h e G u r ii th e r e an d th e n b e f o r e al l
.
’
,
,
t h e di s cipl e s pl a c e d th e fi v ep ic e a n d a coco an u t b e fo r e h e r
,
h u s b an d R am D as a n d 111 a lt i1; ob e i s a n c e to h im s aid

, ,
To d ay , ,
-
I b e s tow t h e b ad ge of G u r us l n o n R am D ds ; l e t tho s e w h o ar e '
m y d i s ci p l e s loo k o n h im a s i e i1 G u ru
, T h e n h a v i ng gi ve n 1
.
”
,
R am D as ad v ic e in t h e n am e ( t h e W ah G u ru h e t au g h t h im al l
’
t h e ri t e s n d c u s to m s a n d by is k i n d n e s s s e t h im o n t h e r o ad of
a
,
r e li gi o n A ft e r t h e d e a t h o A m ar d as G u ru R am D es be gan
.
,
t o li v e a t h is h o m e in G u r uc hk k a n d a l l t h e S i k h s u s e d to c o me ,
th e r e an d al l t h e a s s e m b l y l o c e d o n G u 1 1ic h a kk as t h e a b od e o f
,
1
th e G u ru T hi s R am D as b eam e a g ood h o ly m a n an d h v i n g
.
a
, ,
o bt a i n e d t h e
g r e at n e s s o f Gf us h ip s ti l l e v e n did n o t b e co m e ,
p c a d H is d i s po s it io n w as v ry g e n tl e a n d h e u s e d al w ay s
i . e
, ,
a r e e a bly to t h e c u s to m f h b a N in a k to pl a c e h is t h o u ht s
g g
o i ,
o n th e S u p r e m e i c in g O ne in a c e r t ai n p l a c e h e m e t w i t h .
,
G u ru S i ri C h a n d w h o w as te s o n o f B aba N an ak ; an d S i r i
,
Ch an d s e e i n g th a t h is h e a r d as v e r lo n g a k e d
, O R am D ds ! y s
why h v e y o u l e t y o u r h e a rd go w s o lo n g R am D i s ga v e r e ply
, ,
a ?"
a ,
“
I h v ea l e t i t gr o w t o w ip if t h e d u s t o f yo u r f e e t w i t h
,
”
On e .
h e a ri n g th i s S i i (I h an d S d B r o th r ! y o u p eo pl e h a v i ng
,
r t ,
e
,
S po k e n s u ch w or d s o f l o v e a m d e v o t i o n h a v
e o b tai n e d t he b d e
g , a
of G u ru s h i p an d w e w h o a r s o u s by r e as o n o f p ri d e h av e be e n
,
,
r
, ,
”
d e p r i v e d of it .
I n s hort G u ru R am D as va s a v e ry oo d p r s o n an d h a v i n
g e
g ,
ob t ai n d g r e a t n e s s did n o t l c o m e p r o u d Thi s v e ry B é b a R am
e
, .
D as h av i n g d i s c v r e d a n o l ta n k in G u r i i h kk c a l l e d it s n a m
, o e
'
c a
e ,
A n m r its a r a n d in t h c n t e u il t a pl ac e o f c h a n t in e an d c l l e d
e r i
,
g a
.
,
it s n a m e I I a m a n d i j i (T e m s f G od
) t h e n n a cco u n t o f t h a t
‘
r r
p o
,
o
t an k t h e n am e f (j u r uc h a k lw as c h a n g e d t o S i r i A n m r its a r
, o
.
T hi s G u ru B ri m D ds a l c e p o s e d m a n y o n g s ; th e n ha v e ln s
,
in g g i v e n o v e r t h e G u i i h i o h is o w n s o n A rj a n h e m ch d ’
p r
ar e
s
,
fro m t h e w orl d in t h e v e a r 18 8 B B t h e y e a r L5H A D .

. .
o ur L s r .
Thi s worl d d r e am f i h n i g h t wh i c h i m me d i at e l
is a o
y
y , on
Se e in
g i t pa s a wa
y ,
sse
Good and b ad all W il l -

w il l
g i o ii e o 1
-
e s ca e
p
.
,
, .
C HAP R JA N
‘
. V .
-
A CCOU N T) F G U R tJ A .
C H A PT IR V .
T h e Cir c u ms tan c e s Gu ma A rj a n
’
o .
A rj an fro m h is ch i l d h oo d a vay s ob e y e d th e co mm an d s
, ,
of h is fath e r an d fi x e d h is t h m h t s o n t h e w or s h i p of t h e
,
S up re me B e i ng S e e i n g h is g o o o e s s h is fath e r b e s tow e d o n
.
,
h im t h e Gu r ii s h ip accor d i n g to to n e r rit e s b e for e a l l h is dis

’
, ,
c ip l e s
,
a n d p u bli cl y g a v e h im t h e a m e of G u ru A rj a n S ah ib .
W h e n A rj an af t e h is f a th e r b e g an o d i r e ct th e ro a d o f r e l i g io n
,
r , ,
th e n g r e a t a s s e m bl i e s b e g a n to l e ct On e d ay al l t h e d is .
,
c ip l e s p e ti tio n e d s a yi n 0 G u i ! f ro m h e a ri n g t h e s o n g s
“
g , ,
th a t G u ru N an ak u s e d t o s i n g 0 1 s h e ar t obt a i s q u i e t an d ,
’
n ,
t h e d e s i r e of w or hip
s is i cr
n e a s e d; i n t t /
o h e r S o i (G u ru s )
d 28
L
h av e al s o c o m po s e d m a n y s o n gs an v e r s e s to w h i c h th e y h av e ,
ap p e n d e d th e n am e of B ab a N an a an d fro m r e ad i n g th e m , ,
in a m an s h e a r t a h au gh ty s p i rit n d i n t e l l e ct u al p rid e 99
’
, ar e
c r e a t e d fo r th i s r e as o n i t b e h v e t h at s o m e m a r k s ho u ld b e
,
o .
att a ch e d to t h e s o n g s of B ab a N an a t h a t p e opl e m a y b e a b l e ,
to di s ti n g u i s h t h e m fro m t h e v e r s e s oth e r s O n h e a ri g t h i s . n
,
G u ru A rj an coll e ct e d fro m v a ri o u pl a c e s th e v e r s e s o r B ab a .
N an ak a n d tho s e of t h e oth e r G u n (A n gad

,
w ho l i ve d .
a ft e r N a n a k a n d oth e r
,
d e v ot e e s a h w h ic h “ r e n o t O p p o s e d ,
e
to t h e s o n gs of B ab a N an ak T h e s e e col l e ct e d to g e th e r an d . i
a v e to t h e s crib e B h ai G u rd a s t o W il e s o th a t h e m i h t
g tr an
g ,
s c rib e th e m al l to ge th e r in t h e G u mu k h i ch ar act e r ; an d fo r
th i s r e as o n th a t A n gad an d t h e o tl r G u ru s a l s o h a d pl a c e d
,
t h e n a m e of N an a k to
w o u l d b e d ifli c u l
h e a ccord i n g ly p
N an ali
’
s n am e , he d e s i g n at e d
22 HI S T O R Y or
“
ru n s u ms .
bu t h e d i d n e t w rit e in it t h e v e r s e s o f th o s e p e opl e w h o c o m
po s e d v e r s e s a ft e r th e V a idan t r e li g io n a n d o t h e r c r e e d s ,
w h ich w e r e opp o s e d to th e i r w or s hip I n thi s w ay h e coll e c t e d .

,
a ll th e i r s o n g s an d m a d e a b ig bo k ; a n d w h e n th a t boo k w a s o
”
r e ady i ts n a m e w as c all e d th e G r an th S ah ib an d h e pro cl ai m e d
, ,
to a l l t h e S i k h s ( d i s c ipl e s ) O b roth e r S i k h s ! be h old w h at

,
“
,
e v r is in thi s b oo k is
e fi t f o r y o u to ob e y an d w h a t e v e r s o n g s ,
a r e n o t in i t a lth o u h
, g an
y o ne ma
y g i v e th e m o u t in t h e n am e
”
o f N an a k ,
s til l it b e h o v e s y o u n o t to acc e pt th e m M o re ov e r .
,
h e l e ft a f e w p age s bl an k in i t a n d s ai d T h e v e r s e s of t h e “
,
n i n th G u ru w h o s h a l l h e r e a ft e r s u cc e e d m e
,
s h al l b e w ri tt e n in ,
th e s e p ag e s an d th e s o n g s of n o G u ru e x c e p t h im ( th e 9 th
, ,
”
b e e nte r e d A s o n w a s bor n in t h e h o u s e of t h e
.
G u ru A rj an a n d h is n a m e w as c al l e d H ar g o v in d W h e n th e
,
.
child g r e w u p th e n a b arb e r a n d a B r ah m an c am e an d b e troth e d

,
h im t o a d a u g h t e r of Ch an d ii S h ah “ ho w as a s e r v a n t of t h e
’
K i n gs of D e lhi W h e n Ch an d a S h ah h e ar d fro m p e opl e th at h e

.
,
to w h o m h is d au ght e r w a s b e troth e d w a s of th e ch a r act e r of ,
fak ir s an d s u b s i s t e d o n o ff e ri n g s th e n b e c o m i n g v e ry an g ry
, , ,
w ith t h e Br ah m an a n d t h e b ar b e r h e t u r n e d th e m o u t of h is ,
h ous e 30
. W h e n A rj an h e ar d thi s th at th e b a r b e r a n d t h e ,
B r ah m an h ad s u ff e r e d p u n i s h m e n t o n h is ac co u n t th e n h e w rot e ,
th u s to Ch an d a S h ah W e h av e d i s s ol v e d t h e b e troth al of yo u r
.
d au g h t e r d o y o u b e troth h e r in s o m e oth e r pl a c e w e w ill n o t

a cc e pt thi s b e tr o th a l ”
C h an d l S h ah w as m u ch d i s gr ac e d in
.
’
th e e y e s of p e opl e o n acco u n t of th e di s s ol u ti o n o f h is
,
d u gh t e r s b e tro t h al an d fro m t h at d ay b e c am e v e ry h o s til e

a
’
to G u ru A rj an H a v i n g b ro u g h t fa l s e a cc u s atio n s b e for e t h e
.
K i n g h e h a d G u r ti A rj an s u m m o n e d s e v e r a l ti m e s to L ah au r
,
’
a n d i n fl ict e d o n h im m u ch s e rio u s an n o y a n c e ; b u t G u ru A rj an
a l w ay s loo k e d o n th o s e aff licti o n s a s t h e d e cr e e of G o d an d n e v e r ,
b e c am e d e p e s s e d ; an d th i n k i n g th u s I f s u ch h e t h e w i ll o f
r
,
“
t h e S u pr e m e B e i n g t ow a r d s m e ( s o l e t it h e a lw ay s r e
'
m ai n e d h appy On e day th a t s i n n e r i n s tr u ct e d t h e K i n g th u s
.
, ,
“
D o y o u c al l th a t fak i r w h o is a n u n b e l i e v e r in th e (S h ar a)
,
M u h am m a d a n l aw an d ty i n g h im in a aw hi d e w h ich is a n
, ,
r
,
a b o m i n a tio n to H i n d u s b u r n h im W h e n t h e h id e was ”
.
,
b ro u gh t b e for e t h e G u ru th e n t h e G u ru s aid H av i n g b ath e d , ,

“
in t h e R a v i I w il l b e r e ady to d ie b u t I c a nn ot ag r e e to d ie
, ,
”
wi tho u t b athi n g ; a ft e r w a r d s y o u m ay d o w h at e v e r y o u li k e .
Th e k i n g o n h e a ri n g thi s h is s p e e ch of h e l pl e s s n e s s coo l e d
, ,
do w n a l ittl e an d co mm an d e d
,
L e t h im b a th e On t h i s ,
“
.
’
A rj an too k a l e a p i n to t h e l t av i an d d i s app e ar e d in it ; p e opl e ,
s e a rch e d m u ch for h is corp s e s til l it d id n o t co m e to h an d ,

.
i . e .
, ou t o f h is f am ily e m p oy m e n t l .
a ru m — a c c o un r c m e nnuin
t
UA N .
W h e n h e h ad th u s g i v e n u p th i s l if e th e n i t b e c a m e r e port e d
,
am o n g t h e p e opl e th a t th e G u r t h ad d ro w n e d h im s e l f in th e
’
R a v i b e c au s e h e w as to b e b u r n e d in a r aw hi d e H e h ad .
,
prior to thi s b e s to w e d th e s e a t of G u ru s hi p o n h is y o u n g s o n
, ,
H a r g o v in d w h o w as v e ry o be di e n t an d a w or s hi pp e r of t h e
, ,
S u pr e m e B e i n g A ft e r w a r d s o n a cco u n t o f t h e e n m ity of
.
,
C h an d a S h ah h e d e part e d thi s l ife in t h e R av i n e ar L ah au r in

,
th e y e a r 1 6 63 B B t e th e y e a r 1 6 0 6 A D
'
.
, .
,
. .
COU P L E T .
Be one
g r e a t v e ry holy
, go od r e s p e ct a b l e ri c h or po o r
, , ,
.
D e ath o v e rco m e s al l ; th e r e for e pr e s e r v e t h e w or s hi p of

G o d i n yo u r m in d .
24 H I S T OR Y o r THE S IKHS .
CH A PTE R VI .
Th e Cir c u ms ta n c e s f
o G a r d H a rgovin d .
He , fro m
h is v e ry childhood , al w ay s ob e y e d th e co m man d o t
h is fath e r a n d 1 e m ain e d d oi n g s e i v ic e a n d h o m a ge to h im .
L al l a P h
irt i M al , w h o “ as h is u n cl e , f 1 o m th e d e s ir e of g e tti n g
i
.
th e s e a t of G u1 n s hip , u s e d to b e a 1 i i u c h h at 1 e d to w a rd s h i m in
h is i n m o s t h e a1 t O n e d ay G u t u A 1 j an s ai d t o P i rthi M al ,
.
O brot h e r l f o r a bo u t s ix m o n th s I h av e b u s i n e s s ; d o t h e n g o
’
an d r e m a i n in ah a u r
”
L P
irth i M al , th i n k i n g th a t p e rh ap s ,
.
a ft e r h e w e n t , t h e s e at of G u ru s h ip m i gh t b e i v e n t o H ar o v in d ,
g g
did n o t ag r e e to g o to ah au r L
H e (A rj a n ) th e n s ai d to
.
H a r g o v in d , S o n ! d o tho u g o an d r e m a i n ab o u t s ix m o n th s in
L ah a u r
”
. H e r e pl i e d , “
S ir ! v e ry w e l l ; an d , h av i n g m a d e
”
h is ob e i s an c e , w e n t to ah a u r L
W h e n h e h a d p as s e d s ix m o n th s
.
t h e r e , th e n h e th u s w rot e to h is f a th e r f it b e yo u r co m m an d , . I .
th e n I w ill co m e an d S e e y o u W h e n th a t l e tt e r a i r iv e d i n
A n m 1 it s a 1 , th e n P1 1 t h i M al d id n o t a llo w it to r e a ch t h e G u r u , b u t,
h avi n g r e ad it , k e pt it h i m s e l f I n thi s w ay , h e W 1 ot e an d s e n t
.
P
fi v e oth e r l e tt e r s , b u t i rth i M al d id n o t s h e w th e m to h is f a th e r
th e n , w ri ti n g a s e v e n th l e tt e r w i th m u ch aff e ctio n , h e s e n t i t ,
an d in it w rot e th u s , “
O fa th e r ! w h a t d i s ob e d i e n c e h av e I
co mm itt e d th at y o u d o n o t c al l m e to s e e y ou or s e n d an
, ,
a n s w e r to m y l e tt e r s ; as I g r e atly d e s ir e to s e e y ou do y o u ,
h a v e co m p as s io n o n m e an d c a ll m e T h e s e v e r s e s w hi c h w e r e
.
”
W it t e n i n th a t l e tt e 1 a1 e c all e d t h e H a ia r e S ah d Th at
“
i .
l e tt e r b y s o m e m e a n s r e ach e d h is f ath e r s h an d s W h e n h is
, ,
’
.
f at h e 1 h a d r e a d t h e aff e ctio n at e w 0 d s an d h a d d i s co v e r e d th at
1 ,
b e for e th i s s ix of h is l e tt e r s h ad n o t r e a ch e d h im th e n h e as k e d
, ,
P i rth i M al w h a t w as t h e r e a s o n of thi s A t fir s t h e d e n i e d .
m u ch (kn o w i n g an yth i n g abo u t i t ) b u t a ft e r w ard s h e a d m itt e d

, ,
O G u ru ! I d id n o t l t t h e l e tt e r s r e ach y o u
e T h e G u ru t ak i n g .
”
,
th e l e tt e r s c a l l e d H ar g o v in d fro m L ah a u r an d a lth o u gh P irth i

, ,
M al e xpo s t u l at e d a n d s a i d m u ch s til l h b e s to w e d t h e s e a t of
,
e
G u ru s hi p b e for e al l t h e p e opl e a ccor d i n g to for m er rit e s o n

, , ,
H a g o v in d
r W h e n al l t h e a s s e m b l a g e h a d m a d e th e ir o b e i s an c e
.
to H ar go v in d th e n P irth i M al b e c am e v e ry e n v io u s O ne
,
.
d ay h e d e v i s e d th i s pl an mi n h e w o u l d go to Oh an dfi S h ah w h o
,
e
, ,
w a s h is f a th e r s e n e m y a n d m ak e h im v e ry a n g ry w i t h h im
’
( H ar g o v in d ) in t h e h O p e th a t b e h av i n g k il l e d h im w o u l d t ak e
, , ,
a n d b e s to w t h e s e a t o n h i m s e l f H a v i n g th u s d e v i s e d h e w e n t
.
,
to D e lhi an d th u s S ai d to Oh an d d S h ah H a r g o v in d t h e s o n of , ,
C H A P VI . .
- A C C O UN T o r G U R fJ H A R G O V I N D .
G u ru A rj an i nt e n d s bri n gi n g an ar my of h is S i k h fol lo w e r s an d
,
att ac k i n g y o u an d d e s ir e s to t a k e his f ath e r s r e v e n g e ; w h a t

’
,
e v e r y o u c an d o d e v i s e a t o n c e for a ft e r w a rd s y ou w i ll n o t
, , , ,
”
b e abl e to d o a n yth i n Ch a n d a S h ah o n h e a ri n g th i s b e g .
, ,
c am e bitt e r in h is h e a rt an d fro m th a t d ay b e g an to d e v i s e pl an s ,
for s e i z i n g h im On e day h e s aid to t h e as trol o ge r s D o y o u

.
, ,
“
‘
c au s e do u bt t o ari s e in t h e k i n g s m i n d an d s ay to h im Th e r e ’
, ,
is s o m e d a n g e r to th e e an d th e s e d ay s a r e h e av y fo r th e e 31
,
if
G u ru H ar g o v in d w h o is o f th e s e ct o f N an ak s h al l co m e ,
”
a n d p e r fo r m s o m e h o m ag e to th e e th o u s h a l t o bt a i n e a s e ,
.
T h e Pan d at s w e n t an d s ai d th u s to t h e k i n g F o r a mo n th .
,
a n d a q u rt e r i t w i ll b e an x io u s ti m e s fo r t h e e b u t if G u ru
a , ,
”
H a r g o v in d s h a l l co m e th e n l l thy tro u bl e s s h a l l b e r e m o v e d a .
Th e k i n g h a v i n g s e n t an d c a ll e d th e G u ru fro m A n m r it s ar s a i d
, ,
to h im D o y o u s it for forty d ay s in t h e pri s o n h o u s e a n d o ff e r

, ,
u
p p r ay e r s for m e T h e G u ru 0 1 h a ri n
g th i
. s w a s m u ch d is ,
1 e ,
tr e s s e d b u t a ft e r w a r d s r e g a r d i n g i t as t h e d e cr e e o f t h e C r e a tor
, , ,
w e n t w i th thr e e S i k h s an d r e m i n e d in t h e p ri s o n ho u s e ,
Some a .
p e opl e a l s o s ay th u s th a t h e w as s e n t to t h e fort of G u al iar to ,
off e r p r ay e r s l f o r t h e k i n g ) n d w h at e v e r c a s h an d f o od a n d ,
a
,
cloth e s t h e k i n g u s e d to s e n d th e s e h e u s e d to d i s trib u t e to t h e ,
pri s o n e r s ; a n d w h t e v e r t h e thr e e S i kh s u s e d t o bri n g fro m

a
t h e ir l abo u r s in th e ci ty th at th e y u s e d to e a t W h e n t h e forty ,
.
d ay s h a d p as e d th e n a S i kh n am e d B idh i C h a n d w h o s e d to
s
, ,
u
r e m ai n w it h G u r u H a g o v in d a s s u m i n g t h e d i s g u i s e of a phy s i r ,
o b t ai n e d in t e v ie w w i t h t h e k i n g a n d s a i d Th a t “
c ian ,
an 1 , ,
H a g o v in d w h o m y o u c a ll e d f o m t h e Pa 1ab a n d k e pt li k e a
1 ,
r 11 ,
ri sone i i n th e jai l f 0 1 t h e s a k e of ou o bt i n i n e as e h e 18 a
p y g 1 a
,
v e ry go o d an d h oly m an an d th e b e l o v e d of t h e S u p e m e B e i n g ,
1
q u ic k ly g i v e h im h is dis c h a g e th o s e p e opl e w h o d e l iv e 1 e d h im 1 ,
”
o v e r t y o u a e h is e n e m i e s
o
,
1 T h e k i n g b e li e v i n g w h at h e .
,
s ai d fo r t h w ith c al l e d G u t u H a g o v in d a n d p e titio n e d s ayi n g r ,

, , ,
A g r e a t fau l t h as b e e n co m m itt e d by m e d o y o u for g i v e m e ,

”
O t akir l H a g o v in d s a i d to t h e k i n g r M a y God for g i v e ,
“
a r o v in d h a d by h im a l a r e o s t v al u abl p rl th i
”
y o u . H g g m e a ; s ,
e
h e pr e s e n t e d as an o ffe ri g t o t h e k i n g W h e n t h e k i n g s a w it s n .
s p l e n do u r an d l u s tr e h e w as
g r e a tly pl e as e d an d s a i d ,
O holy s ir I , ,
“
if an oth e r li k e th i s co u l d b e f u n d th e n i t w o u l d b e a v e ry g ood o ,
”
th i n g T h G u ru s a i d
. Th e r e w as a v e ry v a l u ab l e ro s ary
e ,
“
w ith o n e h u n dr e d an d e i g h t s i m il ar p e arl s in i t w h ich m y ,
f ath e r G u ru A rj an u s e d to w ar ro u n d h is n e c k an d
, ,
e :
i t is n e w in th e po s s e s s i o n of yo u r m i n i s t e r Ch an d a S h ah ; ,
”
y o u c a n tak e as m an y p e arl s f o m i t a s y o u pl e as e Th e r .
k i n g o n h e a ri n g thi s w as a s to n i s h e d an d as k e d
, H ow , , ,
“
d id C h an du S h ah t ak e th e m fro m yo u r f a th e r ? Th e G u ru h is
”
,
t . e .
, i t is an an x io us t im e f o r t h e e .
26 n i s r o nr o r T H E s u
'
ms .
e y e s b e i n g fill e d w ith t h e w a t e r ( of h is t e ar s ) an d h e av i n g a d e e p ,
s i gh ,
r e l at e d al l th at h ad occ u rr e d fro m t h e d ay o f t h e b r e ak i n g off
of th e b e troth a l to th e ti m e th at Ch an d a S h ah g av e affl ictio n to
,
G u u A rj an in L ah a u r a n d a d d e d
r W h e n m y f a th e r b e i n g
, , ,
a ffl ict e d a t h is h an d s d ie d in L ah u r th e n h e too k t h whol e

,
a
,
e
”
n e c k l a c e o ff h is n ck T h e k i n g o n h e ari n g th i s b e c am e v e ry
e .
, ,
a n g ry a n d s aid A l as ! al a s ! my m i n i s t e r h as co mm itt e d g r e at
“
, ,
i nj u s tic e to w a rd s th e s e f ak i r s W h e n h e b e ga n to as k oth e r .
”
p e opl e al s o for a co n fi r m a tio n of th i s s p e e ch th e n th y al l s a id ,

e
th a t t h e i n fo r m a tio n w a s tr u e an d s o m e ad d e d thi s al s o ,
Th a t , ,
o n t h e pr e s e n t occ s io n a l s o w h e n h e (H ar go vin d) w as c all e d

a
,
fro m th e Pa nj ab an d m ad e o v e r to y ou 0 11 s o m e pr e t e n c e thi s
, ,
”
al s o ,
h e (Ch an d a S h ah ) di d fro m h is o ld e n m i ty Th e K i n g .
,
on h e a ri n g t hi s b e c am e s till m or e a n g ry ; m or e o v e r th e r e an d
, ,
th e n s e n d i n g for Ch an da S h ah h e mad e h im o v e r to t h e G u ru
, , ,
s ay i n g T ak e h im h e i s y o u r p r is o n e r ; t ak e wh at e v e r r e v e n ge
,
o u w i s h an d i f y o u c an g e t yo u r n e c k l a c e too w h ich is i n h is
y ,
”
,
p o s se s s io n t ak e i t al s o fro m h im
,
.
G u ru H ar g o vin d t ak i n g Oh an d u S h ah w i th h im s e t o u t
, ,
fro m D ill i an d w h e n h e arri v e d at A nm r its ar h e th e n b e gan to
, , ,
g i v e h i m p un i s h me n t I n s hort th ey use d
. to p u t rop e s ,
ro u n d h is f e e t an d d r ag h im d ai ly ro u n d th e b az ar s of A n m
,
a
r it s ar an d L a h au r ; an d in th e s am e w ay as h e u s e d to m ak e
G u r ti A rj an s it o n h o t i ro n g irdl e s a n d h o t s an d an d g i v e h im
’
aff l ictio n s o a l s o d i d H ar g o v in d afil ic t h im ( Ch an d a S h a

,
h) A t .
l as t o n e d ay h e d i e d as h e w as b e i n g d r gge d a bo u t t h e
, ,
a
b az aar s A ft e r th i s m an y oth e r M u s al m an s for m e d h atr e d

.
,
t o G u ru H ar go v in d an d h e b e i n
g a,
l w a y s s n e e r e d at,
by e v e ry
o n e u s e d t o w an d e r ab o u t q u ar r e l l i n g an d fi g h ti n wi t h th e m
, g .
T hi s v e ry H ar g o v in d fo u n d e d S iri H ar g o v i n dp u r wh i ch is ,
s it u a t e d o n t h e b an k s of th e ri v e r W ias a ; in s hort at t h e
32
,
ti me of fo u n di n g i t al s o th e G u r ti h ad a g r e a t fi g h t with ,
’
a c e rt a i n P a th a n bu t at l a s t th e G u ru g e tti n g th e v i ctory o v e r
, ,
h im l a i d t h e fo u n da tio n of th at ci ty
,
H e al w ay s r e m a i n e d .
.
e n g a ge d in q u a rr e l s a n d n e v e r co m po s e d an y s o n gs
, He r e .
m ai n e d v e ry fi r m in t h e b u s i n e s s of t h e G u ru s h ip an d if an y , ,
S i k h s c am e to h im h e u s e d to g i v e th e m a d v ic e an d d ir e ct th e m
, ,
on th e ro a d of r e li gio n h e g av e p u ri fi c a tio n (fro m th e i r s i n s )

to th e p e opl e of m an y pl ac e s a ccord i n g ly h is fol low e r s an d dis
c ip l es li v e d in G u al ia r an d A g r a an d Ooj ain an d G uj r at an d
'
, , , ,
in B an gal a l s o I t a pp e ar s fro m m an y of h is word s th at h e

.
,
hi m s e l f v i s it e d oth e r co u n tri e s a l s o l t is s ai d th at in K a rt arp u r .

,
a l s o h e h ad a g r e a t fi ht with a P a th a n T h e circ u m s t an c e s o f
, g . .
th a t fi g h t ar e th u s a Pat h én n am e d P ai n d e K h an u s e d to l iv e , ,
32
Th e Be e s .
c n ae . VI .
—
A C C O UN T o r (3 11 11 13 H A R G O V I N D .
in t h e t e n t of th e G u ru O n e d ay a c e rt a i n S i k h bro u g h t an d .
,
pl ac e d a s w o rd a h w k a n d s m e v e ry h an d s o m e cloth e s as an
,
a ,
o ,
o ff e ri n b e for e t h e G u r ti as P a i n d e K h n w as s e a t e d n e a r h im
’
g ,
a
1t t h e t i m e t h e G a r fi g a v e a l l tho s e thi n g s to h im
, a n d s a id , ,
"W h e n o u c m e to m e d o
y o
y o u c o m e h a v i n g a d or n e d y o u r s e l f
, ,
w i th th e s e thi n g s Th e n h e t a k i n g th e s e th i n gs w e n t to h is
.
, ,
ho u s e n d g a v e a ll th o s e a rti cl e s t o h is s n ia l a w Th e G u r fi
,
a o - -
.
,
on r e c i v i n g thi s i n fo 1 ma tio n a s k e d h im
e W h y h av e y o u , ,
g i ve n l l th e s thi n g s to s o m e o n e e l s e H e d e n i d i t b e fo r e
‘
a e
9 e
.
t h e G u ru s y i ng I h v e th e m a l l a n d h a v e g i v e n th e m to n o
“
,
a a
,
Th e G n a fo t h w i t h s e n t a S i k h l l th e s e th i n g s
”
one . i r n d h ad ,
a a
b ro u g h t fr o m t h e h o u s e o f h is s o n ia l a w n d :aid t o h im ,
a
,
O Pai n d e K h an 1 0 1 h v e t o ld a n u n t u t h b e f o e t h e G u r u 1
a 1 1
no w
y ou a e no t rfi t to 1 e 1n a 1 h e 1e O 1 h e a ri n
g th i s t h e 11 .
”
1 ,
S i k h s ga v e h im a p us h a n d b e ati n g h im w e l l1 t n n e d h im o u t s id e
, , ,
i .
P i n de K h an w e n t to L ah a u r a n d m ad e a co m pl a i n t o f h is
a
,
h a v i n g b e e n b e a t e an d bri n g i n g s o m e o f t h e k i n g s a r m y w i th
n ,
’
h im c a m e a n d bloc k a d e d h im in K a rt ar p u r
,
A s at th a t ti m e .
, ,
th e r e w as a l a r g e a s s e m b l y w ith t h e G uru al s o th e y c o m m e n c e d ,
to fi g h t w i t h t h e k i n g s a m a n d m a n y b r a v e m e n of both ’
r v,
s ide s w e e k il l e d th e r e b u t a t l as t G u m H a go in d h av i ng
r , , ,
1 v
,
k ill e d P ai n d e K h an ob t a i n e d t h e v ic t0 y in b attl e A ga i n in
,
1 .
,
t h e S a m e w ay o n c e a t L ih a m t h e e w a s a fi g ht w i th t h e G u t ii
’
i 1
, , , 23 ,
b e c a u s h e s e iz e d s o m e of th e k i g s h o r s e s m L ab :11
e I n s ho 1 t n
’
1 1 .
,
t h e G u n i i n h is l if e ti m e o bt a i n e d l ittl e r e po s e fro m fi g h ti n g a n d
,
-
q u a rr e l s ; a t l a s t l e a v i n g h is o w n ho m e h e c am e an d s topp e d
, ,
w i th h is s o n n am e d,
G u r d itt a w h o l i v e d i n K ir a tp u r in t h e
.
, ,
h o u s e of B aba B u d h a a n d a ft e r s o m e ti m g a v e th e b ad ge of , ,
e
,
G u ru s h i p to h is g r n d s o n l i a r ai a n d th e n in t h e y e a r 1 6 95 t e
a r , ,
. .
,
t h e y e ar 1 6 3 8 A D h e th e r e l e ft thi s bo dy
. .
,
.
Ve s s ns .
M an y p e r s o n s h v e co m e i n to thi s w orld an d s o u n d e d a
,
th e i r d r u m s ; 33
A ll t h e w orld is a f u l l bo a t n o o n e h as b e e n abl e ,
t o s top i n it 3 .
4
33
Of r oy a t y , i e l
h a e b e e n k in g s . . v .
T h a t i s t o s ay , it is ik e a b o a t w h ic h , w h e n l
e d , e i os s e s o e fi ll v r an d
r
t h e p as s e n g e 1 s a l l d is e m b a k , p e o p l e c o m e in t o t h is w o 1 d a n d i e t h e ii l lv
,
( l ay ,
a n d t h e n d e p ai t o u t o f it .
28 H I S T OR Y o r THE s u ms .
CH A PT E R V I I .
T h e Cir c u ms tan ce s f Gu mc H a mm
’
o .
G l l l fi Har g o v in d h a d fi v e s o n s ; th e n am e o f th e fi r s t w a s
'
G u r d itt a, w h o m p e o pl e n o w c al l B ab a G u rd i tt a , an d th e n a m e of
t h e s e co n d w as A t al l, w h o is n o w k n o w n a s B ab a A ta l l ; t h e n a m e
of t h e thir d w a s Te g B ah ad u r , wh o is r e c k o n e d as t h e n i n th
G u ru ; th e n am e of th e fo u rth w as A n i l l ai a n d t h e nam e of t h e
fifth S ii r at M a l F o u r of th e s e u s e d a l w ay s to l i v e fo r th e i r o w n
’
co m fort an d p l e as u r e , b u t th e fifth , T e g B a h ad u r , fro m h is v e ry

chil d h o o d e v e n , w as fa s ci n a t e d w ith t h e wor s hi p o f Go d , an d
u s e d to t ak e n o th o u g h t fo r t h e e as e or co m for t of h is o w n bo d y .
W h e n t h e fo u r g r e w u p , th e y al w ay s h a d thi s tho u g ht in th e i r
h e art s , W i l l m y f a th e r g i v e t h e s e at of G u ru s hip to m e
“
M or e o v e r, t h e fo u r w e r e n o t a b l e to loo k at e ach oth e r by r e as o n of

t h e d e s ir e for th a t s e at G u ru H ar g o v in d a l s o u s e d c o n ti n u al ly
.
to r e fl e c t To w ho m s h al l I g i v e th e G u ru s hi p fo r t h e fo u r
a pp e a r e d to t h e G u ru to b e v e ry g r e e dy an d co v e to u s for i t . All
th e S i k h s a l s o , s e at e d t o g e th e r , u s e d to r e fl e c t in th e ir h e a rt s ,
T e g B a h ad u r , w h o is t h e ri g htf u l po s s e s s or an d w orthy of t h e
G u ru s hi p , al w ay s s it s q u i e tly ap ar t li k e a ma d m an , an d
h a s 11 0 c a r e for an y th i n g ; an d th e oth e r fo u r s o n s of t h e G u ru
r e m a i n fi g hti n g with e a c h o th e r ; l e t u s s e e who m t h e G u ru
”
wi l l s e a t o n th e thro n e of t h e G u r u s hi p . Thi s is wh at occ u rr e d
o n e d ay . Guru H a r go v in d w as s top p i n g at K ir atpu r , w hich is
n e a r A n an dp u r ; h is oth e r s o n s an d a n u m b e r of p e opl e w e r e
al s o a s s e m bl e d th e r e . I n t h e m e an w hil e H a rr ai , t h e s on of
,
B aba Gu rd itt a , w h o w as th e n m e r e ly a c h il d , p l ay i n g, c am e an d
s at o n t h e l a p o f t h e G u ru H ar g o v in d ; 0 11 th i s t h e G u ru , r e a rd
g
in g h im as h is g r a n d s o n , b e g an to c a r e s s h im ; th e n H a rr ai ,
t a k i n g o ff H ar g o v in d s p ag r i , p u t it o n h is ow n h e ad A s t h e
’
.
G u ru , w h o w a s n o t w e ll pl e as e d w ith h is s o n s , u s e d a l w ay s to b e
th i n k i n g of t h e b e s to wal o f th e s e at , h e , o n s e e i n g thi s , w as v e ry
mu ch d e l i g ht e d , an d s a i d to h i m s e lf ; “
Thi s is a v e ry g oo d
opport u n i ty w hi c h h as co m e to h an d ; w e ll , I wi l l g i v e th e
s e a t t o t h i s ch il d , a n d it is a v e ry g oo d th in
g for thi s r e a s o n
al s o th at th e m o u th s of t h e b roth e r s w ill b e c l o s e d if I h a d
,
g i v e n t h e s e a t to o n e , th e n t h e fo u r b roth e r s w o u l d h av e b e e n
e n em ies w ith th a t o n e , an d, fi g hti n g to g e th e r , w o u l d h a v e
b e e n k il l e d ; b u t n o w God h as s h ow n g r e a t k i n d n e s s , in th at
H e h a s p u t an e n d to al l q uarr e l s , an d h as d e v i s e d an oth e r
C HAP . VI M — A C C O UN T O F G U R fi H A R R KI .
b e tt e r w ay Th i nk i n g th u t h e G u ru in t h e pr e s e n c e o f t h e
. s , ,
a s s e m bly pl aci n g a coco a n u t s h e l l an d fi v e pic (b e for e h im )

,
. e
,
m a d e ob e i s a n c e to H a rr ai a n d s a i d O B h ai S i k h s ! a s G o d “
, ,
Hi m s e l f h as pl ac e d t h e p a g r i o f m y G u ru s h i p 0 11 thi s ch i l d s ’
h e ad th e r e for e 1 1 0 o n e c a n r ai s e a n y obj e cti o n th o s e who ar e

, ,
m y d i s cipl s w il l a l l r e g a r d H a rr a 1 a s (1 1 1 1 f o r h e wi l l b e a v e ry
1
e 1 1 ,
,
p e rfe ct s ai n t T h e as s e m bl y h e a ri n g thi s w e r e v e ry pl e a se d
.
”
, , ,
b e c au s e t h e G u ru h ad e ff ac e d al l q u arr e l s an d th e y a l l m ad e ,
o b e i s an c e b for e G u ru B a rr a 1 ; a d t h e
e f o u r broth e r s a l s o w h o n
, ,
f o r t h e s a k e o f ge tti n g t h e G u ru s h i p b o r e e n m i ty t e ach o th e r ,
o
,
se e i n thi s d e c re e w e re si le n c d a nd n o o n e h a d s u ffici e n t e
g , ,
p o w e r to t ak e a w ay t h e G u ru s hip fr o m H a rr ai Thi s G u ru .
H arr a i w as v e ry c l e v e r an d al w ay s d ir e ct e d t h e ro ad of r e li g io n
,
w e ll thi s w a s o n e v e ry g o o d ch a r a ct e ri s tic o f h is th a t a ccor d i n g , ,
a s h e s a w a m an s u n d e r s t an d i n g , s o h e g a v e h im a d v i c e
’
On e d ay .
a v e ry fo o li s h S i k h c a m e t o h im a n d t h e G u ru th e y s ay th u s , , ,
b ro u gh t h im t o th e (ro ad o f ) r e l i gi o n v ia h e s ai d to h im O , , ,
“
Bh ai S i k h ! m an c an n ot b e b or n a g a i n th e r e for e t o t h e b e s t , ,
of t h y po w e r w or s h ip G o d a n d d o s e r v i c e to t h e holy
, He .
”
r e pli e d O G u ru ! I am a m an w i th a f am ily an d obt ai n n o t

,
“
,
r e po s e fro m ch e ri s hi n g th e m s o t h a t I m i g h t co m e for a ti m e ,
to s e r v e G o d an d d o s e r v i c e to t h e h oly M y o n ly t h o u ght is
,
.
h ow to p ro v i d e for th e m ; i f I s ho u l d e m ploy m y s e lf in
w or hip
s ,
th e y w o u l d al l d ie o f h u n g e r ; fo r I am th e o n ly o n e in
w h o c an e a r n a n y thi n g O n h e a ri n g thi s t h G u ru
”
th e h o u s e ,
.
,
e
s ai d,
“
0 s i m pl e o n e ! w i th o u t G o d w e c an n o t pro v id e f or
a n y o n e ; th o u in thy fo l ly r e ga rd e s t th e i r p ro v i s i o n as p e r
, ,
t ai n i n g t o thy s e l f h u t if t h u w e r t n o t th e n H e w o u ld a ppoi n t
,
o
, ,
s om e o ne e lse to pro v i d e fo r th e m ; G o d h as cr e at e d a lo n g ,
w ith e v e ry on e t h e m e a n s of th e i r e xi s t e n c e
,
B e h ol d ! b ir ds .
n e i th e r s o w n o r r e a p g r a i n b u t G o d n e v e r al l o w s th e m to ,
r e m a i n h u n g ry Th at S i k h r e pl i e d Thi s s p e e ch is v e ry
.
”
,
“
t r u e b u t m y c h il d r e n ar e v e ry yo u n g an d e xc e p t m y s e lf n o
, , , ,
o n e c an k e e p th e m a li v e w h e n h a v i n g w or k e d al l day I bri n g , ,
ho m e s o m e thi n g th e n th e y e at i t ; th e i r l o v e t o m e t o o is
, , ,
v e ry g r e at 1 n d i f I w e r e h i d d e n fro m th e m f o r a w h i l e 3 5 th e y
,
1
,
”
wo u l d b e ag it at e d an d d ie Th e G u ru s aid Thi s a l s o is yo u r
.
,
“
w ay of th i n k i n g ; b u t i f y o u c o n s i d e r e d j u s tly th e n y o u wo u l d ,
k n o w th a t w i tho u t an y o n e e v e n (t o loo k a ft e r th e m) o n e ,
d oe s n o t d ie ; e v e ry o n e l i v e s h is a ppoi n t e d l ife W he n
”
.
th at S i k h th e n e v e n did n o t b e li e v e th e n t h e G u ru g i v i n g h im ,
D o y o u g o an d g i v e thi s m y l e tt e r to a c e rt ai n
,
a l e tt e r s ai d
“
, ,
”
S i k h in a c e rt ai n v il l ag e H e w e n t t o th a t v il l ag e an d
.
g av e ,
th at l e tt e r w h e n th a t S i k h h ad r e a d th e G u ru s l e tt e r th e n thi s ’
35
Li t . A gh ar i or 2 4, m in u t e s .
C H A IFE R V I I .
f Gu r rt H a r r ciz
’ '
T h e Cir c u ms ta re s o .
G u ru Har g o v in d h a d fi v s o n s ; th e n am e of th e fi r s t w as
G u r ditt a w h o m p e op l e n o w d l B ab a G u rdi tt a an d t h e n am e of
,
,
t h e s e co n d w as A t al l w h o is D W k n o w n as B ab a A tal l ; t h e n a m e
,
of t h e thir d w as Te g B ah aar w h o is r e c k o n e d as t h e n i n th ,
G u ru ; th e n am e of th e fo u t hv as A n i R ai an d t h e n am e o f t h e
r
fifth S ur at M al F o u r o f t h e e u s e d a l w ay s to l i v e fo r th e i r o w n
.
co m for t an d p l e as u r e b u t th efi f t h T e g B a h ad u r fro m h is v e ry
, , ,
child h oo d e v e n w as fa s c in a td w ith t h e w or s hi p o f G od a n d
, ,
u s e d to t ak e n o th o u g h t fo r t e e as e or co m for t o f h is o w n bo d y .
W h e n t h e fo u r g r e w u p t hy al w ay s h ad thi s t ho u g h t in th e i r
,
h e art s ,
W i ll m y f a t he r g ie t h e s e at o f G u ru s h i p t o m e j?
“ ”
M or e o v e r t h e fo u r w e r e n o t a l e t o l oo k at e ac h o th e r by r e as o n of
,
t h e d e s i r e fo r th a t s e a t G u i H a r g o v in d a l s o u s e d co n ti n u al l y
.
"
to r e fl e t T o w h o m s h al l l iv e th e G u ru s hi p ; fo r t h e fo u r
c
f g t
a pp e a r e d to t h e G u ru to b e v ey g r e e dy an d co v e to u s for i t A ll .
th e S i k h s a l s o s e a t e d t g e t l r u s e d to r e fl e c t in th e i r h e a rt s
,
o , ,
T e g B a h ad u r w h o is t h e r ih tf u l po s s e s s o r an d w orthy o f t h e
,
G u ru s hi p a l w ay s s it s q u it l y a p a r t li k e a m a d m a n an d
, ,
h a s n o c ar e for an y th i n g ; 11 d t h e o th e r fo u r s o n s o f t h e G u ru
r e m a i n fi g h ti n g w it h e a c h sh e r ; l e t 11 5 s e e w ho m t h e G u r u
A
‘
w il l s e a t 0 11 th e th ro n e of t h d u r us h ip Thi s is w h a t o cc u rr e d
n
r .
”
o n e d ay . G u ru H a r go v in d 1 s s top p i n g at K i r atp u r w hic h is

1
,
n e a r A n a n dp u r ; h is oth e r sn s a n d a n u m b e r o f p e opl e w e re
al s o a s s e m bl e d th e r e I n re m e an w hi l e H a rr ai t h e s o n o f
. .
,
B aba Gu rditt a w h o w a s t h e nn e r e l y a h il d pl ay i n g c am e a n d
,
c
, ,
s at o n t h e l a p o f t h e G ru H rg o v in d ; o n th i s t h e G u r u r e a rd
u
g ,
in g h im as h is g r a n d s o n b g a n to c a r e s s h im ; th e n H a rr ai
, ,
t a k i n g o ff H a g o v in d s p ag r p u t i t o n h is o w n h e ad A s t h e
r
’
, .
G u ru w h o w a s n o t w e l l p l a s l w i th h is s o n s u s e d a l w ay s to b e
,
c ,
th i n k i n g of t h e b e s t o w a l f t b s e a t h e o n s e e i ng thi s w as v e ry
o , , ,
m u ch d e li g ht e d a n d s a i d t c h im s e l f ;
,
Thi s is a v e ry g oo d “
O pp ort u n i ty w hi c h h as c o n to h an d w e ll I w i l l g i v e t he ,
s e a t to t h i s ch i l d a n d it is 1
,
v e ry g oo d th i n g fo r thi s r e as o n
.
al s o th a t t h e m o u th s o f t l b rot h e r s w il l b e cl o s e d if I h a d
,
g i v e n t h e s e a t to o n e t h e n h e fo u r broth e r s w o u l d h a v e b e e n
,
e nemie s w ith th a t o n e ti fi g hti n g t o g e th e r w o u ld h a v e

,
11 , ,
b e e n k il l e d ; b u t n e w G o d i s s h o w n g r e a t k i n d n e s s in th a t ,
H e h as p u t a n e n d to a l l nar r e l s an d h as d e v i s e d an o th e r ,
C HA P . VI l .
—A C C OU NT 0 (1 111113 11 11 11 11 51 1 .
b e tt e r w ay Th i n k i n g th u s t h e G ru in t h e pr e s e n c e o f t h e
.
, ,
a s s e m bly pl a ci n g a coco an u t s h e l l 1 d fi v e pic (b e for e h im )

,
e
,
m a d e o b e i s a n c e to H a rr ai a n d s a id O 11 11 111 S i k h s ! a s G o d
“
,
Hi m s e lf h as pl ac e d t h e p agr i of 111 G ii i 11 s 11 ip 0 11 thi s ch il d s .

*
' ’
h e ad th e r e fo r e n o o n e c a n r ai s e a n y obj e ctio n th o s e w h o a r e
, ,
m y d i s cipl e s w il l a l l r e g ard H a r r ai a sG n r ii for h e wi ll b e a v e ry

,
r ,
p e rf e ct s ai n t T h e as s e m bl y h e an g thi s w e r e v e ry p l e a s e d
.
”
, , ,
b e c au s e t h e G u ru h ad e ff a c e d a l l c a rr e l s an d th e y a l l m ad e ,
ob e i s an c e b e f o r e G u ru H a rr a 1 ; a n d t e fo u r broth e r s al s o w h o , ,
fo r t h e s ak e o f ge tti n g t h e G u ru s hi p ) o e e n m i ty t o e a ch o th e r
. r
,
se e i n thi s d e cr e e w e re silen ced nd n o o n e h a d s u ffi ci e n t 1

g , ,
po w e r to t ak e a w ay t h e G u ru s hi p e m H a r r a 1 Th i s G u r u '
I I ar r a i w a s v e ry cl e v e r an d a l w a y s ( r e c t e d t h e ro ad o f r e li g io n
—
w e ll th i s w a s o n e v e ry g oo d ch a r a c t i t ic o f h is th a t a c cor d i n g s , ,
as h e s aw a m an s u n d e r s t an di n g s o h g a v e h im a d v i c e
’
On e d ay , ,
a v e ry fool i s h S i k h c a m e t o h im a n t h e G u ru th e y s ay th u s ,
, ,
b ro u gh t h im t o th e (ro a d of ) r e l i g i o w h e s ai d t o h i m O ,
e
,
“
Bh ai S i kh ! m an c a n n o t b e b or n a ain th e r e for e t o t h e b e s t , ,
of t h y p o w e r w or s h ip G od 1 d h s e r v i c e to t h e holy
, He 1 i .
”
r e p li e d ,
O G u ru ! I am a m an wi l l a f a m ily an d ob t ai n n o t
“
,
r e po s e fro m ch e ri s h i n g th e m s o t h e I m i g h t co m e for a ti m e ,
to s e r v e G o d an d d o s e r v i c e to t h e e l y M y o n ly tho u gh t is
,
.
h ow to p ro v i d e fo r th e m ; if I i o u l d e m ploy my s e l f in
w o r hi p
s
,
th e y w o u l d al l die of h u n g fo I 1 111 th e o n ly o n e in t r 1
th e h o u s w h o c an e a r n an y th i n g ) 1 h e a ri n g thi s t h e G u ru
”
e ,
. 1
,
s aid ,
“
0 s i m pl e o n e ! w i th o u t G l w e c an n o t pro v id e fo r
a n y o n e ; th o u in thy foll y r e gar s t th e i r p ro v i s i o n as p e r
, ,
1
t ai n i n g to thy s e l f b u t i f t h u w e rt i t th e n H e w o u l d a pp oi n t
,
o
, .
s om e o ne e lse to pro v i d e fo r th e m G o d h as cr e at e d a lo n g ,
w i th e v e ry o n e t h e m e a n s o f t h e i x is te n c e
,
B e h ol d ! b i r d s ia .
n e i th e r s o w n o r r e a p g r a i n b u t ( d n e v e r a l l o w s th e m to , 4
”
r e m a i n h u n g ry Th at S i k h r e pl i
. Thi s s p e e ch is v e ry ,
“
t r u e b u t m y c h il d r e n ar e v e ry yo u ng an d e xc e p t m y s e lf n o
, , , ,
o n e c an k e e p th e m a li v e w h e n h aw g w or k e d al l day I b ri n g , ,
ho m e s o m e thi n g th e n th e y e at it ; h e ir l o v e to m e t o o is
, , ,
v e ry gr e at an d if I e r e h id d e n fr o th e m for a w h i l e 3 th e y
,
11 i
5
,
”
wo u l d b e ag it at e d an d d ie Th e Gru s aid T hi s a l s o is yo u r
.
,
“
w ay o f th i n k i n g ; b u t i f y o u c o n s id ee d j u s tly t h e n y o u wo u l d ,
k n ow th a t w itho u t an y o n e e v e n to l oo k a ft e r th e m) o n e ,
ve s h is a ppoi n t e d l ife ”
W hen .
G u ru g i v i n g h im ,
l e tt e r to a c e rt ai n
e an d av e
, g
th e n thi s
30 o r T H E s 1 1< 1~
‘
111 s 1 1 1 11 1 1s
'
'
.
w as wh at w as w r itt e n in t D o y o u s l nr t an d loc k ri p th e r
b e ar e r o f thi s l e tt e r in a h o u s e a 11 d 1 l 1 a t e v e r h e r e q u ir e s gi ve 1 u
'
i t h im withi n (th e h o u s e ) irrd u n ti l w e w i t e a n d s e n d to

, ,
, z r .
1 0 1 til l th e n allo w h im n o t t co ri re m t
1 , ,
I n t h a t pl ac e i t o r .
‘
be c a m e th e lot o f h is l a uril 1 t h a t w h e n p e o p l e k n e w th a t th e ir
m a n (h e ad of th e h o u s e ) ha d d i s a p p e a r e d s m e w h e r e a ch o f o e
,
t h e n e i gh bo u r s s e n t a p l at e o f fl o u r to t h e ho u s e a n d w h e n th a t ,
flo u r w as fi ni s h e d t h e v ga1 e m or e in t h e s am e w a1 A ga i n , .
p e opl e tak i n g p ity b ro ug h t 11 n d ga v e h is y o u n g c h il d 1 e n s o m e

, ,
t hi n to d o a n d m ad e o v e r s o m e W r k to h is w if e a l s o ; in thi s o
g o ,
a t h e i m e a n s i n c re as e d b e yo n d w h a t i t w a s b e fo r e an d for
*
11
y ,
1 , ,
s o m e d ay s r e m e m b e ri n g th e i r m a n (fath e r ) th e y aft e r w ar d s fo r ,
g e t h im A f t e r s o m e m o n th s t h e G u r u s e n t a n d l e t t h e
. S i k h ,
o u t of t h e h u s e a n d s a i d G o B h 11 i S i k h an d s e e yo u r f ami ly “
o
"
,
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g 0 11 r r
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,
cl e ar ly s h ow n to m e t h at w h at t h e G u r u s a id to m e w as t r u e ; ,
God rs t h e g i v e r o f al l (th i n g s ) a n d n o o n e n e e d h av e an y tho u g ht

for a n y b u t H im Th e r e 1rn d t h e n l e av i n g th e m a l l h e c am e
. .
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to t h e G u r u an d s a id O G u r u ! y o u s a id t h e t r u th in t h e “
w o rld G o d rs t h e p r o v id e r of a l l ; I h av e n o w l e f t th e m a l l
,
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wil l do t h e s e r v i c e of t h e l o l v T h e G u r u h a v i n g poi n t e d o u t r .
”
to h im t h e nran n e r of w o r s h i p ag ai n s e n t h im to h is h o m e an d , ,
s ai d G o Bh ai ! th e r e is n oth i n g w ro n g in l i v i n g in yo u r ho m e
, ,
b u t i t w a s ve ry w ro n g of y o u to thi n k th at t h e i r p ro v i s io n l ay
w ith y o u G u ru H arr ai a l way s l i v e d at K i a tp u r w i th h is
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. r
fa th e r B ab a G u rd itt a an d h is f a th e r di e d th e r e a l s o an d h is
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w e l l k n o w n 1 11 t h e Pa n j ab an d p e opl e r e p e a t it in e v e ry pl ac e , ,
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.
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.
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Are profi t abl e t o t h e g ar d e n e r s for t wo d av s ; aft e r w ar d s th e y

d ry u p 87
.
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R am R a i, u s e d t o o c c u py hi m s e l f m u c h 1 11 t h e s e r v i c e o f Go d ,
s till h is f a th e r , s e e i n g c e 1 tain q u aliti e s in l im , u s e d t o b e d is
pl e as e d w i th h im , f o r R a m 11 5 1 u s e d t o g i ve hi m s e l f o u t t o p e o pl e
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s e p ar at e f r o m t h e G
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a k i n g di s c i l e s a n d f o l l o w e r s ,
t h e r e f 0 1 e m y f a t h e r W i ll g iv e m e t h e G u 1 us h ip
1
b u t th e u ru , G
h av i n g h e a rd o f h is m ir a c l e s an d s h re w d n e s s , u s e d n o t t o b e
p l e a s e d a t h e a rt .Thi s is t h e o c c u rr e n c e o f on e ti m e ; R am 11 1 1
h a d th e n g o n e to h is di s c ip l e s in t h e c o u n try o f t h e M i an D u ab ,
an d th e G
u r u, s e e i n g t h e d e v o ti o n an d m e e k n e s s o f B ar K i s an ,
b e f o r e t h e w h o l e as s e m bly , a c c o rdi n g t o f o r m e r rit e s , g av e h im
th e G u r us hi ,
p a n d s a i d t o al l t h e S i k h s , A lth o u g h R a m R é i,
1
m y e l d e s t s o n , is v e ry c l e v e r , an d t h e ri g h t f u l p o s s e s s o r o f t h e
G u r us hip , s til l I w il l g i v e t h e b ad g e o f u r us hip t o m Gy y o un ge r
s o n , w h o is a tr u e d e v o t e e a n d v e r y o b e di e n t f r o m t o d ay , h is -
n a m e is G
u r u H a r K i s an ; l e t th o s e , w h o ar e m y di s c ipl e s , d o
o b e i s an c e t o h im
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.
G u r u s h ip , a f t e r h e l e f t , h ad b e e n b e s t o w e d o n B ar K i s an , th e n h e
b e c am e v e r y s ad at h e ar t I n s h o rt, at th at ti m e , R am R ai s a id
b e f o r e t h e di s c ipl e s ; A t pr e s e n t H ar K i s an is v e ry y o u n g an d
h as n o t y e t s u ffe r e d f r o m s m all p o x ; if h e s h a l l e s c a p e f r o m s m all
-
p o x , th e n h e s h a ll o b t ai n t h e u r u H a1 K i s an , G
i n
h is e a rly y e ar s e v e n , u s e d t o g i v e a d v i c e t o h is di s c ipl e s T hi s .
is w h at o c c u rr e d o n e d ay ; t h e K
i n g o f D ill i a s k e d h is a tt e n d an t s ,
Of th o s e , w h o w e r e f o r m e rly c al l e d t h e f a k ir s o f B ab a N an a k ,
w h o is n o w t h e c h i e f ? T h e a tt e n d a n t s r e s p e c t fu lly r e pl i e d , 0
”
y o u r Hi g h n e s s a v e ry y o u n g l a d , n a m e d H ar K is a11 , is s aid t o b e
38
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s itti n g o n th e i r (c hi e f s ) s e at an d it is s ai d th a t e v e n in h is
’
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c hildh o d h e is a v e ry g o o d a n d p e r fe c t f ak i r
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o
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.
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w as o n e o f t h e k i n g s m i n i s t r s an d w as a l s o c all e d a di s c i p l e o f
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t h e G u r u g o t u p an d r e s p e c t f u lly s a id
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0 tr u e K i n g ! I w il l .
b ri n g H a r K is a n ”
H av i n g th u s s ai d h e t o o k a l a r g e c a al c ad e
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.
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w ith h im an d h a v i n g o m e t o K i r a tp u r i n f o r m e d t h e G u r u o f
, ,
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t h e c i r c u m s t an c e s o f th e k i n g h av i n g c all e d h im Th e G u r u .
w e n t w ith h im t o D ill i s e at e d in a p al k i w i th a v e ry l a r g e
, ,
a s s e m bl a g e o f h is fo ll o w e r s an d o n a rri v al th e r e s t o pp e d at
, , ,
th e h o u s e o f t h e m i ni s t e r w h o w as h is di s c i pl e ; w h e n i t ,
b e c am e n i g h t th e n t h e G u r u w a s th e r e a tt ac k e d w ith s m al l
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s u w h a ,
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, ,
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p g in thi s b o dy
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T h e n t h e G u r u h av i n .
g ,
g i v e n s o m e a d v i c e an d w o rd s o f r e li g i o u s c o u n s e l t o t h e m i n i s t e r ,
s a id ,
T e l l t h e k i n g th e s e w o rd s f r o m m e th o s e s a i d w o rd s
a r e w ri tt e n in s e v e r a l p l ac e s i n t h e b o o k s o f t h e S i k h s an d ,
m an y S i k h s h av e c o m m itt e d th e m t o m e m o ry al s o W h e n th e
G u ru b e c am e m u c h affl i c t e d th e n h is d i s c i p l e s as k e d h im 0
.
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o is fi t f o r t h e G u r u
,
s till I d o n o t s e e an
y one e xc e
p t h i m w h .
s hip . Th u s thi n k in g an d p l ac i n g h is th o u g ht s o n B ab T g
, a e
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, ,
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, Go you r
,
G u r u is in a v ill a g e c all e d B a k al a n e a r A n an d p u r ; h e w ill d i r e c t

,
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u al l in t h e r o a d o f r li i o n H avi n
y o g g th u s s aid h e hi ms e l f
e .
,
l e f t h is b o dy in th e y e ar 1 7 2 1 B B 1 664 A D . . .
T h e c i r c u m s t an c e s o f h is e l d e r b r o th e r R am R ai a e ,
r
th u s I nas mu c h as h e h ad a g r e a t d e s i r e fo r v i s iti n g c o u n tri e s

—
,
w an d e ri n g ab o u t h e c a m e th r o u g h t h e m o u n t ai n s t o D e h r a
,
th e r e a l r g e c o c o u r s e c m e to h im t s e e h is m i r ac l e s an d h e
a n a o
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al s o i n c r e a s e d t h e i r b e li e f in hi m s e l f R e m a i n i n g th r e h e m a d e . e ,
m an y p e r s o n s h is d i s c i p l e s an d a l l th o s e p e r s o n s w h o b e c a m e
, , ,
h is di s c i p l e s th e m h e di e c t e d in h is n e w r o a d H e w a s
.
r .
l i v i n g al s o in t h e ti m e o f G u r u G o v i n d S i n g h w h o is c al l e d th e ,
C
34 HI S T O RY o r T HE s u ms .
t e n th G u r u m o r e o v e r h e o f t e n q u arr e ll e d w ith h im b u t Gu r fi
,
G o v i n d S i n g h n e v e r b o r e e n m ity t ow ar d s h im in h is h e a r t ,
al th o u g h h e R am R ai u s e d al w ay s t o r e m ai n an g r y w ith h im
, ,
h e al s o t au g h t h is di s c ipl e s th u s Y ou m u s t n o t d o o b e i s an c e
“
,
”
t o an y o n e b u t my s e l f an d al s o t o l d th e m th a t n o g o d d e s s o r
,
g o d , e x c e pt hi m se l f w as fi t ,
f or th e m t o w o r s hi p T o th e .
p r e s e n t d ay h is di s c ipl e s w h o ar e c all e d R am R aiy és d o no t

, ,
w o r s hip an y o n e e l s e ; m o r e o v e r t h e R am R aiy as d o n o t b e n d
th e i r h e ad s at an y o f th os e t o m b s whi c h ar e r e g ar d e d as (th e ,
b u ryi n g pl ac e o f ) th e i n c a r n ati o n s o f th e t e n th G u r u O n c e .
,
R am R ai fo r t h e s ak e o f o n e o f h is di sc ipl e s s at in a v e ry d e e p
, ,
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,
t o p e r f o r m p e n an c e a c c o r di n g t o t h e r it e s o f
t h e J o gab h iy s é Wh e.n h is li f e h a d r e ac h e d t h e t e th d oo r
n
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,
th e n h is di s c ipl e s w h o w e r e n e ar k n e w th at t h e G u ru h ad
, ,
di e d ; all h is di s c ipl e s an d fo l l o w e r s r e fl e c ti n g o n t h e c i r c u m ,
s t an c e s o f h is d e ath b u r n t h is b o dy ac c o r di n g t o t h e r it e s o f
,
t h e H i n d us an d h a v i n g e r e c t e d a m au s o l e u m th e r e c all e d its
, , ,
n am e ,
T h e ( d e h r a) r e s ti n g pl a c e o f R am R ai
“
an d f o r thi s
r e as o n th e n am e o f t h e m o u n t ai n is k n o wn as D e h r a D un .
H e r e y e a r by y e ar a l a r g e f ai r is h e l d an d m an y go o d an d
, , ,
h o ly m e n ar e c o ll e c t e d t o g e th e r .
V nasns .
W h oe v e r h as c om e (i n t o th i s w o r l d ) , h e w il l go (f r om it)
th i s w o r ld is d r e am
a
H e is h appy wh o w o rs i h ps h is Cr e at or in thi s w o rl d .
39
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T h e t e n d oo r s ar e t h e t wo e y e s , t w o e a s , t w o n o s t ril s , m ou t , t h e h
r r i r i
o g an o f g e n e at o n , t h e o g an o f e x c r e t o n , an d t h e b a n ; t h e t e n t al o n e is ari h
l l if
.
c os e d o r gan ; e nc e ht h e s e nt e c e
n
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h is e h ad r e ac h e d t h e t e n t h d oor ,
”
m e an s , h is l if
e h ad g on e ab o ve t o h is b ain r
w as c l o s e d up .
CH A P TE R I X .
Gu r u Te g B a h ct d u r
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o , .
A s H ar K i s an at th e ti m e o f h is d e ath m ad e o v e r t h e s e at .
o f Gu 1 11 s l 1 ip in t h e n a m e o f T e g B ah ad u r , t h e a s s e m bl ag e c am e
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t o B ak al a t o p ay th e i r r e s p e c t s t o t h e u ru G
Th e r e , m an y S o dl z is .
G
h ad g i v e n th e m s e l v e s o u t as t h e u r u, b u t a L ab an a S i k h , h av i n g
f oun d o u t G
u r u T e g B ah ad u r , di d o b e i s an c e t o h im , an d s aid .
G
O u r u! H ar K i s an h as t o l d u s t o f o ll o w y o u ; d o y o u s h o w
k i n d n e s s , a n d l e t 11 s s e e y o u ”
Te g B ah ad u r u s e d t o l i v e al oof
.
li k e a m ad m an , di s gu s t e d w ith t h e w o rld , an d in w r e t c h e d
c i r cu m s t an c e s , w e a ri n g d i rty c l o th e s ; h is m o th e r e x pl a i n e d t o
h im s ayi n g , 0 Son G
u r u H ar K i s a n h a s a p p o i n t e d y o u uru G
d o y o u n o w d r e s s y o u r s e l f p r o p e rly , f o r th e p e o pl e h av e c o m e t o
a
p y y o u th e i r r e s p e c t s
”
T eg B a h ad u r ,
. w h o w as di s g u s te d
w i th t h e pl e as u r e s o f t h e w o rl d , an d e s c h e w e d a l l b o dily c o m f o rt s ,
s aid , 0 m ot h e r al l thi s w o rl d a p p e a r s f a l s e t o m e , a n d al l it s
j oy s an d w e alth s e e m t o g i v e p ai n ; I d o n o t c a r e t o h av e
th e G u r us hip , f o r t o b e a G
u r u is a thi n g w hi c h g i v e s m u c h
t ro u bl e ; k n o w i n g ly t o b e c o m e e n s n ar e d in t h e n e t o f h on ou r
an d
g l o ry is n o t t h e r e li i o n o f t h e
g w i se I c an n o t c ar ry thi s 1
l o a d ; d o y o u app o i n t s o m e o n e e l s e as u r u H is m o th e r an d G .
al l t h e as s e m bly , w ith m u c h e n t r e aty , b e s o u g ht h im , s ayi n g,

0 tr u e k i n g d o n o t b e w ild e r u s , f or w e w i ll n o w f o ll o w n o
one b u t o u ; i t is n ot g o od f or o u al s o t o s u b v e rt t h e o r d e r
y y
of G u r u H ar i s an ”
K I n s h o rt , at l as t
. u ru Te
g B ah a d u r G
s at
on th e th r o n e , an d b e g an t o p e r fo r m t h e d u ti e s o f t h e u ru G .
D e p ar ti n g f r o m B ak al a ,
th e G
r u c am e an d li v e d af t e r w ar d s in
u
M ék h o w al w hi c h is n e a r K i r atp u r o n th e b an k s o f t h e S at l uj ;
, ,
a t fi r s t its n am e w as M a k h o w al b u t af t e r w ar d s o n a c c o u n t o f
, ,
t h e G u r u l i v i n g th e r e its n am e w as c al l e d A n an dp u r
,
A lth ou gh .
G u ru T e g B ah ad u r s at o n t h e th r on e of G u r us hi p s till h is as ,
c e tic is m di d n o t d e p a rt f r o m h is h e ar t , an d h e a l w a y s r e m ai n e d
di s gu s t e d w ith th e w o r ld ; m o v e o v e r t h e s o n gs an d c o u pl e t s ,
w hi c h h e c o m p o s e d ar e v e ry f u l l o f as c e ti c i s m an d w h o e v e r
, ,
s h al l r e a d th e m w ith tr u e h e a rt h e r e g ardi n g t h e p l e as u r e s o f
, ,
th e w o rl d as t
ptibl e w ill un d o u bt e dly b e fill e d w i th t h e
con e m ,
l o v e o f G o d A l l t h o s e v e r s e s ar e w ri t t e n in t h e G ran th
.
S éh ib in t h a t pl ac e w h e r e G u r u A rj an at th e ti m e o f m ak i n g
, ,
th e G r an th l e f t s o m e bl an k p ag e s A lth ou g h th e n ame o f
, .
0 1
36 m s r onv
'
o r T H E s rx n s .
N an ak is t o b e f o u n d ( a ffi xe d ) t o a l l th e s e v e r s e s s till 0 11 ,
ac c o u n t o f t h e i r b e i n g t h e n i n th M a h al a, a l l p e o pl e k n O W t h at th e y '
ar e t he G
v e r s e s o f u r u T e g B a h ad u r .
O nc e G u r ii T e g B ah ad u r ,
’
w ith h is w i f e an d o th e r r e l a ti v e s ,
w e n t t o p e r fo r m p i l g r i m a g e , a n d , in th e i r pil g ri m a g e , c a m e an d
s t o pp e d i n t h e c it y o f Pa t n a , a t w hi c h ti m e o v i n d S i n g h w as G
G
b o r n th e r e T h e u r u r e m ai n e d th e r e fi v e o r s ix y e ar s , an d
.
at l as t o n a c c o u n t o f s o m e q u a rr e l w it h t h e p e o p l e , h e l e f t th at
pl ac e a n d c am e an d l i v e d 1 11 A n a n dp u r u r u Te
g B a h ad u r . G
w as a l w ay s o c c u p i e d w ith th i s th o u g h t IVh e n G o v i n d S i n g h ,
“ '
is g r o w n u p I w ill m ak e o v e r t h e b u s i n e s s o f G u r us h ip t o
,
”
h im an d u n h a r as s e d I w i l l w o r s hip m y L o rd
, , ,
.
T hi s w as al way s h is c u s t o m via t g o o u t o f th e c ity a nd , ,

o
,
l i v e w an d e ri n g a b o u t t h j u n g l e s T hi s is w h a t o c c u rr e d o ne
e .
d ay t a k i n g t w o o r th r e e S 1 k h s w ith h im h e w e n t t o w a n d e r a b o u t ,
in t h e j u n g l e s an d w e n t a w ay t o Hi n d u s t an ; w h e n h e ar ri v e d
,
i n A g r a t h e n h e w e n t a n d p u t u p in a g ard n an d s e n t h is
,
e
,
s e a l ri n g a n d a s h a w l b y a di s c i p l e ( S i k h ) t o t h e b az aa r
, s ay
T ake th e m t o s o m e c o n fe c ti o n e r an d b ri n g m e s o m e
,
“
in g ,
-
f oo d
”
T h e c o n f e c ti o n e r thi n k i n g th at p e rh ap s it w as s t o l e n
, ,
pr op e rty t o o k it t o t h e K o t w al T h e K t w al t o k th a t s e al
.
. o o
,
ri g a n d c am e t o T e g B ah ad u r in t h e g ar d e n a n d b e g an t o
n , ,
as k ,
W h o ar e y o u an d w h e n c e h av e y o u c o m e ? T e g B a had u r
“
,
”
,
i v in g n am e an d ab o d e s ai d I h pr e s e nt c ome
“
g hi s a e at , , v
f r o m A n a n d p u r t o w an d e r a b o u t T h e K o t w al f o rth w i t h w r o t e
”
.
t o D illi t o K i n g A u r a n g z e b s ayi n g T h e p ri e s t o f t h e Hin d fi s

, ,
G u r u Te g B ah ad u r w h o is o f th e s e c t o f N an a k h as s u d
, ,
d e n l y f a ll e n i n t o m y h an d s ; w h a t e v e r y o u m ay o rd e r I w ill ,
I n t h e h e art o f K i n g A u r a n g e b t h e r e w as th i s d e s i r e
”
d o .
z , ,
th at th e w h o l e w o rl d s h o u l d a c c e pt t h e M u s al m an r e li g i o n m o r e
ove r in th o s e d a v s h e h a d i m pri s o n e d m an y B r ah m a n s h o p i n g
, , ,
th at if t h e s e p e o pl e fi r s t t u r n e d M u s al m an s th e n t h e d e s i r e f o r
, ,
it w o u ld o f i t s e lf a ri s e in o th e r p e o p l e s h e a rt s W h e n th e
’
.
k i n g h e a rd thi s th at G u r u T e g B a h ad u r h ad b e e n s e i z e d th e n
, ,
h e b c am e ee ry p l e as e d at h e a rt f o r
v h e h av i n g b e fo r e h e a rd
, ,
o f th e s e c t o f N an a k f r o m v a ri o u s p e o p l e h a d b e e n v e ry d e s i r o u s ,
to m e e t w ith it H e f o r th w i th w r t e an d s e n t t o A g r a s ayi n g
. o
,
W h e n th e G u r u c am e t o D illi
,
.
”
“
Q u i c k ly s n d h im t o l l il li
e .
,
t h e n t h e k i n g di s p u t e d an d a r g u e d w ith h im m u c h a n d h av i n g , ,
as k e d h im v a ri o u s r e li g i o u s q u e s ti o n s a t l as t s aid thi s D o yo u “
, ,
a c c e p t m y r e li g i o n o th e r w i s e y o u s h l l b e k ill e d ;
, T e g B ah a a -
d ur w h o w a s an a rtl e s s a n d s i m p l e f k i r
,
n d e n ti r ly t a k e n a
,
a e
up w i t h w o r s hip ga v e n o a n s w e r t o h is w o rd s b u t s e i n g
, , ,
e
h is v i o l e n c e l a u g h e d in h is h e a rt f o h e w as n o t W e ll r e ad in
, ,
r
t he V e d as an d did n o t k n o w h o w t o c o n v e r s e
, T h e k i n g th e n .
C H AP . IX .
~ACC OUN T
-
on G u ns TE G B A H ADU R .
as ke d h o w s o m e m i rac l e s b u t h e s till r e m ai n e d p e r
h im t o s ,
f e c t l y q u i e t ; a t l as t th e k i n g s e n t h im w ith h is t h r e e d i s c ipl e s
, , ,
t o p r i s o n an d s ai d Y o u s h al l n o t b e r e l e as e d
,
“
u n til
you ,
a c c e pt thi s r e li i o n
g W h e n h e w e n t t o j a il
. t h e ki n g fi rs t ,
o ff e r e d h im m an y th i n g s t o t e m t h im b u t w h e n h e e v e n th e n
p , , ,
d i d n o t ag r e e 0 b e c o m e a M u s al m an h e th e n b gan t o a ffl i c t ,
e
h im m u c h T h G u r u h a v i n g u n d e r g o n e m u c h t r o u bl e w r o t e
. e , ,
a l e t t e r t o G o v i n d S i n h a t A n an d u r t o t hi s e ff t : T h
g p c e , e
”
M u s al m an s h a v e m a d e m e v e ry h e l p l e s a n d in th a t l e tt e r h e s
,
a l s o w r o t e thi s M y p o w e is b r k e n a n d I a m b o u n d in
,
r o
,
c h ai n s an d d e i s e n o m e an s o f e s c ap e ; ag r e e ab ly t o
'
,
c an v
N ana k s s ay i n g n o w m y h e lp l i e s w ith G o d o n ly H e w ill h e l p

’
,
m e as H e h e lp e d t h e e l e p h an t ” 0
T h e m e a n i g o f thi s is th a t 4
n
,
h is p o w e r w a s b r o k e n a n d h e w as i m p ri s o n e d an d th e r e 1 e
, ,
1
m ai n e d n o m e a s o f e s c ap e ; n o w a g r e e ably t o N a a k s s ayi n g
’
n n
, ,
h e lp w as t o b e l o o k e d f o r o n ly f r o m G o d a n d a s V i s h n u h e lp e d , ,
t h e a ffl i c t e d e l e p h a n t s o al s o w u l d H e h e l p h im
,
Go v in d S in gh o .
,
h av i n g r e a d t h e l e tt e r b e am e v e ry affl i c t e d an d as h e c o u ld
,
c ,
, ,
not o h i m s e l f o n ac c o u n t o f h is h e l l e s s n e s s h e s e n t a l e tt e r
g p ,
in a n s w e r t o it t o thi s e ffe c t ; ,
Y o u a e you rs e l f th e m os t “
r
p o w e r f u l o f a l l a n d c an d o w h a t s o e v e r y o u w i s h f o G o d
, ,
r
a l w ay s is w i th y o u T h e G u r u r e g a r d i n g th e affl i c t i o n s
.
, ,
Wh i c h h e s u ff e r e d a t t h e h an d s o f t h e k i n g as t h e ,
d e c r e e o f G o d b o r e th e m p ati e n tly l w o o f h is di c ipl e s

1
, .
.
r ‘
s
(S i k h s ) s e e i n g t h e a ffli ti o n s o f th a t p l a c e a n a w a y b u t o n e
,
c ,
r
,
w h o w a s a tr u e d e v o t e e w o u l d n o t s e p ar a t e f r o m t h e G u r u ,
0 G u r u ! m y h e ad is s o ld t o
,
an d used o ft n t o s ay th u s
“
e
,
y ou w h a t e v e r s h a ll b e y o r s t ate s h al l b e m y s tat e an d
u I , ,
w ill n o w n e v e r s e p a r a t e f r o m y o u W h e n t h e M u s a l m an s ”
.
h a d m u c h a ffl i c t e d t h e G u r u in th a t pl a c e th e n h e th o u g h t , ,
N o w i t is b e t t e r n o t t o li v e f o t h e k i n g u s e s m u c h f o r c e ,
r
to m ak e m e t u r n M u s a l m an A ft e r thi s t h G u r u h a d a c o n v e r
”
. e
,
s a ti o n w ith t h e k i n a b o u t r e li i o s m a tt e r s in w hi c h h e s a i d u
g g , ,
I f G o d h a d w i s h e d t o m a k e al l t h e w o rld M u s al m an s th e n w h y ,
did H e l e av e o th e r r e li g i o n s in t h e w o rl d ? f o r w h at e v e r H e
w i s h e s th t c o m e s to p as s O n h e a ri n g t h e s e w o r d s t h e k i n g
”
a
, .
,
b e c a m e s till m o r e an gry an d b e g an t o affli c t h im e v e n m o r e ,
th an b e f o r e .
On e d ay , G u ru T e g B ah ad u r s ai d to , h is di s c i p l e
(S i k h ) Now th i s i s m y d e s i r e , th at I s h o u ld l e av e m y h fe ;
4°
Th e story i t h t d i n g ly po w e rf u l l e ep h an t w as onc e at t a c k e d
ll r i r i t ll l
s a an e x c e e
by a s ma an d w as r e nde r d h e p e ss b y it m an y e ep h a n t s c am e
h l p h im b t l hi g ; t l l
ve n se c e
t o h is i
a s s s t an c e t o t r y an d u cou d do not n a as t the e ep h an t
l bi l he lp i t s e l f
e ,
r
p ay e d t o G o d , k
ac n ow e d g i g it s o w n i n a
n i ty to an d t he n Go d
li l
,
r
d e v e e d it o u t of it s t r oub e s .
38 H I S T O RY or T HE s u ms .
so w h e n I t e l l y ou d o y ou w ith y ou r h an d c u t off m y h e ad
, , .
H e s aid O G u r u ! h o w c an thi s f e ar f u l thi n g b e d o n e by m e

,
f o r I r e g a rd y o u as m y s a v i ou r an d my go d F o r m e t o c u t o ff .
y o u r h e ad is ou t o f t h e qu e s ti on ; m o r e o v e r if an y o n e w e r e t o
di s t u rb a s i n g l e h ai r o f y o u r h e ad I w o u l d th e r e an d th e n , , ,
T h e G u r u s aid
”
m ak e a h e ap ( o f d u s t ) o f h im Y o u h av e .
,
“
t ru ly s aid an d I k n o w th a t th e r e is n o d e fi c i e n c y in y o u r d e v o
,
ti on an d l o v e b u t d o y o u al s o c o n s id e r thi s th at t o di s o b e y t h e
, ,
o rd e r o f a G u r u is n o t t h e c u s t o m o f a di s c ipl e ; I s ay thi s t o
y ou
w ith m u c h aff e c ti o n th at if y o u ac c o r di n g t o m y c o mman d
, , ,
w il l c u t o ff my h e a d an d r e l e ase m e f r o m t h i s t o r m e n t th e n th e r e
, ,
”
w ill n o bl am e a t t ac h t o y o u in th i s T h e S i k h o n he arin g .
,
t hi s t r e m bl e d a n d b e g an t o s ay in h is h e ar t A l as ! A l as ! n o w
“
, , ,
w h at s h al l I d o if I di s o b e y t h e o r d e r — th e n I w ill f a l s i f y ,
my r e li g i o n an d if I c u t o ff th e G u r u s h e ad th e n I s h al l b e c o me
, ,
Th e G u r u h av i n g n arr at e d to h im m an y
”
a ve r y g r e at s in n e r .
,
p r o o f s at l a s t m a d e h im a g r e e t o c u t off his h e ad W h e n t h e
, .
m o r n i n g b r o k e th e n t h e G u r u fi r s t b a th e d an d h av i n g r e p e at e d
, , ,
th e J apj i pl a c e d h is h e a d 0 11 t h e g r o u n d t o d o o b e i s an c e t o h is
,
L o r d an d th e n g av e a s i g n s ayi n g O S i k h ! f u l fi l th e c o mm an d
1
, ,
” “
.
Th a t S i k h g a v e a bl ow w ith h is s w o d an d s e p a r at e d h is h e ad r
W h e n t h e n e w s r e a c h e d G o v i n d S i n g h in A n an dp u r o f t h e d e ath
.
o f th e G u 1 1 th e n h e b e c am e v e ry affli c t e d bu t aft e r wa rd s
1
’
1,
,
h av i n g ac c e pt e d it as t h e d e c r e e o f G od s a i d t o h is s w e e p e r s , ,
D o y o u by s o m e m e an s bri n g t h e b o dy o f t h e G u r ii h e r e f o r
’
, , ,
if w e s e n t an y m e n o f hi g h bi rth 0 1 o n e o f o u r di s c ipl es (S i k h s ) ,
1
th e n th e y w o u ld n o t b e a bl e t o ge t i n t o t h e r o y a l pri s o n bu t
u ar e p o o r p e o p l e an d u n d e r th e
p r e t e n c e o f s w e e pi n g c an
y o , ,
T h e y a t o n c e w e n t to
,
”
g o in an d a c c o m p li s h thi s b u s i n e s s
,
.
D illi an d h av i n g h i d h is b o dy in a c art o f g ras s b r ou g h t i t t o

, , ,
A n an dp u r G o v i n d S i n g h w as mu c h pl e as e d w ith th e m ; m o r e
.
o v e r th at v e r y d ay h av i n g bl e s s e d th e m h e s a id ,
F r o m t o d ay , ,
-
u a r e t h e s o n s o f t h e G u r u an d w il l b e c all e d
,
y o ,
T h e y w h o in th e p r e s e n t d ay ar e c all e d M aj ab i S i k h s in th e
, , ,
P anj ab a r e al l th e i r d e s c e n d an t s
,
T h e b o dy w as b u r n t in .
A n an dp u r an d w ith m u c h j o y an d r e j o i c i n g a v e ry l ar g e
, , ,
h u g e m au s o l e u m w as e r e c t e d th e r e an d its n am e h as b e c om e ,
k n o wn as t h e s h r i n e o f T e g B a h ad u r T h e h e a d of t h e G u ru
,
.
w hi c h h ad r e m ai n e d in D ill i th a t h e a d t h e S i k h s b u r n t th e r e , ,
an d t h e t o m b w hi c h w a s e r e c t e d o v e r i t
, b e c am e k n ow n by th e ,
n am e o f S is g a n g (H e a d H e ap ) an d c ro w d s
g o th e r e a l s o t o v is it ,
it an d m ak e th e ir o ff e ri n g s I n t h e m i n d o f G u r ii T e g B ah ad u r
’
.
,
it h ad al w ay s b e e n s e ttl e d t o g i v e t h e s e at o f G u r us hip t o G o v i n d
,
41
T h e R an gh ar s , o r usa man M l j
R a p ut s , ar e c o n s i d e re d a ve ry b ra r ve ac e o f
me n he n c e r an gh ar e ta mp e s b i li r av e h e r oe s .
”
a r . IX — A
. CC OUN T or (1 11 11 13 TE G B A H AD U R
S i n g h , fo r , f r o m h is c h il dh o o d , h e a pp e a r d v e r y ac ti v e an d
c l e v e r ; an d as T e g B ah é d u r n e v e r c ar e d f o r t h e b u s i n e s s o f t h e
G u r us hip , h e w i s h e d , w h e n G
o v i n d S i n g h g r e w u p , th at h e s h o u ld
m a k e o v e r th e b u s i n e s s o f t h e u r us hip G t o h im , an d hi m s e l f
e s c ap e f r o m t h e b u r d e n A t l as t , t a k i n g thi s w i s h in h is h e a r t ,
.
h is h e a d w as c ut o ff in t h e y e a r 1 7 3 2 B B , th e y e a r 1 6 7 5
. .
A D , an d th e th r on e o f th e
. . G
u r us h ip c ame i n t o t h e p o s s e s s i on
of G
o v i n d S i ng h
V E R SE S .
God l
a o ne is t r ue , al l t h e wo r l d is f al s e
Th e r e fo r e do n o t s it in thi s c o u n t r y of d r e ams w ith y ou r l e g s

s t r e t c h e d ou t (i e at e as e )
. . .
40 H I S T OR Y or T H E s u ms .
CH A P T E R X .
Th e Cir c ums ta n c e s f
o G ar i i G ov in d S ing/
-
t .
Thi s G
r u G o v i n d S i n g h fr o m h is v e ry c h ild h o o d w as e x
u , ,
c e e din l y e x p e rt a n d in h is e a rly y e a r s e v e n h e l e a r n t a r c h e ry
g , , ,
s o w e ll ,
t h a t n o ne o f h is c o m p a n i on s w e r e a b l e t o s h o o t a rr o w s
li k e h im I t a p p e a r s f r o m m an y o f h is w o rd s th a t h e a l s o k n e w
.
,
‘
P e r s i an ; an d a l t h o ug h h e h ad n o k n o w l e d g e e x c e pt o f P e r s i an ,
an d G u r u m u k hi s til l 0 11 ac c o u n t o f h is a s s o c i a ti n g w ith Pan d at s

,
an d m a u l v i s a n d o th e r w i s e p e o pl e h e c o u ld t al k an d di s c o u r s e,
v e ry n i c e ly a n d by h is a r g u m e n t s h e d r e w m an y p e o pl e t o
, , ,
hi m s e l f W h e n h e s at o n t h e s e a t of G u r us hi p an d c r o w d s
.
,
c am e t o s e e h im th e n h e th o u g h t th u s t o hi m s e l f T h e M u s al
,
m an s h av e m u c h a ddi c t e d t h e G a r ds a n d h o ly m e n a n d o th e r
d e v o t e e s w h o w e r e b e fo r e m e ; I m u s t n o w w ith th e h e l p o f ,
th e s e as s e m bli e s t ak e t h e i r r e v e n g e f r o m t h e T u r k s
,
,
A nd he .
r e fl e c t e d th u s t o o : T h e di s p o s iti o n o f al l th e s e as s e m bli e s f r o m
t h e ti me o f G u r u N an a k h as b e e n l ik e th a t o f f ak i r s an d th e y ,
d o n o t k n o w t h e w ay s o f b attl e a n d w ar ; i t b e h o v e s m e t o m ak e
a n e w s e c t in m y o w n n a m e an d h a v i n g t au h t th e m t h e u s e o f
g
, ,
a r m s an d t h e m o d e o f g o v e r n m e n t g e t th em t o fi g h t w,
i th th e
Tu r k s J h u s thi n k i n g h e d e p a rte d f r o m A n an d p u r an d w e n t
.
” ’
, ,
t o t h e p e ak o f N am a d e v i s it u at e d in th e m o u n t a i n s ab o u t fi v e
1
k o s di s t an c e f r o m th e r e ; t h e n h a v i n g g o n e i n s id e h e r t e m pl e
, ,
an d j o i n i n g h is h a n d s b e fo r e t h e g o d d e s s h e p e titi o n e d ; O “
,
D u r g a I f o r th e s a k e o f t ak i n g r e v e n g e 0 11 t h e T u r k s w i s h t o
, ,
m a k e a s e c t d o y o u g i v e m e thi s p o w e r H a v i n g t h u s s aid ”
, .
,
h e c al l e d t h e Pan d ats a n d b e g an t o p e r f o r m p e n an c e a c c o r di n g
,
t o t h e i r di r e c ti o n s I h e n h e h a d fi n i s h e d h is p e n an c e t h e
V
.
,
Pan d ats b e g an t o m a k e h im o fi e r b u r n t o fi e r in g s W hen a hun .
dr e d m au n d s o f w h e at s u g a r fr u it an d m o l as s e s h ad b e e n pl a c e d
, ,
o n t h e fi r e a n d th e b u r n t o ff e ri n g h ad b e e n c o m p l e t e d th e n t h e
, ,
P n d t s s ai d : O G u r u n o w in thi s i n s t a n c e f o r a s ac r i fi c e o f
a a
,
o bl a ti o n d o y o u c u t o ff t h e h e ad o f y o u r s o n a n d o ff e r i t u
”
, p , .
G o v i n d S i n g h h ad f o u r s on s ; th e n am e o f o n e w as J o r awar
S i n g h o f t h e s e c o n d F a t e h S i n g h o f t h e thi r d J u jh ar S i n gh
, , ,
an d o f t h e f o u rth J i t S i n g h W h e n t h e G u r u a s k e d t h e m o th e r s
.
t o o ffe r u p th e i r s o n s a s a s ac rifi c e th e n th e y s aid : W e w il l ,
w ithdr a w f r o m f o r w a rd i n g y o u r n e w s e c t ; t o k ill y o u r s o n s t o
”
c r e at e y o u r s e c t is n o t pl e as i n g to u s W h e n h e c ou l d n o t g e t .
C H AP . X — . AC C OUN T or G U R H e ov m n S IN G H .
a son , g ai n a s k e d t h e Pan d ats

th e n he a N o w d o y o u p l e as e .
“
n am e s o m e o th e r o ff e ri n e Pan d a ts f u lfill e d t h e s ac rifi c e

”
g T h .
,
by o ffe r i n g u p s o m e thi n g e l s e I t is r e p o rt e d th at th e g o dd e s s .
,
app e ar e d an d s a id Go y o u r s e c t w il l b e s e t g o i n g in th e
w o rld
”
Th e n G o v i n d S i n g h h av i n g c o me t o A n an dp u r an d
.
, ,
c o l l e c t e d al l t h e as s e m bly w i s h e d to s e e w h o w e r e r e ally in e ar n c
e st . T h e G u r u h av i n g c all e d al l t h e a s s e m bly s ai d
,
I r e q u i re ,
t h e h e a d o f o n e m an ; l e t h im w h o l o v e s h is G u r u g i v e h is , ,
h e ad t o m e O n h e a ri n g th i s m o s t o f th e p e o pl e r an away
. ,
, ,
a n d t h e s i n c e rity o f m a n y w a s s h a tt e r e d b u t a m o n g s t th e m a l l ,
fi v e di s ci p l e s g e tti n g u p s ai d ,
O tr u e k i n g ! o u r h e a d s ar e
,
pr e s e n t ; c u t th e m o ff w h e n y o u pl e as e O f th e s e fi v e th e .
,
n am e o f o n e w as D h a r m S i n g h o f t h e s e c o n d S u k h a S i n g h o f , ,
t h e th i rd D ay a S i n g h o f t h e f o u rth H i m m a t S i n g h a n d o f t h e
, ,
fi fth M u k h an S i n g h T h e G u r u h a v i n g t a k e n th e s e fiv e i n t o
.
,
a ro om b e
g an t o
,
s a
y O b e l o v e d ! I h a v e b e e n m u c h pl e a s e d
w i t h y o u r f a ith an d s i n c e rity f o y o u h av e n o t r e f u s e d t o g i v e ,
r
y o u r h e ad s in t h e n am e o f t h e G u r u; c o m e n o w I w ill b apti e ,
z
y o u in t h e t r u e r e l i g i o n T h e n h a v i n g c a u s e d th e s e fi v e t o
.
”
,
b a th e h e se a te d t h e m t o g e th e r a n d t h e n h a v i n g di s s o l e d s o m e
,
-
, ,
v
s w e e t m e at s i n w at e r an d s ti r r e d i t u p w ith a k n i e,
f “
an d ,
h av i n g r e a d s o m e v e r s e s c o m p o s e d by hi m s e l f w hi c h ar e w ri t te n ,
in t h e b o o k c al l e d A k a] U s t ut (o r i m m o rt a l pr a i s e ) h e g av e ,
t h e m s o m e o f th a t s h a rb a t t o d ri n k a n d p u t s o m e o n th e ir h e ad s , ,
a n d w h a t w a s l e f t h e s p ri n k l e d o n th ei r b o di e s a n d th e n p a t
, , ,
ti n g th e m w ith h is o w n h an d s c all e d o u t w ith a l o u d v o i c e an d ,
s ai d S ay O s e c t o f t h e VV ah G u r u (Go d ) V i c t o ry b e t o t h e L o rd
“
, ,
(W ih
'
s T h e n h av i n g bapti e d th o s e fi v e h e w as h i m s e l f z ,
a f t e r w ar d s b ti d in th e s a m e w a d th i d t th m
p e a z
y a n e n s a o e
“
W h o e v e r is m y di s c i p l e w il l a l w ay s k e e p fi v e thi n g s ,
th e fi r s t l e tt e r (o f t h e n a m e s ) o f w hi c h is K n am e ly k e s
(h ai r ) k a n g h a (c o m b ) k a r a d (k n i fe ) k i r p an (t al w ar 0 1 s w o rd )
1
, , ,
an d k ac hh a n d h e w h o s h al l l e a v e o fi w e a ri n g a n y o f th e s e
3 4
thi n g s h e s h a ll n t b e m y di s c i p l e
,
o Th e n h av i n g ,
w ritt e n w h a t e l s e w a s to b e r e c o g n i e d a s t h e pri n c i p l e s rit e s a n d z

, ,
u s a g e s o f h is di s c i l e s h e g av e i t t o th e m a n d at t h e p re s e n t
p , ,
ti m e th e S i k h s c a ll th at w riti n g th e i r R a h it N am a 0 1 c o d e I t
,
1
.
is u s e l e s s t o p e n t h e w h o l e o f th a t c o d e h e r e b u t t h e p a rt s o f it , ,
w hi c h i t is n e c e s s a ry f o r f o r e i g n e r s t o k n o w I w il l w r it e h e r e , .
T h e Cod e o f the S ikhs .
N o t to b el i e ve in th e V e d as , S as tr as ,
P u r au s , or th e K u ran .
K h d ai t h t w d g d p i t d w
an s e o e e o n e e ap o n wo r n in the h e ad d re ss -
of
th e A k i li z s .
43
K hh ho t b r h r hi g t
ac ar e s r eec es, e ac n o the kn e es, wo r n by S ikh s .
42 HI ST O RY or T H E S K I HS .
N o t t o p ay an y heed to th e w or d of Pan d at s , Pan dh as ,

M iy an s , o r M ah itas .
N o t t o p e r f o r m an y f u n e r a l o b s e q u i e s ( k h i ah ) ,
45
(k a r am k i ri a) ; b u t w h e n p e r fo r m e d , t o d o
46
.
so ac c o r di n g t o t h e
d e c r e e s o f th e G r an thj i .
N o t t o w e ar a ny j a n e ii
’
(B r a h m i n i c a l t h re ad ) B o di (t u ft of
h ai r) M al a (n e c k l ac e ) k a n t/
zi
( r o s a r y ) .
N o t t o w o r s hip at an
y m ari (g r a v e ) or mas an (b u r ni ng
p l ac e ) .
N o t to p e r f o r m S an d h i a c a n, “ P ath (r e adi n g B r ah m i n i
c al b oo k s ) , o r Pii a (w o r s hip ) o n ly t o r e a d t h e j ap i, j a
j ji &
’
j p ,
c .
N o t t o g i v e f oo d t o any b u t di s c ipl e s
i8
‘
.
N o t t o r e g ar d B r ah man s an d S aiads as hi g h in r an k .
N e v e r t o b ar e th e h e ad .
N e v e r t o t o u c h a b u k k a o r t o b ac c o .
N e v e r t o apply a r az o r t o t h e h e a d o r b e ar d .
N e v e r t o c o v e t an o th e r m an s w i f e o r an o th e r m an s go o d s ’ ’
.
N e v e r t o r e ad M an t r as ac c o r di n g t o t h e r i t e s o f t h e V e d as
, ,
at marr i ag e s d e ath s o r bi r th s
, ,
.
N e v e r t o b e di s o b e di e n t t o th e G u r u .
N e v e r t o m ix w ith t h e f o l l o w i n g fi v e s e c t s n ame ly D hi r , ,
mal l iy as , R amr aias , M in as , M as an ds , an d S ir gu n ms , an d ne ve r

to c on s o rt w ith th e s e fi ve .
T h e D h ir m al l iy as ar e th o s e , w h o ar e o f t h e o ff s p r i n g o f
D h ir m al l T h e R am r ai as ar e t h o s e , w h o ar e c all e d t h e di s c ipl e s o f
.
G u ru R a m R ai o f D e h r a D an T h e M i n as ar e t h os e , w h o ar e o f
.
t h e f am ily o f Pi r th i M a ll , t h e u n c l e o f H ar g o v in d th at Pi r th i
M al l h i d s ix l e tt e r s , w hi c h w e r e s e n t f r o m L ah au r T h e M as an ds .
a r e th o s e , w h o g o b e f o r e t h e G
u r u a n d c o ll e c t di s c ipl e s , an d e at
w h at b e l on g s t o t h e o ff e r i n g s o f t h e G u r fi s T h e S ir gu n ms ar e
’
th o s e , w h o ar e c all e d ath e is t s , S ar aw agis an d ai n s J .
I f an y di s c ipl e , by m i s t ak e , s h a ll h a v e d e ali n g s w ith any o f

t h e s e , fi v e s e c t s , th e n h e m u s t p r e s e n t a r u p e e an d a q u ar t e r s
’
w o r th o f K ar ah Par s ad f an d o ffe r it u p w it h h is k n i fe s t u c k in
9
44
S ar éd h is t h e c o m m e m o at o n r i of
’
one s d e c e as e d an c e s t o s r i th m t h
n e on
Ass n
rl r
.
45
r
K h i ah i s t h e y e a y e m e m b an c e o f t h e d e ad o n t h e an n v e s a o e i r ry f d at h
Kr l
.
46
a am k ri q i
i a ar e t h e o b s e u e s p e o m e d at a un e a rf r f r
Br h i i l r r
.
47
F
or m s o f a m n ca p ay e s
h l f
.
43
i
N e u n d a m e an s o y o o d , g v e n as aim s
h l fl
.
49
Ka a r hP rh
a s a d o r a w a is a s w e at m e at , m ad e o f our , s uga an d c l a ifi e d r r
b u tt e r .
C H AP AC C OUN T G OVIN D S IN G H
‘
. X —
. o r GU R IJ .
it , an d , j oi ni ng
h is h an d s a s k f o r g i v e n e s s o f h is f a u lt f r o m G o d
,
.
I n pl ac e o f S an d h ia G at r i, t o r e a d t h e B ab a r as , A rti S u h l a 50
an d
t h e J apji an d J apji O n t h e o c c as i o n o f a m a r ri a g e , to r e ad t h e
.
A n an d (s o n g o f j o y ) an d at t h e ti m e o f a d e ath , m e dit a t e o n t h e
,
G r an t h j i I n s h o rt , w h at e v e r is l aid d o w n t o b e d o n e in t h e
.
s as t r as , o r is a c c o rdi n g t o t h e c u s t o m s o f th e c o u n t r y , s h al l b e
p e r fo r me d a c c o rdi n g t o t h e d e c r e e s o f t h e G r an th ji an d if t h e “
b o n e s o f t h e d e ad c an b e thr o w n i n to t h e an g e s , it is w e l l G
o th e r w i s e , if th e y ar e d e p os it e d in t h e di s tri c t o f A n m r its ar , th i s
,
q
will b e e u a l to th r o w i n g th e m i n t o th e an g e s I n thi s w ay h e G .
p o i n t e d o u t m an y o th e r r u l e s al s o , an d , in a f e w d ay s , th ous an d s
'
o f S i k h s , h av i n g b e e n b apti z e d , j o i n e d h im T h e s h a r b at , w h i c h .
is g i v e n t o d r i n k a t t h e ti m e o f b apti s m , its n am e th e y c al l
A n mr it ( n e c t ar ) o r t h e w at e r o f l i f e .
H I S T OR Y SIN GH — c on tz n u ed GO V I N D
'
or .
On e d ay G o v i n d S i n g h t ook a fan c y th a t h e w ou ld s e n d f o r t h e b o o k
,
o f t h e G r an th S é h ib an d w rit e s o m e thi n g m o r e in i t ; b u t a s a t th a t
, ,
ti m e t h at b o o k w as in t h e h o u s e o f t h e S o d his o f K a rtar p u r th e y
,
'
w o u l d n o t g i v e it t o G o v i n d S i n g h m o r e o v e r th e y s ai d th u s : A s ,
G o v i n d S i n g h al s o c all s hi m s e l f t h e” G u r u l e t h im by h is o w n , ,
p o w e r m ak e an o th e r n e w Gr an thji
, W h e n t h e G u r u h e ar d th a t
.
th e y w o u l d n o t g i v e t h e b o o k th e n aft e r a f e w d ay s t h e G u r u , , ,
di s c o v e r e d th a t f r o m r e a di n g t h e o r i g i n al Gr an th ji t h e S i k h s
, ,
b e c a m e v e r y f e e bl e h e a rt e d ; h e th e r e f o r e d e t e r m i n e d hi m s e l f to
c o m p o s e s u c h a G r an th th at f r o m r e adi n g it h is d i s c ipl e s h av i n g
, , , ,
l e a r n t t h e s c i e n c e o f go v e r n m e n t a n d th e u s e o f w e p o n s an d o th e r a ,
k i n d s o f e x p e r t n e s s s h o u ld b e c o m e fi t f o r fi ghti n g A c c o rdi n g ly
, .
,
f r o m th at v e ry d ay h e c o mm e n c e d t o m a k e a v e ry l a r g e G r an th
, .
a n d w h e n i t w as fi n i s h e d in t h e y e a r 1 7 5 3 B B o n th e e i g h th o f .
t h e li g ht h al f o f t h e m o n th B h ad o n o n a S u n d ay th e n h e c all e d , ,
T h e G r an th s ahib o f th e t e n th G u r u T hi s G r an th
“ ”
i ts n am e .
is v e r y di ffi c u lt a n d is c o m p o s e d in m a n y m e a s u r e s in t h e H i n d i
,
di al e c t an d in i t th e r e a r e m an y c o u n s e l s f r o m th e S as tr as o n
,
th e m an n e r o f g i v i n g b attl e a n d m a k i n g w ar an d a b o u t th e w il e s ,
o f w o m e n an d th e i r ar t s an d a b o u t d e v o ti o n a n d t h e k n o w l e d g e
,
of Go d F r o m it it ap p e ar s th a t G o v i n d S i n g h w as v e r y e x p e r t
.
,
in m ak i n g p o e t r y W h e n f r o m al l s id e s c r o w d s b e g an t o c om e
.
,
t o h im th e n t h e t a l k o f h is n e w s e c t b e g an t o s pr e a d ab o u t in all
,
pl ac e s m o re o v e r t h e n e w s w as al s o c o n v e y e d t o t h e k i n g o f
,
D il li ; (it w as ) al s o (r e p o rt e d ) th at a l ar g e a r my al w ay s r e m ai n
e d w ith G o v i n d S i n g h an d th e k i n g w as c o n ti n u al ly a n x i ou s
,
a b o u t thi s m att e r W h e n h is (G o v i n d S i n g h s ) S i k h s b e g an t o
’
.
pl un d e r in al l q u ar t e r s an d t o c o m m it r o bb e ri e s th e n th e k i n g s
, ,
50
Th e s e ar e the n am e s o f v a ri ou s S ikh h y mn s .
44 HI S T O RY o r T HE s u ms .
of th e h ill s b e y o n d A n an dp u r al s o b e g an t o c o n s u l t ab o u t m ak
in g w ar a g ai n s t h im Thi s is w h at o c c u r r e d o n e d ay t h e h il l
.
k i ng s s e n t a m e s s a g e t o G o v i n d S i n g h s ayi n g I n y o u r p o s s e s ,
s i o n is a c e rt ai n e l e p h an t w h i c h y o u m u s t s e n d to u s
,
A s th e r e .
w e r e m an y g o o d q u al iti e s in th a t e l e ph an t a n d t h e G u r u w as v e ry ,
f o n d o f it o n th i s a c c o u n t t h e G u r u d i d n o t a g r e e t o s e n d i t
, , .
T h e b ill p e o p l e b e i n g g r e a tly di s pl e as e d a t thi s affai r an d t ak i n g

, ,
v e r y m an y s o l di e r s w ith th e m c a m e t o A n an d p u r T h e fi g ht , .
l as t e d v e r y s e v e r e ly f o r s e v e r a l d ay s an d i n n u m e r ab l e s o l di e r s ,
o f b o th s i d e s w e r e k ill e d ; m o r e o v e r t w o o f G o v i n d S i n g h s s o n s
’
,
w e r e k ill e d in th a t fi g h t a t a c i t y c al l e d Oh a m k a u r an d a s h r i n e ,
w a s e r e c t e d th e r e an d c all e d Gh am k au r S ah ib
,
Th e y s ay th at . .
G o v i n d S i n g h s e v e r al ti m e s d e fe at e d and p u t t o fl i g ht t h e h il l .
p e o p l e b u t af t e r wa r d s w h e n th e y a t t ac k e d A n an dp u r w i th th e
,
as s i s t a n c e o f th e k i n g s ar my th e n G o v i n d S i n g h th o u g h t i t
’
,
b e tt e r t o g o aw ay f r o m A n an dp u r G o v i n d S i n g h l e av i n g al l
.
,
h is a r m y th e r e a n d t a k i n g t h e s e h is fi r s t fi v e di s c ipl e s a n d h is
, , .
t w o s o n s w ith h im c am e an d li v e d in t h e h o u s e o f a S i k h in a
,
c ity c al l e d M ac hh uw ar a W h e n t h e a r m i e s c a m e af t e r h im th e r e
.
a l s o th e n G o v i n d S i n g h
,
dy e i n g h is c l o th e s in s u r m a (an ti m o n y )
, ,
o t O ff di s g u i s e d a s a M u s a l m an th r o u g h t h e m id s t o f th e ar m i e s
g .
H e s e t o ff w it h t h o s e s am e fi v e S i k h s t o th e c o u n t r y o f M al w a b u t ,
h is t w o s o n s r e m a i n e d th e r e w h e n t h os e t w o l ad s f e l l i n t o th e
h an d s o f th e a r m y th e n th e a r m y s e i z e d an d s e n t th e m to a c ity
,
c all e d S ar an d .Th e g o v e r n o r o f th at pl ac e by n am e W az i r K h an , ,
se nt i n f o r m ati o n t o th e k i n g at D illi s ayi n g Tw o s o n s o f ,
G u r u G o vi n d S i n g h w h o h as s e t g o i n g th e K h al s a s e c t h av e
, ,
f al l e n in t o m y h an d s ; w h a t e v e r y o u s h al l o r d e r th a t s h all b e ,
d o n e t o th e m A s K in g A u r a n g z e b f r o m h e a ri n g th e r e p o r t
.
,
O f t h e m h a d a l r e a dy b e c o m e di s t r e s s e d o n r e c e i v i n g thi s ( n e w s
, ) , ,
h e b e c am e g l a d at h e a rt a n d w r o t e an d s e n t thi s an s w e r
, DO
”
ou t ak e t h e li v e s o f th e s e t w o l ad s O n r e a di n g t h e r o y al
y .
c o m m an d t h e ,
g o v e r n o r h av i n g t ak e n t h e l ad s b u r i e d th e m
, ,
u n d e r a f o u n d ati o n (o f a b u il di n g ) an d h a v i n g e r e c t e d a w al l
, ,
o v e r it b u ilt a h o u s e th e r e
,
A t t h at ti m e f r o m o b s e r v i n g t h e
.
,
o r ph an s t a t e o f th e s e c h i l d r e n t h e v e ry w all s e v e n w e pt ; b u t
,
f r o m s e e i n g th e c ryi n g an d s o bbi ng O f th e s e c hild r e n n o pity ,
c am e t o th at v il e g o v e r n o r Th at d ay al l t h e p e o pl e in
.
,
S ar an d r e m ai n e d u tt e ri n g A l as ! al as an d h e av i n g r e g r e t s
“
.
,
an d n o o n e at e th e i r fo o d w ith an a p p e tit e A t t h e ti m f th i r
y e o e .
b e i n g p u t t o d e ath al l th e att e n d an t s w h o w e r e p r e s e n t f r om
, , ,
f e a r o f t h e g o v e r n o r s a i d n o th in g e x c e pt a Path an o f M a l e r
'
, ,
K o tl a w h o e x p o s t u l at e d mu c h w ith t h e g o v e r n o r s ayi n g
, , ,
W h at h av e th e s e o r p h an c h il d r e n t ak e n b e l o n g i n g t o y o u ? ”
b u t th a t w r e t c h h e e d e d n o t in t h e l e as t W h e n th e n e ws
'
o f th e k il l i n g o f h is so n s r e ac h e d G o v i n d S i n g h on th e r oad ,
C H AP . X —~. AC C OUN T OF G U R u G OVIND S IN G H .
th en th o s e fi v e S i k h s b e gan t o g i v e v e n t t o w o rd s o f s o r r o w .
G o v i n d S i n gh f o r t h e s a k e o f r e m o v i n g th e i r s or r ow h av m g
, ,
d r aw n t w o l i n e s o n t h e g r o u n d e ffac e d t h e m an d s ai d O , , ,
“
b r o th e r S i k h s ! a s f r o m t h e dr a w i n g a n d e ffac i n g o f th e s e l i n e s
, ,
l rr l h l d k w th t G d h
yo u f e e n o j y
o o r s o o w s o a s o s o u
y o u n o a
,
o a s
m ad e t h e w h o l e w o rld a s l i n e s a c c o r di n g t o H is d e s ir e ; an d
w h e n i t is H is p l e a s u r e H e e ff a c e s th e m ; th e r e f o r e it b e h o v e s
’
t h e w i s e t o r e m ai n s il e n t r e g a rdi n g H is d e c r e e s
”
T h e n th e G u r u .
w e n t an d s t o d a t t h e g a t e o f a f o r t in a v ill a g e n am e d K o tk a
o
r a w h i c h is in M a l w a o n w h ic h a J a t t n a m e d K ap ii r a w h o w as
’
p a , , , ,
t h e c o m m a n d e r o f th a t f o rt c am e out f r o m w ithi n ; th e n th e ,
G u r u as k e d h im fo r a pl ac e t o h i de h i m s e l f H gav e r e ply . e ,
Y o u h a v e c o m h e r e h a v i n g k ill e d y o u r s o n s a n d n o w y o u
e
, ,
T h e G u r u h e av i n g
”
w i s h t o h av e m e k ill e d a l s o by t h e k i n g .
,
a s i g h s aid V e r y w e ll if G o d w ill s th e n y o u w i l l b e h an g e d , ,
I n s h o r t w h e n t h e G u r u w e n t f r o m th e r e an d li v e d
, ,
al s o
”
.
,
in a pl a c e c all d M u k a ts a r w h i c h is in t h e di s tri c t o f F i r o z p u r
e , ,
t h e n th at J a t t n am e d K ap ur a w h o w as t h e c o m man d e r O f ,
K o tk apura w as ,
h u n g a g r e e ably t o th e o r d e r s o f th e
k i ng .
A f e r w ar s , t h e k n g an d th e
d t i l c e fs r e c e ve
h il hi n fo r m a i d i
ti t t G i d i h
on ha ov n S n g h ad g on e a n d a k e n u p h is r e s e n c e in
t id
M n k ats a r ; b u t th
e r e w as t s n
ghi th i
t o b e c on s e e d, a , onid r th t
ac c o un t
Of t h e s c a c r i ty
of wa e in t r th t
a c o un , t try
he a m w o u r y ld
s u ff e r m u c h h a r d s hip A l th o u g h af t e r r e fl e c ti n g o v e r thi s
.
,
m at t e r t h e h e rt o f t h e k i n g h e s it at e d m u c h at s e n di n g an a r m y
,
a ,
s till t h e hill c h i e fs b y u r gi n g h im o n b a d a r m i e s d e s p at c h e d
, ,
f r o m D illi an d c a m e a n d s u r r o u n d e d M k a t s ar A s G u ruGovi n d n .
S i n g h w as s e a t e d th e r e w i t h ou t an y th o u g ht th e r e o f w h e n h e s aw ,
hi m s e l f s u r r o u n d e d by t h e a r m y h e b c am e m u c h p e rpl e x e d ,
e .
A t l as t h a v i n g c all e d h is S i k h s f r o m t h e s u rr o u n di n g c ou n t ry
, ,
be e n c o u r a g e d t h e m t o fi g h t I n s h o rt a t th a t ti m e m an y .
, ,
t h o u s an d s S i k h s a l l r e a dy t o l ay d o w n th e i r li v e s j o i n e d G o v i n d
, ,
S i n g h ; w h e n t h e fi g h t c o m m e n c e d o n b o th s id e s th e n m an y ,
th o u s a n d m e n o f t h e k i n g s a r m y w e r e k ill e d ; a n d alth o u g h m an y ’
S i k h s O f G o v i n d S i n g h s (ar m y ) w e r e a l s o k ill e d s til l th e y di d

’
n o t l e av e t h e b attl e fi e l d A t l a s t t h e k i n g s ar m y w as o bli g e d
’
.
,
t o r e tr e a t fo r w an t o f w t e r a n d G o v i n d S i n g h b e g an t o li v e a
,
th e r e ; at t h e pl ac e a t w h i c h t h e fi g h t t o o k pl ac e G o v i n d S i n g h ,
c au s e d a v e ry l a r g e t an k t o b e d u g a n d c a ll e d its n am e M u k a t ,
a s o n o f t h e m ak i n
e ar ; a n d b
y r e , g o f th at t an k t h e n am e o f th a t ,
l ac e w hi c h w a b f r e b u t a s m a ll v i ll ag e b e c am e r e n o w n e d a s
p ,
s e o ,
M u k a t s ar G o i n d S i n g h e x pl a i n e d to h is d i s c ip l e s M an y
. v
p e op l e h av e o b t ai n e d s a l v a ti o n h e r e s o n o w w h o e v e r s h all p e r , ,
f o r m a bl u t i o n in t h is pl a c e w i th tr u e l o v e an d d e v o ti o n h e t o o
'
, , ,
”
w il l o b t ai n s al v ati o n N o w a d ay s e v e r y y e ar o n th e fi r s t O f
.
- -
,
.
46 H I S T O RY OF T H E S K I HS .
t h e mon t h M agh ( 1 2th J an u ary t o 1 2th F e br u a ry ) a v e r y l ar g e ,

f ai r is h e ld th e r e A f t e r w a rd s w h e n al l t h e q u arr e l s w ith t h e
.
,
k i n g h ad c o me t o an e n d th e n G o v i n d S i n g h t ak i n g a l ar g e
, ,
c o n c o u r s e w ith h im c am e an d l i v e d in
, a v ill a g e o f M al w a an d ,
f o r s o m e ti m e e n j o y e d q u i e t th e r e T h e p e o pl e o f M al w a ar e v e r y
.
s i mpl e an d a rtl e s s a n d th o u s a n d s o f th e m f r o m a s s o c i a ti n g w it h
, ,
h im w e r e b a p ti z e d as h is di s c ipl e s
,
T h e G u r u m ad e a v e r y .
b e au ti f u l pl ac e th e r e f o r h i m s e l f t o l i v e in an d c a ll e d it s n ame ,
t h e D am d am a N o w a d ay s a v e ry l a r g e f ai r is h e ld th e r e an d
.
- -
, ,
m an y p e o pl e go th e r e t o l e a r n th e w o rd s O f w i s d o m an d s t o p ,
th e r e s o m e ti m e ; f o r G u r u G o v i n d S i n g h af te r b uil di n g th at ,
pl ac e m ad e i t k n o w n am o n g h is di s c ipl e s th at w h o e v e r s h ou l d
, ,
c o m e h e r e a n d l i v e h e h o w e v e r g r e a t a f oo l h e m i g h t b e w o u l d
, , , ,
b e c o m e w i s e ; at t h e p r e s e n t ti m e m an y di s c i p l e s an d h o ly s ai n t s
, ,
w h o a r e v e ry g o o d an d w i s e l i v e th e r e ; an d w h o e v e r ,
h av i n g ,
l e f t h is f am ily s h al l g o th e r e m e r e l y f o r t h e s ak e o f g e tti n g
, ,
w i s d o m h e w ill s u r e ly b e c o m e w i s e
,
an d th e r e is thi s v e r y g oo d
p o i n t al s o ab o u t thi s pl a c e th a t as m an y w rit e r s o f t h e G u r u
,
m u k hi l e tt e r s l i v e th e r e a n d th e y w rit e a v e ry g o o d b an d n o n e
, ,
b u t th e i r p u pil s c an w ri t e as th e y d o ; th a t pl a c e is n ow k n o wn
as t h e D am d am a S ahib A f t e r th i s d e p arti n g f r o m th e r e t h e
.
, ,
G u ru c am e to S ar an d w h e r e h is tw o so n s h ad b e e n m u r d e r e d b y
,
b e i n g b u ri e d u n d e r a f o u n d a ti on W h e n t h e G u r u ar r i v e d .
at th at h o u s e w h e r e h is t w o s o n s w e r e b u ri e d th e n h e b e c am e
, ,
v e r y s ad b u t by r e as on o f th e s tr e n g th o f h is r e li g i ou s u n d e r
, ,
s t an di n g h e di d n o t m an i f e s t t h e g ri e f O f h is h e a rt
,
H is di s c ipl e s .
p e ti t i o n e d h im s ayi n g ,
O G u r u if y o u c omm an d th e n w e w il l
, ,
s e t fi r e t o t hi s c ity o f S a r an d f o r i t is n o t g o o d f o r s u c h
,
a v il e
c ity a s th i s in w hi c h t h e s o n s o f t h e
,
G u ru w e r e m u rd e r e d w ith
o u t f au l t t o e x i s t i n t h e w o r l d
,
Th e G u r u r e pli e d O B h ai
S i k h s n o fau l t a tt ac h e s to th e w h o l e c ity b u t t h e f au lt is m e r e l y , ‘
”
th e k in g s an d G o d h i m s e l f w il l t ak e v e n g e an c e o n h im A g ai n
’
.
,
a l s o w h e n h is di s c ipl e s p e titi o n e d s ayi n g :

,
0 t ru e k i n g ! w e fe e l
,
v e ry an g r y w ith t hi s c ity if y o u w ill g i v e u s t h e c o mm an d w e w il l ,

”
r a z e it t o t h e g r o u n d an d e ffa c e it s f o u n d a ti o n an d s it e Th e .
G u ru s e e i n g th e o b s ti n ac y o f h is di s c ipl e s th ou g h t th u s
,
If I ,
w e r e t o gi v e th e o r d e r t o b u r n an d r az e th i s c ity t h e n th e an ge r o f ,
th e k in g w o u l d b e a r o u s e d ag a i n s t m e af r e s h I t is th e r e f o r e .
”
b e tt e r th a t I s h ou l d g i v e th e m s o m e o th e r o r d e r Hav i n g t h u s .
th o u g h t c alli n g o u t h e s ai d t o h is di s ci p l e s
, ,
L e t w h o e v e r is my
di s c i p l e w h e n h e g o e s f r o m S aran d t o t h e G an g e s t ak e t w o b r i c k s
, ,
fr o m h e r e an d th r o w th e m i n to t h e J am n a an d w h e n h e r e t u r ns
, ,
th e n l e t h im t ak e t w o bri c k s an d th r o w th e m i n t o t h e S atl uj w h o
e v e r d o e s n o t O b e y th i s m c o m m an d h is b a thi n g in t h e G an g e s
y ,
wi l l b e o f n o a c c o u n t H e s aid thi s al s o F r o m to d ay l e t n o -
,
o n e c all it S ar an d it s n am e is G u r fim ar i ( c u r s e d ) a c c o r di n gl y
t o th e p r e s e n t day p e op l e t ak e b r i c k s f r o m th e r e an d t h r ow t h e m
,
C H AP . X — A
. CC OU N T o r s e nt? G OVIND S IN G H .
i n to th e J
S atl u j an d, ri s i n g in t h e m o r n i n g , n o Hi n d u
am n a a n d
m e n ti on s t h e n a m e o f it 51
A f t e r w ard s , t h e di s c ipl e s m ad e a v e ry
.
l ar g e t o m b th e r e , an d al l S i k h s g o th e r e t o d o o b e i s an c e , an d o ffe r
o bl a ti o n s A f t e r thi s t h e G u r u, w an d e r in
.
g ab o u t c a m e t o A n an dp u r ,
o n e d ay , w h e n a l a r g e a s s e m bly h ad c o l l e c t e d , th e n t h e u r us a id G
Th e u rks, i e T ,
t h e M u s al m an s , h a v e
.
g.i v e n m u c h tr o u bl e t o th e
w o rld , an d h av e affli c t e d o u r r a c e f o r m an y g e n e r a ti o n s , an d
h av e al s o r o bb e d u s o f m u c h o f o u r p r o p e rty a n d t r e as u r e , an d
h av e k ill e d o u r c h ild r e n ; n o w l e t al l t h e K h al s a a s s e m bl e , an d
d e s t r o y th e m f o r m e f o r th i s v e ry r e as on , I h av e g i v e n y o u a r m s
a n d r ais e d thi s s e c t T h e a s s e m bly , j o i n i n g th e i r h a n d s , s ai d
.
“
O t r u e G ur u ! w e ar e a t y o u r s e r v i c e w i th o u r l i v e s an d p r o
p e r ty b u t i t b e h o v e s u s t o c o n s i d e r o n e thi n g , th a t t h e ar m i e s
o f th e T
u r k s ar e u n c o u n t abl e , a n d th e i r p o w e r is b e y o n d b ou n d s ,
h o w c an w e , h e lpl e s s , p o o r S i k h s , c o n q u e r th e m ? Th e r e fo r e ,
i t is b e s t th at y o u s h o u l d fi r s t w r it e a l e tt e r t o K i n g A u ran g z e b ,
an d s e n d a n d g i v e h im ad v i c e , th at h e s h o u l d n o l o n g e r a ffli c t
y o u r g o o d , p i o u s , a n d p oo r f o ll o w e r s I f h e s h all p ay r e .
g a r d t o thi s an d d e s i s t f r o m h is d e p r a v i ty , all w e l l ; if n o t ,
w e w il l fi g ht w ith h im Th e u r u, r e g ardi n g thi s ad vi c e

. G
as g oo d , w r o t e a l e tt e r in v e r s e in t h e P e r s i an l an g u ag e , an d s e n t
i t t o t h e k i n g Th a t l e tt e r th e y h av e s tyl e d an d c all e d t h e
.
J af ar n am a (l e tt e r o f v i c t o ry ) A l th o u g h th e r e is n o n e c e s s ity
.
f o r w r iti n g t h e w h o l e o f th a t l e tt e r h e r e , s till th o s e p a r t s o f it ,
w hi c h ar e f r au g h t w ith g oo d a d v i c e , I w ill w rit e h e r e , f o r , f r o m
r e a di n g th e m , t h e w i s d o m an d b r av e r y o f o v i n d S i n g h w il l b e G
m an i fe s t e d .
f Th e J r y)
a ar n c ima (or l e t te r o
f i
v c to .
0 K i n g as G o d h as s e at e d y o u o n t h e th r o n e w o u ld i t n o t ,
b e b e tt e r if y o u di d n o t c o mm i t i n j u s ti c e t o w a rd s p e o pl e ? B e
,
b o l d w h at i n j u s ti c e y o u h av e d o n e m e w h o l i v e d o n a m o u n t ai n ,
p e ak an d h ad n e v e r m o l e s t e d an y o f y o u r v ill a g e s o r t o w n s ; y ou
w ith ou t f au lt fi r s t i m p r i so n e d m y f ath e r G u r u T e g B ah ad u r an d
,
, , ,
k ill e d h im an d th e n j oi n i n g w ith o th e r r u l e r s y o u s e n t a r m i e s
, , ,
ag ai n s t m e th e n y o u k ill e d m y y o u n g c hild r e n an d th o u s an d s ,
o f my di s c ipl e s y o u h av e s l ai n m y w i v e s a n d r o bb e d m y t r ea ,
s u r y ; b u t r e m e m b e r th at th e s e i nj u s ti c e s w hi c h a r e c o m m itt e d in ,
y o u r th r e s h o ld ar e n o t all o w e d at th e th r e s h o ld o f G o d th e r e
, ,
j u s ti c e is m o s t t r u ly m e t e d o u t th e r e k i n g s an d w o r m s p oo r) , ,
ar e h e ld e q u a l B u t if y o u h a v e thi s w r o n g i d e a th at al th o u g h
. ,
o u ar e a k i n g y o u e at b a r l e y b r e a d w ith t h e l a b o u r o f y o u r O w n
y ,
5!
t he y d not m n t i n t h e
t n am e o f r
S a an d u n t a t e t il f r he y ha ve ta ke n
rn i g m e al S ikh s n e v e r ll i
e , o e o
h e ir r
. .
t mo n . ment i on it b y t h e n am e S a an d , b ut ca t
Gur fi m ari .
48 H I S T OR Y or T HE s u ms .
"
h a n d s th e n l o o k d e al o f w o r k
h o rse it g r e at
2
,
at th e fo r do e s a
a n d al w ay s e at s b a rl e y B u t if y o u s ay th a t y o u r e a d t h e K u r an
.
,
th e n w h a t is t h e g o o d ? f r u n ti l o n e p u rifi e s o n e s h e a rt w ith o
’
g o o d d e e d s t h e r e ad i n g th e K u r an w i th O n e s lip s d o e s n o
,
’
g oo d b u t t h e fi r e o f h e ll is m a d e
, s till h o tt e r for o n e I f you .
h av e thi s th o u g h t th at f r o m d o i n g s e r v i c e t o G o d y o u w il l
, , ,
e s c a p e f r o m t h e pa i n s o f h e ll th e n li s te n l e a di n g f o u r y e 1 s e s , ,
w ith y o u r m o u th I s n o t c all e d t r u se rvi ce b u t s u bd u i n g y o u r e
w 0 s h ip ; y o u o n t h e c o rit r a y
,
a p p e tit e s is I e a l 1 w ith t h e in ,
r ,
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d e li v e r y o u w h e r e fo r e k n o w w e ll th a t p u n i s h m e n t is I e ad y f o r ,
ai n if
y o u in t h e p e s e n c e o f God i A g y o u w r o n g ly s u pp o s e th at .
y o u h o ld f as t t h e l aw of t h e p r o ph e t s b e c au s e y o u d e m o li s h ,
Hi n d u t e m pl e s an d t h e t e m pl e s o f S hi v a an d th u s u nr o o t ,
i d o l atry th e n li s t e n ; y o u h av e n o t d o n e aw ay w ith i t r at h e i y o u
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i I
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t o th e m an d d o w e s h ip : b u t n o w th a t y o u h av e d e s t Oy e d
i ,
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t h e t e m pl e s o n t h i s a c c o n t e v e r v Hi n d u h a s p l ac e d a n i d o l 1 11
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h is h o m e f o u n ti l th e y d o w o r s hi p th e y c a n n o t t ak e th e i 1 f o o d
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53
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51
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,
r m th e fi e o f h e ll A n d if y o u h av e I .
thi s h o p e th a t as G o d I s m e I c if l H e w ill h a v e m e r c y o n y o u a n d
,
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d e li v e r y o u th e n li s t e n as y o u d o n o t s h o w m e r c y t o p e o pl e b u t
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ar e i n t e n t I g i v i n g th e m ai n th en wh s h o u ld G o d s h o w m e r c y
OI
p y ,
t o you T hi s c an n e v e 1 b e f o r a m an d o e s n o t s o w s pr o u t s o f ,
ak h a n d r e a p m an o e s r a th e r it th u s h app e n s th at w h a t e v e r
f5 ’
g ,
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s e e d o n e s o w s it s q t o n e r e ap s
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so m e w o r d s ab o u t t h e w ay s o f g o v e r n m e n t v iz B e w ar e ! a s ,
.
ou h a v e o pp r e s s e d p e o pl e m u ch s o a l s o w i ll th e K h al s a tOI
y ,
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I t is lf r r hi
t u e w o s p p e s o n y t o e at b a e y b e ad
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t o e m p oy mse hi
in m a n g c ap s , & c ki
s t e n i s as m u c a s t o s ay
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on t Thi h h D
lh rl
.
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m ag n e , t at a t ou g y o u e at b a e y b e ad , y o u ar e a t u e w o s p p e -
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th e l ea f f w hi h
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m e n t yo u . Now t h e d ay y o u r r e trib u ti o n h as c o m e ; G o d is
of
ve ry an g ry yo uwi th . B e h o l d n o w ; I w ill w i t h t h e h e l p o f G o d , ,
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. u .
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a a nd
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a t h e th r o n F r o m th a t d ay B a h ad u r S h ah b e c am e
ne .
v e ry f ri e n d l w i t h G u r u G o v i n d S in g h a n d o f t e n s e n t t r a y s o f
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y o u r a r m s h e r e o th e r w i e y o u w il l n o t b e a ll w e d t o g o i n to t h e s o
T h e G u u g a e r e pl y W e w ill n o t t a k e o ff o u a r m s
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o ne i side ti t i o e d s ayi n g A
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i n s i d e w i th my a r m s o n ; t h e r e f o r e ae c o r d m g as y o u m ay o r d e r s o , ,
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50 II Is T O R v O F T H E s u ms .
n am e , s a id Y o u h a v e ac t e d v e ry w r o n gly , i n th a t y o u h a v e h i n d
e r e d h im f r o m c o m i n g i n s i d e t h e r e f o r e g o q u i c k ly an d b r i n g
h im in j u s t as h e p l e as e s T h e G u r u w e n t in , w i t h t h e g a t e
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.
.
k e e p e r a n d h is fi v e S i k h s i n t o t h e p r e s e n c e O f t h e k i n g , a n d g r e e t
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e g a rd
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I b o n t tr a v e ll i n an d S o r t w h e n s o m e ti m e h a d t h u s p a s s e d , o n e
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d o s e r v i c e ; s o w ill y o u p l e a s e p o i n t o u t w h a t s e r v i c e t h e c r e a.
t u r e s h o ul d d o H e g a v e r e ply T h e c r e at u r e s h o u ld d o
? ” “
t h i s s e r v i c e , r i m, t h a t h e s h o u l d r e m ai n f r e e f r o m s in , b u t a t t h e
s a m e t1n1 e r e
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.
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an d
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A n an d p u r ; a n d w h e n s e v e r al O f t h e hil l k i n gs a g ai n b e g a n
G
q u a rr e lli n g w i t h h im , t h e u r u, t ak i n g an a r m y o f h is S i k h s
w ith h im , atta c k e d th e m . I n s h o rt, a t a c ity c a ll e d B h ian a, w h i c h
is i n t h e h i l l s , a v e ry g r e at fi g h t t o o k p l ac e l h e n a l l th e k i n g s ,
r ‘
w h o h ad n o t v e ry m u c h p o w e r , b e i n
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o v i n d S i n g h b u ilt a l a r g e h an d s o m e
b u i l d i n g a t t h at pl a c e , an d, h avi n g p l ac e d in i t a c o py o f t h e
G r an t h , c all e d t h e n am e O f th a t pl ac e D e br a A f t e r thi s , as t h e
.
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g t o A n an d
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p ur e n in o n e a u
p c ,
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pi c k e d i t up .
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h e r e , p e o pl e w il l c o m e an d w o r s hip, an d m ak e O ff e ri n g s
th e y th e r e fo r e m ad e a t e m p l e th e r e , an d c all e d , an d m a d e k n o w n
it s n am e a s P au n ta S ahi b an d n o w a d ay s , a v e ry l a r g e f ai r is
.
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h el d the re . A f t e r thi s , t h e G u r u c a m e t o A n a n d p u r a n d r e s t e d .
f o r s o m e d ay s . L ar g e as s e m b li e s u s e d t o c o ll e c t , a n d t h i s is w h a t
o c c u rr e d o n e da as t h e G u r u w a s s e a t e d in A n an d u r s o m e
p ,
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b y t h e m as a n d a s , o r p ri e s t s o f t h e G u r 11 , s a id t o t h e s e ac t o r s
’
D O y o u a c t t h e d o i n s o f s o m e 11i as an d as ; ”
t h b j t Of th e
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S i k h s W a s t h i s , th a t t h e Gu r u mi
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h
m a s an d as , an d g i v e t h e m p u n i s h m e n t .
Th e a c t o r s a t o n c e c o m m e n c e d t o ac t th e p a rt o f a m as an d a
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.
C HA P . X .
— ACC O UN T or GU R U G O VI N D S IN G H .
w in e , m o u n te d a h o rs e
y w ith f o u r o r fi v e m e n an d , in c o m p an ,
c am e t o t h e h ou s e f th a t S i k h W h e n t h e S i k h s a w th at a o .
m a s an d a o f t h e G u r u h ad c o m e t o h is h o u s e th e n j o i n i n g h is
h an d s h e s t o o d u p an d s ai d 0 g r e at liin g l f o rt u n at e is
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h e r e y o u ar e w e l c o m e
1
W h e n t h e m s a n d a h a d s at d o w n .
”
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g a s f o r t h e l io r s e a n d p r e p a e d b r a d an d d a l f o r t h m as an d a
, ,
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m o r e o e r c as ti n g a w ay th a t b r e ad o n t o a d u n g h e a p h e t h r e w
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.
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t h e d al i n t o t h e fi e pl ac e a n d s a i d VVh y O w r e t c h e d S i k h !
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rr Th at S i k h w h o w as 56
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y o u r o ff e i n g s b e f o r m e r T h e S i k h h av i n g p l e d g e d h is c o u n t e r
e .
p a n e w ith s o m e di ffi c u l ty br o u g h t h im a r u p e e an d s ai d O , ,
“
G u ru ! I am a p o o r S i k h h a e m e r c y p o n m e an d a c c e pt t h i s v u ,
o ff e ri n g T h e G u 11 fi s t h a v i n g t o u c h e d t h e r u p e e fl u n g i t t o
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t h e p r o s tit u t e an d hi m s e l f th r o w i n g d o w n th at S i k h b e g a n t o k i c k
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Th e n G u 11 G o v i n d S i n g h b e c o m i n g v e ry
. 1
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v w ay ?
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”
m as an d as g i v e y o u r di s c ipl e s a h u n d r e d ti m e s m o r e p ai n s .
W h e n t h e G u r u h ad h e a i d th e s e th i n g s a b o u t t h e m as a n das ,
t h e n h e i s s u e d a n o rd e r b y h e a t o f dr u m t o h is di s c i p l e s s yi n g ,
a
D o y o u p r o c l ai m t o al l t h e as s e m bl e d m u l tit u d e n d t e ll t h e m a
,
e t a w ay as s e m b l e d u ltit u d e
”
n o t t o l e t t h e ni as an d as
g Th e m .
,
h e a r i n g t h e p r o c l a mati o n i m m e di a t e ly s t o pp e d al l th e m as an das , .
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, ,
d e ath an d o th r s h e k i ll e d by h u n g e r a n d thi r s t ; a n d o th e r s w e r e
,
e
,
t i d u p an d s l a i n an d o th e r s w e r e b e at e n t o d e at h
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w e r e S i e d an d f ri e d in f yi n g p an s
e z fill e d w i t h h o t o il A ft e rr ,
.
thi s t h e G u r u S i d
,
L e t w h o e v e r is m y d i s c i p l e n e v e r as s o c i a t e
a
“
w ith t h e m a s an d as f o r th e y a e g r e a t s in n e r s a n d th e s tri c k e n r
th e c u r s e d o f t h e G u r u
”
o f Go d an d ,
F r o m th at v e ry d ay .
,
p e o pl e h a v e k e pt al o o f f r o m t h e m as an d a s ; af t e r th i s o n an o th e r ,
r
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H I S T OR Y OF T H E S I KH S .
o i
c c as o n t e G h u
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r u t a k i n
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,
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w an o e :a na a ue o a
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of a ri ve r nd a m u se d a h i m s e l f w i t h h u n ti n
g ti g r s i n s e v r al e e
pl ac e s ; n d th e n p r o c e e d i n g n p u t p a t a ill a g e c al l e d
1 ,
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r s a “ h e n h e h a d rt o.
pp e d th
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s
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.
w as s e a t e d in h is c o u rt w h e n e o f,
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on o u ht
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h is s o n b e fo e r h i m a n d s a i d O ,
G u u ! thi s m y
“
s o n f r o m r ,
h e ri n g y o u r w o rd s h a s b e c o m di s g u s t e d w ith t h e h abi t s
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rld d w il l t m rry d h e m r c y an d
of the w o o u a v e
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u u a s k e d a l a d y av e
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ti r h ri r r l i d G u r u I fr o m
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as c e c f o m e a n
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p e O ,
i ll i g r hi A d i of
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ar
g t h e f o o w n w o d s w c h a e i t h n a n
j ( s o n
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Thi s f a m i ly , w hi c h vo n s e e ,
ill n o t g o w ith y o u ;
w
I t w i ll n ot go w ith y o u, th e r e f o r e d o n o t fi x 1 o u r th o u g ht s
on 1 5 ;
U n d e r t k e n o t s u c h a b u s i n e s s o f w h i c h y o u m ay a ft e r war d s
a , , ,
a l t o g e th e r r e p e n t ;
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W i th v o u
B ab N an ak h as s a id a H e ar O d e a r o n e ! l w ay s h o l d fas t
, ,
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A s y o u 0 tr u e K i n g ! h a v e l e f t o ff l iv n g w i t h y o u r f am i
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i
l y th e n h o w c a n I d e v o t e m y s e l f t o m y f am i ly
,
T he G u r u e m
br c e d h im an d s a i d 0 c h il d I p r ai s e d b e th o u th a t r e g rdi n g
a , ,
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t h e w o rd s o f t h e G u r u a s tr u e th o u r e m i n e s t i n d i ff e r e n t t o ,
a
w a rd s t h y f am ily b u t li s t e n ! th o s e w h o a r e t h e b e l o v e d o f G o d ,
th e y alth o u g h th e y m ay l i v e w ith t h e i r f a m ily d o n o t c u t t h m

, ,
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s e l v e s o ff f r o m t h e l o v e o f G o d ; m o r e o v e r th o s e p e p l e w h o l i v e ,
o
in t h e m ar ri e d s t a t e t h e y c a n p e r f o r m t h e s e r v i c e o f t h e h u n g ry
,
an d th ir s t y l i s t e n ! I w ill t e ll y o u a s t o r y a s t o h w th o s e w h o ,
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a r e m a rri e d s h o u l d li v e an d h ow
,
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, ,
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(i
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s u dd e n ly a tr av e ll e r a rri v e d th e r e
,
t h e bi r d s i d t o i ts m a t e a
d e a r o n e 1 w e ar e m a rri e d a n d t h e re l i g i o n o f t h e m a ri e d s t at e,
r
is th i s th a t if an y h u n g ry 0 1 thi r s ty o n e s h o u l d c o m e to o n e s h o u s e 1
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,
o n e s h o u ld d o s e r v i c e t o h im H a v i n g th u s ai d t h e bi rd b r o u h t .
’
s ,
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s o me h al f b u r n t i g n i t e d g oat d u n g an d p l ac e d it b e fo r e t h e
-
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C H AP AC C OUN T i IN G H
‘
. X .
— or GU RI e o v i nn S .
tr a v e ll e r an d th e n k n o c k i n g d o w it s n e s t th r e w it o n th e i gn i t
, ,
n
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e d d ung T h e f e m a l e th e n th r e w h e r s e l f i n t o t h
. fi e a n d w as e, r ,
r o as t e d A f t e r th i s w h e n th e t av e l l r h av i n g e a t e n h e r u p w as
.
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n o t s a ti s fi e d th e n t h e m al e b ird a l s o th r e w hi m s e l f
,
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an d th e n t h e h u n g e r o f t h e tr av e ll e r w as s o m e w h a t ab a t e d T hi s .
,
0 c hi l d is t h e a d a n t ag o f b e i n g a m rri e d m a n th at h k e th a t
v e a , ,
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, ,
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o th e r s ,
i t is w ith th e m th a t G o d is di s p l e as e d H e is a tr u e .
m ar ri e d m a n w h o r e g u l a t e s h is o w n fo o d a n d b ri n g s i t i n t o u s e , ,
t o r e l i e ve t h e h u n g e a n d a ffl i c ti o n o f o th e r r Th e r f o r e if y o u s . e ,
w il l b e s u c h a m a r r ie d m a n th e n u d o u b t e dly m a rry ; th e r e w ill

‘
,
n
b e n o ( a u s e o f ) fe ar in y o u r d o i n g s o
c N o w I w ill t e l l y o u a . .
s t o ry o f a f a k i r A f k ir li v e d in t h e j u n g l e s an d n e v r a s k e d an y
. a e
thi n g f r o m an y o n e o n c e o n a ti m e t h e w il l o f G o d w as thi s th at , , ,
f o r e i g h t d ay s h e go t n o f o o d f r o m a n y w h r e ; t h e n t h e f ak i r
,
e
th o u g h t to hi m s e l f A s G o d h as g i v e n m e h a n d s an d f e e t I
, ,
w ill g o i n t o th e c ity a n d b e g W h e n h e W e n t i n t o t h e c i ty ’
.
,
th e h e s a w a w e d di n g t ak i g pl ac e at a h o u s e an d w e n t an d
n n
,
s at d o w n a t th e d o o r a l th o u g h m a n y
g o o d an d h o ly m n w e r e e
b e i n g f e d b y t h e m as t e r o f th a t h o u s e n o n e o f th e m as k e d t h ,
e
s t at e of th e f ak i r in t h e e v e n i n g b e c o m i n g h o p e l e s s he ,
-
,
w e n t a w ay f r o m th a t d o o r a n d s e t ti n g o u t fo r h is o w n b u t m e t , ,
t w o m e n c o m i n g a l o n g w ith li g h t e d g r a s s t o r c h e s Th e y s ai d t o .
h im A s t h t m a rri a g e th r o n g k e p t y o u s e at e d a l l d ay a n d s e n t
a .
,
o u a w ay w ith o u t i i n o u an thi n t o e a t if
v o u w il l g i e u s v
y g g y y g y ,
t h e o rd e r w e w ill s e t fi e t o t h e i r h o u s e w ith th e s e g r a s s t o r c h e s
’
r .
,
H e s ai d V e ry w l l ; b u t g i e m e a t o r c h s o th a t I m ay al s o d o
,
e v ,
s o m e thi n g (ta k e p rt ) W h e n th e y h ad g i v e n t h a t t o r c h i n t
a o
T h e y s ai d W h a t
.
h is h a n d th e n h e b e g a t o s e t th e m 0 11 fi r e
‘
n .
,
c o n d u c t is thi s th a t i n s t e ad (o f th e h o u s e ) , y o u a e s e tti n
g fi re ,
r
to u s H e r e p li e d Y o u a r e g r e at s i n n e r s an d v ry u n j u s t e
fo r y o u h av e g i v e n m e v e ry b a d d v ic e b e h o l d l t h e i r o t g iv a n .
in g m e an y t h i n g t o c a t w as t h e VVil l o f G o d e n d i f G o d h a d
w i s h e d th e m t o g i v e a n y t hi n g t o m e no o n e c o u l d h a v e s t o p p e d ,
t h e m th e n i t d o e s n o t b e c o m e m e t o b e d is p l e a s e d w ith th e W i l l
o f G o d r a th e r it b e c o m e s m e t o r e g a r d n a k e d n e s s h u n g e r
, g ri e f
, , ,
a n d j o y a s th e Vi l l o f G o d a n d a l w ay s t o r e t u r n t h an k s t o H is
1 ,
W ill 0 1 h e a ri n g thi s th o e p e o pl e s ai d Y o u a e a p e r fe c t
’ ‘
1 s r
.
,
s ai n t ; m a G o d al w ay s g i v e fi r m n s s t o y o u r f aith
’
v e .
Th e G u r u th e n s ai d t o t h a t l a d I f an y m an s h all b e c o m e
a fak i r in t h e r o a d o f G o d t h e n it b e h o v e s h im li k e th a t f ak i r
, , ,
to k e e p h is h e a t fil l e d w i th m e r c y r r e l ig i o n fo rb e ar a n c e a n d , ,
p a ti e nc e o th r w i s it w o u l d b e b e tt e r f o
e e. h im t o b e a t h a g th a n a r
f ak i r I n thi s s a m e w ay t h e G u r u c o n ti n u e d g i v i n g a d v i c e t o
”
,
.
m an y p e o pl e G u r u R am R ai w a s s til l l i v i n g in t h e ti me o f thi s
.
54 m s r o av '
or Th is s u ms .
G u r u a n d t h t w o f o m an y r e a s o n s w e r e a t v ari an c e w i th e a c h
,
e
,
r ,
o th e r a n d t h e a s s e m bli e s
, of t h e t w o p a rti e s o ft e n wi h e d t o s
fi g ht w i t h a c h o th e r b u t w e r e r e tr a i n t d
e G uru Go v i n d S i n g h
,
s i
-
.
al s o al w a y s b o r e e n m ity t o w a d s 7 t h e S o d / ie o f K a rt a p u r r
5
t r
in h is i n m o s t h e a rt b e c u s e o f th e i r r e f u s i n g t o g i v e h im t h e
,
a
G r an t h m o r e o v e r o n thi s v ry a c c o u n t h e w r o t e in h is c o d e
,
e
,
th a t h is d i s i p l e s s h o u l d n o t h o l d i n t e r c o u r s e w i t h t h e D h ir m al
c
l iy a s w h i c h is t h n a m e o f t h e K ar t é p r is
,
e A f t e r th i s t h e G u r u r u .
,
c o n ti n u e d w a n d e ri n g a b o u t a n d v i s i ti g a ri o u s c o u n tri e s an d n v
r e g i o n s I n s h o rt in h is li fe ti m e
.
,
S i k h s e m b r a c e d h is -
,
sec t a l th o u g h thi s G u r u c o n ti n u e d t o b e s tyl e d t h o r e p r e s e n ta

ti v e o f N an ak it h o w e v e r ap p e a r s f r o m m an y o f h is w o r d s th at
, , , ,
h e di ff e r e d f r o m h im H is r e li g i o n w a s n o t c o n fi n e d t o a n y o n e
.
b o o k o r pr o ph e t o r i n c a r n ati o n ; b u t i t w o u l d a pp e ar th a t h e
p i c k e d o u t v a ri o u s c u s t o m s a n d h abi t s o f t h e o l d p r o ph e t s an d
i n c a r n a ti o n s M u h am m ad an an d Hi n d u) w hi c h w e r e g o o d f o r ,
g i v i n g s tr e n g th t o h is s e c t a n d b ri n g i n g h im o th e r a d v a n t ag e s , ,
an d th e s e h e m a d e c u rr e n t a m o n g h is f o l l o w e r s
7 .
,
G u r u G o v i n d S i n g h s w h o l e li fe w as p as s e d in w an d e ri n g ’
a b o u t a n d in r e fl e c ti o n a n d th o u g ht ; t h e p a r ti c u l a r s o f h is d e a th
,
a r e th u s r e l at e d o n e d av G o v i n d S i n g h w e n t t o t h e e as t c o u n
t ry t o t rav e l an d o n t h e r o ad a t s o m e p l a c e h e m e t w ith a
, , ,
P a th an T h at Pa th an w as t h e g r an d s o n o f th at P ai nd e K h an
.
,
w h o h a d a fi gh t w ith t h e s i x th G u r u H ar G o v i n d in K a r t arp u r
,
.
.
, ,
T h e G u r u s h o w e d m u c h a ff e c ti o n t o w ard s th a t P a t h an an d m o r e ,
o v e r k e p t h im a s a s e r v an t w ith h im s e l f an d s aid Co m e w ith m e “

, ,
H e b e g an t o l i v e w ith t h e G u r u
”
an d v i s it t h e e as t c o u n try .
,
a n d t h e G u r u n e v e r e v e n m e n ti o n e d t h e f o r m e r e n m i ty t o h im
r ath e r w h e n h e u s e d to c o m e t o h im h e u s e d to t al k m o s t affe c
, ,
t io n a t e l y t o h im On e d ay t h e G u r u a ft e r b e h a v i n g t o h im in h is
.
, ,
u s u a l m an n e r b e g an t o j o k e an d c h aff
,
w ith th at P a t / an w h e n r
t h e G u r u s aw th a t h e t o o k h is c h aff a s c h aff th e n h e b e g a n t o ,
t e a s e h im f u rth e r a n d s a d to h im ,
0 s u c h an d s u c h a K h an i
if a c e rt ai n p e r s o n s f a th e r k ill e d a c e rt a i n p e r s o n s g r a n d f ath e r
’ ’
,
a n d h is s o n o r g r a n d s o n c am e an d o bt a i n e d h is b r e ad an d w a t e r
, ,
f r o m h i m 5 th e n s ay w o u l d h e n o t b e v e ry s h a m e l e s s , He
g a v e an s w e r I f an y o n e h a v i n g r e m ai n e d w ith t h e e n e m y ,
of h is f a th e r a n d g r an d f a th e r s h o u ld th u s g e t h is li v i n g ,
f r o m h im th e n th a t m an w o u l d b e v e ry s h am e l e s s a n d a r o g u e f s
,
j ’i
A g ai n t h e G u r u s aid
, 0 s u c h a n d s u c h a K h an ! if a c e r t ai n
,
P a th an s h o u l d b e c o m e t h e s e r v a n t o f t h e e n e m y o f h is f ath e r ,
th e n w h at w o u l d y o u th i n k o f h im H e s ai d I s h ou l d n o t “
57
Lit . He n e ve r f rg o av e .
0 3
La N ose . c ut it b e i ng the cus t om in th e E as t to p un ish ofi e nd e r s
'
b y c u t t i n g o ff t e i h r -
n ose s .
C H AP . X —~ . AC C OUN T or G e ne GOV I N D S N I GH .
h im a P a t /
” 59
c ons ide r z au , b u t a w e a v e r A g ai n , t h e G u r u s ai d .
I f t h e e n e m y o f y o u r fa t h e r a n d g r a n d f a t h e r w e r e t o m e e t y o u
an
y w h e re , a nd
y o u w e re at t h a t t i m e a r m e d w i t h y o u r w e a p o n s ,
s ay , w h a t w o u l d y o u t h e n d o H e g a v e r e p ly I w o u ld n e v e r
all o w h im t o e s c a pe al i v e A f t e r w a r d s , t h a t P a t/ t an b e g a n t o
”
.
th i n k to h i m s e l f, W h y d o e s t h e u r u c o n ti n u al ly q u e s ti o n m e G
in thi s w a y Th e n , h a v i n g t h o u g ht h e r e m e m b e r e d t h a t u r u “
G
G G G
.
o v i n d S i n g h w a s o f t h e o ff s p ri n g o f t h a t u r u H ar o v i nd, w h o
h ad f o u g h t w i t h h is g r an d f a t h e r in K ar t ar p u r H a v in g t h u s .
th o u g h t , h e b e c am e v e ry as h am e d in h is h e a r t ; m o r e o v e r , f r o m
th a t d ay, h e d e t e r m i n e d f o r c e r t a i n t o hi ms e l f , th a t if, a t a n y ti m e ,
h e s h o u l d g e t t h e o p p o r t u n ity , t h e n h e w o u ld , m o s t a s s u r e dly ,
t a k e h is g r a n d fa th e r s r e v e n g e
’
T
hi s is t h e e v e n t o f o n e d ay ;
.
a c e r t a i n S i k h br o u g ht a v e ry b e a u ti f u l d ag g e r f r o m s o m e f o r e i n
g
c o u n t r y f o r th e G
u r u ; t h e G u r u, s e e i n g i t s l u s tr e a n d S pl e n d o u r
a n d fi n e e d g e , w as g r e atly p l e a s e d , a n d a l w ay s k e p t th a t d a gg e r
b y hi ms e l f O n e d ay , t h e
. u r u as k e d G
th a t P a t/ t an 0 such
an d s u c h a K han ! f r o m h o w m an y bl o w s o f t hi s d a g g e r
w o u ld a m a n d ie H e r e pli e d , O n e bl o w e v e n o f i t w o u ld
b e a m pl e
”
A g ai n , t h e
. u r u s ai d :
“
G
W e ll if h e , w h o k ill e d y o u r
'
f a th e r a n d g r a n d f a t h e r w e r e t o c o m e b e f o r e y o u , an d thi s
,
d ag g e r w e r e i n y o u r h a n d , th e n S a y , w h a t w o u l d y o u d o t o h im
H e , fr o m h e a ri n g t hi s s p e e c h , b e c a m e v e ry a n g ry in h is h e a rt ,
a nd c o u ld m ak e n o r e ply A ft t sh o r t
. ti m e , t h e u ru fe l l G
a s l e e p , a n d a l l t h e a tt e n d a n t s r e ti r e d t o th e i r r e s p e c ti v e h o m e s .
Th e n t h a t Pat h fi n , w h o h a d r e m a i n e d s e a t e d n e a r t h e u r u, G
h a v i n g l oo k e d a r o u n d h im s l o w ly t o o k th a t d agg e r o u t o f t h e
,
G u r u s h a n d , a n d s a i d t o hi m s e l f ,
’
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o f my g r a n d f a th e r f r o m thi s i n fi d e l t h e n , h a v i n g d r a w n t h e ,
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d agg e r i n to t h e G
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. T
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n o t th e n d e a d , o n s e e i n g th e w o u n d o f t h e d a g g e r , h e c a l l e d o u t
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r a i s e d t h e b r a v e ry o f th at P a t /t an , l e t h im g o , a n d s a id t o al l
p
th o s e o th e r p e o p l e , w h o , f r o m s e e i n g t h e G u r u s w o u n d , h a d b e ’
c o m e v e ry s a d an d th o u g h t f u l , O B h ai S i k h s ! w h y a r e y o u
“
so t o gh u h t f u l ? t hi s a ff ai r h a s b e e n b r o u g ht t o p as s by G o d .
B e h ol d t h a t P a t/ t an did not k i l l m e ; b u t I , m ak i n g h im
a s h a m e d , m y s e l f r o u s e d h im t o k ill m e d o n o t y o u b e s o r r o w fu l ,
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r a th e r b e p l e a s e d w i t h t h e “f il l o f G o d A f t e r w a rd s , .
t e
. .
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e ga e d as
c o wa r ds .
56 H I S T OR Y o r T H E s um s .
h a ri n g t h i s n e w s t h a t th e g ran d s o n o f P ai n d e K h an Paffian h a d
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.
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n ,
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l e a e m e h e r e th e n i t w i ll b e w e ll f o r by r e a s o n o f th e i r b e i n g
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. e n
di ffi c u l t t o l e a v e h u n f o r an y ti m e A f te r th e y h a d s t o p p e d t h e r e .
s o me d a a d n o a ll e v i a ti o n o f t h e
y s n a i n w as o bt a i n e d t h en t h
, p e ,
G u r us a i d t o h is d i s c i p l e D o y o u n o w g i v e s o m e al ms th e r e i s ,
._
n o p r o fi t f r o m m e d ic in e s f On h e r ing thi t h e S i k h s m ad e a v e r a s
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Th n th e G u r u s aid t o h is S i k h s
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,
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s ai d I s h a ll n o t d o a s t h e f o r m e r n i n e G u r us w h o pr e c e e d e d m e
“
,
an d w h o a t t h e t i m e o f d i n g a p o i n t e d s o m e o th e r G u r u t o s it
,
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o n th e t h r o n e I h a e m a d e y o u a n d al l m y fo ll o w e r o v r t o
. v s e
t h e e m b r a c e o f t h e I m m o rt al o n e ; af t e r m d a th d o l l u p e pl
y y e a o o e
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,
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C H AP AC C OUN T mn s me u
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. X .
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m uc h p ro fit as if h e h ad s e e n m e A ft e r thi s t h e G u r u gav e .
,
v ri o u s o th e r k i n d s o f c o u n e l s ; as f o r e x am pl e :
a 0 B h ai s ,
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S i k h s p e o pl e o f v ri o u s k i n d s li v e in t h e w o rl d ; b u t w h o e v e r
,
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is m y d i s c i p l e w ill t ak e c a r e n o t t m ix w ith th e m I f any o n e o .

,
showing f o rth w o n d e r s a n d m i r a c l e s s h o u l d w i s h t o b r e a k u p ,
t h e r li gi o n o f my d i s c i p l e s
e th n h e m u s t n o t b e b e l i e v e d ; ,
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an d al th o u g h a n m i h t e x tr a c t o il o u t o t s a nd a n d c au e
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o ne s
y g ,
w all s t o g all o p a s h o r s e s a n d s h o w th e m t o
y ou s til l thi s is ,
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r e li g i o n bu t d o y o u a l w ay s e 1 d an d r e m e m b e r thi s v e r s e w ith l z
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i tte c t io n
O L o rd ! h av i n g g i v e n me T hy h an d ,
do Th o u k e e p
m e from ro v i ng .
’
tt e i n g t h e s e
A l te r u t h e G u r u b e am e m u c h di s t r e s s
r w o rds ,
c
e d ; th e n t h e S i k h s m ad a tu n e r a l
p y r o f s and l w o o d an d e e i , .
br n g i n g all t h e r e q u i s it e s pl ac e d th e m b y h im an d th e n th e y al l
i ,
b e g n t o w o r s hi p t h e VVal i G u r u W h e n a l ittl w hil e n ly w a s

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l f t t o t h G u r u s d e ath th e n h e s ai d t o h is di c i pl e s
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W h e n m y l i f l av e s m e t h e n d o n o t t a k e o fi th e s e ar m s
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1 nd c l th e s b t bu r n m
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v ,
a t th a t ti m e pl a c i n g h is th o u g ht s o n G o d h e g a v e u tt e r a c e t o
, ,
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th i s qu a tr ai w i th h is m o u t h w i th m u c h aff e c ti o n
n
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Q U AT R A I N .
S i n c I e i e d Thy f e e t I h v e b r u g h t n o th i n g e l s e
e s z a o
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y y
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y t e m s b u t I did n o t r e g r d o n (o f th e m )
s s ,
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ni r Ved s al l te c h m an y r a a
,
.
m o di fi c a ti o n s b u t I d id no t h e e d a n y n e (o f th e m ) ,
o
O D i s p e n s e o f H appi n e s s ! b e s t o w m r c y ( o n m )
r e e
I h a V n o t e v r s ai d I ; I r e c o g n e d al l as I l i c e
’
e e iz .
(T u m pp s A d G r a n t h )
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r i .
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v a ,
c
,
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1 70 5 B B
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t he y e a r 1 70 8 A l)
.
h e d e p a r te d thi s li t e The y . . .
s ay t h a t f o m n y g e n e a t io n s
,
i t he r e w a s a n l i l e p i o s y 0 1
a i ,
i \ o 1
t h e te e t o i t h e G u r u s A t t h a t ti m e t o n a l l q u a rt e s . th e ,
i i r ,
s o u n d o f bl o w i n g o f s h e ll s a r o s e a n d fl w e r s b e g an t o l a i n d o w n ,
o .
56 .
‘
Il l S l U R Y o r T H E s u
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ms .
Al l th e di s c i p l e s a n d h o ly m e n w h o h a d c o l l e c te d f r o m a ll p a rts ,
”
h av i n g u tt e r e d t h e w rd s J a i J a i K a ( v i c t o ry v i c t o ry )
o b e g an r
t o i n g b e a u ti fu l s o n g
s an d m an y fi l li n g t h i r e y s w i th t e a r s
s ,
e e ,
b e g a n t o w e e p a n d l a m e n t a t s p a r a ti o n f r o m t h e G u r ii I n all e
'
q u a rt e r a l l pl ay e r s o n t h e r u b ab (a k i n d o f h a r p ) b e g a n t o
s
,
a n t o r e a d t h e G r a n th
.
o u n d th i r i n s t r u m e n t s an d h u n d r e d s b e
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.
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'
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.
h o u s e s f o r fak i r s w e r e e r e c t e d in th a t pl ac e A m id s t th e m al l th e y .
,
e r e c t e d a s hri n e o v e r t h e G u r u a n d n e a r h is b u ryi n g pl a c e th e y , , ,
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r
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N ad e w as c h n g e d t o A b c h al n agar I n th e p r e s e n t day m an y
r, a .
,
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,
e .
I n th a t t o m b t h o u s an d s o f s w o r d s s hi e l d s s p e a r s a n d q u o it s
, , , , ,
a r e t o b e f o u n d a t al l ti m e s ; m o r e r th e S i k h s w h o o th e r e
g eov , ,
al l w o r s hi p th o s e a r m s T h e S i k h s b e l i e v e t h i s th a t al l th o s e .
,
a r m s w e r e f o r m e rly t h e p r o e rty o f G u r u G o v i n d S i n g h hi m s e l f
p .
A l l S i k h s e at w h a t e v e r o bl a ti o n s a r e o ff e r e d th e r e in w o r s h ip
m o r e o v e r th i s a l s o is a c u s t o m th e r e th at if an y o n e s h ll b e ,
a
p u t t o g r e a t e x p e n s e in g i n g th e r e th e n t h e S i k h s t h e r e w rit e o
,
t o t h e S i k h s o f o th e r c o u n t ri e s in t h e G u r u m u k h i c h a r ac t e r a n d ,
s e n d a c o mm an d t o th e m t o h e l p t h e m ; a n d r e li g i o u s o pl e
p e on ,
s e e i n g s u c h a w ri tt e n c o m m an d o ffe r w h t e v e r o ff e ri n g s th e y , a
c an t o t h e m Th e y h ave c all e d th e n a m e o f thi s w ri tt e n c o m m an d

.
,
th e H u k n n am a ( o r l e tt e r o f c o m m an d ) ; a n d t h e s e al w h i c h is
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a tt a c h e d t o i t w as th e y s ay t h e v e ry s e al
, o f th e h a n d o f G u r u
, ,
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G u r u mu k h i c h a r ac t e r Go d is o n e ; m ay th e r e al w ay s b e v i c t o ry
t o m y c au l dr o n ( o ffe r i n g s ) an d s w o rd an d m a t h e v i c t o ry b e
y ,
w ith o u t d e l a y bu t v i c t o ry t o N an a k a n d G u r u G o v i n d
S i n g h is o n ly f r o m t h e H e l p o f t h e I m m o r t al On e A n d if an y .
s e r i o u s q u arr e l b r e a k o u t amon t h e S i k h i t i l ttl d

g s s a s o s e e a ,
m on g s t th e m by a H u k m n am a ( i s s u e d ) fr o m th e r e (N ad e r ) Th o s e .
,
w h o a r e g o o d an d t r u e S i k h s n e v e r di s o b e y w h a t is w r itt e n in ,
a H u km n éma N o w thi s is a m att e r f o r r e fl e c ti o n
.
B e h ol d .
.
,
w h a t pl ay s ar e p e r f o r m e d in t h e w o rl d an d h o w m an y w a rri o r s ,
g o o d h o n o u r abl e c h a rit ab l e o b s ti n at e an d w e althy m e n h a v e

, , , ,
b e e n b o r n an d in t h e e n d al l h a v e b e e n m i x e d in t h e du s t I s
, , , .
thi s w o rld n o t a s p e c t ac l e o f a dr e am ? w h o e v e r h e r e fo r g e tti n g ,
i e m ay ne ith r e th e r ligi
e ou s d e v ot i on , n or th e ma t ri a l sp ir i t of my
llr
.
,
.
f o ow e r s e ve r de c r e as e , bu t r ev e be c r ow n e d w t ih s uc c e ss , an d be on th e
i nc e as e .
C H AP . X .
— AC C OUN T o r G U R u GO VI N D s
-
me n .
h is d e ath f o r a n i n s t an t s tr e t c h e s o u t h is f e e t ,
,
is a g r e a t “1
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h as s e ttl e d , m an g e t s th i s w a r n i n g , t h a t h e
, s hou ld n ot fi x h is
th o u g ht s t o o hi g hly o n it, an d s h o u ld n o t , al l h is l i f e l o n g , b e
fill e d w ith an x i e ty an d th o u g ht a b o u t it ; fo r if a n y o n e , e v e n
a f t e r m u c h t h o u g h t , c o ll e c t s t o g e the r a littl e in th e w o r l d, s till
h e h i m s e l f w ill n o t al w ay s r e m a i n h e r e .
t . e .
, li ve s in a s t at e o f r l
c a e e ss n e s s an d r e ga rd s not G od an d t h e d ay of
h is d e at h .
60 H I STORY o r T H E s xx n s .
PA R T l l .
R E L A T I N G T H E EVEN T S FR O M T H E TI M E OF M A H AR AJ A ’
R AN J IJ
' ‘
S IN G H T O T H E A RR I V A L OF T H E EN G L I S H .
CH A P T E R I .
T he na me s o
f th e twe ive M is a l s .
M w as q u it e ry th a t I s h o u l d in th i s pl ac e w r it e th e
ne ce ssa , , ,
c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f M ah ar a j a R a nji t S i n g h b u t I w ill n o t do s o ( at
o n c e ) as I m u s t (fi r s t ) b r i e fl y r e l at e h o w t h e S i k h s fl o u ri s h e d
af t e r G u r u G o v i n d S i n g h a n d w h o o bt ai n e d t h e c hi e f s hip a m o n g
,
th e m ; a c c o r di n g ly I w i ll fi r s t w ri t e a b o u t t h e t w e l v e M is a l s o r
di v i s i o n s o f the S i k h s IVh e n G u r u G o v i n d S i n g h s b o dy
.
’
l e f t him th e n f o s o m d ay s s e v e r al o f h is s p e c i a l d i s c ipl e s k e p t
,
r e
,
th e as s e m bl i e s u n d e r th e i r h an d s b u t af t e r s o m e ti m e w h e n t h e , ,
as s e m bli e s h a d b e c o m e u n m an a g e a bl e t h e n f o r s o m e r e as o n o r , ,
o th e r a c e r t ai n
,
B ai r ag i s ai n t t o o k t h e S i k h b apti s m H e w as .
e x c e e di n g ly c l e v e r n d w is e s o th a t by h is w i s d o m
a h e c o ll e c t e d
, .
, ,
to ge th e r al l t h e o l d S i k h s a n d m a d e th e m i n t o o n e b o dy ; m o r e o v e r
i t s o h a pp e n e d th a t as th e S i k h s h ad c o ll e c t e d w ith h im in m an y
, ,
th o u s an d s fo thi s r e as o n th e y c r e a t e d m u c h di s t ur b n c ; th e
,
r ,
a e
n am e o f th a t B a i r a g i w as f o r m e rly s o m e thi n g e l s e b u t a ft e r ,
w ar d s in t h e S i k h K h al s a h is n a m e f o r s o m e r e as o n o r o th e r, , ,
b e c am e k n o w n a s B an d a On o n e o c c as i o n th a t S i k h n am e d .
, ,
B an d a c o m m itti n g v i o l e n c e an d r o bb e ry
,
rri v e d in t h e d i s tri c t ,
a
o f S i al k o t w h e n th e y r e ac h e d th a t di s tri c t t h e S i k h s b e g a n t o ,
r o b t h e g o o d s o f th e M u s al m an s a n d th e n ag a i n a g r a t q u a r r e l ,
e
a ro s e b e t w e e n th e m ; at l as t af t e r s o m e fig hti n g th at B an d a , ,
t a k i n g m an v S i k h s w i th h im w e n t to t h e hil l s a n d t h e hill , ,
k i n g s al s o a s th e y d id n o t b e h av e w e l l t o h im s u ffe r e d m u c h
, ,
di s tr e s s at h is h an d s ; b u t a t l a s t o n e h ill c h i e f by s o m e s t at a , ,
r
e m o r d e v i c e h av i n g c a u g h t h im with s e v e r a l h u n d r e d S i k h s
g , ,
s e n t h im t o t h e G o v e r n o r o f D il li A s t h e o c c u p an t s o f t h e .
th r o n e o f D il l i at t h at ti m e w e r e o f v e ry h ar d d i s p o s i ti o n a n d ,
w e r e e s p e c i a lly a n g ry w ith t h e e c t o f th S i k h s th e y w e r e m u c h s e .
,
p l e a s e d a t t h e c a
p t ure o f B an d a A t th a t ti m e i kin g .
,
n am e d F a r u k h S i a r w s e at e d o n t h e thr o n e o f D i ll i
,
a s b e c au s e d
62
Mi sa l r ea ll
y s ig i fi
n es d e p en de ncy t o a c- hi e t, or p e t ty r u e l r who is
u nd e r th e au t h rio ty of a j
R aa .
”
,
C H AP . I .
— NAM E S OF THE T W E LVE M I S AL S .
B a n d a, w ith a l l th o s e S i k h s , w h o w e r e w ith h im at th at t i me ,
t o b e p u t t o d e ath a n d f u rth e r g a v e o rd e r s , th a t w h e r e v e r an y
,
o f t h e i r s e c t w a s f o u n d, h e w as t o b e c a u g ht , a n d br o u h t t o h im ,
g
f o r h e w i s h e d t o e ffa c e th e i r s e e d f r o m o ff t h e e a rth IV h e n t h e
.
S i k h s h e ar d th a t th e i r c hi e f , n m e d B a n d a h a d b e e n k i ll e d, an d
. .
a n o rd e r h a d b e e n i s s u e d b y t h e i n t o s e i z e a l l S i k h s a n d t ak e
“
t
g
t h e m t o h im , t h e n , l e a v i n g t h e i r h o u s e s a n d f a m ili e s , s o m e b e g a n
to w a n d e r a b o u t in t h e j u n g l e s ; a n d o th e r s , t a k i n g th e i r h o us e
h o l d s w i th th e m , w e n t a n d h id in th e m o u n t ai n s ; an d o th e r s ,
fi n din g h u t s in t h e d e s e rt s , w e n t a n d t o o k u p th e i r a b o d e in th e m
m
.
I n t he e an w hil e , F a r u k h S i a r , h a v i n g r e i g n e d b u t t w o , o r t w o
a n d a h al f , y e a r s , d i e d , a n d a f t e r h im , h is s o n , J a h an d ar S h ah ,
o b t ai n e d t h e th r o n e T h e S i k h s , a ft e r t hi s , f o r s o m e y e a rs
.
c o n ti n u e d w a n d e ri n g a b o u t b e gg i n g , a n d in w r e t c h e d c i r c u m
s tan c e s ; l o r t hi s r e a s o n , in t h o s e d ay s , th e i r s e c t g r e a tly di m i
'
n is h e d ; a n d w h e r e v e r t h e S i k h s , e v e n th u s d e s pi s e d li v e d , th e r e
,
t he ) s u
p p o rt ed th e m s e l v e s s e c r e tly w i t h m u c h di ffi c u lty O ne .
d ay , a B i r ak J a z t n am e d K ap ur a, w h o h ad a q u a rr e l w ith h is o w n
‘
br o th e r s , c am e f r o m a v ill ag e n a m e d S i n g h pu r a, w hi c h is in t h e
di s tri c t o f T a r a n tar a n an d p u t u p in t he b u t o f a c e r t a i n S i k h ;
,
th a t S i k h , t ak i n g p i ty o n h is p o v e rty , k e pt h i m w i th h i ms e l f
for s ome t i m e . W h e n s o m e d ay s h ad p as s e d , th e n t h e S i k h s a i d
t o h im
“
I t w o u l d b e a v e ry g o o d thi n g if y o u w e r e t o h e b apti z e d .
Kap i r a, o n h e a ri n g thi s S p e e e h , w a s b a p ti z e d a s a S i k h , an d f r o m
i
t h a t d a y , h is n a m e w a s c a ll e d K ap ti r S i n g h W h e n th a t K ap ur
’
S i n g h h a d r e m ai n e d t h e r e f o r s o m e ti m e , m an y S i k h s , s e e i n g h is
r e l i g i o u s h abit s , c o ll e c t e d a r o u n d h im , (a n d thi s ) in s u c h n u m b e r s
th a t a ll , w h o l i v e d in t h e n e i g hb o u ri n g v ill a g e s an d j u n g l e s ,
r e ga rdi n g K a p ur S i n g h a s th e i r l o rd , j o i n e d h im ‘ Vh e n .
or S i k h s h a d a s s e m b l e d , th e n K a pur S i n g h th o u g h t i t
t d v is ab l e t o r o b t h e n e i hb o u ri n g v ill a g e s a n d bri n th e m u n de r
g g
h is p o w e r , as t h e r e w as n o o n e t o p r e v e n t h im fo r in th o s e d ay s ,
a f t e r t h e d e a th o f K in g F a r u k h S i a r , a g r e a t di s p u t e h a d ar i s e n
tb o u t t h e k i n gs h i p , a n d n o o n e had a s
y e t b e e n p e r m an e n tly
s e a t e d o n t h e t h r o n e , a n d K a p ur S i n g h p e r c e i v e d th a t , by r e as o n
o f the di s u te o n e w o ul d an a t t e n ti o n t o h im H av i n g
p ,
n o
p y
a
y .
th u s t h o u g h t , h e h i s t c a m e a n d a t t a c ke d t h e v i l l a g e o f h is bi rth
pl a c e , w h i c h w a s t h e n k n o w n a s F aj u ll ap u r H a v i n g k ill e d th e
.
I i a m b a r d ar ( l a n d s t e w a r d ) o f t h a t p l a c e h e br o u g ht i t i n t o h is
,
o wn p o s s e s s io n Th e n a m e o f t h a t v ill a g e w a s fo r m e rly k n o w n
a s F aj u ll ap u r f r o m t h e n a m e o f N aw ab F aj u l l aB e g ; w h e n K a p ti r
'
S i n g h t o o k it , th e n h e c all e d t h e n a m e o f th a t v ill ag e S i n ghp u r a,

an d , f r o m t h e n a m e o f t h a t v i ll ag e t h e c h i e f s o f o n e o f t h e t w e l v e
,
m is al s , o f w hi c h I s h al l a ft e r w a r d s m ak e m e n ti o n , w e re
c al l e d W h e n t h e r e n o w n o f K a p ti r S i n g h had
’
S in g h p u r as.
s o m e w h at i n c r e a s e d , th e n m an y p e o pl e c a m e an d w e r e b apti z e d
0 2 m s r o av or THE s u ms .
by h im as S ikh s m o r e o v e r , S a rd ar
; J
a s a S i n g h , w h o w as t h e
a n c e s t o r o f th e A h hi w at l i as , w a s al s o b ap ti z e d by h im A f t er
’ '
y .
w a rd s , w h e n K ap i i r S i n g h h ad b a p ti z e d s e v e r al p e o pl e , a n d
’
a i n e d t h e a ff e c ti o n o f t m b r n d h ad c o ll e c t e d m an y
g v a s n u e s ,
a
w ith h i m s e l f , th e n , in o th e r pl ac e s al s o , o th e r S i k h s s e t t h e m s e l v e s
u
p a s S a rd ar s (c h i e f s ) th e i r nam e s w ill , in d u e c o u r s e , b e f o u n d
in t h e m is al s . I n s h o rt, w h e n e v e r a n y o n e w i s h e d , th e n , h av i n g
c o ll e c t e d a s m a l l t h r o n g th e y s e t th e m s e l v e s u a s c h i e fs
, p .
W hen K ap ii r S i n g h s r e n o w n i n c r e a s e d m o r e a n d m o r e
' ’
e v e ry d a , th e n , f r o m
y se ein
g i t , o th e r s a l s o s e t th e m s e l v e s u p
as c h i e fs ; ac c o r t l in g l y , th e r e a r o s e t w e l v e m is al s , c all e d a f t e r
‘
th o s e c hi e f s ; alth o u g h I m i g h t t r ac e t h e o ri gi n o f th e s e a l l
f r o m K ap ti r S i n g h , s till , a s th e y go t th e i r n a m e s f r o m s o m e
’
o th e r (c hi e fs ) , I s h all th e r e fo r e w ri t e ab o u t th e m h e r e a ft e r .
Th e n am e s o f th e t we l ve m is al s
l st t h e m i s al of t h e B h an g is . 7t h t h e m i s a l of th e S ah id s .
Ph ii l k ias
’ ’
2 md R a m g ar i s . 8 th .
3r d G h an is . 9 th N ag r ias .
A h l ti w al ia s D al al ias
’
4 th . 1 0 th .
5th k r
S u a Ch ak k ias . 1 1 th K a r o r ias
'
.
F aja l l ap u r ias . 1 2s t N is an w zi l i s .
63
L it H ad b e c o m e
. o n e an d a q rt e r
ua .
CH A P T E R I I .
An a c co u n t o f th e [Mah a l a or Cl a n s .
1 . T hi
is t h e ac c o u n t o f t h e B h a n gi s ; am o n g s t th e m th e r e
s
w e r e th r e e n o t e d c h i e f s , H a ri S i n g h , J h a n d a S i n g h an d an d a ,
G
S i n g h T h e th r e e w e r e J a tés b y c as t e , a n d i n h a b i tan t s o f a
.
v i ll a g e n am e d Pa nj b ar ; or tr o o p e r s a l w ay s r e m a i n e d
w ith th e m , a n d L ah a u r a n d A n m r it s a r a n d u j r at w e r e in th e i r G
o s se s si o n A s t h e c h i e fs o f t h i s m i s a l t o o k m u c h B h an th e r e
p .
g ,
fo r e th e y w e r e c a ll e d B h a n gis ; a n d w h a t e v e r t h e y d id w as s a i d
t o b e d o n e b y t h e B h a n g is A n o th e r r e as o n o f th e i r b e i n g c al l e d
B h an gis w a s thi s ; t h a t b e i n g v e ry a b j e c t , th e y p e r f o r m e d s e r v i c e
,
t o t h e s e c t , an d t h e r e f o r e t h e r e s t g a v e th e m t h e n am e o f B h an gis .
2 . Th
y r l at e t h e c ir c u m s t a n c e s o f t h e R am ga is as
e e r
f o ll o w s ; th e i r an c e s t o r w as n am e d J as s a S i n g h a n d w a s by c as t e a ,
c a rp e n t e r a n d h is ,
l d h o m e w a s i n a v ill ag e n a m e d H am g ar in
o
,
th e di s tri c t o f A n m it s a H e by s o m e m e an s o
r o th e r
r c ol l e c t
.
,
r ,
e d t w o o r t w o a n d a h l f t h o u s a n d tr o o p e r s
,
w i t h h im an d a l
, ,
w ay s c o m mi tt e d i r o a d s a n d i n fl i c t e d o p p r e s s i o n o n t h e n e ig hb o u r
n
,
in g v i l l a g e s m o re ov e r he by h is w i s d o m b r o ug h t i n t o h is
, , ,
o w e r th c o u t ry o f S i ri H a r G o v i n d p u r an d K a
e n d i w hi c h i s i
p n ,
t h e di s t ri c t o f l l a t al a a n d a l w a y s h a d t h e h o p e (d e s ir e ) o f in c r e as
i
,
in g h is p o s s e s s i o n A s t hi s c hi e f w a s f o r m e rly th e r e s id e n t o f
s .
Ham g a r th e r e fo r e t h e n am o f t h e m i s al w as c all e d l l am gar i

,
e .
3 .T hi s is t h e tr e a c c o u n t o f th e Gh an is ; th e i r an c e s to r
u
w as b y c a s t e a J a t t n a m e d J a i S i n g h ,
a s thi s c hi e f w s a r e s id a
e n t o f a v ill a g e n a m e d K at n a th e r e f o r e t h e n a m e o f h is m i s al w a s i ,
c all e d K ab n iy a; s o m e al s o s ay t h i s t h a t th e i r n a m e w as c all e d ,
G h an i f o th i s r e a s o n t h a t S a rd ar J a i S i n g h w as o f a p l as i n g ap
r , e
e a a nc e a n d w as o e d a s e at e d w i t h a n u mb e r o f S i k h s w h e n a
p r
, y n
S i k h a k e d h im B h a l w h r e is y o u r h o m e ? H e r pli e d I n a
,
” “
s i e e
v i ll g e n am e d K ah n a
a T h e n th a t S i k h s ai d Y e s B h ai i t i s c or
.
r e c t ; as y o u a r a n i n h a bi ta n t o f K ah a th r e f r e y o u r app e a r
,
e n e o
,
an c e i l e as i n g l k K a n t e l i k
i e K r is ne h e f u r th e r s aid K a nj i
ps ,
. .
,
is al s o c al l e d G h a n iaj i t h e e f o r e y o u r n a m e a l s o is G h a n ia ; an d
”
r
,
fr m t h a t d a y e v e ry b o dy b e g a n t o c a l l h is m i s a l t h e G h an ias
o .
S e v e n o e i g h t th o s a n d t ro o p e s u s e d al s o t o r e m ai n w i th h im
r u r
,
a n d t h e c i ti e s o f V V a t al a D i mm ag a K ah n u w an S u yan p n L o hi an
’
r r,
, , ,
a n d P a te g a r K al an au r & c w e r e in h is p o s s e s s i n A m o n g s t
, ,
.
,
o .
t h e s e G h n is t h e m o s t c e l e b r a t e d c hi e f s w e r e t h e f o l l o w i n g v iz
a , ,
.
H I S T OR Y OF THE S IK H S .
S i n g h K h aj an S i n g h F at e S i n g h
ai C h am a n S i n gh G u r b ak h s
'
J , , , ,
S i ng h H akik a t S i n g h ; a l l th e s e c hi e fs
,
w e r e c al l e d ( i h a n is
‘
4 . The ac c o u n t
ll o w s th e i r
f t h e A hl uw al is is g v e n
o i as fo
a n c e s t o r w a s c al l e d S h t a K l al (di s till e r )
J as s a in g , a n d w a s b y c a s e a
a n d a s thi s c hi e f w a of old an i n h a bi t a t o f a v ill ag n a m e d

s n . e
A hl uw al a th e r e f o r e t h e n a m e o f h is m i s a l w s c a l l d A l arm al t
,
a e
-
.
A b o u t fo u r t h o u s a n d tr o p e r s a l w ay s r e m i n e d w i th h im a n d J ag o a
,
r am an f s r u P h ag w a a K a p ur th a l a F a t iab ad T a n t a
, , W a ir o
r , , ,
ar ran
,
w al & c w e r e s u b j e c t t o h im
,
.
,
A s thi s c hi e f w a s v e ry fi m in t h e . r
S i k h r e li g i o n m an y S i k h s a n d c hi e f s w e r e b a p ti z e d b y h im
,
.
5 T h e ac c o u n t o f th e S u kk a r c h akk is is r e p o rt e d as f o ll o w s
.
t h e n a m e o f th e i r an c e s t o r w a s S a r d ar Ch a a t S i n g h T h e S a rd ar
wa s by c a s t e a J att a n d b y f am ily a S ah an s i a n d f r o m h is o ff
.
, ,
s p ri n g M ah ar aj a h R an ji t S i n g h w h o s e ac c o u n t w il l b e a f t e r
, ,
w a r d s w ritt e n a t f u ll l e n g th w a s b o r n A s th at S a rd ar Ch a a t , . r
S i n g h w as an i n h a bit an t o f a v ill a g e n am e d S u k k a e h ak k th e r e r ,
fo r e t h e n am e o f h is m i s al w as c al l e d S u k kar c h a kk i Te n or .
e l e v e n th o u s a n d tr o o p e r s al w ay s r e m a i n e d w ith th a t Ch a a t S i n g h r
,
an d t h e wh o l e o f t h e di s tri c t o f S ak k a r c h ak k w as s u b s e r v i e n t t o
h im .
6 . Th e ac c o u n t of th e F aj u l l ap u r is is as f o ll o w s t h e n am e
of th e i r t r W a s N aw ab K ap ii r S i n g h a n d thi s w a s th t s a m e
an c e s o
’
,
a
K a p ii r S i n g h w h o af te r t h e d e a th o f B an d a r v i v e d a f r e s h t h e
’
, ,
e
,
S i k h r e li gi o n w hi c h h ad g r e a tly w an e d a n d hi m s e l f h a i n g b e e n
, , , ,
v
b ap t i z e d b pti z e d th o u s a n d s o f S i k h s an d h a v i n g b r o u g h t t h e
,
a , ,
n e ig hb o u ri n g v ill a g e s u n d e r h is p o w e r s e t u p t h e s t an da rd o f ,
r oy a l ty Thi s c h i e f by c as t e w a s a J a t t n d a n i n h a bi tan t f t h e
.
,
a o
V ill ag e F aj u ll ap u r ; an d a s h e w a s a n i n h a bit a n t o f F aj u l l ap u r , ,
h is m i s a l w as th e r e fo r e c a l l e d t h e F aj u l l a p i r is ; ab o u t t h r e e th o u
’
s an d t r o o p s a l w ay s r e m a i n e d w it h h i m .
7 T h e a c c o u n t o f t h e S a h id s is a s f ll o w s : th e i r a n c e s t o r s
.
o
w e r e S a r d ar G u b ak h s S i n g h a n d K a r a m S i n g h ; a b o u t s e v n
r , e
o r e i g h t th o u s an d tr o o p e r s a l w a y s r e m ai n e d w ith th e m a n d t h e ,
c o u n t r y t o t h e e as t o f t h e S a tl uj w a s u n d e r th e i r c o n tr o l As .
am o n g s t th e ir a n c e s t o r s s e e r a l p e r s o n s b e c a m e m a rty r s f o t h e,
v r
s ak e o f t h e i r r e li gi o n f o r thi s r e as o n th e a m e f t h e i r mi s a l , ,
n o
w as c a ll e d S ah i d s ( ma rtyr s ) ; a n d s o m e p e o pl e al s o S y t hi s t h a t a
,
th e i r t w o c h i e f s o n o n e o c c a s i o n f o t h e a k e o f th i r r e li gi o n
,
r s
e
w e r e pr e p a r e d t o g i v e th e ir h e a d s an d f o thi s r e as o n t h e K h al s aj i ,
r
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an d m e t h im in a e ry f ri e n dly m a n n e r
v A ft e r w a rd s t h e k i n g .
d e p ar t e d t o R ain ] P i n d i t o m e e t h is b r o th e r S h ah Z a m an an d
, ,
M a h ar aj a R anJ i t S i n g h w e n t t o M u l t an t o s e ttl e
'
o m e th i n
g s
w i th M njaffa r K h an R a n j it S i n g h d e m an d e d th r e e l a k h s o f
.
r u p e e s f r o m h im an d h e b i n g h e lpl e s s w r o t e an a g r e e m e n t t o
, ,
e
,
g i v e n e l ak h an d e i g hty th o u s an d R anJ I t S i n g h t h e n r e t u r n
o .
e d to L ah au r a n d d ay by d ay h av i n g c o n q u e r e d t h e k i n g s
, , ,
a n d c h i e f s o f t h e n e i g h b ou ri n g c o u n tri e s c o n fi s c a t e d th e i r t e r r i ,
t o r i e s an d w h o e v e r Op po s e d h im h e t o o k p ri s o n e r an d s e n t t o
, ,
L ah au r .
A f t e r w ar d s in t h e m iddl e o f t h e y e ar 1 8 1 8 A D M ah ar aj a
, . .
,
R anj i t S i n g h m a rri e d h is s o n K h a r a k S i n g h t o th e d au g h t e r o f , ,
J ai m a l S i n g h th e G h a n iy a a t L ah a u r
, T h at w e ddi n g was p e r
,
.
f o r m e d w ith m u c h p o m p an d g r an d e u r a n d t h e r e n o w n th e r e o f ,
w a s s p r e a d th r o u g h al l t h e n e i g hb o u r i n g c ou n t r i e s .
A fte r thi s w h e n t h e s t at e o f th e Pat/

,
tan s o f K ab u l h ad b e c o m e
s o m e w h a t u p s e t ; th e n R a n j it S i n gh h av i n g c o ll e c t e d a v e ry l a r g e ,
a r m y w e n t a n d i n v ad e d th e c o u n try o n t h e o th e r s id e o f t h e A ta k
,
-
H av i n g g n e t h e r e a n d s u b d u e d K h a i r ab ad an d o th r f o r t s h e e n
o e ,
t e r e d t h e c i ty o f Pa s au r Y ar M u h am m ad K h an w h o w as th e.
,
g o v e r n o r o f th a t pl ac e w as n o t a bl e t o O pp o s e t h e a r m y
, of th e
S i k h s ; m o r e o v e r q u i e tly l e av i n g P us au r e mpty h e fle d a w ay
, , .
M ah ar aj a R an j i t S n g h h av i n g s t o p p e d th e r e a s h o r t t im e m ad e
i
,
J ah an d ad K h an th e r u l e r o f it a n d hi m s e l f m ar c h e d t o L ah au r
,
, .
A f t e r R an j i t S i n g h h a d r e t u r n e d f r o m th e r e th at s am e Y ar M u ,
h am m a d K h an g e tti ng as s i s tan e f r o m h is p e o p l e ag ai n attac k e d

,
c
,
Pas au r ; a s at th at ti m e J ah an d ad K h an h ad n o a r m y o m at e r i a l s
, , r
of w ar r e ady h e w as u n a bl e t o o pp o s e Y ar M uh a m m ad K h an
,
w h o ; h av i n g d r i v e n J a h an d ad K h an f r o m Pa s au r hi ms e l f a g ai n
,
.
,
t o o k p os s e s s i on o f it .
70 H I S T O RY OF T H E S K I HS .
V e ns ns .
T h e s t o r y o f thi s w o r l d is v e ry c u r i ou s
D o y o u all g i v e y ou r h e ar t s , an d li s t e n , 0 m e n
G o d h as m ad e a pl ay ,
A t s e e i n g w h i c h , al l ar e as t o n i s h e d , 0 b r o th e r s I
B e h o ld t h e w o n d e r fu l pl ay o f t h e w o r ld !
A t o l a is t u r n e d i n t o a m as a,
A g a i n , s o m e ti m e s , t h at w hi c h w as a mas a,
I t b e c o m e s t u r n e d i t o a to l a
n
6“
S o m e ti m e s , t h e a ffl i c t e d b e c o m e h appy ,
A n d , s o m e ti m e s , t h e h appy b e c o m e affl i c t e d ;
H e c an t u r n a g r ai n o f m u s t ar d s e e d i n t o a m o u n t ai n ,
A n d c a pl ac e
n a n u m br e ll a o n t h e h e ad o a w o r m ;
f 67
A l l t h e g r i e f an d h a ppi n e s s , w hi c h a r e in i t ,
T h e y n e v e r r e m ai n t h e s am e
K i n g s s o m e ti m e s b e c o m e p oo r ,
A n d t h e p o o r o ft e n b e c o m e r u l e r s o f t h e w o r ld .
D I ST IC H .
B e h o l d l M u h am m ad Y ar K h an w a s t h e ru l e r of Pas au r ,
A n d J a h an d ad K h an t u r n e d h im o ff h is t h r on e .
V E RSE S .
A gai n w h e n i t pl e as e d Go d ,
J a h an d ad K h an w as t u r n e d O ff
A n d th a t s am e Y ar M uh am m a d K h an ,
H e ag a i n b e c am e r u l e r .
N o w th e s e p e r s o n s , wh o ar e w i s e ,
Ne ve r p at u n d e r g o i n g t r ou bl e
wee ,
B u t s h o w fi r m n e s s in th e ir h e a rt s ,
S o th a t s h o u l d t r o u bl e c o m e i t m ay b e r e mo v e d , .
O n e s d y s w ill n o t r e m ai n th e s am e
’
a
,
A n d e x c e s s i v e t r o u bl e w ill n o t a l w ay s c on ti n u e
I f G o d s h o ws y o u t r o u b l e ,
H e w ill o f Hi m s e l f ag ai n b ri n g y o u j o y
, , .
O p e o pl e ! pl ac e y o u r h o p e s o n H im ;
H e w il l o rd e r al l y o u r affai r s a ri g ht
I V h o e v e r d o e s n o t pl ac e r e li an c e o n H im
’
T h a t p e rs o n is a fo o l d e v o i d o f u n d e r s tan di n g
,
, .
t . e .
, ri h bs om e t im e s th e c e c om e poo r an d a
ga in h e, w h o w as p o o r be
com esri h c
,
,
A m e i t h t w l f t h p rt f la
.
sa s e e a o a to
m b r ll f rm r l y l
.
57
A n u w e a as o e a s ign of r oy a ty , an d a r
wo m b e ing a ry
i i g i fi a t t hi g t h m i g i
m
ns n
t
e an e s f Hi
c
r t r
o
n
s c
n ,
ea u es
e
.
e an n s, God c an , if H e w il l , p l ac e a c r ow n on
ve
th e
C H AP . III .
-
R S I E o r M A H AM J A R AN J IT S IN G H .
W he n M u h am m a d Y ar K
h an h ad d r i v e n ah an d ad K h an J
f r o m Pa s au r , th a n th e l a tt e r a g a i n c am e t o L ah au r t o M ah ar aj a
R an jit S i n g h ; an d Wh e n M u h a m m a d Y ar h an a l s o s aw th at K
p e r f e c t t ran q u illity w as n o t t o b e h ad th e r e , d e p ar ti n g f ro m B as au r,
h e w e n t to B ar at .
A f t e r w ar d s , in t h e y e a r 1 8 1 9 A D in t h e m o n th o f A p r il , . .
M ah ar aj a R an jit S i n g h t o o k c o u n s e l h o w h e m i g h t c o n q u e r
K as m i r H av i n g th u s th o u g h t , h e s e n t an a r m y w ith M i s s ar
.
D i w an Oh an d an d d e s p at c h e d h im t o t h e hil l s an d h av i n g pl a c e d
a n o th e r a r m y u n d e r t h e c o m m a n d o f h is s o n , h a r ak S i n g h t o K
h e l p t h e fo r m e r , h e s e n t h im af te r M i s s a r D i w an Oh an d Th o s e .
ar m i e s w e n t t o t h e m o u n t ai n s t o c o n q u e r K as m i r , b u t M ah ar aj a
R an j it S i n g h r e m a i n e d in t h e P an j ab , t o a r r an g e a b o u t s e n di n g
th e m s u ppli e s a n d t o w at c h o v e r t h e PanJ ab W h e n th e a r m y o f .
t h e S i k h s a rr i v e d in t h e h ill s , th e n a v e ry g r e a t fi g ht e n s u e d
w ith t h e Pa t/ ia n s , an d , in t h e fi g ht , a b o u t a th o u s a n d S i k h s , a n d
fi v e o r s ix c hi e f s al s o , w e r e k ill e d , a n d o f t h e o th e r s i d e , a l a r g e
n u m b e r a l s o w e r e s l ai n W h e n t h e n e w s o f thi s fi g ht r e a c h e d
.
A j i m K h an , t ha t m an y P a th an s h a d b e e n k ill e d , th e n h e , d e p arti n g
f r o m K a s m i r , w e n t an d r e s i d e d at J a l al aw ad .
A f t e r w ard s , R anj it S i n g h w e n t t o Pa s au r , an d th e r e M u h am
m ad Y ar K h an , p r e s e n ti n g h i m s e l f b e fo r e h im p e titi o n e d : If
“
,
o u w ill g i v e Pa s a u r t o m e , th e n I w ill c o n ti n u e p ayi n g t r ib u t e

y
to y o u m o r e o v e r , w h at e v e r r e v e n u e s h al l c o m e in , I w ill s e n d i t
t o y o u to L ah au r in f u ll R a n j it S i n g h , h av i n g a c c e pt e d h is
”
.
r e q u e s t , m a d e o v e r Pas au r t o h im , an d , h av i n g t a k e n a w ritt e n
a g r e e m e n t s i n e d by h is h an d , r e t u r n e d t o L a h au r
g
S h o rtly af t e rw ar d s A j l m K h an di e d an d t h e P ath an s ag ai n
, ,
c r e a t e d g r e at t u m u lt M a h ar aj a R a n j i t S i n g h hi m s e l f w e n t
.
,
a n d s e ttl e d t h a t di s p u te an d th e n r e t u r n e d t o L ah a u r
,
.
I n t h e y e a r 1 8 2 6 A D t h e N aw ab S adi k M u h a mm ad K h an
. .
, ,
w h o w a s t h e r u l e r O f B ah au l pu di e d n d h is s o n B h au l K h an
r,
,
a ,
a
,
as c e n d e d t h e th r o n a n d r a ti fi e d w h a t e v e r h is f a th e r
e ,
nd
g r an d a
f a th e r h a d p r o m i s e d to M ah ar aj a R an j i t S i n g h .
A ft e r w a rd s a,
p e r s o n n am e d S ai ad M ah am d i s e t u p a
, ,
M u h a mm ad an fl a g in t h e hi ll s a n d i n c i te d t h e M u s al m an by ,
th e s e w o r d s I t b e h o v e s u s t o s l ay th e s e i n fid e l S i k h s a g r e e a b ly
”
t o th e o r d e r s o f o u p r o ph e t s
r W h e n t h e M u s al m an s b e g an
.
m ak i n g a t u mu l t th e n th e M a h ar a j a h av i n g se n t an a r m y ac r o s s
,
-
,
t h e A tak s e v e r e ly p u n i s h e d S a i a d M ah am d i
,
.
W h e n M a h ar aj a R anj i t S i n g h h a d c o n q u e r e d al l t h e h ill s ,
th n h e gav e t h e fo rt o f J am mut o G u l ab S i n g h an d S u c h e t S i n g h
e .
A t th at ti m e D h ian S i n g h t h e b r o th e r o f t h e r u l e r o f J am m u w as
, ,
72 '
I
H S T OR Y o r T HE S i n u s .
su p e r i n t e n d e n t o f th e thr e s h o l d o f R an p t S i ng h an d as Hau p t ,
S i n g h l o v e d h is s o n H i r a S i n g h v e r y m u c h h e th e r e fo r e g av e h im
, , ,
t h e r an k o f Raj a an d R an j i t S i n g h al w ay s w i s h e d thi s in
,
th a t h e m i g h t m arry Hir a S i n g h t o s o m e g i rl o f hi g h c as t e On . :
on e oc c s ion A n r u d h Oh an d th e s o n o f R aj a S an s ar Oh an d
a
, , ,,
w as g o i n g t o a m a r ri ag e o f th e A h l ii w al is at K ap iI r t h al a ; o n
’
t h e r o a d h e h ad o c c as i o n t o s t o p at L ah au r a n d M ah a r aj a ,
R a nJ t S i n g h s e n t fo r h im an d by s o m e m e an s o r e th e r g o t h im
I , , ,
t o w ri t e th a t h e w o u l d m a r r y h is t w o s i s t e r s ag r e e ably t o t h e c o m
m a n d s o f M ah ar aj a R an ji t S i n g h W h e n h is g r a n d m o th e r h e a rd .
thi s th e n s h e t ak i n g t h e s e t w o g irl s w ith h e w e n t an d l i v e d in

, ,
r
,
th o s e h ill s w hi c h w e r e in t h e p o s s e s s i o n o f th e E n g li s h A ga i n
,
.
,
a f t e r a s h o r t ti m e R aj a A n r u dh Oh an d a l s o fl e d an d M a h ar aj a ,
R an j i t S i n g h t o o k al l h is c o u n t r y i n t o h is o w n p os s e s s i o n an d ,
d r o v e h is b r o th e r F at e Oh an d o u t o f i t
On o n e o c c as i o n t h e M ah ar aj a R an j it S i n g h h a v i n g h ad
, ,
m ad e a v e r y l a r g e t e n t o f p u s m in a ( w o o l o f g o a t s h a i r ) s e n t i t as
’
.
an O ffe r i n g t o E n g l an d f o r t h e k i n th e n t h e k in g o f t h e E n g li s h
g ;
o n s e e i n g it w a s g r e atly pl e as e d ;
, m o r e o v e r in r e t u r n f o r i t h e ,
, ,
s e n t f o u r v e r y b e au ti f u l m ar e s an d a h o r s e t o b e g i v e n t o M ah a r aj a
R an ji t S i n g h T h e M ah ar aJ a r e c e i v e d t h e ag e n t w h o b r o u g h t
.
,
th e m w ith m u c h c o u r t e s y a f t e r h av i n g r e m a i n e d s o m e d ay s in
,
L ah au r th at g e n tl e m an w h o h ad b r o u g h t th e h o r s e s fr o m E n g l an d
, , ,
w en t t o th e Hil l o f S i ml a t o m e e t M r ( L er d ) W illi am B e n ti n c k
i .
,
w h o w as th e G o v e r n o r G e n e r al o f I n di a an d t o ld t h e c i r c u m s tan
.
c e s o f h is a rr i v a l t o t h e G o v e r n o r G e n e r al
,
On th i s th e G o v e r -
.
,
n o r G e n e r al w i s h e d t h at by s o m e m e a n s o r o th e r
-
,
h e al s o m i g h t ,
m e e t M ah ar aj a Ran j it S i n g h T h e G o v e rn o r G e n e r al w r o t e t o
.
- .
Capt ai n W a d e t o by s o m e m e an s b ri n g R anji t S i n g h to
, ,
L u dih an a fo r h im to h av e an i n t e r v i e w w ith h im
, T h e M ah ar a .
h av i n g s e n t h is m i n i s te r M o ti R am a n d S a rd ar H ar i S i n g h
j a
, ,
an d F a k i r A i
j j D in t o t h e G o v e r n o r G e n e r a l s t at e d th a t h e -
,
w o u ld m e e t h im a t R o p ar w hi c h is o n t h e b an k s o f t h e r i v e r
,
S at l uj T h e G o v e r n o r G e n e r al o n t h e 2 2n d O c t o b e r 1 8 3 1 c am e
. -
, ,
t o R o p a r an d t h e Mah ar a a al s o arr i v e d at R o p ar o n t h e 2 5 th o f
, j
th at m o n th A t th at ti m e
. th e r e w e r e w ith th e M a h ar aj a
,
ab ou t t r o o p e rs a n d f o o t m e n T h e G o v e r n o r G e ne r al
, .
-
,
h avin g h e ar d o f th e a rr i v al o f t h e M ah ar aj a s e n t h is A g e n t an d ,
S e c r e t ar y t o p ay h is r e s p e c t s to M ah araj a R an j it S i n g h an d
t h e n R an j i t S i n g h h av i n g s e n t h is s on K h ar ak S i n g h an d s ix o r
, , ,
s e v e n c h i e f s o f v e r y hi g h p o s iti o n t o t h e G o v e r n o r G e n e r al s ai d -
,
th a t h e w o u ld as s u r e dly c o m e in t h e m o r n i n g an d s e e h im N e x t .
d ay w h e n t h e M ah ar aj a w a s r e ady f o r t h e i n t e r v i e w th e n b e f o r e
, , ,
h is o w n d e p ar t u r e h e d e s p at c h e d r e g u l ar t r o o p e r s an d al s o ,
s e n t 8 0 0 i rr e g u l a r c a v a l ry
,
; an d a f t e r th e m h e d e s p at c h e d h is ,
c h i e f s s e at e d o n e l e ph an t s an d th e n h i m s e l f s e t f o r th af t e r th e m
,
C H AP T . 111 .
— RI S E O F M A H AR AI IA R .
AN J IT S IN G H .
al l . h e n h e h ad a r ri v e d v e ry n e a r th e t e n t s th e n t h e y b o th m e t ;
W ,
m o r e o v e r b o th o f th e m s e a t e d o n th e ir e l e ph a n t s p r o c e e d e d t o
, ,
th e t e n t s T h e G o e r n o r G e n e r a l g a v e m an y c u ri o s iti e s a n d v a ri
. v -
,
o u s k in d s o f p r s e n t s t
i t h e M ah ar aJ a a n d h is s o n
e ,
o a n d t h e o th e r ,
c hi e f s ; a n d th e n t h e M a h ar aj a r e t u r n e d t o h is o w n t e n t Ne x t .
d y th e G o v e r n o r G e n r a l w e n t t o t h e M ah a a ia s t e n t to v i s i t
’
a ,
-
e r
h im .A l l t h e c hi e f s p r e s e n t e d O ffe ri n g s t o t h e G o v e r n o r G e n e r al -
,
a n d t h e M ah ar a j a al s o g av e m an y v a l u abl e h o r s e s w i t h go ld an d ,
s il e r t r a p p i n g s
v an d o th e r c u r i o s iti e s t o t h e
,
G o v e r n o r G e n e r al -
.
T h e n th e r e w as a r e v i e w O f th e M ah ar aja s an d th e E n gli sh ’
, ,
ar m i e s . R an j i t S i n g h s e e i n g t h e s m a rt n e s s a n d d e x t e rity o f t h e
,
E n g li s h a r m y w a s m u c h pl e a s e d T h at S am e e v n i n g th e y m e t
,
. e
,
f o r t h e l as t ti m e t o s ay g o o d b y e ) a n d th a t v e ry d a y t h e
,
, , ,
G o v e r n o r G e n e r al g av e t h e M ah ar aj a a p r e s e n t o f a n i r o n brid g e
-
.
Ne x t d ay b o th r u l e r s d e p a r t e d t o th e i r o w n c o u n tri e s
, .
A f t e r w a rd s w h e n in t h e y e a r 1 8 3 8 A D t h e E n g li s h in v ad
, ,
. .
,
e d K ab u l t h e ,
M ah ar aJ a R a n j i t S i n g h s e n t o f h is a r m y t o
h e lp th e m Wh e n t h e ar m y a r ri v e d in K ab u l b u t b e fo r e t h e e x
.
,
di t io n h ad a c c o m pli s h e d ( it s o bj e c t ) M a h ar aj a R an j it S i n h
p e
g , ,
w h o b e fo r e h ad b e e n v e ry ill ac c o m pli s h e d (h is y e a r s o f li f e ) in ,
y e ar 1 8 3 9 .
COU PL E T .
T h e g r e a t w h o in thi s w o r ld s it w ith th e i r l e g s s tr e t c h e d
, , ,
ou t.
In th e e n d, d e ath se z e s i them ,
an d k ill s th e mg iu a s hor t
w h il e .
V ER SE S .
Th o s e ,
wh o i n t o t h e in n o f t h e w o r l d
c o me ,
A r e n o t al l o w e d to s t o p in i t f o r e v e r ;
T h e v e r y g r e a t k i n g s an d th e p r o u d , , ,
T h e w i s e t h e s k il f u l a n d th e p o w e r f u l
, , ,
A ll li v e b u t f o u r d ay s ,
A n d t h e n t h e t e n t s o f al l a r e (g o t r e a dy f o r ) t h e m ar c h
T h e d r u m o f m a r c hi n g is a l w ay s s o u n di n g ,
A n d n o n e c a n m an ag e t o s t o p h e r e
N e w thi s is b e c o m i n g t o e v e ry o n e ,
T h a t th e y s h o u l d r e g ard th e p l e as u re s o f t h e w o rld as fal s e ;

F o r its w e a l th r i c h e s j o y s an d pl e as u r e s ar e al l d e l us i v e
, ,
I t s p o s s e s s i o n s l an d s a n d ti tl e s a r e al l v ai n
, , ,
T h o s e w h o l i v e h e r s o rr o w f u l
,
e ,
D O n o t h o p e t o r e m ai n h e r e a l w ay s ,
A n d t h e r e f o r e d o n o t g e t d ri e d u p w ith g r i e f ,
F o r th e y o n ly r e g r i e v e d w h o a r e i n l o v e w i th i t (t h e
a ,
w o rld ) .
74 HI S T O RY or T H E s u ms .
W ho mak e hi ms e l f g r e a t ?
c an
V e r ily I am h appy , f or g r i e f b u r n s m e n o t 03
A n d , if f o r s o m e ti me I a m h appy
,
(I k n o w) in th e e n d d e at h w ill t a k e away al l my pl e as u r e .
COU P L E T .
A c c o m pli s h t h e j o u r n e y th r ou g h thi s w o r l d we ll
I t is n o t g o o d f o r o n e to r e m ai n f e ar l e s s in i t th e r e f o r e ,
d raw n e ar t o G o d .
d e ath o f R anj it S i n g h m an y R an is p e r fo r m e d s atti

A f t e r th e ,
a n d g r e at g r i e f a r o s e in t h e P a nj ab a n d t h e w all s a s it w e r e a ,
p , ,
a r e d to b e w e e pi n g A f t e r h im R aj a D hian by h is s a ac i ty
p e .
g , ,
k e p t t h e k i n g d o m s o w e ll in c on tr o l th at o ne s h o u ld r e lly r e g ar d , a
h im as th e m a s t e r o f t h e k i n g d o m R a nj i t S i n g h w hil s t h e w as
.
,
a li v e a ll o w e d h im s u c h i mm e n s e p ow e r th at s o m e ti m e s h e
, p r e ve n t , w
e d t h e pri n c e s K h ar a k S i n g h a n d S h e r S i n g h w h o w e r e t h e s on s
,
o f t h e M ah ar aj a R an j i t S i n g h f r o m c o mi n g i n t o th e a l
, p ac e ;
h e a l s o i m p l an t e d t h e id e a in t h e k i n g s m i n d th at a s K h ar a k
’
, ,
S i n g h w as a g r e at f o ol an d m ad f o r thi s r e as o n h e w as n o t fi t fo r
, , ,
th e k i n g d om a n d r e g a r di n g S h e r S i n g h h e r ai s e d thi s d ou b t ,
in t h e M ah ar aJ a s m i n d th at h e w as n o t h is o w n s o n A s th e r e
’
, .
w as n o hi n d r a n c e (o ffe r e d t o i t ) B h i an S i n g h u s e d t o o i n to t h e
, g
f e m al e a p ar t m e n t s an d f o r thi s r e as o n a l l t h e q u e e n s u s e d t o b e
, ,
m u c h af r ai d o f him ; an d a s H i r a S i n g h t h e s o n o f thi s D h ian ,
S i n g h al w ay s r e m a i n e d w ith t he k in g fr o m thi s f e a r th e q u e e n s , ,
w e r e n o t a bl e t o t e l l th e i r g r i e fs t o t h e M a h ar aj a Up to t h e .
ti m e o f th e d e ath o f M ah ar aj a R anp t S i n g h h e h ad s u c h g r e at ,
p o w e r in t h e m an ag e m e n t o f t h e affai r s o f t h e k i n g d om th at h e ,
c o u l d d o w h at h e pl e a s e d .
W h e n M ah ar aj a R an j i t S i n g h w as dyi n g th e n h av i n g ,
c all e d h is s o n K h ar ak S i n g h h e m a d e h im o v e r t o t h e c ar e o f h is
,
'
m i n i s t e r D h ian S i n g h s ayi n g B hi an S i n g h t
“
, , y o u a r e m y
r ue
m i n i s t e r an d t h e p r o t e c t o r o f t h e R aj ; s o in r e t u r n f o r t h e k i n d ,
n e s s an d o bli g ati o n s I h a v e c o n f e r r e d o n o u d ri g m w h l
y u n
y o e
l i f e d o y o u k e e p thi s my s o n K h ar ak S i n g h h appy N e v e r c o m
, , , .
m it p e r fi d y n o r b e fal s e t o y o u r s a l t n o r d e al b adly w i th h im
, ,
,
an d a l w ay s r e g a r d h im a s in m y pl ac e
”
.
68
L it . 18 j ust l ik e r
m u s t a d t o me .
CH A P T E R IV .
D es cr ip tion of the c h a r a c te r f o R anj t t S ing h .
R anj it S i n g h w as n o t at al l y e t n e v e r th e l e s s , h e
lit e r at e
,
u s e d t o s it a n d h i m s e l f li s t e n t o t h e b u s i n e s s p e rt ai n i n g t o th e
g o v e r n m e n t , an d w h at e v e r h e p e r f e c tly u n d e r s t o o d , o n th a t,
a f t e r r e fl e c t i o n a n d th o u g h t, h e p as s e d h is w r itt e n o r d e 1 s wh e i i
t h e o r d e r h ad b e e n w ritt e n , th e n h e u s e d t o h e ar 1 t a s e c o n d
ti m e , an d r e fl e c t o n it ; s o th at h e m i g h t s e e th at th e s c r ib e
h a d n o t at al l c h an g e d h is o r d e r in w r i ti n g it .I n h is v e ry
c h i ldh oo d e v e n , h e w as v e ry g e n e r o u s , an d u s e d to g i v e man y
p r e s e n t s t o h is att e n d an t s an d o th e r s W h at e v e r u r g e n t m a tt e rs
.
c am e i n t o h is m i n d in t h e n i g h t ti m e , h e u s e d a t o n c e to h av e
th e m w ritt e n d o w n , s o th at h e m i g ht n o t f o r g e t th e m , an d w h e n
h e w e n t to s l e e p a t n i g ht , h e u s e d t o th i n k o v e r al l i m p o r t an t
aff a i r s , s o t h a t h is k i n g d o m m i g ht fl o u ri s h h e , by th e q u i c k n e s s
o f h is u n d e r s t a n di n g , an d t h e g o o d n e s s o f h is m e m o ry , h a d th i s
w o n d e r f u l p o w e r , th at , by l o o k i n g at t h e f a c e o f a p e r s o n , h e u s e d
t o b e abl e t o t e l l h is s ag a c i ty , abi lity an d g o o d n e s s ; h e w as a
m a n o f v e ry m e d i u m s i z e , an d w as bli n d o f o n e e y e , an d , as t h e
m a r k s o f s m al l p o x w e r e o n h is f a c e , f o r thi s r e a s o n , h is c o u n
-
t e n an c e w as s o m e w h at s p o ilt b u t o w i n g t o h is l o n g b e ar d ,
w hi c h r e a c h e d t o h is n av e l , i t di d n o t s h o w s o m u c h , an d h is f a c e
fi
l o o k e d ll e d u p an d h an d s o m e H e u s e d t o l au g h a g r e at d e al
.
w ith p e o pl e , a n d t al k o p e n ly t o th e m, s o th a t p e o pl e u s e d t o g e t
d r o wn e d in th e i r aff e c ti o n f o r h im , an d , s e at e d in h is s o c i e ty , u s e d
t o t e l l h im t h e s e c r e t s o f th e i r h e ar t s : H e w as v e ry f o n d o f
r idi n g 0 11 h o r s e b ac k , an d, in h is o l d ag e e v e n , h e u s e d t o rid e 0 11
h o r s e b ac k , af te i b e i n g h e lp e d o n his h o r s e by o th e i s H e k n e w .
m a n y s t 1 a tag e m s a n d m an oe uv 1 e s o f w ar f a i e a n d u s e d to b e a t h is
e n e m i e s p ri n c ip a ll y by th e s e s t i a tag e m s an d m an oe u v 1 e s .Al
th o u g h , ih h is y o u t h h e w as ve 1 y ath l e ti c an d s tr o n g , in h is o l d
a e
g h e b e c am e v e r y f e e bl e
. H e w as o f a v e ry pl ai n s i m pl e
“
di s p o s iti o n , a n d , f o r th e s ak e o f s e t ti n g o ff h is d u rb ar s , h e o r d e r e d
h is att e n d an t s , th a t th e y w e r e a ll t o c o m e to h is d u rb ar s d r e s s e d
in di am o n d s , p e arl s , an d j e w e l s S o m e p e o pl e s ay th a t h e ag e d ,
.
a n d b e c am e o l d an d f e e bl e , o w i n g t o h is d ri n k i n g s o m u c h w i n e .
H e h a d a g r e a t d e s ir e t o ad v an c e h is r e li g i o n , an d w as h i m s e l f
m o s t fi r m in th e S i k h d o c t r i n e s , an d u s e d f o r a l o n g ti m e t o g e th e r
t o li s t e n to t h e G r an t h H e hi mse l f c arr i e d o n a t r af c in s h aw l s
. fi
76 I S T OR Y o r T H E s u
II L . ms .
l
a n d s a t , an d u s e d n e v e r t o do an v thi n g w i th o u t fi r s t c on s u lti n g
h is ( B r ah m an ) a s tr o n o m e r s a n d ( Hi n d u) as tr o l o g e r s A t an e ar l y
.
p i io d o f h is l i f e w h e n h e w as t h i1 te e n y e a s o l d o n h is as c e n d
e ,
1
g t h e t l n o n e thi s b a s e d e e d w as d o n e by h im 1iam e l y th at h e
,
in , , ,
t in n e d ou t o f o ffi c e t h e m i n i s t e n am e d L alch a w h o h ad b e e n t h e
1 ,
m i n i s t e r o f h is f a t h e
1 ,
a n d s e n t h im o n a n e x p e diti o n t o K a ta s
,
,
w h i e t h e u n f 0 1 t u n a t e c r e at u 1 e
e di e d P e o pl e h ad i n fo 1 m e d
.
R a n iit S i n g h t h a t t hi s m in is t e h ad a n in t 1 igu e w i th h is m o th e r
i ,
a n d h e t h e i e f0 1 e
,
h ad p o i s o n a d m i n i s t e r e d t o h is m o th e r a n d h ad
,
h e 1 k ill e d al s o
.
C HA P T E R V .
l ke Cir c u m s ta n c e s i wif a K im m ie S ingh

i
f
o l l a fa
x .
“
A f t e r M ah ar aj a R a n j i t Si n D h , K h ar ak S i n g h a s c e n d e d t h e
‘ 0 ‘ '
th r o n e ; a s h e k n e w w e l l th e d i s p o s iti on o f h is m i n i s t er D hiian
'
S i n g h , h e , fi rs t o f a l l , fo r t e s ak e o d i m i n i hi n g h is powe r , s aid
h f s
‘ ‘ “
t o h im th at h e w as n o t t o g o i n t o t h e r o y al f e m al e a p art m e n t s ;
an d h e m o r e o v e r s ai d , D o n o t b e a n g ry w ith m e fo r thi s , f o r I
w il l n o t a l l o w y o u r p o w e r a n d a u th o ri ty t o b e d e c r e a s e d a n y
f u rth e r D h ian S i n g h , o n h e a ri n g thi s , t o o k g r e a t o ff e n c e a t
.
i t at h e a r t ; m o r e o v e r s u c h a di ffe r e n c e s p r u n g u p b e t w e e n th o s e -
t w o f r o m th at v e ry d ay , th a t v e ry g r e a t e n m ity ar o s e b e t w e e n
the m .
S o m e d ay s att e r a m an n am e d C h e t S i n g h w h o w as a , ,
fa v o u rit e o f K h a r a k S i ng h s s ai d t o K h a r a k S i n g h th a t t h e
’
, ,
m i n i s t e r B hi an S i n g h g i v e s o u t th a t u n ti l h e o b t a i n s th e f u ll ,
p o w e r s h e f o r m e rly h a d h e w il l n o t c o n d u c t t h e d uti e s o f
,
m i n i s te r o p e rly and w i th m an y o th e r s u c h li k e r e p o rt s h e
p r ; ,
t u r n e d K h a r a k S i n g h ag i n s t t h e m i n i s t e r
,
a .
W h e n D h ian S i n g h s a w th at K h a r ak S i n g h w o u ld g i v e h im
m u c h tr o u bl e th e n h e d e v i s e d thi s pl a n f o h is o w n s af e ty
, he r
g a v e i t o u t e v e ry w h e r e th at K h a r ak S i n g h a n d Ch e t S i n g h h a d
,
m ad e an a g r e e m e n t w ith t h e E n g li s h a n d t h a t f r o m f e a r o f , ,
th e m th e y h ad a g r e e d t o p ay s ix s i x te e n th s o f t h e r e v e n u e t o
,
-
th e m an d th e r e f o r e h e w o u ld s o o n di s m i s s t h e a r m y a n d al l th e
, , ,
o ff i c e r s a n d c hi e f s T hi s r e p o rt a s s p r e a d th ro g h o u t L ah au r
.
11 u
an d t h e K h al s a b e g a n t o tr e a t K h a r ak S i n g h w i t h in d ifi e r e n c e
,
A f t e r th i s D h i an S i n g h c a ll e d t h e Pri n c e N au N ih al S i n g h f r o m
,
Pa s a u a n d R aj a G u l ab S i n g h al s o e n t e r e d L ah au r in c o m p an y
r,
w i t h h im .
Th m i n i s t e r a n d h is b r o th e r G u l ab S i n g h m i s l e d N au
e , ,
N ih al S i n g h n d h is m o th e r a n d K h r k S i n gh an d o b t a i n e d a n
a a a
,
o r de r t o p u t C h e t S i n g h to d e a th P ri n c e N a ir N il al a n d h is . i
S i e M a h ar aj a K h ar a k S i n g h a n d by
,
m o th e r f u rth e r s a i d
, ,
e z
, ,
s o m e o th e r m e a n s d p o s e h im f r o m t h e g o v e r n m e n t
”
,
e .
T h e y c au s e d m a n y S p u ri o u s l e tt e r s s e al e d w ith t h e s e l o f ,
a
K h a r ak S i n gh t o b e w ri t t e n an d h o w e d t h e m to N a u N ih al ,
s
S m g h a n d h i m o t h e r s ayi ng s B h o ld h
,
is w ri ti n g th e s e
,
“
e e
78 H IS T OR Y or TH E S K I HS .
l e tt e r s ,
an d t e r m s w i th th e E n gli s h
mak i n g
”
T h e m o th e r o f
.
N a u N ih al S i n g h o n h e ar i n g th e n am e o f t h e E n gli s h w as
, ,
g re atly t e rr ifi e d an d d e e me d i t ad v i s abl e t o i m p r i s on h e r h u s
,
b an d (K h ar ak S i n g h ) .
W h e n th i s h ad b e e n f u lly d e t e r mi n e d o n th e n t h e m i n i s t e r
, ,
D h ian S i n g h a n d h is b r o th e r t w o w at c h e s b e f o r e th e b r e ak o f
, ,
d ay e n t e r e d th e f o r t an d go t i n t o th at r o o m w h e r e M a h ar aj a
, ,
K h ar a k S i n g h u s e d t o s l e e p an d h av i n g k ill e d Ch e t S i n g h
, , ,
m ad e K h ar a k S i n g h p ri s o n e r W h e n th e d ay b r o k e h av i n g
.
,
i m p r i s on e d K h ar ak S i n g h in th e fo r t th e y s e at e d h is s on N au
,
N ih al S i n g h o n th e th r o n e .
CH A P T E R V I .
T h e Cir c u ms tan c es o f N a u N ih cil S in gh .
A f t e r a f e w d ay s , B h ian S i n g h s e n t s o m e h o ly m e n ,
B r ah m an s an d as t r o l o g e r s t o N au N ih al S i n g h t o g l ad d e n h is
,
h e a rt , an d , t h e y s ai d t h u s t o h im , 0 M ah ar aj a ; in a s h o r t
“
ti m e , al l f r o m L ah au r t o D illi an d B an ar as w il l b e y o u r k i n g
d o m ; an d , in thi s w ay , D h ian S i n g h a tt a c h e d t h e s pi r it o f t h e
”
p ri n c e (to hi m s e l f ) , an d r ai s e d s u s pi c i o n s in h is m i n d r e ga r di n g
K h a r ak S i n g h ; an d , th r o u g h h is i n s ti g ati o n, h e b e c am e s o i r a t e
a ai n s t
g K h ar a k S i n g h th at , if an y o n e m e n ti on e d h is n am e in
D u rb ar , th e n h e w o u l d b e g i n t o ab u s e h im .
A g ai n af t e r a f e w d ay s D h ian S i n g h g av e o u t th at t h e
K
M ah ar aj a h ar ak S i n g h w as v e ry ill , an d hi ms e l f app o i n t e d s o m e
w o n d e r f u l p hy s i c i an s fo r h im , w h o r i g ht w e l l c u r e d th a t h e l p l e s s
c r e at u r e ; th a t is t o s ay , a g r e e ably t o t h e bi d di n g o f B hi a n S i ngh,
th e y g av e h im a p o w d e r o f a v e r y d e a dly p o i s on , f ro m w h i c h h e
di e d in t h e m o n th o f N o v e m b e r A D 1 8 40. . .
A t t h a t ti m e , N au N i h al S i n g h , f o r s o me r e as o n o r o th e r , w a s
n o t in L ah au r. K
M a h ar aj a h ar a k S i n g h r e m e m b e r e d h im an d
s ai d B r i n g N au N i h al S i n g h t o m e , th a t I m ay f o r g i v e h im m y
b l ood f r o m thi s , i t a p p e ar s th a t h e b e li e v e d th at h is s on N au
”
N ih al S i n g h h ad i m pri s o n e d an d k ill e d h im W h e n N au N ih al
.
S i n g h a r ri v e d in L ah au r a ft e r t h e d e a th o f h is f ath e r , t h e n h e
ask e d , D id m y f a th e r r e m e m b e r m e at t h e ti m e o f h is d e ath o r
not B h i an S i n gh r e pl i e d , A s h e w as m ad a t th e ti m e o f h is
d e at h , th e r e fo r e w h a t i s s u e d f r o m his m o u th is n o t fit t o b e t o ld ,
”
f o r h e ab u s e d y o u b adly . A l as ! al as ! th a t th a t s i n n e r B h ian
S i n g h n o t o n ly c r e a t e d s u c h e n m ity b e t w e e n K h a rak S i n g h an d
N a u N ih al S i n g h , th at , w hil s t h e (K h ar a k S i n g h ) w as a l i v e , th e y
k e p t al o o f o n e f r o m t h e o th e r , bu t h e a l s o t u r n e d h im (N au
N ih al S i n gh ) a g ai n s t h is f ath e r e v e n aft e r h is de ath N au .
N ih al S i n g h h im s e l f c am e an d b u r n e d h is f a th e r , an d p e r fo r me d all
q
t h e f u n e r a l o b s e u i e s (l ai d d o w n ) by h is r e li g i o n fi
H av i n g n i s h e d
.
al l t h e o b s e q u i e s , h e c am e t o t h e c ity ; an d m an y S i k h c h i e fs w e r e
w i th h im , th e m o s t d is t in g in s b e d o f w h o m w as U dh am S i n g h , t h e
e l d e s t s on o f Ra G
j a u l ab S i n g h T h e s e w e r e c o mi n g a l o ng w ith
.
N au N i b al S i n g h an d , w h e n th e y a rr i v e d a t th e g a t e o f th e c ity ,t h e
li n t e l o f th e g at e w ay s u d d e n ly g av e w ay , an d U dh am S i n g h w as ,
by its fal l , k ill e d on t h e s p o t , an d N au N i h al S i n g h was pl ac e d
80 H I S T O RY OF T H E S i re n s .
in a p al k i
b r o u g ht t o D hi du S i n g h in th e fo r t I t is n o t
an d .
k n o n w hy th at p al k i h ad b e e n pl ac e d th e r e ; w h e n h e h ad
w 69
.
b e e n t ak e n i n s id e t h e f o rt th e n t h e g at e o f t h e f o r t w as c l os e d , ,
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’
m ad e h e r t h e e n e m y o f S h e r S i n g h f o r h e th o u g ht , s h o u l d s h e
b e c o m e t h e w i fe o f S h e r S i n 0g h , th e n a l l h e r p 1 o p e 1 ty , g oo d s 1
.
an d a ir , w o u ld o o u t o f h is o w n h an d s i n t o t h e h an d s o f S h e r
i g g
S i n g h A l th o u g h S h e r S i n g h o n c e o r t w ic e ag ai n s e n t a n d
.
a s k e d Oh an d K o r t o m a r ry h i m, s till s h e d id n o t a g r e e , b u t s e n t
s o m e a m bi g u o u s r e ly th a t s h e th o u g h t th e M aha 1 aja w a n t e d t o
p
k i ll h e 1 A t l as t i t th u s h app e n e d th at S h e r S i n gh , h av i n g
.
p r o m i s e d h e r fo u r f e m al e s e r v an t s s o m e e s tat e s , go t th e m t o k i ll
Oh an d K o r Th e M ah a 1 aja S h e r S i n g h , o n h e a ri n g o f h e r d e at h ,
.
w as g r e atly pl e as e d ; an d G
u l ab S i n g h al s o o b t ai n e d m u c h p r o fi t
f r o m h e r d e a th , f o r h e b e c am e p o s s e s s o r o f al l h e r w e al th an d
p r o p e r ty .
A g a i n af t e r a s h o r t ti m e i n w a r d e n m ity a r o s e b e t w e e n ,
M a h ar aj a S h e r S in g h an d t h e m i n i s t e r D h 1an S i n g h ; an d th e
m i n i s t e r B h i an S i n g h h av i n g th r o u g h (th e i n s t r um e n t ality ) o f
, , ,
B h ai R am S i n g h i n v i t e d t h e S a n d h e w alis w h o h ad b e e n t u r n e d
, ,
o u t o f t h e i r e s t at e s an d i m pri s o n e d f o r m e d f ri e n d s hi w i t h th e m
p , ,
a n d u s e d o f t e n t o a dd r e s s th e m th u s A l th o u g h S h e r S i n g h
o u t wa r dly s h o w s f ri e n d s hip t o y o u i n w a r dly h e is t h e e n e my of ,
y o u r l i fe an d if it w e r e n o t f o r m e b e i n g b e t w e e n y o u h e is
, ,
p r e p ar e d t o ac t v e r y c r u e lly t o w ar d s y o u .
W h e n i n thi s w ay h e h ad t u r n e d th e i r h e ar t s th e n th e y
, ,
th o u g h t th e r e m u s t h av e b e e n s o m e q u a rr e l b e t w e e n t h e M a h a
r aj a an d h im A f t e r G u l a b S i n g h h ad g o n e t o J a mm u B hi an
.
b ,
S i n g h fo u n d o u t th at th e r e w as an o t h e r s o n o f M ah a r aj a R anp t
S i n g h n a m e d D alip S i n g h ab o u t 5 o r 6 y e ar s ol d an d th o u g ht
, , ,
i t ad v i s a bl e f o r h im by al l m e an s t o t u r n S h e r S i n g h off t h e
th r o n e an d m ak e D ah p S i n g h t h e k i n g o f L ah au r F r o m th at
,
.
d ay D h ian S i n g h h a v i n g c al l e d D al i p S i n g h b e g an t o s h o w
, , ,
h im m u c h a ff e c ti o n an d s e ati n g h im 1 11 h is l ap u s e d t o m ak e
, , ,
79
L it T th w . h t o r t hi t h p r i
ro a s ee d f
ove m yi g s is
'
e ex e s s on us e or ar r n
a i
w do w .
C H AP vIL — T ns L S H A U R c an r m e x
‘ '
. .
s al ams an d p y a S h e r S i n g h o n h e ar i n g th i s
r e spe c t t o h im , ,
d t e r mm e d th at he w o u l d by s o m e m e an s t u r n o u t th a t m i n i s t e r
e
, , ,
( fo r h e k n e w th at ) o th e r w i s e h e w o u l d g i v e h im g r e at t r o u bl e .
0 11 th e id e thi s p l an h ad f o r m e d i t s e l f in t h e m i n d o f
o ne s ,
S h e r S i ng h an d o n th e o th e r in th e m i n d s o f th e S an dh e walis
, , , ,
f ro m h e a r i n g t h e w o r d s o f D h ian S i n g h i t h a d b e c o m e fi r m ly ,
e s t a bl i s h e d t h a t t h e ll l ah a ra ja S h e r S i n g h 0 11 ac c o u n t o f f o r m e r
'
di ff e r e n c e s s til l h e r e i n w a rd e n m ity ag a i n s t th e m A f t e r w ar d s
,
.
i t c am e i n t o th e ir m i n d s th at as D h ian S i n g h b o r e s o m e an i m o s ity
to th e M al iar aja h e th e r e f o r e w i s h e d t o k il l h im by th e i r h an d s
, .
H a v i n g r e fl e c t e d in th e i r m i n d s o v e r al l th e s e di ffe r e n t m o ti v e s ,
t h e S a n d h e w al is w e n t to S h e r S i n g h an d j o i n i n g th e i r h an d s , ,
s a id t o h im : 0 t r u e k i n g ! a s f o r a l n g ti m e w e h a v e e a t e n o
y o u r s l t th e r e f o r e as y o u h a v e b e e n d i s h o no u r e d b e fo r e 11 s b e
a
, , ,
h e l d w e c a n n o t b e a r it a n y l o n g e r ; th e r e fo r e w e n o w r e l a t e to
,
y o u t h e c o n d u c t o f y o u r m i ni s t e r B h i a n S in h w h om o u r e gar d
g y ,
i s y o u r o w n b o dy an d l i f e i t is thi s th at D hian S i n g h h as s e n t ,
i 1 s to y o u a t thi s ti m e t o k ill y o u a n d in r e t u r n fo r thi s h e h as , , ,
p r o m i s e d t o gi v e ri s a j ag i r o f r up e e s H is i n t e n ti o n is .
,
a ft e r h av i n g k ill e d y o u t o pl a c e D al ip S i n g h 0 11 t h e th r o n e , ,
”
1 n d th u s h i m s e l f c o n ti n u e in h is m i n i s t e r s hip H av i n g h e ar d .
thi s s p e e c h S h e r S i n g h b e li e v e d th e i r w o r d s to b e c o rre c t an d
,
tr u e f o r h e h ad b e fo r e thi s h e ard o f t h e g i v i n g o f t h e th r o n e
, , ,
t D a li p S i n gh ; S h e r S i n g h a t t h at ti m e
o w ith m u c h d e c i s i n , ,
o
a n d p r o m p tit u d e d r a w i n g h is s w o rd f r o m its s h e a th g a v e i t i n t o
, ,
t h e h a n d s o f S a r d ar s L ahi n e S i n g h a n d A p t S i n g h S an d h e w al is , ,
a n d s ai d T a k e thi s b r o th e r s l if thi s is y o u r i n te n ti o n th e n c u t
.
, ,
o ff m y h e a d w i th m y o w n s w o rd ; b u t r e m e mb e r thi s th a t h e , ,
w h o m y o u n o w r e g a rd a s y o u r f r i e n d w i ll a ft e r w a rd s s h o w g r e a t ,
”
h atr e d t o w a rd s y o u fo r h e w i ll n e v e r l e t y o u g o ali v e
,
F ro m . .
h e a r i n g t hi s a g e a t e ffe c t w as p r o d u c e d 0 11 th e m i n d s o f t h e
,
r
S n dh e w alis s o th a t th e y j i n i n g t h i h a n d s s a id : 0 t r u e
a , ,
o e r ,
k i n g ! d o y o u y o u r s e l f c o n s i d e r if thi s h ad b e e n o u r in t e n ti o n ,
w h y s h o u l d w e h a v e c o m e a n d t o ld y u t h e s e c r e t d o y o u k no w o
fo r c e rt ai n th a t w e ,
e g a r d i n g y o u a s a b r o th e r o f t h e
,
r S ik h
r e li g i o n a n d o p e n ly ac k n o w l e d g i n g y o u as o u r m as t e r h av e
, ,
70 h a e n ot c o me
c o m e a nd g i ve n y ou thi s i n fo r m a i o
t n “ to . v
k ill r a th e r t o s a v e y o u l i n t d y o u al s o r e m e m b e r th at thi s
, ,
. o ,
b as e m i n i s t r is n o t f r o m t o d y o n ly d e s i o u s t o t ak e y o u r li f e
e
,
-
a ,
r .
b u t h a s b e e n s o f o r s o m e ti m e p s t W e a c k n o w l e d g i n g th e a .
,
o bl i g ati o n s o f o u r s al t o u r o a th s ) h a v e t o l d y o u thi s s e c r e t ,
b u t if th a t s i n n r h a d s e n t a n y o n e e l s e y o u w o u l d n o t h av e
e ,
e s c ap e d a l iv e \ Ve th e r e fo r.
p ur ose
p t o k il
,
l th at v il e and e ,
t r e ac h e r o u s m i n i s t e r if h e s h al l r e m ai n a l i v e h e W l ll c e r ta m l y ,
d e v i s e s o m e m e a n s f o r k illi n g y o u S h e r S i n g h o n h e ar i n g th i s .
,
86 s 1 s r o 11v o r T H E s m ns .
spe e c h at fi r s t s ai d n o thi n g o p e n ly b u t af t e r war d s s p ok e o ut

, ,
p l a in ly W e ll
y ou k n o w b e s t ; t o k ill th a t w r e t c h wo u l d p e r h a p s
b e w e ll T he S an d h e w al i h a v i n g c o n s i d e r e d t hi s th a t af t e r
. s
, , ,
w ar d s th e y m i g h t b e p u n i s h e d f o r t h e c r i m e o f th e m u r d e r o f
,
th e m i n i s t e r th e r e fo r e c au s e d S h e r S i n g h t o w r it e in h is o wn h an d
,
t o th e m : D o y o u k i l l D h ian S i n g h
“
Th e n th e y s aid th u s .
“
W e a r e n o w g o i n g t o R aje s an h s iy a w h i c h is n e a r A n m r it s ar , ,
an d h av i n g g o n e th e r e w e w ill c o ll e c t a n a r my fo r t h e p u r p o s e
, ,
.
I t th e r e f o r e b e h o v e s y o u o n e d ay t o t ak e a m u s t e r o f y o u r a r my ,
a n d d o y o u a l s o c al l an d s e n d f o r u s t o b e m u s t e r e d ; w e w i l l
i m m e di at e ly c o m e t o b e m u s t e r e d an d w h e n y o u g i v e u s t h e , ,
s i gn w e ,
w il l a t o n c e s u r r o u n d D h 1 an S i n g h an d h is s o n H i r a
S i n g h a n d k il l th e m
, ,
Th e n th e y s a id th i s al s o : F r o m o u r “
c o m i n g y o u m u s t h av e
,
n o an x i e ty o n o u r a c c o u n t f o r w e ar e
,
amo n g s t th o s e s u bj e c t s w h o a r e t r u ly l o y al t o y o u .
W h e n t h e S an d h e w al is h ad th u s th o r o u g h ly a rr an g e d e v e ry
thi n g th e y d e p a r t e d ; b u t th o s e b as e tr ai t o r s i n s te a d o f g o i n g
, ,
t o R aj e s an h s iy a w e n t s tr ai g h t to t h e h o u s e o f B hi an S i n g h h v
,
a
in g g o n e th e r e an d t ak e n m an y o a th s f r o m Dh ian S i n g h th e y
, ,
s aid ,
I f y o u w il l n o t t e l l an y o n e th e n w e w il l t e ll y o u s o m e ,
thi n g o f ad v an ta g e to y o u r s e l f He s ai d I w il l n o t t e l l a n y
.
o ne . T h e s e b as e S n dh e w al is th e n pl ac e d b e fo r e h im th a t
a
p ap e r o n w hi c h w a s att a c h e d th e s e al o f S h e r S i n g h w i th o rd e rs
, ,
t o k ill D h 1an S i n g h O 11 s e e i n g t h e p ap e r D h ian S i n g h b e c a m e

.
,
c omf o r t e d a n d s a i d t o th e m :
,
B r o th e r s l y o u h av e s h o w n g r e a t
“ -
k i n d n e s s to m e in th a t y o u h av e t o l d m e o f thi s ; b u t n o w d o y o u
,
n t o u t w h a t pl an I s h o u l d a d o p t ? g v
”
p o i Th e y a e r e ply D o
“
n ot y o u f e a r f o r w e w ill k il l h im ; f o r h e is h o s ti l e ly i n c l i n e d
,
t o w ar d s y o u D h i an S i n g h o n h e a ri n g thi s b e c a m e d e l i ght
.
, ,
e d an d s a id
,
D o y o u d o thi s a n d I w ill g i v e y o u as m u c h r e ,
w ar d as I c an .
Th e y th e n p r o p os e d th a t s am e pl a n t o h im f o r k i ll i n g S h e r
S i n g h w h ic h th e y h ad fi xe d w ith S h e r S i n g h f o r k illi n g B h i an
,
S i n g h ; s ayi n g : On th e d ay o f t h e m u s t e r w e w ill a c c o m pl i s h ,
an d c om p l e t e thi s Th e n th e y s ai d thi s a l s o
. D o y o u o n th a t , ,
day s e n d s u c h p ar t o f t h e a r m y t o t h e k i n g s p al ac e a s w il l n o t
,
’
s p o il y o u r b u s i n e s s ” 3
H av i n g d e t e r m i n e d th i s t h e s e k n a e s an d
. v
,
w r e t c h e s w e n t t o R aj e s an h s iy a a s l o n g a s th e y r e m a i n e d at R a e
y
sa nh si a
y t h e Ra j,a D h ian S i n gh d id n o t go t o D u rb ar f o r h e ,
f r o m thi s f e a r l e s t S h e r S i n g h s h o u l d k il l h im h a d s e n t th i s ,
m e s s ag e t o t h e D u rb ar th a t h e w as s o m e w h a t o u t o f s o rt s .
A g ai n af t e r a f e w d ay s th e S an d h e w alis b r i n g i n g ab o u t fi ve
, , ,
o r S I X t h o u s an d v e ry g o o d p i c k e d h o r s e m e n w ith th e m c a me to
.
73 129 . Men on w h o m y ou c an r e ly .
UK AP VI I —T H E L AH AU R C AM P A I G N
. . .
L ah au r . A t th at ti m e , M ah ar aj a S h e r S i n g h w as a t a pl ac e
c al l e d S a h b al au r, a t a di s t an c e o f a b o u t th r e e k o s fr o m L ah au r , an d
t h e S an dh e w ali c hi e f s al s o p r o c e e d e d th e r e , a n d , l e av i n g t h e r e s t
o f th e a r m y o u t s id e , w e n t in w i th o n l y ab o u t fi f t y h o r s e m e n .
A t th at ti m e S h e r S i n g h w a s s e at e d 0 11 a c h ai r w i th a h e a d p ill o w
b e h i n d h im ; A j i t S i n g h , S an dh e w ali , t ak i n g a d o u bl e ba rr e l -
un in h is h an d , m t th M h a r aj d l a u g hi n g ,
g c a e o e a a a n , ,
s a id :
“
L o o k M a h ar aj a ! I h av e b o u g h t thi s g u n f o r
r u p e e s ; if an y o n e n o w w e r e t o g i v e m e f o r i t , I w o u ld
”
n o t t ak e i t On h e ar i n g thi s , t h e M a h ar aj a p u t o u t h is h an d
.
t o t ak e t h e g un Th a t a r t f u l S an dh e w ah a t o n c e p u ll e d th e ’
t r i gg e r o f t h e g un , an d t h e t w o b ul l e t s , w h i c h w e r e c h ar g e d in
e ac h o f t h e b a rr e l s , w e n t i n t o S h e r S i n g h s b r e as t, an d h e th e n ,
’
s t ag g e ri n g fr o m th e c h air , f e ll o n t h e g r o u n d , a n d di e d h at . T
w r e t c h e d S an dh e w ali i m m e di a t e ly c u t o ff h is h e ad , a n d c ar ri e d
i t o ff in h is h an d ; an d n o o n e , w h o a t th a t ti m e o pp o s e d an y
S an d h e w ah s , e s c a p e d a li v e A f t e r thi s , t h e S an d h e w al is
'
o f th e .
we n t t o th at ga r d e n w h e r e S h e r S i n g h s e l d e s t s o n w as r e adi n g ’
.
Th at b o y s ag e at th a t ti m e w as 1 3 0 1 1 4 y e a r s W h e n t h e l ad
’ 1
.
s a w L ab i n a S i n g h c o m i n g t o w a rd s h im w ith a n ak e d s w o r d ,
g e tti n g u p h e f e l l at h is f e e t an d w e e pi n g s aid
, ,
O my l o r d ,
s pare m l i T h t i r bi na S i n h h ed e rc y
”
y f e s. n n e L a a
g s e w ,
11 0 m , ,
b u t c u t o ff t h e h e a d o f th a t g u iltl e s s c h ild Th e n h av i n g s e ttl e d .

,
t h e b u s i n e s s o f t h e f a th e r a n d s o n th e y r e t u r n e d t o t h e c ity ,
.
A t th at ti m e th e r e w e r e w ith A j i t S i n g h 3 0 0 h o r s e a n d 2 0 0
,
f o o t m e n an d ab o u t 20 0 h o r s e w ith L abi n a S i n g h ; a s th e s e
,
tw o w e r e g o i n g al o n g o n e b e h i n d t h e o th e r a f t e r
,
w hil e th e y ,
a ,
m e t w ith R aj a D hian S i n g h A j it S i n g h s aid t o D h l an S i n g h

. .
“
Co m e ! w h y a r e y o u n o w g o i n g o u t ? w e h a v e f ul fi ll e d t h e
p r om i s e w e g av e y o u t o k il l S h e r S i n g h ”
D h ian S i n g h a t th a t .
,
t i me ,
w a s g r e a tly a f r ai d in h is m i n d l e s t th e y m i g ht k il l h im ,
al s o . B u t s e e i n g th a t h is a r m y w a s s m all h e j o i n e d A ji t S i n g h ,
.
W h e n th e y e n t e r e d t h e f o rt th e n t h e S a n d h e w al is s t o p p e d
,
B hi an S i n g h s tr o o p s a t t h e s e c o n d g at e S e e i n g th i s D hi an
’
.
,
S i n g h b e c am e g r e a tly al ar m e d in h is h e a rt H av i n g g o n e o n a .
littl e A j i t S i n g h gav e a n o d t o o n o f h is s o ldi e r s w h o c o m

,
e , ,
in g b e h i n d D h i an S i n g h w i th a l o a d e d c arbi n e s h o t h im ; a n d ,
th e n a s e c o n d s o ldi e r c am e u p an d pu t an o th e r b u ll e t i n t o h im ,
an d h e di e d th e r e ; a M u s ahn an s o l di e r w h o w a s t h e s e r v an t o f ,
D h ian S i n g h w h e n h e s a w h is m as t e r b e i n g k ill e d o pp os e d
, ,
th e m a littl e b u t th e y h av i n g k ill e d h im al s o th r e w h is c o rp s e
, , , ,
t o g e th e r w ith t h at o f B hi an S i n g h i n t o t h e dit c h o f t h e f o r t ,
.
D I STICH .
Th e w o r l d is a pl ay o f f o u r d ay s ; no o n e r e mai n s al way s in i t .
Cur s e d is t h e i r li fe w h o m ak e q u arr e l s .
88 O
HI S T R Y o r T HE s u ms .
V a ns s s .
Thi s D h 1 an S i ng h S ar d ar ,
W h a w r e t c h an d a s i n n e r a n d a w o r k e r o f v i l
( o ) w a s e
de e d s ,
H e c o m m itt e d m an y w i c k e d n e s s e s ,
A n d m an y p e o pl e w e r e k ill e d by h im
N o o n e h as s e e n a d e c e i v e r li k e h im ,
F o r h e p as s e d al l h is l i fe in g r e a t c r af ti n e s s
B e h o l d h o w m an y h e k ill e d
B u t w i th w h a t s tr a t a g e m an d f ra u d h e k e pt hi ms e l f al o o f ;
H e k ill e d N ih al S i n g h ,
A n d th e n c r e at e d b a d fe e l i n g g a i n s t th e m o th e r 74
a .
T h e n b e c o m i n g th e f ri e n d o f S h e r S i n g h
, ,
H e c u t o ff th e h e ad o f Ch e t S i n g h
H e a ft e r th i s fo r S h e r S i n g h
, , ,
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A nd al l t h e S an d h e w al is
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A t l a s t h is t u r n c m e a ,
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T h e n h e w as n o t abl e to s ay an y th i n g ;
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A n d w h y s h o u l d I k e e p th e pl e a s u r e o f t h e w o r l d in my
h e a rt ?
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y s
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A s o n e ac t s s o o n e o b t ai n s (h is r e w a r d )
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A n d o n e s f a th e r an d m o th e r c an n o t s a v e o ne 5
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T h e f r u i t o f o n e s d e e d s w il l n e c e s s ar ily c o m e
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T h e r e fo r e do e v e ry th i n g t h a t is g o d o
E s c h e w e v il an d f e ar G o d .
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a
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if D h ian S i n g h s s o n Hi r a S i n g h a n d h is b ro th e r S uc h e t
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s o m e pl an ( to s av e th e m s e l v e s ) Th e s e s i n n e r s th e n w r o t e a l e tt e r
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f r o m D hian S i n g h t o Hi r a S i n g h a n d S u c h e t S i n g h to thi s e ffe c t ,

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w ith th e m ; d o y o u al s o i m m e di a t e ly 0 11 r e a d i n g thi s l e tt e r c o m e t o
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or T H E s u ms .
m y w h o l e l i fe l o n g ; th e y h a v e d o n e thi s d e e d fo r t h i s r e a s o n,
th at t h e y m i g h t b r i n g t h e E ng li s h i n t o thi s c o u n try, an d d e s t ro y -
th e s e c t o f th e K h al s a ; f o r , w h e n th e y li v e d in H i n d u s t an th e y
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th e n p r o m i s e d t h e E n g l i s h th a t th e y w o u l d c al l th e m t o th e
Pan j ab . Th e y h a v e n o w w ri tt e n a n d s e n t s e v e r al l e tte r s t o
L u d e h ana a nd Pa r o j pu r s ay i n g W e h a v e n o w m ad e t h e th r o n e
o f L ah a u r e m p ty l e t t h e E n g li s h c o m e a n d t a k e i t u n d e r th e i r
s w ay
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th e r e fo r e b e h o ld O Kh al s aji 1 y ou r r e li g i o u s s e c t is n o w
in d a n g e r , an d t h e E n g l i s h w il l c o m e an d t a k e a way y o u r a r m s ,
a n d , h a v i n g t ak e n y o u r h o n o u r f r o m
y o u w il l m ak e y o u t ak e to ,
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n o w , th e n , n o tr a c e o f t h e K h al s aj i w ill be l e f t an y w h e r e .
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a n d k ill o u an d t h e n o u w il l b e a bl e t o d o n o thi n g ; th e E n
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li s h w il l g i v e y o u g r e a t di s t r e s s , fo r, b e s id e s d e s t r o yi n g y o u r r e li
g i o n , th e y w i l l d o a w a y w ith y o u r n am e an d t r ac e W e ll , e v e n if .
o u d o n o t r e g a r d t h e a r r i v al o f t h e E n g li s h a s a n h r m till l oo k
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at m f a th e r, w ith w h a t s tr a t ag e m t h e S a n dh e w a l i h v k ill d
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m u c h W e a l t h m y f a th e r h ad, a n d h o w m u c h t r e a s u r e b e l o n g e d t o
t h e M ah araj a ; s o th a t if I w e r e t o s p e n d f o r a h u n d r e d y e a r s e v e n ,
I s h o u l d n o t b e b an k r u p t ; b u t n o w thi s is m y r e s o l u ti o n , t h at
I w il l f o r s a k e e v e ry th i n g e l s e , an d f os t e r t h e a r m y Be h o l d ! .
f r o m t o d ay I w i l l g i v e t w e l v e r u p e e s a m o n th t o a fo o t s o ld i e r ,
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a n d t h i r ty a m o n th t o a h o r s e m a n I f y o u d o n o t b e li e v e m e ,
.
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a n d m y f a th e r s w e a lt h o n y o u ; I h a v e n o o th e r d e s i g n , b u t I o n ly
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w i s h t h i s , t h a t I m ay k il l t h e S a n d h e wal is a n d, s to ppi n g th e
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w e s h al l n o t d o thi s , th e n o u r w h o l e l i f e l o n g , th e r e w ill b e
di s g r a c e t o m e an d to y o u r e m e m b e r thi s , th at t h e S a n d h e w al is
ar e t h e e n e m i e s o f y o u r c o u n try a n d o f t h e Hi n d u r e li g i o n an d
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th e S i k h f a ith ; a n d if w e s h a l l n o t k il l th e m, t h e n th e r e is n o
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k n o w i n g w h at w ill b e c om e o f o u r r e li g i o n .
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w e w ill c o m e w it h y o u a n d t ak e r e v e n g e o n t h o s e s i n n e r s in
r i gh t g o o d s tyl e H i r e S i n g h in thi s w ay by h is s ag ac ity g o t
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t h e m o v e r t o h e lp t h e m A l th o u g h f o r t h e s a k e o f k e e pi n g
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se c r e t t h e d e a th o f D h 1 a n S i n gh t h e y g av e o u t in th e c ity t h at
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m i n i s t e r s til l th e d e ath o f t h e l a tt e r did n o t r e m ai n s e c r e t in t h e
,
t ow n A t e v e n i n g ti m e Hi r a S i n g h t ak i n g th e a r my o f th e
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, , ,
w ith o u t o u r o r d e r k ill e d t h e m i n i s t e r an d w e ar e g r e a tly g r i e v e d ;

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a n d w e th e r e an d th e n k il l e d th i s b a s e tr a it o r Ho w e v e r th e .
, ,
w r a th o f t h e K h él s a w as n o t as s u ag e d by th e s e w o r d s ; r ath e r ,
w ith a l o u d v o i c e s h o u ti n g V i c t o ry t o t h e W éh G a r d th e y e n t e r e d
” “
t h e c i ty an d c am e an d s u r r o u n d e d t h e f o rt
,
Hi r a S i n g h h av i n g .
,
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f o r t s o th a t t h e w h o l e ar m y m ay b e abl e t o e n t e r t h e f o rt
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He .
m o r e o v r s a id t o th e m :
e I w i ll g i v e y o u m u c h m o n e y f er th e s e “
y o u r s e r v i c e s fo r i t is t h e i n t e n ti o n o f m y h e art th a t I w ill n o t
, .
t ak e m y f oo d a n d d ri n k u n ti l I s e e t h e h e ad s o f t h e S an d h e w alis ,
”
c u t o ff A f t e r w a r d s h e s ai d t o t h e a r m y w hi c h w as l o o ti n g th e
.
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c ity ,
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e n e mi e s th e n I w il l g i v e y o u an o r d e r to l o o t t h e f o r t a l s o 0
, . 11
h e r i ng th i s th e a r m y f o r th e s ak e o f e n t e ri n g th e fo r t c aj o l e d th e
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m ad e a b r e ac h in t h e f o rt a n d t h e a r m y by th a t r o a d m ad e an , , ,
a tt e m p t t o e n t e r t h e f o r t I Vh e n t h e a r m y w i t h m u c h f u ry .
’
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c h a r g e d an d a tt a c k e d t h e f o r t th e n t h e i n n e r a r m y di d n o t o pp o s e ,
th e m in t h e l e as t ; a n d th o s e S i k h s o f t h e i n n e r a r m y w h o d id ,
o pp o s e H ir a S i n g h b e i ng p ow e rl e s s w e r e n o t ab l e t o o ffe r
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y o f Hi r a S i n g h s a r m y th e n A j i t S i n g h S
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a n d h e w al i f o r t h e , , ,
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h im s e i z e d h im a n d i mm e di a t e ly c u tti n g o ff
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Il i r a S i n gh pl e as e d th e m by .
b e s t o w i n g o n th e m m o n e y j ag i r s an d m u c h w e alth a nd s aid I , , , ,
i n m y l i f e ti m e a m d e t e r m i n e d t o e ffac e t h e s e e d o f t h e S an d h e
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t h e f e e t o f h is m o th e r H is m o th e r o n s e e in g it w a s g r e a tly
.
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pl e a s e d an d s aid I a m n o w pl e a s e d a n d I w il l p r ay f o r bl e s s i n g s ,
o n o u a t th e th r e s h o ld o f G o d f o r y o u h a v e ri g h t w e l l t a k e n t h e
y ,
r e v e n g e o f y o u r f ath e r ”
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. ,
s a t ti a n d h av i n g s e a t e d h e r s e l f o n t h e pil e s aid : D o y o u d o m u c h
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r i gh t s of v i ng
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. I l e p e o pl e t h e n s e t fi r e t o i t an d a t th a t ti me thi r t e e n
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o th e r w o m e n a l s o did s a tti w ith l 1 e 1 .
T h e fo l l o w i n g c i r c u m s t an c e is w o r thy t o b e n arr a t e d th at ,
o f th o s e t h i1 te e n w o m e n o n e a s e r v an t w h o u s e d t o d o s e r v i c e t o
t h e m o th e 1 o f H i ra S ii
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g h w a s o n l y t e n y e at s o l d W h e n sh e . .
w i h e d t o b u i n h e i s e l f al o n g w ith t h e Q u e e n th e n t h e Q u e e n s e e
s , ,
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in g l e 1 y o u t h s ai d
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in e v e 1 y w ay On h e a ri n g t hi s th at g i1 ! b e g an t o c ry an d s aid
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o t h e r p e o pl e s a w h e 1 fi 1 1n 1 e s o l ve (t o d ie ) th e n th e y t h o u gh t it ,
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i n g th i s s p e e c h t h e S i k h s b c a m e v e y a n g y, W h e n th e S i k h s e 1 i .
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T H E L AH A U R CAMPAI G N .
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I S L — Th at 11 0 an no y an c e w a s t o b e g i v e n to Pas au r a S in g h
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b e m ad e o v e r to th e i r h an d s .
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h is fo r m e r o fi e n c e s an d h e add e d thi s al s o W e l l h e n c e f o rth h e , ,
s h a ll n o t ag a i n c o m e t o th e D u rb ar n o r s h al l h e g i v e an y a d v i c e ,
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a b o u t s t at e aff ai r s . R e g a r d i n g t h e t hi r d t e r m h e s ai d M i s s ar ,
B e li R am an d B h a1 G u r m u k h S i n g h w e r e d e p o s e d by t h e a d v i c e
o f th e ar m y f o r m i s b e h av i o u r ; t h e r e fo r e y o u k n o w b e s t ab o u t
” 76
th i s.
R e g ar di n g th e fi f th a t th at ti m e i t w a s ag r e e d th at J u ah a r
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, , .
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th e s e t e r m s , an d S u c h e t S i n g h s a w th at th e r e w as s o m e di ffe r e n c e
b e t w e e n th e a r m y an d H i r a S i n g h , h e th e r e fo r e d e t e r mi n e d at
o n c e to c o m e t o L a h au r W h e n S u c h e t S i n g h ar r i v e d in L ah au r ,
.
th e n h e s aw a n o th e r s t at e o f affai rs O n thi s , h e w r o t e t h e .
c i r c u m s ta n c e o f h is c o m i n g t o th a t ar m y , w h i c h h ad g i v e n h im
t h e n e w s o f th e i r di ffe r e n c e , a n d c a l l e d h im f r o m J a1n m 1 1 Th e
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a r my r e pl i e d
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H i r aS i n g h h as n o w ag r e e d t o al l o u r t e r m s ; w e th e r e
f o r e w il l n o t n o w b r e ak o u r w o rd w i th h im ; i t is t h e r e f o r e b e s t f or
o u , th a t y o u s h o u l d q u i c k ly r e t u r n t o J a mm ii ; fo r if y o u s h al l r e
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S i n g h , th at if h e did n o t r e t u r n to J a m m 11 , it w o u l d b e v e r y s e r i ou s ’
7“ i . e .
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(to hi m s e l f) s til l e v e n h e did n o t li s t e n to an y thi n g b u t s ai d I

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j id a n d al l h is a tt e n dan t s w e r e th e n l i s t e n i n g t o t h e G ran th S ah ib
, .
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s i o n S u c h e t S i n g h s s m all a r m y s h o w e d g r e at s pi r it an d f o u ht
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v e ry b r av e ly f o r th e y w e r e al l k ill e d fi g h ti n g f o r th e i r mas t e r ; an d
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fi g h t w h e n H i r a S i n g h c am e t o t h e pl ac e o f t h e fi g ht an d s a w th at
, ,
R ai K e s ri S i n g h w as w o un d e d t h e n h e l a u g h e d a t h im gr e a tly ,
,
a n d aft e r w a r d s th a t K e s r i S i n g h di e d f r o m th i r s t B ut wh e n H i ra .
S i n g h s aw h is u n c l e s b o dy a m o n g th e s l ai n th e n h e b e g an t o
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c r y v e r y m u c h at s e e i n g t h e c o r p s e o f h is u n c l e H e th e n h ad .
h im pl a c e d in a p al k i an d b r o u g ht h im t o th a t pl ac e w h e r e w as
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d e s p ai r e d o f s a i n g t h e m s e l v e s w e n t an d t o o k r e f u g e w ith B h ai
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h o r s e an d t w o g u n s a l w ay s r e m ai n e d w ith h im A ll th e c h i e fs .
,
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l i v e w ith h im H ir e S i n g h f e l t c e rta i n o f thi s a l s o t h a t a s

. .
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t ak e t h e th r o n e o f L ah au r b u t H ir é S i n g h by r e s o n o f f e ar ,
a
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S i ng h f o r t h e S i k h s pl ac e d s o m u c h c o n fid e n c e in h im th at if
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w a s al w ay s p r e p ar e d fo r men .
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s o l v e t h at by s o m e m e a n s th e y s h o u l d k i ll h im w ith o u t t h e a r m y
, ,
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di s g rac e o f k i lli n g h im s h o u ld al s o n o t b e a ttac h e d to th e m

th u s d e te rm i n i n g it c am e i n t o th e i r th o u g h t s th at th e y s h o u l d
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fi r s t w r i t e a f r i e n dly l e tt e r t o h im a n d th e n s e e w h a t w as t o b e ,
d o ne . T h e s e t w o w ro t e an d s e n t t o B ir S i n gh s ay i n g O M ah a
C HA P . V I L — T H E L X H AU R CA MPA I GN .
d u offe r u s o m e g o o d p r ay e r f o r u s n d h av i n g s e n t
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If y o u w i s h i t , as k ( m e ) a n d 1 w il l a pp o i n t a j ag i r f o r y o u , f o r
t h e e x p e n s e s o f y o u r c o o k h o u s e a r e V e ry g r e a t T h e o bj e c t
-
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.
o f al l thi s w a s thi s th a t B h ai B ir S i n g h m i g h t h a v e n o s u s pi c i o n
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o f h im Th e n H i r a S i n g h m ad e M u t ah S i n g h , M ajith iy a h is
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c o u n s e ll o r , an d b e g a n t o s h o w h im m u c h k i n d n e s s an d g av e h im
m u c h m o n e y al s o a ft e r th i s , h e s a id t o M u t ah S i n g h N e ws
h as c o m e t o m e f r o m I n di a , th at S a rd ar A t a r S i n g h , S an dh e w ali ,
h as m a d e s o m e ag r e e m e n t w ith t h e E n g l i s h t o fi g ht w ith t h e
S i k h s ; m o r eo v e r , i t is al s o r e p o rt e d th a t h e h as e n li s t e d t h e c hi e fs
o n th e o th e r s id e o f t h e S a t l uj 0 11 h is s i d e ; I th e r e fo r e n e w
r e g ar di n g y o u a s ( o f ) o n e m i n d w i th m y s e l f, 77 c o n s u l t y o u a s to
w h a t s h o u l d b e d o n e ; a n d I h av e h o p e s , th a t if y o u w il l h e l p
m e i n thi s m att e r , t h e n a l l thi s b u s i n e s s s h a l l b e a c c o m pli s h e d
s ati s fac t o ril y M u t ab S i n g h b e i n g e n t a n g l e d in h is f r i e n d s hi p ,
.
,
r e pli e d I a m at y o u r s e r v i c e in e ve ry w ay ”
Hi r a S i n g h , r e g ar d .
in g h im a s h is h e l p e r , s a id D o y o u t a k e y o u r r e g i m e n t , an d g o
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t o A n m r its a r a n d f r o m th e r e w rit e an d s e n d a l e tt e r t o th i s
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p u rp o rt t o A t a i S ing h '
A l l t h e a r m y an d o ffi c e r s a r e y o u r
f ri e n d s an d th e n u s e y o u r e n d e a v o u r s al s o t o e t h im t o c o m e
g
w i th o u t f a il t o B h a i B i r S i n g h s h o u s e , af te r r e ad i n g t h a t l e tt e r ,
’
s o th a t I m ay o b t a i n a n i n t e r v i e w w i t h h im th r o u g h t h e a b o v e
B h ai
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. O n h e a r in g thi s , G
e n e r a l M u t ah S i n g h w as pl e as e d , an d
a t o n c e w e n t t o A n m r it s a r A s h e w as l e av i n g , h e ( H i r a S i n g h ) ,
.
s ai d t h i s a l s o t o h im I h a v e s e n t f o r y o u n o t o n ly f o r thi s b u s i
n e s s b u t m y i n t e n ti o n is , th at if t h e E n g li s h s h a l l b e d e f e a t e d in
,
t h e fi g ht w it h G u al iar , th e n I w ill t ak e my w h o l e a r m y , an d , c r os s
”
in g t h e r i v e r S a t l uj , m ak e a r a id 0 11 th e B r iti s h f r o n ti e r W he n .
M u tab S i n g h , a g r e e a bly t o t h e s ayi n g o f Hi r a S i n g h , h ad w r itt e n

t o A t ar S i n g h , th e n h e c am e a n d p u t u p at t h e h o u s e o f B h ai B ir
S i n g h H i r a S i n g h , o n h e a ri n g th i s , s e n t an d s aid to B h ai B ir
S i n g h I t is n o t p r o p e r f o r y o u to go c oll e c ti n g al l th e s e S i k h s w ith
o u ; h o w e v e r I s ay n o thi n g a b o u t t h e o th e r c hi e f s , b u t y o u m u s t t u r n
y
o u t o n e A t ar S i n g h f r o m y o u r h o u s e B ir S i n g h s e n t an d s ai d . I
am a fak i r , a n d c an p u t n o r e s t r ai n t s o n a n y o n e c o m i n g t o , o r l e av
”
in g , my h o u s e H i r aS i n g h o n h e a ri n g thi s , b e c am e fi ll e d w i t h
.
,
r a g e , an d h av i n g s e n t a l a r g e a r m y , s u rr o u n d e d t h e h o u s e o f B ir
.
S i n g h , an d al l t h e S a r d ars in i t ; h av i n g g o n e th e r e , t h e S i k h s fi r e d
o ff t h e i r c a rtrid g e s , a n d o n e h a l l s tr u c k t h e l e g o f B ir S i n g h , w h o
di e d f r om th e w o u n d , a n d th e y th r e w h is c o rp s e i n t o t h e r i v e r .
A fte r thi s H ire S i n g h b e gan t o r e i g n in c o m fo r t an d e as e in

, .
L ah a u r . A g ai n a f t e r s o m e ti m e o n o n e o c c as i o n H ir e S i n g h
, ,
w is h e d to g o f o r s m e r e a s o n t o h is o w n c o u n t r y
o b u t th l s s u s
i m y fr i77d . e .
, en .
96 H I S T OR Y or T II E su ms .
( n p e o pl e s m i n d s ) , th a t h e w i s h e d t o t ak e aw ay th e
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t i e as u r e o i L a h a m 11 n d c ai r ) it o ff t o S i k h s , t ak i n g
ahu g e ar m y w ith th e m , c r o s s e d t h e 1 i v e r a n d w e n t a 1 1 d s u m o u n d e d
h im i
an d aft e r a s e v e e fi g h t , J u ah ar S i n g h w h o w as th e u n c l e
,
of D al i p S i n g h , k ill e d Hi nt S i n g h , an d t h e P an d a t al a ; an d , J
1 f te 1 th a t , J u a h ar S i ng h b e g an t o c ar ry o n t h e d u ti e s o f 1ii i11 i s t e 1 .
l h is m an w a s v e ry w i c k e d an d d e b a u c h e d , a n d t h e S i k h s 1 e ga 1 d e d
'
h im in a b ad li g h t O n e d a y , 0 11 t h e pl ai n o f M i an M ir, th e y
.
s u d d e n ly k ill e d h im , a n d , af t e r t h at , R aj a L al S i n g h b e c am e
m i ni s t e r . D u ri n g h is a d m i n i s tr ati o n a n d r u l e , th e a r my b e c am e
v e ry u n c o n tr o ll abl e , a n d b e g an t o pl u n d e r g r e atly in L ah au r .
A t t h a t ti m e s u c h c al am iti e s a r o s e in L ah a u r , th a t n o o n e c o u l d
o t o s l e e p in p e ac e A f t e r w a rd s , as th e r e w a s n o o n e t o c o n t r o l
g .
t h e a r m y , an d th e y b e c a m e u n m an ag e abl e , th e n t h e w h o l e ar my ,
c o ll e c ti n g , s e t o u t t o fi
g h t w ith t h e n g li s h an d , w ith o u t an y E
q uarr e l o r a c ti o n (o n t h e p ar t o f th e n g li s h ) , th e y s e t fi r e to t h eE
s t ati o n o f L u d e h an a A f t e r t h i s , th e
. n gl i s h c am e E
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f o r c e , an d d r o v e b a c k t h e S i k h s t h e n , aft e r a g r e a t m an y b attl e s ,
w h e n th e S i k h s h ad b e e n d e f e at e d , G u l ab S i ng h w e n t an d go t
w h at h e c ou l d (o u t o f th e m an d m ad e t e r m s w it h t h e n g li s h
) E .
W hil s t G
l ab S i n gh w a s s ti l l th e r e t h e Q u e e n J i nd a
u ,
th o u g h t th a t a s th e S i k h s h ad n o w b e c o m e o u t r ag e o us an d u n r u ly
,
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g o o v e r p e r h ap s t o t h e E n g li s h a n d g i v e h e r t r o u bl e an d
as th e r e w as n o o n e o v e r th e m it t h e r e fo r e w o u l d n o t b e ,
s u r p r i s i n g if thi s c o m p an y o f d e m o n s
,
w e r e t o m ak e d i ff e r e n c e s
b e t w e e n D ali p S i n g h an d h e r s e l f H av i n g th o u g h t o v e 1 e v e ry
.
thi n g w e ll s h e de te i m in e d th at f o r k e e pi n g t h e tl u o n e o f L ah au r
, ,
an d h e lpi n g D al ip S i n gh s h e w o u l d c al l t h e E n g l i s h t o L ah au r
,
f o r b e s id e s th e m th e r e w a s n o w n o o n e t o o pp o s e th e s e v i o l e n t
, ,
r u ffia n s fo r a l th o u g h f r o m th e i r c o m i n g o u t w ar dly th e r e
,
,
m i g h t b e h a r m s till in r e al ity th e y w o u l d g i v e h e r m u c h e as e
, , , .
H a v i ng t h u s th o u g h t sh e s aid to h e r f e m al e s e r v an t n ame d
, ,
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, , ,
t e l l th e m f ro m m e th at s i n c e M ah ar aj a S h e r S i n g h di e d an d
, ,
we n t t o h e av e n f r o m t h a t ti m e m u c h di s t u r b an c e h as t a k e n
, ,
pl ac e in L ah au r fo r th e r e is n o m as t e r o f th e S i k h a r m y an d
, ,
wh at e v e r c hi e f g i v e s th e m a n y w e al th o r g o o d s t h e y go w it h ,
h im an d b e g i n t o k ill o th e r p e o pl e ; an d b e h o ld ! th e y h a v e
, ,
k ill e d v ar i ou s c h i e fs w h o w e r e r e ady to g i v e th e i 1 li v e s t o s av e
,
t h e t h 1 o n e o f L ah a u r an d th e n af t e 1 th a t th e y k il l e d m y b r o th e r
, , ,
m o s t u n j u s tly an d th e n f o u g h t wi th y o u
,
I am g 1 e at l y af rai d .
”
o f th e m an d t h e 1 e i s n o k n o w i n g w h a t e l s e th e y m ay d o
,
Th e s e .
t wo w e n t t o th e E n g li s h an d s ai d al l (th e y w e r e t o ld to s ay )
, ,
ag r e e ably t o t h e c o m man d o f J i n d a K o r an d add e d T he Q ue e n,

C H A P VI L T H E L AH AU R CAMP A I G N
.
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to On
c ome to
i
L ah au r t o r.
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h e a r i ng thi s t h e E n g li h th o u g h t I s t h e r e a n y o th e r d e i g n in
,
s s
th i s o r n o t Th e n w h e n th e y h a d f u l ly as c e r t ai n e d th t t h e
,
a
M a h ar an i w as c e rtai n ly m u c h a ffli c t e d by t h e S i k h s a n d h e r ,
c alli n g th e m w as r e a lly in e a r n e s t a f t e r a littl e t h o u g ht a n d e fle c ,

r
ti on th e y p r e p a r e d to g o t o L ah a u r T h e r e is n ad v an t ag e in
,
. o
w r i ti n g al l t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f th a t m a tt e r f o r th e r e is m u c h ,
w r itt e n a b o u t i t in o t h e r b o o k s h u t thi s m u c h s h o u l d b e k n o w n , ,
th at a g r e e a bly to t h e c a lli n g o f t h e m o t h e r J i n d a K o r in t h e
, , ,
y e ar 1 90 2 in t h e m o n th o f P h a g an ( F br u a y M a r c h ) th e
. e r -
,
E n g li s h p e o p l e c am e t o L ah a u r A f te r w a rd s t h e i r p o w e r g r ad u .
,
a lly i n c r e as e d t o suc h a de r e e th t t h e e n ti r e o e rn m e nt an d v
g g ,
a
r e v e n u e o f L ah a u r r a th e r f t h e w h o l P an j ab b e c am e th e i r s
'
,
o e ,
.
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, ,
r
i n c r e as e a n d t h a t o f t h e S i k h s t o d i m i n i s h in p o w e r d a ily T h e n
, .
,
af t e r s o m e ti m e J i n d a K o r m a d e t hi s m i s t a k e t h a t s h e tri e d t o ,
c r e a t e di s c o rd a m o n g t h e B ri ti s h tr o o p s an d w in s o m e of th e m ,
o v e r to h e r s e l f ; 7 a n d a s
8
t h e M a h ar aj a D al ip S i n g h an d J i n d a
K o r a pp e a r e d t o b e t h e c au s e o f m a n y t r o u bl e s a n d i n tri g u e s in
th e a d m i n i s tr a ti o n o f t h e k i n g d o m t h e E n gl i s h G o v e r n m e n t ,
th e r e fo r e s e i z e d t h e p e r s o ns o f b o th o f th e m a n d h ad t h e m s e n t ,
to t h e i r o w n c o u n t ry E n g l an d ) wi th m u c h c a r e .
COU PL E T .
N o o n e c o m e s i n t o , an d a l w ay s r e m ai n s in , thi s w o rld .
B u t w h o e v e r c o m e s i n t o i t , o n ly r e m ai n s a t e a s e t w o d ay s .
VE R SES .
B e h o l d t h e p l ay o f th i s w o rl d
P e o pl e m e e t e ac h o th e r fo r fo u r d ay s
K i n g s , s u bj e c t s , ri c h , an d p o o r ,
Tr e e s , s t o n e s , a n t s , an d m e n ,
“ h o e v e r h a s c o m e i n t o thi s w o rl d ,
i
Has n e v e r a l w ay s b e e n a ll o w e d t o s te p in it
T hi s is l i k e t h e r o a d o f a h i g h w ay
A l l p e o p l e p as s o v e r i t ( b u t n e v e r s t o p )
) Vh a t e v e r is t o d ay , t h at
.
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W il l n o t b e s e e n a g a i n al w ay s 7 9
Th o s e , w h o h ad n u m e r o u s a r m i e s ,
A n d th o s e , w h o w e r e w i s e , g o o d an d h o ly , ,
73 Th e s to ry is t h at a s o l d i rwe d by a b u , w
as a t t ac k e ll hi h b t t d h im w i t h
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o
r p or t e d t o t h e s e p o y s , a n d Ji nda K o r t ed to ntrigu e w t t i ri i h h m a d wo k on
li h r lf
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h i f
t e r e e n g s , a n d w in t e m o v e to h r e se .
7° L i t “ M r i
o n ng a n d e ve n n g
.
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i .
HI S T OR Y O F T HE S K I HS .
He r d
e n fo c e rd e r s m o s t r e s ol u t e ly ;
h is o
Th e y al l h v e g o n e th e i r n ame s h a v e n o t b ee n re me m
a
,
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, ,
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,
af t e r ) .
COU PL E T .
H e w h o is s m all b e c o me s g r e at an d h e wh o is g re at
, , , , ,
b e c o me s s m l l a
T h e r i c h b e c o me p o o r an d a g ai n t h e p oo r b e c om e r 1 c h
,
.
V ER SE S .
Th os e p e r s on s w h o w e r e f o r m e rly p o o r
, ,
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n,
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, ,
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,
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e
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a
,
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1
A n d w h o m H e w i s h s t o k ill
,
e
,
H o w m u c h ( p e o pl e ) m ay t r y t o s av e h im h e c an n o t b e ,
S ve d a .
B e h o l d S a rd ar M ah a S i ng h 80
W a s s m al l in p o w e r ,
B u t w h e n R anjit S i n g h w as b o r n .
H e ( R anp t S i n g h ) b e c am e m i g h ty in a fe w d ay s .
CO UPL E T .
M u c h t e rr it o r y an d w e al th c am e i n t o h is p o w e r ,
A n d in a s h o r t ti me G o d s h ow e d h im m an y s o r t s o f
, ,
p l e a s u r e s .
V a s s ns .
A l l t h e Pan ya b b e c am e s u b s e r v i e n t t o him.
W h o e v e r o b e y e d h im no t, w as d e s t r o y ed
V a ri o u s k i n d s o f th i n g s w e r e d o n e by him ,
A n d h e g o t t h e k i ng d o m i n t o h is h an d s .
N o o n e s a w h is b a c k 81
.
H is ag e n t s w e n t t o al l c o u n t r i e s ;
30
The f th
a e r of l tan l i t S i ngh .
8‘
L it . H e w as n eve rd e f e at e d .
C H AP VI I . .
—T'H E L AH A U R C ’A M PA I GN .
B u t at l a s t h e a l s o d i e d
A f t e r h im , m a ny c hi e f s
B e c am e v e ry a rr o g a n t an d p r o u d .
B u t, l i k e h im , n o o th e r
Co u l d r u l e t h e k i n g d o m
T hi s is a tr u e S a y i n g , O B r o th e r !
To w h o m G o d g i v e s g r e a t n e s s ,
N O o n e w il l b e l i k e h im ,
A n d if an y o n e b e c o me (p r o u d ) , G o d d e s t ro y
COU PL E T .
T h e s t at e o f G o d c an n e v e r b e k n o w n ,
B u t , in a n i n s t a n t , H e c a n d e s t r o y w h at h as been p re
s e r v e d f o r ag e s
82
.
V nns ms .
Al l th o u g ht thi s fo r c e rt ai n ,
T h a t th e S i k h dy n a s ty w u ld n e e r b e o v e r th r ow n
o v ;
A s t h e g r e a t n e s s o f l t an p t S i n g h ,
W a s s u c h th a t it i c r e a e d d a y b y d ay
,
n s
,
Th e y t h o u g ht i t w o u l d n e e r b e r e mo v e d v
,
A n d i t w o u l d c e rt ai n l y r e mai n t h u s ;
B u t w h e n it p l e as e d Go d
'
, ,
H e e fl ac e d i t al to g t r an i n s t an t
83
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e h e in
S o 0 r e ad e r o f th i s b o o k
,
W e l l p o n d e r o e r t h i s m a tt e r in th y h e art ;
v
T o i n c r e a s e a n d d e c e as e is t h e w ay o f t h e w o r l d ;
r
Th e re f o r e pl a c e y o u r e y e s ( h dp e s ) o n G o d (al o n e ) .
82
Lit F or a h dr d t h
un e o u s an d ye ar s
i g l e w at c h
. .
83 “ ”
Li t . In a s n .
100 H i s r onr o r T H E S K I HS .
PART III .
R E GA R D I N G T H E B I T E S AND C U S T O M S AN D S ON G S A N D P R OVE R BS
,
OF T H E VA R I O U S CA S T E S IN T H E PAN J AB .
CH A P T E R I .
R it es an d Cu s to ms .
A c c o rdi n g t o t h e s ayi n g o f t h e S es t r zis , e i g ht k i n d s of

c l as s e s ar e k n o w n in I n d i a ; o f t h e s e f o u r, v iz B r é h man s , .
-
.
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S ud r as ,
a r e c a ll e d b a r a n o r c as t e s , an d f o u r ,
n am e ly G ir is t s , B r a h m ac h ar s , B an p r a s t a s , an d S a n n l as a s , are
c a ll e d A s r am o r r e l i g i o u s o r d e r s ; f ro m th e s e e i g h t h a v e ar i s e n
th e v a ri o us c as t e s a n d s e c t s , w h i c h a r e m u l ti f a r i o u s in t h e
Panj ab .
N o w t h e a c c o u n t o f t h e B r ah m a n s i s a s fo ll o w s th e y a r e t h e
o ff s pri n g of B r a h m a, an d al t o g e th e r th e r e a r e t e n k i n d s o f
B ui h m a n s a mo n g s t th e m , th e S ar s u t s K an k u b ajas ,
, au r s , G
U t ka l s a n d M ait h a l s a r e c a ll e d Pa n jg a u r s ; an d fi v e , t h e D rabar s ,
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Pa n j d 1 ah a r s o f t h e s e t e n k i nd s , t h o s e w h o li v e in th e Pu nj ab a r e
c h i e fly S e r e n t B r ah m an s . A l t h o u g h t h e S ar s u t B r ah m an s ar e
al l o n e , s ti l l , o n ac c o u n t o f th e i r d i ffe r e n t fam ili e s , th e y do not
i n t e r m ar ry w i th e a c h o th e r T o w ri t e a b o u t al l t h e fam i li e s h e r e
.
w o u l d b e v e ry d i ffi c u l t ; b u t i t is n e c e s s a ry t o w ri t e a b o u t o n e or
t w o , f o r if t h i s s h o u l d n o t b e w r itt e n , th e n th e i r w ay s o f m ar ry
ing a n d b e t r o th a l c o u l d n o t b e k n o w n A m o n g s t B r ah m a n s , th o s e
.
w h o ar e c al l e d B ah r is t h e t w e l v e ) , m a rr y a n d g i v e in m arr i
a g e t o t w e l v e h o u s e s o n ly an d t h o s e , w h o a r e c al l e d B u n a
j h is
fi f t y t u o ) g i v e a n d t a k e t h e d au g h t e r s o f fi f ty t w o h o u s e s , t h a t is
- .
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t o s ay fa m il i e s ; a n d t h e y d o n o t g i v e th e m t o , o r t ak e t h e m f r o m ,
,
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a n y e t h e r h o u s e s , e x c e pt th e s e . I t w o u l d t a k e a g o o d d e al o f
s a c e t o w ri t e o f t h e t w e l v e h o u s e s o f t h e B ah r is a n d t h e fi fty tw o
-
p
o f t h e B u n yah is b u t o f o n e k i n d o f S ar s u t B r ah m an s , w h o a r e
c al l e d t h e A t h w an s (e i g h t fam il i e s ) , t h e r e a r e t h e s e e i g h t f am ili e s ;
J o s i s , K u r a l s , S a n d s , Pat a k s , B h ar d u é j is , S o ri s , T ib er i s th e s e
e i g ht f am ili e s g i v e t h e i r d a u g ht e r s t o , a n d t a k e t h e m f r o m , e a c h
o th e r , an d w il l h a v e n o thi n g t o d o w ith an y o th e r fa m il i e s Th e .
J o s i s a r e o f t w o k i n d s o n e , M an i r s , a n d t h e o th e r , M u l l a m m as ;
-
t h e y ar e t h e r e f o r e c all e d t h e Ath w an s A n ai (b ar b e r ) o r
.
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-
R I TES AND C U S TO M S .
p a ro h it ( p i e s t ) g o e s ra n d a rr a n
g e s t h e b e tr o th a l o f t h e d au h t e r s
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o f o th e 1 B 1 ah m m b u t o n a c c o u n t f t h e f e w n e s s o f th e f a mili e s
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s
,
m ak e t h e n e c e s s ary e n q u iri e s an d b e tr o th (t h e i r c hil d r e n ) am o n g , ,
th e m s e l v e s .
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o
f a th e r s e nd b y t h e h a n d o f h is n ai (o r b a r be r ) s e v e n d a t e s a n d
s
o n e r u p e e to t h e h o u s e o f t he b o t o h e a s k e d fo w he n th e n a i r
y ;
a rr i v e s a t t h e h o u s e o f t h e b rid e g r o o m e l c t t h e n t h e h e a d o f e ,
t h e h o u s e h a v i n g s p ri n k l e d o il o n b o t h s i d e s o f t h e d o o r t ak e s
, ,
t h e 11 1 i n s id e a n d a ft e r m a k i n g e n q u i ri e s a f t e r h is h e alth
3
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un c h (o r c o u c il ) o f t h e v il l a e a d t h e b r o th e rh o o d as s e m bl e
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.
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h av i n g pl a c e d th o s e s e v e n d at e s a n d th at r u p e e in th e l ap o f
t h e b o y p r e s e n t s t h e t i kk a a n d p u t s i t o n t h e b o y s f o r e h e ad
’
, ,
an d w i t h h i m o u th a dd r e s s e s thi s s p e e c h to t h e fa th e r o f t h e b oy s
“
Co n g r a t u l a ti o n s O g a t k i n g ! T h e n t h e fa th e r o f t h e b o y ao
,
i e
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c o r di n g t o h is m e a n s g i v e s r u pe e s a n d m o n e x t o t h e ,
B r ah man
an d n ai an d s , e t m e a t s t o h is n e b o th e h o o d T h e n al l t h e 1
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p e o pl e h av i g c o n g rat u l a t e d t h e fa t h e r o f t h e b o go a w ay to
,
n y ,
th e i r h o u s e s ; th e y c al l t h e n am e o f thi s c u s t o m t h e s ag a n (0 1 1
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. 1
,
t h e fa m ily o f t h e b 1 id e s e n d 1 l e tt e r b y t h e h a n d o f th e i r n a1 nd 1 , a
g i v e t h e ir n e w s t o t h e b r id e
g o o m e l e c t s p e o l e ; th e y c a l l t he
p 1
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n am e o f th a t l e t t e r th s ah (app i n ti n g t h e d a y ) l e tt e r e o
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.
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’
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.
k n o w n h o w m a n y c a r i a g s an d h o w m an y p e r s o n s t h g i l s r e , ,
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d ay t h e w e ddi n g w ill b e Wh seve n d ay s 1 e m a in t o t h e . e n
w e dd i n g th e n t h e m o th e r a n d f t l e 1 o f t h e b o y a n d "h i g i v e
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,
w h e n t h e b ri d e g r o o m a rri v e s a t t h e h o u s e o f h is f a th e r in l a w s
’
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fa m ily th e n t h e y d r e s s h 1 m in h is b s t j e w e l s a n d c l o t h e s an d
,
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c r o w n o f s il v e r ol d 0 1 h s h e a d a n d a f ri n g e o f
l C 11 H and
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o l d t h r e a d r o u d h is fo r e h a d n A f t e r w a r d s w h e n t h e ti m e o f t h e e
g .
,
w e d d i ng h as b e e n fi x e d by t h e Pa n d t s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e r i t e s o f a
t h e V e d as th e y m a k e a fi r e,
an d h a v i n g d o n e s e r v i c e t o i t c au s e , ,
8‘
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nam es o t e th i rt d i t h m t b t i f
ane s are e n nse e n e , o o a n a vo u
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.
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102 H I S T OR Y o r T H E s u ms .
a l k i o u n d it fo u r ti m e s P e o pl e c al l th e s e
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t i me .
83
Th e n n e x t d ay , t h e b ri d e s p e o pl e e n t e rt ai n t h e w e d d i ng
’
p a 1 ty an d f e e d th e m w i th v a r i o u s k i n d s o f s w e e t m e a t s , a n d s i n g
s o n g s z t h e n a m e o f th e h o s pi t al i ty o f t h i s d ay i s c al l e d m it / za b h at t ,
a n d t h e n a m e o f t h a t w h i c h t a k e s 1 l a 0 e t h e d ay a f t e r thi s , 11 11 11 1111
b h a t t Th e A th w an s , 1 1 1 e 11 ti0 1 1 e d ab o ve , p e r fo r m all t h e b u s i n e s s
.
o f th e m a r ri ag e li k e o th e r B r ah m an s , e x c e pt t h a t o n t h e d ay o f
m ith é b h a t t , th e y d o n o t g i v e s w e e t s t o b e e a t e n b u t m e r e ly s pr e a d
v a r i o u s k i n d s o f f r u i t s o n a s h e e t, an d gi v e p e o pl e b o w l s o f m il k
t o d r i n k ; th e n , a c c o rdi n g t o th e i r m e an s , h av i n g b e s t o w e d
c l o th e s , j e w e l s , an d m o n e y 0 11 t h e bri d e g r o om s p e o p l e , o n th e
,
’
f o u rth d ay th e y d i s m i s s t h e w e d di n g p a rty A g ai n , t w o o r .
th r e e y e a r s a ft e r th i s k i n d o f w e d d i n g , t h e b ri d e g r o o m e l e c t -
go e s t o t h e h o u s e o f h is f a th e r in l a w t o bri n g h is b rid e h om e ; - -
t h e n am e o f th a t c u s t o m is c all e d m u k l aw a (0 1 bri n g i n g h o m e a 1
wif e ) . A t t h e m u k l a w a al s o , t h e y c al l a Pan dh a in th at s am e
m an n e r , a n d c a u s e h im t o m ak e a c h a u n k ( c o v e r e d w i t h
a n d , at t h e ti m e o f d e p a rti n g i t is t h e c u s t o m t o g i v e j e w e l r y a n d
,
c l o th e s a n d m o n e y t o t h e b rid e a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r m e an s Th e .
cl o th e s an d j e w e l s , w hi c h a r e g i v e n t o t h e b rid e g r o o m s p e o pl e ,
’
at t h e ti m e o f th e m a r ri a g e an d t h e m u k l aw a , th e y c al l t h e s e
(k h att) t h e d o w ry W h e n t h e b ri d e s p e o pl e s e n d t h e b e t ro th al
’
.
t o an y o n e s h o u s e , t h a n f o u r q u e s t i on s a r e fi r s t a s k e d a b o u t
th e bo y a n d i f th e r e is a ny d e fi c i e n c y in 1 e p l y in g t o any
1
o f th e s e q u e s ti o n s , th e n t h < b e t 1 o t h a l d o e s n o t t ak e pl a c e ; t h e se
f o u r q u e s ti o n s ar e a s f o l l o w s : o f w h a t g o t i s t h e bo
y o f
w h at g o t a r e t h e r e l a t i o n s o f t h e b o y s f a t h e r s m o t h e r ?o f w h a t ge t
’ ’
ar e t h e fam ily o f t h e b o y s m o t h e r ? a n d o f w h a t go t ar e t h e fam ily

’
th e b o 1 s m o th e r s m o t h e r I f in t h e r e ply t o an y o f
’ ’
of .
,
th e s e fo u r q u e s ti o n s , th e r e s h o u ld b e a n y d e fi c i e n c y , o r if a n y o f
th e g o ts c o rr e s p o n d w ith t h e g o t o f t h e g i rl , t h e n t h e y c a nno t
f o r m a ffi n i t y B u t . as t h e . A t/i w an s B r a h m a n s are v e ry f e w ,
t h e y fo r m affi n i ty in s pit e o f t h e c o rr e s p o n d e n c e o f th e g e ts o f
t h e boy an d g i rl A f t e r w a rd s , w h e n a c h il d is b o r n t h a t s a me
. .
d ay t h e f a t h e r c o n s u l t s t h e Pa n d a t s an d 0 8 11 8 1 5 h is h o r o s c o p e t o b e 1
w r itt e n .T h e B r ah m a n s r e g a rd th e m s e l v e s a s u n c l e an f o r e l e v e n
d ay s , c o m m e n c i n g f ro m t h e b i rth S u t a k is t h e n a me g i v e n t o .
th i s s t a t e o f c e r e mo n i al u n c l e a n n e s s an d in w h o s o e ve r s ’
h o us e th e re is s u t a k , fo r e l e v e n d ay s n o o n e c a n e a t 0 1 d r i n k w i th ,
1
th e m A g ai n , a lt e r fo r t y d ay s , t h e m o th e r p e r fo r m s abl u ti o n , an d
.
35
Th e e n ds o f th e s he e ts w o rn b y t h e b d e an d b ri r i d gr e oo m ar e t edi to
gat he r in a kn ot , an d t h ey t he n wa lk r ou nd th e fi re , e t e i h rf r ou , or s e v e n, i
t me s
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3°
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e e r .
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.
— l t l T E S A N D CU S TOM S .
th e p e opl e of t h e ln o th e r h o o d c al l the pr i e s t ,
an d i
g ev th e child
it s n am e , t h e n ame o f thi s c u s to m is k n o w n a s 11 a m k ar an
(n a m i ng ) Th e n for fi v e y a1 s (an d s o m e ti me s i o r th r e e y e ars ) '
. e
th e y do n o t al l o w th e i n f a n t s h ai r to ’
b e s h a v e d , an d w h e n t h e
da y fi x e d by h is a n c e s tor a 1 iv e s th n h a v i n g g o n e to s o m e r
,
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pl ac e o f pil g ri m age as a holy s pot l i k e J u a l t M u k h i th e y ,

'
c
,
s h av e t h e h air o f t h e chil d an d t h e n am e of th a t c u s t o m th e y ,
c al l bh ad dan (fir s t s h av i n g ) A f te r w a1 d s w h e n t h e c hild i e ac h e s .

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th e ag e of e i g h t y e ai s th e n th e y s h a v e h is h e a d a n d ar c o r d , , ,
in g to th e 1 it e s o f t h S as tr as h av i n g c all e d a n as s e mbly of e
,
B 1 ah mac h a is th e y h av e t h e B 1 ah min ic al t h i e ad p u t o n h is
r ,
n e c k by t h e G 11 1 11
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, , , ,
a ccordi n g to th e ir m e an s h a v i n g m ad e a v e r y b e a u t if u l bi e r , ,
a n d h a v i g pl a c e d th e d e a d b o d y 0 1 it c v e r i t w i th a s h aw l o r
n 1 ,
o
s o m e oth e r s il k e n cl oth ; an d a lt h o u h a l l t h e m al e s f t h e f a m ily

g o
s h a v e th e i r h e a d s s till t h e e ld e s t s o n f o r t h e s a k e of p e r for m i n
, g ,
t h e f u n e r a l rit e s ac cord i n g to t h e 1 i t e s o f t h e S s t i as s h a v e s h is u
,
h e ad a n d h a v i n g p t o n h s h d a ri n g o f k n s a w h ic h t h ey
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m a k e ag r e e ably to th e i t e s of t h e V e d?S t ak e s t l ir e e o th e r m e n
,
1 I ,
w i th h im an d th e y l if t t h e corp s e
,
T h e o t h e r p e opl e of t h e .
ho u s e thro w fl o w e r s s we e t m e a t s pic e n d r u p e e s 0 11 t h e c o rp se , ,
a
,
an d u tt e ri n g th i s s p e e ch S r i 11 1111 R am S a t t h a i ( th e n a me o f
”
1
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S r i R am is tr u e ) go to t h pl a c e o f b u r n i n g a n d h av i ng e
, ,
pl ac e d t h e corp s e a l i t t l e t h i s s i d e o f t h e b u r n i n g g ro u n d ,
m ak e an o ff e ri ng of ric e b all s 90
an d h a v i n g m ad e a s tr e am ,
of w at e r fl o w a ro u n d o n al l fo u r s i d e s o f t h e corp s e th e y
91
,
th e n b r e ak th e e a rth e n p ot ; th e n w h e n th e y a rri v e at th e ,
b u r n i n g pl ac e th e y pl a c e t h e corp s e o n t h e b u r n i ng pil e
, ,
s o m e ti m e s w ith th e s h aw l 0 an d s o m e ti m e s h av i n g 11
,
t ak e n it e ff ” T h e n o n t h e fo u rt h d y h a v i n g coll cte d h is n s t s a e
,
.
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i e h is bo n e s th e y s e n d th e m to t h e G n g e s
. .
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T h e B r ah m an a .
,
w h o at thi s ti m e
,
for e l e v e n d ay s a c cor d i n g to t h e rite s of
, ,
t h e V e d as p e rfo r m s th e ,
f u n e r a l o b s e q u i e s a n d t ak e s al m s ,
h im th e y c al l a c h ar aj (an i n s tr u ctor in m a tt e r s of r li g i o n ) o r ,
e
t h e M a hé Br ah m a n (ch i e f B r ah m a n )
. a n d n o o n e e at s d ri n k s , ,
or as s oci at e s with th a t ac h ar aj a n d th e y a l l t h e A c h zi r aj ) , ,
h av e th e i r o w n s e p ar at e c a s t e s I n w h o s e s o e v e r s h o u s e t h e .
'
d e ad m an di e s b e for e l e v e n d ay s p u rifi e s i e cl e an s e s h im s e l f
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gr i l rm is
89
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.
,
se d nl ti us a e s r zi
'
o e c e as e re a o ns .
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91
e fl w f m th h
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s d t a th e g i ; if
o y o ro e ea an re ur n e re a a n an
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th gr s ed e e o s en as e on e oun
an d b k t pi
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th p t th d d b m w r th t h i d d Th p t i ll d d h
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e o , e e c e as e e co es a a e a e s ea . e o s ca e a
m rg i
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,
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.
,
If t k
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H I S T O RY O F T HE S IK H S .
an d oth e r p e opl e d o n o t e a t an d d ri n k w ith h im On t h e e l e v e n t h .
day a f e r h a v i n g gi v e n m u ch j e w e l s c lo t h e s a n d m o n e y to t h e
,
r ,
ac h zi r a i th e y p e rf o r m t h e
,
f u n e r a l ob s e q u i e s and aft e r w a rd s ,
wh e n f u r y e a r s h av e l ap s e d fr o m th e d e c e as e d s d e ath e v e ry
o e
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,
y ea r th e y p e r fo r m s r ad h in h is m e m o ry an d f e e d B r ah m ans
,
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w ith v a rio u s k i n d s of foo d .
T h e acco u n t o f t h e Ch h a t t is is a s f o llo w s tho s e p e opl e who r
a r e c all e d Oh h at t is in t h e s as tr as th a t is r e a l ly t h e n a m e of t h e
r ,
K h at t r is I n t h e S as tr as th e y c a l l o n e w h o c a rri e s a n u m br e ll a
.
(L e. a k i n g ) a C h h a tt r i ; b u t a s
,
a l l t h e w orl d c a nn ot b e k i ng s ,
fo r thi s r e as o n p e r s o n s fo r t h e s a k e o f g e tti n g a l i v i n g b e g an to
, , ,
fol l o w m e rc an t il e occ u p a tio n s w h ich ori g i n a lly w a s t h e o cc u p a tio n ,
of Vais as t e b a iy as I n th e P a n j ah for t h e s ak e o f e asy

,
. .
,
n .
,
p ro n u n ci ati o n Ch h att ris b e g an to b e c al l e d K h at tr is T h e

, .
r it e s a n d c u s t o m s at birth d e ath b e troth a l b h a d d a n & c an d , , , , .

,
m a rri ag e a m o n g s t th e s e K h a t t is is l i k e th a t of a l l B r ah m an s r , ,
w ith thi s di ff e r e n c e th at th e y ob s e r v e t h e p u ri fi c a tio n a t birth an d

,
d e a th for thi rt e e n d a y s A m o n gs t th e m al s o th e r e a r e B ah r is an d .
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,
fam ili e s ) A s a m o n g s t t h e Br ah m an s th e r e ar e A th w an s as s o
.
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am o n g s t t h e K h a t t i s th e r e t h e D h a y a s an d th e y o n ly m a rry
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i n to D h aiy fa m ili e s b u t th e y d o n o t r e gard i t wro n g to m arry

a
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.
Th e V a is as ; s u ch th e y c al l b e miy as ; b u t n o w c o n tr ary t o
’
t h e S as tr a s t h e K aits S i id r a s an d B h abr as an d o th e r c as t e s
, , , , ,
al s o s t y l e th e m s e l v e s V ais as ; b u t if o n e r e fl e ct s p rop e rly th e y ,
al l b e l o n g to t h e S ii d r a s T h e f a m il i e s (g e t s ) of t h e b an iy as a re
’
m an y b u t th e y all h a v e b u t t w o k i n d s of r e l i g io n
, o n e s pri n g i n
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, , ,
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c r r
B rah m a n s b u t th y di ffe r s o me w h at in t h e c u s to m of m it h abh at t

, , ,
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,
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th e i r m a rri a g e s a n d in ( th e ir c e r e m o n i e s ) a t e ati ng an d ,
f e as t s .
Th e S a r an g i b a i as d o n o t r e g a rd t h e V e d a s an d S as tr as n y
,
or t h e go d s o r g o d d e s e s a d fo r m s a n d r d i n a c e s s e t fo rt h in s
,
n o n
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th e m a n d t h e f un r a l b s e q u i e s w hi ch o u g h t to b p e rfor m e d e o e
a t t h e ti m e o f d e a t h th e s e t h e y d o n o t p e rfor m at al l F o r .
t hi s r e s o n V a is n o b a n iy as u s e d n o t to i n t e r m a rry w ith th e m
a
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b u t in t h e pr s e n t d ay for s o m e ti m e b a c k s o m e h a v e e v e n b e g u n
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to i n t r m a rry w ith t h e m I n t h e s am e w ay a s t h e K h attr is r e gar d

e .
and f or t h e ir s p e c ia l be ne fit .
C HA P . I .
- R I TE S AN D C U S TO M S .
t h e s ar s u t Br ah m an s as th e i r fam i ly pri e s t s an d g i v e th e m a l ms
s o a l s o d o th e s e b an iy as r e v e r e n c e th e G a n r B r ah m an s a s th e i r
fa m ily pri e s t s S o m e of t h e K h a t t r is e at m e a t an d d ri n k w i ne
b u t b an iy as r e g a rd m e n ti o n i n g t h e n am e e v e n of th e s e t h i n g s as
s in . T h e r e is o n e c as t e of b an iy as w h o a r e k n ow n a s D h us ar s , ,
an d a lth o u g h th e y ar e li k e t h e b an iy as in th e i r ord i n an c e s an d
r it e s s till,
oth e r b an iy as w i ll n o t i n t e r m arry w i th th e m Th e s e .
D h us ar s pri n cip al ly l i v e in H i n d u s t an u
p to t h e pr e s e n t ti me ,
th e r e is n o t a s i n g l e fam ily of th e m in t h e P an j ab .
Th e d r as s u ch th e y c al l barb e r s w as h e r me n w i ne , ,
d is til l e r s p o t te r s c a rp e n t e r s a n d oth e r l ow c as t e s
, ,
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, .
,
at bi rth d e a th ,
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, ,
o f th e th r e e w hich h a v e b e e n ab o v e m e n ti o n e d b u t th e r e is a
,
v as t d i ff e r e n c e in th e i r rit e s at e ati n g an d f e as t s an d a t s ut ak” ,
an d p at ak A m o n g s t th e m t h e s u t ak an d p at k l as t a m o n t h
9 5
.
,
a
a n d a q u a rt e r th e s e p e opl e d o n o t w e ar t h e B r a h m i n ic a l thr e a d ;
fo r thi s r e as o n K h a tt r is an d B r ah m an s r e fr ai n fro m e ati ng
b r e a d at th e i r h o u s e s in fact th e y w il l n o t e ve n d ri n k w at e r o r
, ,
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,
.
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,
h a n d s ; a n d a l tho u g h a j hi ur (Hi n d u w a t e r c a rri e r ) is al s o a -
S fi d r a s til l e v e ry o n e w i l l dri n k w a t e r a t h is h an d s
,
T he .
S ii d r as do n o t r e g ard as w ro n g in t h e s a m e w ay a s K h al tri s
’
-
, ,
B r ah m an s an d oth e r hi g h b r e d p e opl e h ol d a s hi g hly i mprop e r

,
-
,
t h e b u yi n g a n d s lli n g of th e ir d au g ht e r se an d t h e m a rryi n g ,
th m to r e l a ti v e s a l r e a d y c o n n e ct e d b y m a rri ag e a n d t h e r e
e ,
m a rri ag e of w i d o w s r ath e r th e y s h am e l e s s ly a n d op e n ly do th e s e
,
th i n g s ; an d if th e y d e s i r e t o m arry a m a r r ie d w o m a n th e n
co n tr ary to t h e rit e s o f t h e V e d s h a v i n g th ro w n t h e s h e e t (o f
, ,
a
,
m a rri a g e o v e r h e m th e y m arry h e r
t 96
,
A m o ng s t d r as .
,
b a rb e rs w a s h e r m e n a n d m a y o rh e r c a s t e s do n o t w o r s h ip any
, ,
n
o n e b u t th e i r a n c e s tor s w h o h av e d i e d b e lo v e d of th e S il p r e me
,
B e i n g A c c or d i n g ly t h e n ai s ( b a rb e r s ) w o r s h i p S ai n B h agat
.
,
t h e w a s h e r m e n w or s h i p B ab a N am D e c a n d d no t r e ga rd a ny , o
b u t th e s e a s go o d A lth o u g h t h e R j pu t s o f t h e P a n j ab in t h e
.
a
p r e s e n t ti m e p u r s u e a gric l t u r e l i k e t h e J a tte s til l th e y a r e n o t

u ,
S 1i d r as by ori gi n h u t o n t h e co n tr a ry t h e y a r e p u r e K h attr is
’
, , ,
fo r th e i r d e s c e n t is fr o m t h e K h at t r is w h o a r e d e s c e nd e d f no m t h e ,
su n an d w h o ar e c a l l e d t h e o ff s p ri n g of S ri R am
,
C h a n d Th e i r .
c u s to m s a t bir th d e ath a n d m a rri ag e & c a r e a ccordi n g to t h e

’
.
, , , ,
9‘
P rifi
u b ir t h s
c at io n a t
P ifi
.
95
ur c a t io n a t d e a t h s .
95
T h a t is , t h e y d o n o t m a y h e r rr ac c o rd i g t
n o p r op e r r it e s , f o r w id o w re
m ar r iag e is o r b id d e n f T h e e p e s s io n
. x r “
th r w th
o e sh e e t o v er
”
is ap p l ie d t o
mar r y in g a w id o w .
10 6 n rs r o ar o r T HE s u ms .
ri t e s l aid d o w n in t h e V e d a s th e s e p e o pl e w e ar th e B ra h m i n ic al
t h r e a d an d p e rfor m s an d h ia a n d G at i
,
97 98
r .
N ow th e acco u n t of t h e fo u r A s r a m s is as follo w s
l s t G ir is a t i is t h e n am e o f a l l f am ily p e o pl e w h o accor d i n
, g ,
to th e ri t e s o f th e i r r e li g i o n l i v e in t h e w o rld in t h e V e d a s t h e y
,
, ,
ar e c a ll e d is ati
g r .
2 n d B r ah m a ch ari w a s t h e n a m e of a s e ct ; for m e rly al l

, ,
p e opl e in th e i r yo u th a t t h e ti m e o f r e c e i v i n g i n s tr u ctio n , ,
u s e d to b e r e c e i v e d i n to t h e s e t o f B ah m ac h ar ; an d th e n c r .
m arri ag e u d a w t ”
to coh bi t i th h e i r w i v e s ; b u t n o w
on se ,
B rah m a ch ari is t h e n am e of a k i d of r e l i g i o u s m e n d ic a n t s h ip n
‘
Th e s e p e opl e h a v i n g s h av e d th e i r h e ad s an d fa c e s b e c m e
, ,
o
me dic an t s a n d w e a r t h e B r a h m i n i a l thr e a d an d t u ft of h ai r
,
c .
Th e B r ah m ac h ar is ar e of fo u r k i d s ; a t t h e e n d o f th e i r n am e s n
,
titl e s s u ch as N an d P a r g as & c ar e a d d e d as R ama N a n d S i am a

, ,
.
, , ,
N an d S u k h P a r ga
,
A ft e r d e a th al l th e i r f u n e r al
s .
,
ob s e q u i e s ar e p e rfor m e d a ccordi n g to th e rit e s of th e V e d as ;

an d th y b u r n t h e corp s e 0 11 a fi e
e n d b u ild a S a ma dh r ,
1
( m a u s o l e u m ) o v e r i t a n d a ft e r t h e d e a t h o f o n e of th e i r G u ru s
,
t h e chi e f d i s c ipl e s it s o n t h e th ro n e .
3rd B é n p a r as t a l s o is t h e n a me of a k i n d o f m e n d ic an t sh ip
.
th e s e p e opl e l e av i n g th e i r f a m ili e s g o to t h e w oo d s a n d p e rfo r m

, , ,
p e n an c e an d u n d e r g o v ario u s k i n d s o f fas ti n g s a n d a ffl i ctio ns

,
.
4 th S an n ias a is a l s o t h e n a m e of a k i n d of m e n d ic an ts h ip
.
.
.
wh ich h as pri n ci p al ly s pr e ad fro m S uami S a n kar ac h arj an d

D at t at r e y a T h e S an n ias is a r e of t e n k i n d s n am e ly Ban s
.
, , ,
B h ar tis A r an n s G ir l s P u r is F a r h a t s S ar as s u t is Tir at h s S eg a r s
’
, , , , , , , ,
As r am s ; a n d t h e s e t e n k i n d s ar e k n ow n as t h e D as n ams ( t e n
n am e s .
)
A l l t h e a bo v e ti tl e s a r e affi x e d at t h e e n d of t h e n a m e s o f ,
e g , R am B an , G op al Bh ar t i , S n n , D e o Giri ,
th e S an n ias is i A
. ra .
& c , ar e w e l l k n o w n (n a m e s )
. a n d of w h at e v e r s e c t a S au n ia si
m ay b e , th a t titl e is a ffi x e d to h is n a me T h e s e p e opl e for m e rl y .
u s e d to r e v e r e n c e al l t h e e d as a n d e da n t as b u t n o w , e xc e pt V V
th e Pa r a mh an s as , a l l t h e o th e r S an n ias is , w h o a r e c al l e d G u s ain s ,
h a v e b e g u n to a c kn o w l e d ge t he r e li gio n of a g od d e s s n am e d
B al a S u n d a ri Th e r e is n o t m u c h d ifi e re n c e b e t w e e n th i s c r e e d
.
an d t h e B am m ar g w hi ch th e y al s o c a l l t h e s ak a t h arm
,
“
D
(i n f a ct ) th e r e is o n ly th i s m u c h di ffe r e n c e , th a t t h e S é k a t ak as ,
97
R e p e at in g m an t r a s , t . e .
, p r ay e r s or c h a rm s , an d s ip p in g w at e r at s un ri se ,
m id d ay an d s un set
B ra m
. .
98
The n am e of a man t r a, r e p e at e d by h an s , whi l st t u r n in g t h e ir
r o sar ie s .
99
Th e ir on ly f
d e s ire i s o f s p r in g , an d if t h e c o h abit at io n re su lts in a ch id l
b e in g c on c e i ve d , l v
t h e y e a e t h e ir w i e s an d g o o ff v .
C HAP . I: -
R 1TE S A N D C U S TO M S .
ag r e e a b ly to ri t e s l a id d o w n in th e S ris tr as r e a d ch ar m s an d
th e ,
c o u pl e t s an d p e r for m
,
w o r s hi p a n d p e n a n c e w h i l s t t h e for m e r ,
r e ad t h e s o n g s a n d p r ay e r s co m po s e d in t h e di al e ct of th i s
c o u nt ry a n d w or s h i p
,
t h e g o d d e s s w ith th e m th o s e fi v e th i n gs
fl e s h w i n e f al s e h o d ad u l t e ry a n d m u d r a s w h i ch th e S ak a
, ,
o
1 0
, , ,
0
t ak as e s ch e w th e s e a l s o e s c h e w th e m an d m a k e n o d i ff e r e c e
, ,
n
th e r e i n M a n y oth e r p e opl e fro m as s o ci a ti n g w ith G u s ain s h v e

.
a
al s o n te red
e t h i s s e ct a n d th e y c l l t h e n a me o f t h is s e c t t h e
,
a
K u n d ap an t h T h e c u s to m s f t h e G us a m s a r e a s f ollo ws
‘
. o
th e y d no t w e a r t h e Br a h m i n i c al th r e ad o r t u ft o f h air an d
o , ,
l i k e t h e G i is atis d o n o t p e rfo rm a n y f un e r a l rit e s or obs e q ui e s

r ,
th e i r d i s ti n g u i s h i ng m a r k s a e w e a ri n g ro s a ri e s m ad e o f s e e d s of r ,
t h e r u d r ac h h tr e e a n d r e d di s h y e l l o w cl oth e s a n d b e s m e a ri n g
.
,
th e ms e l v e s w ith as h e s Th e y d o n o t b u r n th e i r d e ad bo d i e s b t
.
,
u
r a th e r h a v i n g fi ll e d a l a r g e pot w ith s a l t t h e y b u ry t h e corp s e

, ,
in i t a n d th e n e r e cti n g
, m a u s ol e u m o v e r it co n ti n u l ly d o
,
a
,
a
w or s hip to it m an y of th e m d o pt a n a k e d s t a t e oth e rs m arry a

,
an d oth r s h av i n g r e c i v e d i n s tr u ctio n b e co m e Par am h an s as

e ,
e
, ,
b u t th e y a r e a l ] c al l e d S an n ias is .
I n t h e s am e w ay a s t h e S a n n izi s is a r e k n o w n b y t e n n am e s
’
s o al s o a r e th e r e t w e l v e o rd e r s of t h e Jo g i s a l l th e s e or d e r s a r e
k n o w n by t h e ti tl e of N at h T h e c u s t o m s o f t h e J o g i s as .
,
l aid d o w n in t h e Pitan j al S ei s t r a a r e n o t n o w ob s e r v e d by a n y ,
o f t h e m b u t t h e J g i s of t h e p r e s e n t ti m e pri n cip ally fol lo w t h e

,
o
r u l e s of t h e K u n d ap a n t h w hich h a v b e c o m e pr e v al e n t a m o n g s t
,
e
t h e G u s ain s T h e s e p e opl e g r e a tly r e v e r e n c e l h i o n an d K al i

.
’
i a r
al s o . T h i s is th e i r c u s to m th a t th e y m ak e a hol e in t h e i r
e ar s a n d w e a r e a rri n g s a n d c a rry a s m a l l m u s i c al pip e a tt a ch e d
, , ,
to a thr e ad ro u n d t h e i r n e c k w h e n a ny J o g i d i e s th e y b u r y
, ,
h im l i k e t h e G u s ain s Th e s e p e o pl e d o n o t r e ad th e V e d as or
.
S as tr as at al l b u t b t a i n pl e a u r e fro m r a d i n g th e v e r s e s c o m
’
,
o s e
po s e d in t h e t i m e o f G o r akh n ath A m o n g s t th e m th o s e w ho .
, ,
pie rc e th e i r e ar s a n d w e a r e a rri n g a e c a ll e d d ar s an is ( pr u d e n t ) s
,
r ,
an d tho s e w h o d o n o t pi e rc e th e i
, e ars are a ll e d au gh a s r ,
c r
(i n d i s c r e e t ) A s G o ak h n at h w h o W s t he f o u n d e r of t hi s s e ct
. r
,
a ,
in h is co m m a n d s fo rb a d e th e m to m ar ry a n d s e ttl e th e y t h e r e
, , ,
for e m e r e ly t a ke th e chi l d r e n o f s o m e G i i a ti f o r t h i r d i s cipl e s

,
r s e
,
a n d th u s co n ti n u e th e ir l n a e an d at l as t h av i n g gi v e n th e
g i e
, , ,
th ro n e to th a t d i s i pl e th e y d ie c , .
Th e a cco u n t o f t h e Bair ag is w h o li v e in th i s co u n t r y is a s , ,
f bl l o w s : { am aN a n d w h o i s k n w n a s R am a N uj in t h e S as tr as ,
o ,
f o u n d e d th e i r s e ct T h e s e p e o p l e w e a r t h e B r ah m i n ic al th r e a d an d
.
t u ft of h ai r a n d ob s e r v e t h e f u n e a l rit e s an d ob s e q u i e s an d al l
,
r
A k in d of w o r s h ip w it h t h e h an d s j o in e d t o ge t h e r , t h e fi n g e rs b e in g i h
t er t w is t e d .
108 H I S T ORY or T HE s u ms .
th e o th e r r e li g io u s rit e s l aid do w n in t h e V e d a s I f a ny B ai r d i
th e n l i k e t h e G ir is at is th e y thro w h im i n to a fi r e an d
. .
s ho u ld d ie , , , ,
o n th e fo u rth d a col l e cti n h is b n e s s e n d th e m to t h e G an e s

y ,g g o
, .
Thi s is th e i r c u s t o m th at th e y b e l i e v e in V i s nu Bh ag w an
,
an d R am K i s an w ith h is oth e r i n c a r n atio n s ; a n d b e s id e s h im

, , ,
th e y d o n o t pl ac e t h e s li g ht e s t f ai th in any oth e r go d o r g o dd e s s .
T h e ir d i s ti n gu i s h i n g m a r k s a r e to w e ar a n e c k l ac e o f bas i l ro u n d
th e i r th ro at s t o m ak e a h i g h r e a c h i n g m a r k o n th e i r fo r e h e ads
,
-
,
an d to w e ar w h i t e cloth e s U n ti l a B ai r ag i h as b e e n t o D u ar k a
.
an d h ad t h e m a r k m a d e o n h is s h o u l d e r w ith t h e s h e ll a n d h e at e d
q uoi t til l th e n t h e o th e r B air ag is w i l l n o t l e t h im co m e i n to

,
th e i r e ati n g s q ua r e Th e s e p e opl e d o n o t e at br e a d coo k e d b y

.
t h e h an d s of an y o n e e l s e an d a r e v e ry fi r m in th e i r a b s t i n e n c e
,
a n d p u ri ty a n d r e a rd it as w ro n
, g g e v e n to to u ch an y o n e e l s e .
Th e s e p e opl e u s e d fo r m e rly n o t to m a rry b u t n o w m a n y o f th e m ,
b e co m e h e ad s o f a h o u s e m a rry ) Th e y a l s o t ak e m an y .
d i s cip l e s fro m a m o n g s t t h e G ir is a tis an d fi x t h e i r r e li g io us ,
tho u g ht s 0 11 V i s n u A s t h e B a ir ag is wor s hip V i s n u an d b e

.
,
li e v e in n o o n e e l s e b u t h im fo r thi s r e as o n th e n am e o f th e i r , ,
s e ct h as b e e n c al l e d V ais n o D h ar m T h e s e p e opl e s o g r e atly .
d e t e s t m e at w i n e an d oth e r u n l aw f u l e d ibl e s th a t t h e y d o n o t
, , ,
u tt e r t h e n am e s o f th e s e th i n s in th e i r d r e am s e v e n
g .
N o w t h e a cco u n t of th e U d as is is as follo w s th e y r e gar d

th e m s e l v e s as d i s ci pl e s of N an ak a n d f llo w h is ri gh t s a n d c us t o ms ,
o .
B ab a S i ri Oh an d w h o w as t h e e ld e s t s o n of B ab a N an ak fo u n d e d
’
, ,
th e ir s e ct a n d b e g an to pr a cti s e c u s to m s di ff e r e t fro m fo r m e r
,
n
Jo g is an d S an n ias is A l tho u g h th e y a r e di v i d e d i n to fo u r o rd e r s
.
s til l a ll of th e m col l e cti v e ly ar e c all e d U d é s is Thi s is th e

. .
c us to m of th e s e p e opl e ; w h e n th e y l e av e th e Gir is t s t at e an d a
b e co m e s ai n t s t h e n t l e y d o n o t m a rry
, ,
. 1 S o m e of th e m w e ar .
l o n g h ai r o n th e i r h e ad s an d s o me s h ort h ai r ; an d s o m e h av e a
,
c u s to m of t w i s ti n g t h e h a i r ro u n d t h e h e a d li k e l o ng ro p e s ,
an d s o m e r e a r d it as prop er to s h a v e th e i r h e ads a n d fa c e s
g .
Th e s e p e opl e r e gard al l t h e c u s to m s at bi r t h d e ath an d b u ri al , , ,
a c c ordi n to t h e rit es of t h e V e d as b u t th e y d o n o t w e a r a
g ,
B rah m i n ic al th r e ad or t u ft of h ai r Th e ir di s ti n g ui s hi n g m a r ks .
ar e t o w e ar cloth e s dy e d in r e d b ric k d u s t a n d to h a v e h igh ,

a
m a r k o n th e i r for e h e ad a n d to r e a d th e G r a n th S ah i b A l tho u g h
,
.
th e y b ur n th e i r d e ad bo d i e s s ti l l th e y a l w y s e r e ct m au s ol u ms
,
:1 e
o v e r th e m li k e t h e Jo g i s an d S an n ias is A l t ho u g h for me rly .
t h e s e p e opl e u s e d t r e m ai n m u ch a b s orb e d in t h wo rs h i p o f
o e
G o d o n ly n o w c e rt ai n of th e m h a v e b e c o m e g r e at m e n of t h e
,
w orl d an d p u r s u e ag ric u l t u r e a n d h a v e th ro n e s an d ho u s e s
, ,
an d ,
q u arr e l abo u t s m a l l pi e c e of l an d ; c e rt i n ly in s o m e p l ac e s s a
,
t h e r e ar e s o me v e ry g ood s ai n t s of th e i r s e c t b u t th e y d o n o t ,
l i v e in h o us e s an d b e i n g w it h o u t av ar ic e b e g f or b r e ad an d
, , , ,
C H AP . I .
— RITES A ND C U S TOM S .
th us g i
a n th e i r s ub s i s te n c e A ft e r t h e d e a th of
. an U d as i al s o ,
th e s e a t g o e s to t h e e ld e s t d i s ci p l e a n d n o oth e r d i s ci pl e c an l ay
,
an
y cl a i m to i t .S o m e of th e m a l s o ar e v e ry s e v e r e o n th e m s e l v e s ,
a n d m ak e a h ol e in th e i r p e 1 s o n a n d p u t o n a l oc k o f v e ry
,
h e a xy 1 r o n or s t e e l in th e h op e th a t th e y m a y e s c a p e fro m t h e
,
e v il p r ctic e s
a f t h e w orl d
o T h e s e p e opl e ad d r e s s o n e a n oth e r a s
.
B h aiji a n d m o r n i n g an d e v e n i n g pl ayi n g o n cy m b al s an d h a rp s
, , , ,
s i n g t h e wor s h i p an d pr a i s e s of th e i r G o d .
T h e r e a r e m an y s e ct s a m o n g t h e N an a k Pa n t h is ; o f th e m
o n e s e c t is c al l e d S u t h r a Th es e p e opl e for m e rly m i g ht h av e
.
b e e n g ood , b u t n o w i t co n s i s ts o f tho s e m e n who dri n k w i n e an d ,
e at me a t , an d g am bl e , a n d b e co m i n g d e b au ch e d , l i v e e xtr a v a an tly
g
in t h e ir lio m e s , an d t h e n , l e a v i n g th e ir f am ili e s , g o a n d j o i n t h e
s e ct of th e S a th r a Th e follow e r s of th i s s e ct of m e ndic a n t s
.
k n o w n o w or s h ip or s e r v ic e , b u t th e y a r e g1 e a t h an d s at t ak i n g
ch ar a s an d bh an g a n d in co m m itti n g s in
, F or m e rly , s o m e
.
g ood f a k i r , w h o w as th e i 1 ch i e f m an c a u s e d i t to b e w ri tt e n b
y o ne
of t h e l a tt e 1 k i n gs , th a t i f an y of th e s e f ak i1 s w e n t to a m a r k e t ,
t h e m a r k e t fo l k s w e 1 e to g i v e h im a pi c e e a ch as a p r es e n t ;
a 0 1 0 1 d in g l y th e s e p e opl e a l w ay s b e a t t l1 e i1 s tic k s to g e th e r 1 11 th e
,
b a z aa r , an d b e g for p 1 c e in e v e 1 y mar k e t , an d fi l l u p th e i 1 s i n s
to t h e f u ll Th e y w e a r ro u n d th e ir h e a d an d n e c k a thr e a d
.
of b l ac k w oo l , a n d , o n th e i r for e h e a d s , a b l a c k m ar k an d th e y
c arry t w o l ittl e ( c as t in e t ) s ti c k s in th e i r h an d s A l tho u g h th e s e .
p e opl e p e r f 0 1 m t h e c u s to m s a t b i1 th s , d e a th s an d m a rri age s

a ccordi n g t o t h e rit e s of th e S as tr a s , s till th e y do n o oth e 1 wor
s hi p o r d e v oti o n . W h e n a S u th 1 a di e s , th e n , h a v i n g b u i n t h im
a ccord i n to t h e rit e s of t h e S a tr a s, t h y b u i ld m s ol e um
g s e a a u
o v e r h im , an d, h av i n g col l e ct e d h is b o n e s , t hro w t h e m i n t o t h e
G an g e s Th e s e p e opl e m e a l l c al l e d 8 1511 , a n d th e y a cc or d i n g ly
.
al w ay s a fli x t h e t itl e S a h aft e r th e ir n am e s as to 1 i n s t a n c e ,
R aw e l S ah , Ch a b e l i S ah , S i1 n i S a l ] , a n d a m i S ah P Th e s e p e opl e
r e ad n o t h iii g b u t th e v e r s e s o f Nan a k an d t h e pr ai s e s of t h e
.
g od d e s s ( of J u a l a M uk h i ) ; a n d w h e r e v e r th e r e ar e pl ac e s of
w or s hi p or m a u s ol e u m s of t h e t e n G u ru s , c o mm e n ci n g fro m
an ak , th e r e th e y g o a n d off e r obl atio n s , an d wor s hip a n d d o
Y
ho m age Th e s e p e opl e r e ga rd th e u tt e ri n g of e v e ry b ad or
.
g oo d w ord in a s h a m e l e s s w ay as t r u th an d s i n c e rity ; a n d w h o
e v e r as s oci a t e s w ith th e m , b e co m e s q u i t e a n a d e pt in s h am e l e s s
n e s s a n d d e b au ch e ry I n the
. an j ab , P
th e r e is no ci ty w h e r e
th e r e is n o t a h o u s e of t h e S u t h r as , an d , o w i n g to th e i r
k i n d n e s s , t h e chi l d r e n o f t h e citi e s b e co m e q u it e d e pr a v e d A l .
tho u gh , a m o n gs t th e m th e r e is t h e r a n k o f G u ru a n d di s ci pl e ,
s ti l l th e r e is n o i d e a o f r e s p e ct an d d i s r e s p e c t a m o ng s t th e m
th e G u ru , s e at e d b e for e h is di s cipl e s , l a u gh s w ith d an ci n g g i r l s ,
1 10 m s r o av '
o r TH E s u ms .
a nd th ed i s ci p l e s e a t e d b e for e h is G u ru d ri n k s wi n e I n s ho r t
, , .
,
in t h e P an j ab i to n g u e S at h r a s i g n i fi e s g ood b u t th e s e p e op l e
, , ,
co n tr a ry to thi s bo d y a n d s o u l ar e bad ; th e r e is n o k n o w
, ,
in g wh a t good n e s s t h e l a s t k i n g (b e for e m e n tio n e d ) s aw in

th e m th at h e m a d e e v e ry o n e p ay tr i b u t e to th e m ; in my
,
O pi n io n i f t h e ma r k e t f o l k
,
w e r e to l e a v e o fi g i v i n g th e m m o n y,
- e
an d th e y w e r e t w r k o r b e g fo r flo u r an d br e a d
o o l i k e o th e r
, ,
.
f ak ir s an d g e t th e i r l i v i n g in th i s w ay th e n t h e s o n s o f gr e at
, ,
m e n wo u l d n o t adop t thi s k i n d o f me n d ic an cy .
I n th i s co u n tr y t h a t s e c t w h o ar e t h e D iw an a s ai n t s t h e y
, , ,
al s o ar e c a ll e d t h e di s ci pl e s of N an a k S o m e a mo n g s t th e m ar e .
g ood f ak i r s a n d d o w or s h i p to G o d
,
Th e s e p e o pl e li k e oth e r .
,
S i k h s w e a r l n g h ai r a n d c arry a n e c k l a c e f s h e ll s ro u n d th e i r
, o o
ne ck s J a tts and Ch u m ar s pri n cip a lly b e co m e follow e r s of t hi s

.
s e ct ; o n t h e i r h e ad s th e y h a v e a v e ry l o n p e a c oc k f e a th e r a n d
g , ,
th e y ar e al w ay s r e p e a ti n g to th e ms e l v s S att u am ”
O f them e .
,
m an y a r e m r ri e d an d s o m e u n m a rri e d ; al l t h e i r c u s to m s ar e
a
,
l i k e t h o s e o f t h e S i k h s an d U d as is an d th e y r e v e r e n c e th e Gr an t h ,
S éh ib .
A m o n g th e fol l o w e r s o f N an a k o n e s e ct is c al l e d t h e ,
N i r m a l S adh u o ri g i n ally th e s e p e op l e w e r e o f t h e s e ct o f t h e
a
G u ru Gob i n d S i n g h b u t o n a cco u n t o f th e i r an ci e n t ori g i n th e y , ,

ar e a l s o c all e d t h e d i s ci pl e s o f N an a k ; th e s e p e o pl e a r e v e ry
p e rfe ct S i kh s a n d w i t h h e art an d s o u l fi r mly b e l i e v e in t h e
, , ,
G r n th of t h e G u ru F or me rly , ag r e e a bly to t h e ord e r s o f

a .
Gobi n d S i ng h th e y a c k n o w l e d g e d n o n e b u t t h e S i k h r e l i g io n b u t
, ,
n o w m a n y of th e m h a v i n g r e ad th e V e d an t a s an d S as tr a s
, ,
h av e ,
b e co m e Pa r am h an s as F or m e rly i t w as th e ir c u s to m to w e ar .
,
11 0 cloth e s e xc e pt of a wh it e colo u r b u t n o w
,
ag r e e ab ly to t h e , ,
ord e r s of t h e V e d an t as th e y h av e b e gu n to a da pt c l oth e s o f a ,
r e d di s h y e l lo w c ol o u r Th e s e p e op l e for me rly ag r e e ably t o t h e

.
'
,
ord e r s of Gob ind S i n gh l i ve d pri n ci pal ly at A n m r it s ar an d ,
M uk ats ar a n d oth e r pl ac e s of pi l g ri m ag e b u t n o w c op y i n g t h e , ,
S an n ias is an d Pa r amh an s as th e y h a v e b e g u n to li v e a good ,
d e al o n t h e b an k s of t h e G ang e s an d J am na an d at Ban ar as ,
an d o th e r pl a c e s T h e s e p e opl e r e gard t h e c u s to ms at birth an d

.
d e at h ag r e e ably to t h e rit e s of th e S as tr as an d b u r n t h e d e ad , .
bo d y in th e fi r e b u t at m a rr i ag e s th e y e r e ct a woo d e n c an op y
, ,
u n d e r w h ich th e y e t m ar ri e d ; th ey d n o t r e g a rd it a s r i g h t t o
1 01
o
g
rfo m th e i r m a rri a e s accordi n to t h e d cr e s of t h e V e d a s
p e r
g g e e ,
.
I n th i s co u n try am o n g s t th e d i s cipl e s o f N an ak th e r e h as
, ,
a ri s e n f ro m a s h ort ti me b a c k a s e c t c a ll e d t h e G u l a
,
b d as is an d , ,
A d is
ve a w oode n c an op y o r vl
p a i io n , unde r w h ic h H in d ii marriage s
ar e per f o rme d .
CHAP . I .
— R IT E S AND C US T O M S .
th e ir ci rc u m s ta n c e s ar e as foll o w s th e y d o n o t r e g ard Go d as
t h e C r e a to r o f t h e w o rl d th e s e p e opl e a r e ath e is t s an d v e ry
wi c k e d ; th e y s ay th at al l thi s w o rl d w as for m e d of i ts e lf fro m th e
e ff e ct s of t h e fi v e e l e m e n t s a n d th a t t h e a cco u n t whi ch is g i v e n , ,
in t h e S as tr as of h e l l a nd h e a v e n an d p u n i s h m e n t a n d s al v a tio n
, , ,
is f al s e ; for w h e n a m a n di e s th e n h is body r e m a i n s h e r e an d , , ,
a ft e r w a rd s h a v i n g f a l l e n i n to p i e c e s J o m s w i th i t s o w n e l e m e n t s , ,
an d n o o n e g o e s to h e a v e n or h e ll A l th o u g h th e s e p e opl e g i v e .
t h e m s e l v e s o u t as V e d an t as s til l t h e r e is a g r e at diff e r e n c e b e ,
t w e e n th e m an d t h e V e d an t as ; for t h e Ve d an ta s hol d th at t h e
s o u l is s e p a r a t e fro m t h e b o dy w hil s t th e s e thi n k th at th e r e is ,
n othi n g b u t t h e b ody ; r a th e r th e y s ay t h i s t h at fro m th e infl u , ,
e n c e o f th e fi v e e l e m e n ts s o m e thi n g o r oth e r h as b e co m e ,
th e
i m p e ll e r o f t h e bo dy a n d th e r e is n o s o u l A l th o ug h th e s e
,
.
p e opl e fro m fe a r of t h e w orl d h a v e c u s to ms li k e oth e r H i n du s

, , ,
an d r e g ard c a s t e al s o s till in t h e ir i n w a rd h e a rt s th e y h a v e n o
, , ,
r e s p e ct for c as t e T h e s e p e o pl e do n o t ac k n o w l e d ge t h e V e d as
.
,
Pu an s o r oth e r bo o k s an d f e arl e s s ly co m m i t e v e ry e v il d e e d
r
, ,
a n d d o e x ac t l y as s u it s th e i r pl e a s u r e Th i s is th e i r c u s to m th at .
,
th e y r e ga rd t h e pl e as u r e d e ri v e d fro m e ati n g food an d dr e s s i n g
a s t h e v e ry h i g h e s t profit (in li f e ) ; an d al t h o u h th e y a r e v e ry
g ,
w i c k e d an d a bo m i n a b l e s t il l th e y c a l l th e m s e l v e s s a i n t s
,
B ab a .
G ul ab das w h o w as for m e rly a n U d as i f a ki r fo u n d e d th e i r s e ct

, , ,
a n d h e h i m s e l f w a s a v e ry d e pra v e d m an a n d an a th e i s t a n d ,
h a d 11 0 f e a r o f t hi s w orld or t h e n e xt an d li v e d i n a v ill ag e ,
ca ll e d Ch a tth a in th e d i tri c t o f K a s ur F ro m a s s oci a ti n g w it hs .
h im t h e m i n d s of th o u s an d s of m e n h a v e b e e n p e r v e rt e d an d t h e y
, ,
h av e b e co m e ath e i s t s h e too fo r t h e s ak e of t e a chi n g h is di s cipl e s , ,
c o m po s e d m a n y G r a n th s of h is o w n fa ith Th e i r c u s to m s at .
bi rth s an d d e ath s a r e n o t fi xe d accord i n g to any boo k b u t at tho s e ,
ti m e s t h e y p e rfor m w h at e v e r c e r e m o n y m ay s u i t t h e o cc as io n
,
1 02
.
I n s h o rt th e s e p e opl e b y th e i r co u n s e l s h av e m ad e t h e i n h ab it an t s
, , ,
of th i s co u n try v e ry d e p r a v e d an d th e oth e r S i k h s of th i s
co u n try if th e y k n o w th a t a ny o n e b e l o n gs to th i s s e ct w il l
, ,
n o t a ll o w h im to e n t e r th e i r l i n e for e a ti n g an d d ri n k i n g an d
1 03
al l o th e r p e opl e a l s o a r e v e ry lo a th to as s oci a t e w ith th e m an d ,
do n o t c ar e to d ri n k w at e r fro m th e m I n th e S as t r as th e i r s e c t .
is c a ll e d th e Ch arb ak .
N ow in thi s co u n try th e r e a r e p e opl e c al l e d S ar augis ; th e ir

, ,
a cco u n t is as fo llo w s : t h e y a r e c a l l e d J ainis th a t is to s ay , ,
th e y follo w th e r e l i g i o n o f a m o s t h oly m an c all e d J in Th e s e .
p e opl e p u l l o u t al l t h e h a i r of th e i r h e ad e v e ry s ix m o n th s an d ,
‘ Th
03
t i th t m i th t
a s, b dy h ld b b r t i th d y d t t
e c us o s a a o s ou e u n n e a an no a
p l b r t h ir d r b th f t h d y d ig h t
n igh t b t t h
, p u e se d t ll h
eo e u n e ea a a ou s o o e a an n , as
ne c e s sity q i re u res .
t it r ir l t t t h ir f d b t i
”
Hi d u d
3
n d i s o no s o un li n a c c e o ea e oo , u n a ne .
1 12 n rs r c av or T H E s u ms .
a l w ay s f as t e n a s trip of whi t e cloth o v e r th e i r m o n th s

. Th e y .
1 04
c arry w ith th e m a broo m of wh it e wool w h i ch t h e y in th e i r , ,
l ang uag e c al l r ajo h n a an d w h e n e v e r th e y w i s h to s it d o w n

,
a ,
t he y fi r s t cl e an t h e s pot w ith t h e broo m s o th a t n o i n s e ct m ay ,
c o m e u n d e r th e m an d b e k ill e d T h e s e p e opl e d o n o t po s s e s s
,
.
mu ch g ood s cl oth e s v e s s e l s or m o n e y ; b u t ar e v e ry g r e at
, , ,
h e r mi t s an d a s c e t i c s Th e y k e e p v e ry s e v e r e f as t s for oft e n
.
,
th e y do n o t bri n g foo d to th e i r m on th s f o r a m o n th at a ti m e ;
wh e n th e s e p e opl e go to b e g th e n t ak i n g i n to co n s i de r a ti o n , ,
m a tt e r s w h ich ar e v e ry d i ff i c u lt to u n d e r s t a n d 1 05
th e y t a k e food ,
an d a ltho u g h ot h e r p e o p l e d o n o t i n d u l ge in t h e c u s t m o f g i v i n o
, g
th e m b r e a d an d w at e r (food ) s till t h e tr ad e s p e opl e wh o a r e , ,
th e ir di s cipl e s an d k n o w al l th e ir c u s to m s d o s e r v ic e to th e m
, ,
with v e r y gr e at afi e c tion Th e s e p e opl e r e g a r d th e sl ayi n g of .
an i n s e ct a s a v e ry s e rio u s cri m e a n d fro m fe a r of k i lli n g an , ,
i ns e ct t h e y w il l n o t dri n k u n coo k e d w at e r b u t i f by b e gg i n g
, , , ,
th e y c an a ny w h e r e g e t w at e r th at h a s b e e n h e at e d or th e w a t e r ,
l e ft o v e r in v e s s e l s in w h i ch p e opl e h av e coo k e d th e ir food th e y

, ,
cl e a r i t an d dri n k i t an d s ati s fy th e m s e l v e s a n d th e y wil l n ot

,
dri n k it i f th e y h a v e to d r a w it th e m s e l v e s fro m a w e ll or r i v e r
,
.
F ro m f e ar of k i l li n g an i n s e ct t h e y do n o t w e ar s ho e s on th e ir ,
fe e t or an y cl oth o n th e i r h e a d ; an d a s th e y h a v e fo u n d o u t t h at ,
an i mal s die in w at e r for thi s r e as o n th e y b a th e v e ry li ttl e r a th e r

, , ,
o n a cco u n t of h a v i n g to u s e w a t e r th e y a l w ay s k e e p th e i r cloth e s ,
s o i l e d an d th e ir b odi e s dirty W h a t a wo n d e rf u l th i n g is t h i s .
th at a l t h o u g h th e s e p e opl e p e rfor m s u ch s e v e r e act s an d h ard

,
s h ip s s til l th e y do n o t b e li e v e in God
,
T h e i r b e li e f is thi s th a t ,
al l th i s worl d fro m ti m e e v e rl as ti n g
,
h as g o n e o n m ak i n g an d ,
d e s troy i n g i t s e l f an d th e r e w as n o cr e a tor of it ; an d w h at a
,
wo n d e rfu l thi n g is th i s a l s o th at th e y r e g a rd n o cr e ator of th i s ,
worl d or an y g i v e r of h appi n e s s an d p ai n S till accordi n g to .
th e ir r e li g io n th e y d o s e r v i c e to an d wor s hip t h e t w e n ty fo u r
, , ,
-
in c ar n a tio n s an d am o n gs t th e s e tw e n t
y fo u r on e who is c al l e d -
,
Par as u n ath an d h is w or s hi p th e y r e ga rd as v e ry pro fi tabl e

, .
T h e s e p e opl e in th e ir di a l e ct c a l l th e s e t w e n ty fo u r in c a r na
, ,
-
tio n s t h e Tith an k ar A m o n gs t th e m s o m e m ak e i mage s of

,
.
,
tho s e T ith an k ar s an d wor s hip th e m in th e i r ho m e s ; an d s o me

,
r e gard t h e wor s hippi n g of i m ag e s as w ro n g Th e r e ar e t w o k i n ds .
of th e s e S ar an gi s ; o n e th o s e wh o w e ar a s trip o f cloth o v e r th e ir,
‘0 4 Th is is d o n e rv
t o p e e n t t h e i ki in g an y an im a o r in s e c t w it h t h e ir r ll l
v l
b r e at h e e n , a s t h e y h o d it , as t h e gr e at e s t s in , t o k i an y i v in g t h in g ll l .
1 05
T h at is t o s ay , t h e y as k if a p e s o n s am i y h a s a r e ad y e a t e n , a n d if t h e
’
r f l l
l
r e p y is t h at t h e y h a e , t h e J ain is w i v
p ar t ak e o f t h e ir o o d : if n o t , t h e ll
y wi
f ll
l
n ot , e s t on e l f l
o a s h o u d r u n s h o r t , a n d a n o t h e r c o o k i n g b e t h e r e o r e n e c e s s ar
y
f .
l v
in w h ic h w at e r , & c , w o u d h a e t o b e u s e d , a n d t h e i e s o f s o m e in s e c t s b e
. lv
s ac rifi c e d , t h e s in o f w h ic h , t h e y c o n s id e r , w ou d at t ac h t o t h e m l .
C HA P . I —
. R I TE S A ND C U S T OM S .
m o u th s , a n d p u l l o u t t h e h a i r of t h e ir h e a d s , an d th e s e ar e
‘
c all e d D h fi n d iy as , an d t h e oth e r a r e tho s e w h o do n o t w e a r t h e

s tri p of cloth , a n d d o n o t p u l l o u t t h e h ai r o f t h e i r h e a d an d
th e y ar e c a l l e d J at is Tho s e , who a r e c al l e d D h fi n d iy a S , th e y
.
d o n o t po s s e s s a n y ho u s e s or go o d s or m o n e y ; b u t t h e J at is
po s s e s s tho u s an d s of r u p e e s a n d pr o p e rty a n d l an d , b e s i d e s man y
oth e r t hi n gs A l t h o u g h th e r e is m u ch d iff e r e n c e b e t w e e n th e
.
co n d u c t an d h ab it s an d c u s to m s o f t h e t w o , s til l th e i r faith is
one . Th e s e p e opl e d o n o t b e l i e v e in t h e e d as or Pu r an s n o r V ,
d o th e y r e v e re n c e t h e pl a c e s of pil g ri m a g e or fas ts , l ai d d o w n in .
o f t h e S a s tr as h e r e l i io u s w o r k s of th e s e p e opl e al s o a r e
’
an
y t g
n o t w ritt e n in S a n s k rit , b u t in r a k rit , w hi ch is a v e ry o l d P
l an g uag e A l tho u g h t h e l a n g u ag e is r ak ri t, s till t h e l e tt e r s
, P
ar e n o t s o , b u t th e y w ri t e a l l th e i r r e l i g io u s bo o k s i n t h e l e tt e r s
u s e d in t h e S as tr a s Th e y d o n o t m arry , b u t t h e i r c u s to ms a t
.
d e ath in b u r n i n g th e d e ad bo d y , a r e li k e t h o s e of ot h e r H in dd s
,
an d i f a n y m a rri e d d i s c ipl e b e c o m e s t h e f o llo w e r of th e s e p e opl e ,
h e is c all e d a S a r an g i A l tho u g h B r ah m an s a n d K h a t t r is , fro m

.
as s oci ti n g w ith th e m h a v e b e g u n s o m e w h at to b e li e v e in th e
a ,
S a r an g e l ig io n f s til l B h ab r as a n d ban iy as
r
1 06
ch i e fl y follo w th i s
p e r s u as io n Th o s e B h ab as an d b an iy as w h o b e lo n g to th i s
. r ,
d e n o m i n ati o n a l tho u g h th e y w e a r t h e t u ft o f h a i r o n th e i r
,
h e ad s at t h e s a m e t i m e d o n o t w e a r t h e B r a h m i n ic al thr e a d
,
ro u n d th e i r thro a t Th e s e p e opl e d o n o t hold f u n e r al or m a rri ag e

.
fe as t s an d d o n o t p e rfor m an y f u n r a l o b s e q u i e s a ccor d i n g to
,
e
t h e rit e s of t h e V e d a s o r Pu an s
,
T hi s is t h e c u s to m o f th e s e r .
S ar an gi s th at th e y m ay n o t u n d e rt ak e a n y b u s i n e s s or tr affi c in
, ,
w hich th e r e c an b e l e s s of l i fe t o a n y a n i m al ; h e n c e w h e n th e y u n ,
d e r t ak e a n y tr affic o r a l e th e n th e y o n ly s e l l s u ch pr e cio u s o r d ry
s , , ,
thi n gs in w h ich n o i n s e ct n o r a ny an i m l c an co m e ; a ccor d i n g ly a

,
s o m e o f th e m a r e cloth m e rch an t s a n d b a n k e r s an d some ar e , ,
p e dl ar s a n d m an y b e co m e b r a zi e r s an d ge t th e i r l i v i n g 1 n thi s
, ,
.
w ay an d th e y n o n e of th e m s e l l a n y w e t g r e s y or s w e e t th i n s
g ,
a , .
Th e r e is a l s o an oth e r c as t e of S ar an g i s w h o a r e k n o w n by t h e ,
n a m e o f O s w ar s b u t n o n e o f th e m a e t o b e m e t w ith i n t h e
,
r
P anj ab :th e y pri n ci p al ly l i v e in t h e l a n d of M ar w ar th a t is to s ay in ,
t h e n e i g h bo u hood of B i k an e r J a ip u r a n d J o d h p u r
r A l th o u g h .
,
.
al l th e i r w ri tt e n co d e s of t h e S a r an g i s r e g a r d i n g r e li g io n m e rcy , , ,
p ati e n c e an d co n ti n e n c e a r e v e r y g oo d s til l as t h e y d o
, , ,
n o t r e g a r d G o d as t h e C r e a tor for th i s r e a s o n p e opl e r e g a rd t h e m , ,
a s in fi de l s a n d u b e li e v e r s n .
Tho s e p e opl e w h o l i v e in th i s co u n try an d w h o a r e c a ll e d

, ,
t h e D ad up n t h iy as th e i r r e li g i o n w as f u n d e d by a cotto n
a ,
o
105
Th B h ab a
e f J i r t s h i fly g g d i
ar e o t r ffi
a d th
a n c as e , c e en a e n a c an e
b é iy a
n s Hi d
ar e a t g ll y m r h t
n
’
ii c as e , e n e ra e c an s .
114 H I S T O RY or T H E S I KH S .
cord e r c a ll e d D ad a R am Th e s e p e opl e ar e v e ry v e ry g oo d an d
,
.
r e l i g io u s an d b e lo v e d of G od an d th e y thoro u ghly b e l i e v i n g in , ,
t h e V e d as S as tr as an d Pu r an s a c k n o w l e d g e al l it s oth e r c u s
,
to m s b u t th e y will n o t a g r e e to w e a r t h e B r ah m i n ic al thr e a d o r
,
t u ft of h ai r I t app e a r s th at for m e rly D ad u R am u s e d to g i v e

.
th e m ad v ic e abo u t r e li g io n b u t n o w s e v e r a l of th e m h av i n g , , , ,
s t u di e d S an s k rit h a v e b e co m e V e d a ,
n ta s S e v e r al am o n g s t th e m .
g e t th e i r l i v i n
g by as k i n g a l m s n d oth e r s by t ak i n
g s e r v ic e in t h e
,
a ,
ar my ai n a m e an s of l i v e l ihoo d N o n e of th e m m a rry b u t b
g , y .
, ,
s i m ply adopti n g a di s cipl e th u s co n ti n u e t h e i r l i n e T h e s e

, .
e opl e a r e v e ry g ood in th e ir l o v e an d afi e c tio n an d as m u c h as

p , ,
o s s ibl e r e m a i n a tt a ch e d to th e i r C r e a tor
p , ,
.
N ow t h e a cco u n t of al l t h e H i n du s wh o li v e in thi s l an d is , ,
as follo w s th at th e r e is v e ry l ittl e r e li an c e to b e p l ac e d o n any

s i n g l e word th e y s ay s o m e w or s hip g o d s an d
g od d e s s e s an d t h e
s hri n e s an d b u r m g pl ac e s of t h e d e ad a n d oth e r s
v for s ak i n g t h e , ,
r e li io n o f t h e V e d a s an d S as tr as whic h w a s t h e pri m e v a l r e li io n
g g ,
of t h e Hi n d u s h a v e b e g an to d o s e r v ic e to S ar w a r S u lt an an d
, ,
d e m o n s an d e v i l s pirit s an d th e r e ar e v e ry f e w w h o wor s hip ,
Go d t h e Cr e a tor as th e ir M ak e r an d D e s troy e r a ccordi n g to t h e

, ,
r e li g io n w hi ch w a s h an d e d do w n to th e m fro m t h e b e g i n n i n g .
B e h ol d t h e p e o p l e of ot h e r r e l i g io n s h o w fi r m th e y ar e for th e y , ,
n e v e r for s a k e th e i r o w n r e l i g io n a n d adopt th a t of t h e Hi n du s
b u t t h e Hi n d u s ar e s o u n s t a bl e th at if th e y e v e n h e a r t h e pr a i s e ,
of a b ric k a n y w h e r e th e y b e g i n t o ru b th e ir n o s e s aga i n s t i t
,
f o r th e s a k e of ob t a i n i n g food or o ffs pri n g 1 07

M an y B r ah m an s .
al s o m ay b e s e e n of s u ch a n a t u r e th at th e y do n o t at al l k n o w ,
t h e v a l u e of t h e ir o w n r e li g io n b u t w h e r e v e r th e y h e ar of t h e
s hri n e of an y s a i n t or of a n y ol d to m b th e r e th e y w il l b e g i n t o ,
b u r n l am p s an d o ff e r flo w e r s a n d th e y d o n o t u n d e r s t an d thi s ,
th at n o o n e c an g i v e th e m h appi n e s s b u t G o d I n thi s w ay m an y .
,
K h at tr is al s o for t h e s a k e of pl e a s i n g V i s n u f as t al l d ay lo n g o n
, , ,
th e 1 1 t h d ay of t h e li g h t an d d a r k h a lf of e v e ry m o n th an d if th at ,
d ay s h o u l d b e a T h u r s d ay th e n fo r th e s ak e of pl e as i n g S ar w ar
, ,
S u lt an w ho w a s a M u s al m an of t h e M u l t an di s trict at n i gh t
, ,
t h e y s l e e p o n th e g ro u n d an d k e e p v i g il s a n d th e y do n o t s e e
1 08
10 7
f
T h at i s t o s ay , t h e y o f e r u p t h e ir p r ay e r s an d m a k e t h e ir o w s at t h e v
s h r in e s , m ad e o f b r i c k , o f d e c e as e d s ai n t s , an d r u b t h e ir n o s e s ag ain s t t h e
b r i c k s , s ay in g , t h at if t h e y s h a ll
o b t ain a g o o d c o w , w h ic h s h a g i e p e n t y o f ll v l
l
mi k , t h e y w i ll
m ak e an o ff e r in g o f s u c h an d s u c h an a m o u n t , an d t h at if t h e y
sh a ll l ll
b e b e s s e d w it h o ff s p r in g , t h e y w i o ff e r c e r t ain t h an k o fi e r in g s -
.
103
l
T h e y s e e p o n t h e g r o u n d , i n s t e ad o f o n a b e d , r o m r e ig io u s m o t i e s f l v
t h a t i s t o s ay , in o r d e r t o u f lfil l
a p i g r im ag e w it h o u t s e e p in g o n a b e d s t e ad l
an d t h is is c a e d , k e e p in g ll ig i s v l
T h e c u s t o m is t h at w h e n e e r a c o m p an y o f
. v
l l
p i gr im s s t o p at a n y p a c e o n t h e ir j o u r n e y , t h o s e w h o in t e n d t o j o in t h e m
f r o m t h e s u r r o u n d in g v ll
i ag e s , c o m e t h e r e , a n d b r in g m an y o f t h e ir r ie n d s f
wit h t h e m T h e y al l k e e p w at c h t h r o u g h t h e n igh t an d d o n o t s e e p , an d in t h e
. l
f l
m o r n in g , t h e r ie n d s o f t h e p i g r im s b id t h e m ar e w e an d r e t u r n h o m e f ll .
C H AP . I .
— R I TE S AN D en s fro n s
’ '
.
th at a ccordi n g to th e or d i n an c e s of t h e S eis t r as i t is p rop e r t o

,
wor s hip V i s nu an d th at S a rw a r S u lt an w h o w as a M u s a l m an
, , ,
is n o t me n tio n e d in th e i r boo k s t h e r e f 0 1 e why s h o u l d th e y wor

,
s hip h im ? I n thi s w ay t h e 0 1 e e d s of t h e p e opl e of thi s co u n try

,
a r e i n n u m e r ab l e n o t o n e in a tho us an d of th e m b e li e v e s in
h is r e li g io n an d al th o u g h th e y ar e o u t w a rdly c all e d Hi n du s
, , ,
s till i n w a rdly th e rof v ri o k i d r li io d do t

,
y p e s s a u s n s e g n a n n o ,
p l ac e th e ir f aith 1 11 an y o n e s i n gl e thi n g .
116 ni s r oav o r T HE S I K H S
. .
CH A P T ER II .
Mu s ic an d S ongs f
o th e P a nya b .
N o w thi s is t h en a c o o u n t of t h e s o n g s of thi s co u n try th at

th o s e s ix r ag s , o r m u s ic a l m od e s , w hic h ar e k n o w n in al l co u n
tri e s a ccor d i n g to th e rit e s of t h e S é s t ras , th e s e th e y al s o u s e in
th e Pan j ab T h e s ix m o d e s , a c cord i ng to t h e ord i n an c e s c f t h e
.
s as tr a s a r e th e s e
,
t h e fi r s t Bh ai ro n , t h e s e co n d M al k au n s , t h e
thir d H i n d ol , t h e fo u rth D i p ak , th e fifth S iri , an d t h e s ixth is -
k n o w n as t h e M e g h m o d e a n d th e r e ar e fi v e f e m a l e m o d e s , an d
e i h t i n f an t m o d e s , (m o d ific atio n s ) , of e a ch of th e s e m od e s , an d
g
th e s e ar e s u n g wi th v a ri o u s v a ri a tio n s , a n d th e y al l h av e diff e r e n t
e m b e l li s h m e n t s T h e y d o n o t s i n g t h e s e s ix m o d e s at al l ti m e s ,
.
b u t s o m e th e y s i n g in t h e m o r n i n g , and s o m e in t h e e v e n i n g ;
a cco r di n gly, th e y s i n g th e B h ai ro n abo u t t h e m or n i n g w atch
a n d th e s e co n d M al ka un s a t m i d n i g ht an d t h e Hi n d ol ,
( 3 A M.
).
wh e n o n e w a tch of t h e d ay h as g o n e ( 1 0 A M ) an d t h e D ip ak e x a c t
. .
l y at m idd ay ; an d t h e fi fth whi ch is t h e S i ri m od e , th at th e y s i n g

at e v e n i n g ; a n d t h e M e g h m o d e , w h e n e v e r i t r a i n s A l l th e s e
.
k i n d s ar e writt e n f u lly a bo u t in t h e boo k c all e d t h e R ag in ala,

a n d if an y o n e w an t s to k n o w m or e abo u t th e m , l e t h im loo k in
th at boo k A l l th e s e s ix m o d e s ar e s u n g in t h e s e v e n n o t e s , an d
.
fi
h e who d o e s n o t u n d e r s t an d t h e s e v e n n ot e s , h e c a n n ot p rop e rl y
t e l l t h e for m s of t h e m a l e an d fe m a l e m o d e s Th e n am e s of t h e
.
s e v e n n ot e s a r e a s fol lo w s t h e fi r s t K h arj , t h e s e co n d R ikh ab h ,

t h e th ir d G an d h ar , t h e fo u rth M a d d h a m th e n am e of t h e fifth
is P an ch am , th e s ixth is c a ll e d D h aiw at , an d t h e s e v e n th
N ik h ad A l l of th e s e n ot e s occ u r in s o m e of t h e m od e s ; an d , in
.
s o m e m od e s , s ix , fi v e , or fo u r o n ly co m e in Tho s e m od e s , w h ich
.
ar e k n o w n in t h e w orld by th e n am e s of R a g an d R a n i ( m a l e an d
g
fe m al e m od e s ) , a r e m ad e u p of n o oth e r n ot e s b u t th e s e s e v e n ;
a n o t e is o n ly t h e n am e of a s o u n d a n d fro m t h e di ff e r e n c e in
th e ir l e n g th an d s h o rt n e s s , a n d s h arp n e s s a n d fl at n e s s , th e y a r e
of s e v e n k i n d s an d w h at e v e r s o n g s a r e s u n g in oth e r co u n tri e s ,
P
b e s id e s th e an j ab , th e y a l s o h a v e n o oth e r n ot e s b u t th e s e s e v e n .
A gai n , w h a t e v e r m al e o r f e m a l e m od e m ay b e s u n g , i f it s ti m e
s h o u l d n o t b e corr e c t , th e n w i s e p e opl e d o n o t r e g a rd i t a s pl e as
in g . A ccordi n g to t h e rit e s of t h e S as tr as , ti m e is of t w e l v e
k i n d s , b u t al l th e s e k i n d s of ti m e s ar e n o t u s e d in th e p r e s e n t
d ay in thi s co u n try tho s e amo n g s t th e m which ar e w e l l k n ow n ,
tho s e s i n g e r s u s e at t he ti me o f s i n g i n g acco r di n g ly , th e t hr e e
C HAP I I . .
— MU S I C A ND S ON G S O F THE P A N J AB .
b ar , a n d fo u r ti m e , an d t h e Y a k k a t h at h t h a an d th e ti m e s c a ll e d
t h e s ul ph ak a t a an d B l asia ar e n o w m o s tly u s e d T i m e is th e
’
. .
n am e g i v e n to t h e b e a t s (o r l e n g th ) of s o u n d , an d w h e n s i n e r s
g
b e g i n to s i n g w ith th e i r m o u th s , th e n o th e r s b e at th e ti m e ,
e ith e r w ith th e i r h a n d s o r s o m e i n s tr u m e n t , a ccor d i n g to th e
m e as u r e of t h e m od e ; an d i f o n e d o e s n o t k n o w t h e ti m e a nd
n ot e s , th e n o n e c a n n ot e nj oy pl e as u r e fro m t h e s i n g i n g o f t h e
mod e s . T h e m u s ici a n s h a v e di v i d e d al l t h e m u s i c a l i n s tr u m e n t s
in t h e w orl d i n to th r e e an d a—h al f k i n d s -
Th e fi r s t k i n d co n s i s t s
-
.
of w ir e i n s tr u m e n t s , a m o n gs t w h i ch a r e i n cl u d e d th r e e s tri ng e d -
u it a r s , i t r bi co d r e w i n d in s t r u
1 09
g g u a s ,
fi dd l e s ,
n s & c ; t h e s e n a ,
.
me n t s , am o n g s t w h ich a r e i n cl u d e d fl u t e s , tr u m p e t s , an d al l
oth e r s u ch t h e third k i n d a r e s k i n i n s tr u m e n t s , am o n gs t w hi c h
co m e t a mbo u ri n e s , k e ttl e d r u m s , d r u m s , s m al l d r u m s , an d
ti m br e l s , & c T h e h a lf k i n d of m u s ic a l i n s tr u m e n t s ar e
.
tho s e pl ay e d o n ly by t h e h an d , or s o m e oth e r m e an s , or by a
cr a c k i ng o f t h e fi n g e r s , by w hi c h t h e m e a s u r e of t h e m od e
is co m pl e t e d ; an d th e s e ar e c a ll e d h alf i n s tr u me n t s for thi s
r e as o n , th at th e y o n ly g i v e a r u m bli n g s o u n d , an d n o n ot e is
di s ti n g u i s h e d in th e m , b u t in al l th e oth e r i n s tr u m e n t s s o m e
of th e s e v e n n ot e s c an b e di s ti n g u i s h e d I n s hort w h e n m u s i .
c ia n s s in , th y i th ir s o n s a ccordi n to s o m e of th e s e s ix
g e s n
g e g g
m od e s .
A l tho u g h R ag a n d R ag n i a r e o n ly n am e s of th e v a ri a
tio n s o f s i n g i n g a n d t h e adj u s t m e n t of th e n ot e s s til l tho s e ,
m e a s u r e s w h ich a r e s u n g in t h e R ag s an d R ag n is a e of s e v e r a l
, ,
r
k i n d s ; as f r e x am pl e ; D h u r p a d K ab it t Ch h an d S a r g am
o , , , ,
K hi al Ta pp a T a r a a & c an d al l th e s e m e as u r e s a e u s e d in
, ,
n ,
.
,
r
t h e R ag s . A l l th e s e m e as u r e s acc o r d i n g a s th e y a r e s u n g in ,
d iff e r e n t R ag s a n d Hag n i s (m an i f e s t ) di ff e r e n t pl e as u r e s an d
,
d i ff e r e n t for m s T h e D h u r p ad a n d oth e r m e a s u r e s w h ic h a r e
.
,
m e n tio n e d a b o v e ar e n o t o n ly u s e d w i t h s o n g s in t h e P an j ab i
l an g u ag e b u t w h e n t h e p e o pl e o f t h e P a n j ab s i n g th e y a l s o
,
, ,
S i n g th e m t o B r ij b h as a a n d H i n di w ord s wh ich corr e s po n d ,
to t h e S an s crit .
D h u r p ad i s t h e n am e of me as u r e s of th e fol lowi ng k i n d
K h ah io h e d h o t u m n ai jo b iJ a b iyo g m an k i n o m ad d li am b i rw a
u , , ,
l ag a r adh a k e m an .
D ri g t al an k up k i n o as n an jal bh a r bh ar p al ak an s i n ch s i nc h
t an t e r e b h ay e b ir h a s ak a l b an .
10 9 An in n t mn ni e n t. fl n m
‘
fl t l i in o
' '
l ik e 2 . J e ws
’
h ar n .
118 H I S TO RY o r T HE S I KHS ,
D h ian w irag h ir d e j a
i r pa n dh i ro m r os p anc h ,
b an r ac h '
hiy e n
K ach k u ch r is b h ar l iy e n .
L a) bh ar e i
na na .
R as k e p r abh ii
’
pri t am p h al ph ii l
’
na
g au r beg d ar as d ij o ,
]1
d h an m an .
T h e m e an i n g , of t h e abo v e is thi s , th at o n c e o n a t i me ,
1 10
t h e c ow h e r d e s s e s s e n t an d tol d K ri s an , by th e m o u th of a d e v ot e e
c al l e d U dho , of t h e affl ictio n (th e y s u ff e r e d ) in th e i r s e p ar a tio n ,
s ayi ng O U dh o do y o u go to h im an d s ay t h u s Th e s e p ar a tio n
‘
wh i ch y o u h av e s ow n (in o u r h e art s ) , it h as b e co m e a tr e e in th e
m i n d of R adh a, an d h e r h e art h as b e co m e l an g u id an d t h e n
‘
th e y s ai d thi s , Ou r e y e s , f ro m cryi n g , h av e fi l l e d t h e t an k s an d
w e l l s with th e w at e r of o u r t e ar s ; a n d t h e e y e lid s of all Ou r
e y e s , h av i n g irri g at e d (th e g ro u n d ) wit h t h e w at e r of c r yi n g, h av e
c au s e d tr e e s to s pr i n g u p fro m th e p ai n of s e p ar atio n Th e n .
th e y s a i d Th e s m o k e (of th e fi r e ) o f s e p a r atio n fro m y o u h as

“
e n tir e ly b u r n t u p o u r h e art s , an d all t h e h a ir s of o u r w ic k e d bod i e s ,

h av i n g b e co m e d i s tr e s s e d , h av e cr e at e d g r e a t u p ro a r , an d K ain
D e o (Cu p id ) h as s tr u c k t h e fi v e a rrow s i n to o u r h e a rt s S ay th a t .
o u r (k ach , th a t is t h e ) h air o f o u r h e a d s , an d o u r (k u ch ) b r e as t s
ar e fi ll e d w it h an ge r , for th e y a r e fil l e d with r is , t e , p as s io n ; . .
a n d as o u r e y e s a r e fil l e d with s h am e , w e c an n ot t e l l o u r s t at e
t o any o n e Th e co m po s e r of thi s D h u rp ad, a p o e t n am e d R as,
.
s a i d th i s o n t h e p a r t of t h e c o w h e r d e s s e s O L ord o f R as, .
q
K ris an ji u ic k l y s e n d an d g i v e u s a s i ght of yo u r s e l f f o r y o u
ar e o u r w e al th a n d d e s ir e ; an d o u ar e o u r flow e r an d fr u i t ,
y
a n d y ou ar e o u r g r e e n s h oot , an d y o u o n ly ar e o u r ( p r it am )
”
be lov e d one .
K ab it t is t h e n am e o f a m e as u r e of t h e f oll owi ng kin d

J ab te p adh ar e pr an pi ar e s u k h d e n ware ak kh ian p an ar e
b ah r a h in h ai b iy ar a .
“0 f l l
T h e o l o w in g is t h e t r an s at io n o f t h e ab o e v
0 U
d h o g o an d t e ll
(K r is n ) t h at s in c e h e s o w e d t h e s e e d o f s e p ar at io n
o u r h e ar t s h av e b e c om e l l
is t e s s , an d ( s e p ar at io n ) h as b e c o m e p an t e d ik e a l l
t r e e o n t h e h e ar t o f adh a R .
T h e w at e r o f t h e t e ar s o f o u r e y e s h a e v fi ll
e d t h e p o n d s an d w e s ; o u r ll
l
e y e id s , f
r o m t h e fl o w o f t e ar s ( c au s e d
) b y s e p ar at ion r om h im , h a e in d e e d al l f v
l
b e c o m e ik e a o r e s t u f f ll
of t r e e s
r
T h e s m o k e o f h is s e p ar at io n h as b u n t o u r h e ar t s , t h e h air s o f o u r w ic k e d
v v
b o d ie s h a e al l b e c o m e an g r y , a n d h a e s t r u c k t h e fi v e ar r o w s in t o ou r h e ar t s .
T h e h air s o f o u r h e ad s , an d o u r b r e as t s , ar e e d w it h r ag e fi ll .
O u r e y e s ar e fi ll
e d w it h s h am e
fl
.
O L or d o f R as ! t h o u a r t o u r b e o e d , o u r l v
r u it , o u r ow e r s , o urfy o un g
s h oo t s q l
d o t h o u u ic k y s h o w t h y s e lf
t o u s , o u r w e a t h an d d e s ir e l .
f l
T h e fi v e arr o w s r e e r r e d t o in t h e t h ir d in e ar e u s t, ange r , c o e t ou s n e s s l v
l o v e , an d p rid e .
C HA P . 11 .
—
MU S I C A ND S ON G S or THE PA N JAB .
K a s o m an p ir dh ar dhi r k o s u n aii n al i b ir ah o n j ar ai h aun n a ’
ho i t an s iy ar a .
J o p ai s u d h p at i to n a a kkh an l agat i bhul ab j o u kl ati l
h au n n a b u j h e prit d iy ar a .
Ab e g h an s ay am m i te b ir ah o n w ith a k i gh iam bi n a h ari ée

s ukh pa w e n an h i j iy ar a 111
.
Th e m e an i n g of th i s is a s follo w s : th at o n c e o n a ti m e , ,
R adh a b e i n g d i s tr e s s d by t h e a b s e n c e of S ri K r is n b e gan t o
,
e
,
s ay O m y co m p a n io n s ! fro m t h e d ay th a t my h e a rt s l o v e an d
,
’
g i v e r of pl e as u r e S r i K r is n h a s d e p art e d m
, y e y e s h a v e ,
b e un
g ,
to flow li k e tor r e n t s ; al as ! a l as ! O m y s o u l ! wh a t s h all I d o

n ow ?
”
Th e n s h e ai d O co m p an i o n n o w h a v i n g co m fort e d
s
m y h e art h o w c an I t e ll it s g ri e f to an y o n e
,
al a s al as ! I fro m ,
s e p ar a tio n am b e i n
, g b u r n t b ut m
y bo d y d o e s n o t b e co m e cool
, .
I f I h a d k n ow n th a t th e r e w a s s o m u c h p ai n in l o v e th e n fr o m , ,
for ge tf u l n e s s e v e n I w o u l d n o t h a v e j oi n e d my e y e s in l o v e
, ,
a n d n o w th at I a m d i s tr e s s e d a n d ag it at e d t h e li h t of lo v e c an
, g ,
not be e x ti n gu i s h e d ih m y h e art ; i f Gh an S iy am i e S r i , . .
,
K r is n s h al l co m e t h e s u n s h i n e of t h e p a i n of s e p a r a tio n w il l
,
n o t b e h idd e n an d if h e s h a ll n o t co m e
,
th e n witho u t h im m y , ,
”
lif e w il l n o t obt ai n pl e as u r e I n th i s s t an z a t h e po e t h as s h ow n
.
,
thi s cl e v e r n e s s via h e h as s a i d th a t w h e n a b l ac k clo u d co m e s

, ,
b e for e t h e s u n s hi n e i t b e co me s s h ad e n o w Gh an S iy am is t h e
,
n am e of a bl a c k clo u d s o w h e n S r i K is nji ,
w h o is c al l e d t h e r
,
bl ac k clo u d s h a l l co m e th e n th e s u n s hi n e of t h e p ai n o f h e r
, ,
s e p ar atio n wo u l d b e r e m o v e d throw n i n to s h ad e ) .
Ch h an d is th e n am e of a s t an z a of thi s k i n d viz , .
J an am j at h ai b r ith a p 1 a b in k an s o k ah il u p u kar
’
D ib as r ai n k al p ar a t n a m o k o n a i n b ahi t jal d h ar
S u k h k o r u k h kat d u k h boyo a b h ii~ l e h u s an b h ar ’
K ai d u k h h aro m i a t m k h d a ro e p ii r an k a rt ar
h 112
’
u r .
l“
S in c e y o u l fte 0 be l vo e d of my l ife !
0 gi e r o f v jo y ! my eye s h a e v
fl
,
b e c o m e w at e r s p o u t s , (m y t e ar s ) h a e
an d a v o w e d i n s t e am s r l as , O m
y h e ar t !
( w h a t s h a ll Id o P
)
Oc o m p an i o n ! to w h om sh a , o r t i y in g ll I f
m y h e a t, t e m y s o owf r ll rr
s e p ar at io n h as s o b u r n t m e u p , t h at m y b o d y w i n o t Co o down ll l
If Ih ad k n o w n t h e p ain s o f o e , w o u d n ot e e n l v or ge t u Iy ha e ed l v f f ll v fix
my e y e s o n th e e b u t n ow am d is t r e s s e d , t h e I ic k e o f my o e wi n ot fl r l v ll
x
e t in g u is h
G
.
li h an S iam ( K r is n ) s h a ll
c o m e , t h e n t h e c o u d o f s e p ar a t io n an d ab s e n c e l
ll
wi b e re mo e d v w it h o u t
’
H
ar i s c o m in g , m y h e ar t c a n n o t o b t ain
j oy .
“2 lf
M y i e h as p as s e d u s e e s s y w it h o u t m y h u s b an d l l t o w h om s h a c ry ll I
o u t an d t e llm y s t at e P
D ay an d n ig h t I
o b t a in n o r e s t , m y e y e s ain s t r e am s
(o f t e ar s ) r
T h e t r e e o f j o y h as b e e n c u t d o w n , t h a t o f p a in h a s b e e n s o w n n o w e e n v
I r p y a t h e e ,
t a k e n o t ic e o f m y c o n d i t io n
v
E it h e r r e m o e m y p ain o r k i m e , 0 T h o u e r e c t ll e at o r P f Cr
1 20 HI S T ORY o r THE s u ms .
The m e an i n g of t h i s is , th a t a c e rt a i n wif e , in t h e ab s e n c e
o f h e r h u s b a n d , is s ay i n g My li fe ( lit birth ) is b e i n g w as t e d . .
w itho u t m y b e lo v e d t o w h o m s h a l l I c a l l o u t, an d t e l l thi s my
g ri e f ? B e hol d ! I do n o t ob t a i n r e s t by d a v or n i g ht t h e w ate r
”
o f m y w e e pi n g e y e s fl o w s forth l i k e a s tr e a m Th e n , pl aci n g .
h e r t ho u ght s o n h e r h u s b a n d , s h e b e g i n s to s ay “
0 B e l o ve d
th o u h as t u proot e d t h e tr e e of m y pl e as u r e , a n d h as t s o w n g ri e f
in m y h e ar t ; f o r th i s r e a s o n I h a v e b e c o m e v e ry h e l pl e s s ; if
tho u w ilt r e m e m b e r m e n o w , i t w i l l b e w e ll , oth e r w i s e th o u
w i l l n o t ag a i n s e e m e a l i v e th e n , t u r n i n g h e r s o u l to God ,
s h e s ay s 0 P
e rf e ct C
r e at o r ! by s o m e m e a n s l e t m e m e e t my
h u s b an d , a n d r e m o v e my g ri e f ; o th e r w i s e g r an t m e d e ath , for
l i fe with s o m u ch g ri e f is n o t ag r e e abl e to m e ”
.
S a r gam is t h e o f a s t an z a of th i s k i n d viz
n am e
,
-
N is gam a p a p a dh am a p am a gag g a m am a d h adh a n i n i ,
dh am a p am a g a
D h an i s as a s a r e n i n i d had h a m ama d h a d h a n i n i dh a m a
p am a ga ,
D h an i dh am ak dh am a k d h an i s as a n i n i s a s an i s iri g
s ar n i n i d h ad h a m m a d h a dh a n in i dh am a pam a a
g a .
Thi s s t an z a h as n o m e an i n g ; s ar gam is m e r e ly th e n am e
f o r a dj u s ti n g t h e n ot e s ; by t ak i n g t h e fi r s t l e tt e r of e ach
t h e s e v e n n ot e s k h arj r ik h ab h gan d h er m ad d h am p n ch am
, , , , ,
a
,
d h aiw at n i k h ad w hi ch
, ,
we re m e tio n e d b e for e th e s e ve n
n ,
l e tt e r s s r g m p d h n i ar e b t ai n e d I n s h ort i f o n e w i s h e s
, ,
o .
,
to t ak e t h e n m e of an y of t h e s e s e v e n n ot e s th e n fro m
a
,
s ayi n g th at o n e l e tt e r t h e w hol e n am e is u n d e r s tood ; th u s

,
fro m s ay l n g 701 k h a rj fro m s ayi n g

1, ,
ik h a b h fro m s ayi n g f
r
,
r ,
an d h e r fro m s ay i n ad d h am fro m s ay i n
9 g
, , g h i m , g p p an ch am , , ,
fro m s ayi n g d h d h aiw a t fro m s ayi n g a i n ik h ad ar e u n d e r

, , , ,
s too d i n t h i s w ay th e r e a r e s e v e n l e tt e r s for t h e s e v e n n ot e s .
I n th e g a m u t o f a n y m o de o n e c an t e ll fro m th e l e t t e r whi ch
,
c m e s fir s t th a t n ot e is th e fi r s t n ot e o f th a t r ag ; s o in thi s
o , ,
l as t v e r s e t h e l e tt e r s in t h e g a m u t co m e in t h e or d e r u i s g
,
th e r e fo r e i t is k n o w n th a t in thi s r ag n ik h a d C O m e s ,
fi r s t th e n k h a r j th e n gan d h a r an d th e n m ad d h am ; a n d in w h a t
, , ,
e ve r r a or r a ni th e s e l e tt e r s o cc u r fir s t it is c al l e d K am ach
’ '
g g , ,
R agn i an d th u s o e c a n t e l l t h e m al l
n I n th e S as tri l an g u age .
,
in pl a c e o f [ h th e y s ay 8 ; for th i s r e a s o n t h e fir s t l e tt e r of k h arj
t , ,
is w ritt e n a s s .
K h i al is th e n am e of a v e r s e of thi s k i n d viz ,
.
U m ad g h am a n d gh a n a nori m ai
B ar k h a r u t ap u i g a r aj g ar aj c h ah un o r b a r as bu nd an J h ar
l agai ,
C HA P . 11 .
— MUS IC AN D S ON G S O F THE P U N JA B .
Pab an p ar w ain bad ari a c h am aka t b h ig b h ig g ai h am ar ;

c h u n r ia,
K ai s e ri m ai n p ia ko s amajh au n
k ar aun .
113
Th e m e a n i n g o f th i s is th at a wi f e a t a ti m e wh e n i t w as , ,
ra i n i n g in t h e a b s e n c e o f h e r h u s b an d w rit e s an d s e n d s th i s
, ,
to h e r m oth e r in l aw ; 0 m o th e r h o w c an I c o m e to yo u r
- -
h o us e f o r t h e c lo u d s h av e co m e rolli g fro m al l fo u r q u art e r s n d

,
n
,
a
th e r ai n y s e as o n accor d i n g to it s w ill is th u n d e ri n g a ro u n d an d
, , ,
th e r a i n is d roppi n g co n ti n u al ly o n a l l fo u r s id e s a n d as a t th i s ,
ti me th e e as t w i n d is b lo w i n g an d t h e c l u d s a e g ath e ri n g m y , ,
o r
,
s h e e t h as b e e n w e tt e d in i t th e n h o w c a n I co m e a t th i s ti m e a n d
, , , ,
0 m oth e r in l a w -
th e n h o w s h a l l I d r aw m y h u s b an d o u t o f h is
-
a n g e r a n d co n cili a t e h im
,
I t m u s t b e u n d e r s too d th at h e h u s ,
r
b an d w as an gry in t h e ho u s e an d h e r m o th e r in l a w w rot e to t h e ,
- -
”
wif e an d s ai d D o y o u co m e an d co n cili a t e yo u r h u s b an d a n d ,
t h e w if e w rot e an d s e n t b a c k thi s s t an z a i n r e ply to h e r m oth e r

in l aw
-
.
T a pp a is t h e of a s t an z a of thi s k i n d viz
n am e ,
R e j ane w al e s ai n d i k as a m ph e r an n ain aw al e ,
An u d e Jan d e t u s i n dil l a i J an d e au s aj an p
g al l a gg
s ah an s ah m at w al e .
1 14
In s hort
t z a c al l e d tapp a do e s n o t occ u r in an y
,
the s an , ,
l an g uage b u t P an j abi a n d M anjh a a n d S i n d h i th e r e a r e al s o

, ,
a f e w v e ry c u rio u s t app as w hi ch p e op l e s i n in the l an u a e o f
g g g ,
th e S u k e t m an di hil l s T h e m e an i n g of t h e ab o v e (s t n z a ) is th i s
. a
,
th t a po e t n a m e d S ah an s ah s ay s to s o m e w o m an O p s s i n g
a
, ,
a
by fri e nd D o th o u fo r Go d s s ak e c o m e b a c k a gai n , an d
’
,
th e n h e s ay s O b e au ti fu l e y e d o n e ! th o u c o m i n g a n d goi n g -
, ,
h as t robb e d my h e art an d h as t t ak e n i t a w ay ; t h e r e for e n o w co me
,
0 d r u n k e n fri e n d a n d e m b r a c e m e ”
.
T a r an a is t h e n a m e of a v e r s e of thi s k i n d viz , .
T ar adim t an adim n ad an i r e t ad an i
U d e d an a d ir a ma t an n ii d ira n a t an n u d i a n é t in a d ir a n a
’
'
r c
,
T a m ag a r l i am c h u u s a b a b aj h aj l a p h e t u r a s a m n
,
H as al am d o s at h aj uj n al h e s ab a igir n a b ii d r .
"3 O m o t h e r ! th e lc ou ds ha v e c om e w it h r e at vi l o e nce ; it is t he r ain

g y
s e as o n ; of its ow n w ill it t h u n d e r s a r oun d , an d th e r a in d r o p s ar e s t r e am in
g
down
T h e w in d is f ro m th e e as t , the l ig h t n in g s h in e s ; my she e ts ha v e be c om e
How s h a c ome ll I an d te ll m y h u s b an d ( m y s t a t e
“4
O d e p ar t e r ! I swe a r by ( lo d , I r
p ay t h e e c o m e b ac k , 0 be au t i f l u -
e ye d
C m in g an d g o in g a w ay , y o u h a e c a ie d o ff m y h e a t
o c o me , v
ie nd , rr r fr
r
an d e m b ac e m e , O
d r u n k e n o n e ! ( t h u s w i t e s S ah a n s ah ) t h e c o m p o s e r r .
S é h an s ah h as n o m e an ing it is m e r e y b o u g h t in t o p o in t o u t t h e c o m p o s e r , l r
l r
as it is u s ua t o in s e t h is n am e , a t t h e e n d o f al l e se s v r .
1 22 H I S T OR Y or T HE S IKHS .
I n th i s s t an z a, c all e d t a r an a, th e r e is n o m e an in g ; l i k e
s a r g am, t a r an a is o n ly t h e n am e of t h e ord e r of t h e n ot e s b ut
th e s i n g i n g of s ar g am an d t ar an a is v e ry d i ffi c u l t an d n o n e b u t
v e ry goo d s i n ge r s c an s i n g th e m I n thi s , th e r e ar e two l i n e s .
t an ad im t an ad im an d a ft e r th e m s o m e e r s i an v e r s e , l i k e th a t P
g i v e n a bo v e , is a dd e d a nd m i xe d u
p a l o n
g w ith i t ; and th e n
t h e t an ad im t an ad im is a ga i n r e p e a t e d On h e a ri n g t h e t ar ana, .
th e m u s ici an s , who b e a t t h e d r u m s an d l ittl e d r u m s , an d g iv e t h e

ti m e for t h i s r ag , b e co m e v e ry co n f u s e d , as g i v i n g t h e prop e r
ti m e for a s ar g am or t a ran a r ag is v e ry diffi c u l t, an d n o n e b u t a
fi r s t r at e m u s ici an c an g i v e t h e p rop e r t i m e ; m an y p e opl e
s i n g t h e s a r g a m a n d t a r an a in s u c h a w o n d e rfu l w a ( l ) th a t t h e
y
m u s ici an s h an d s c e as e pl ay i n g t h e in s tr u m e n t s , an d t h e m e l od y
’
is i n t e rr u p t e d .
V is an p ad a is t h e n am e of a v e r s e of th i s k i n d , v iz .
Go v i n d n am s u d h ar as p i ] e ,
A l as t ay ag J ag k ar m an as jan am s up h al k ar l ij e .
( Ch or u s) G o v i n d & c ,
.
Ch h in e b b i n h o k a r an dh s ir an i j a th a am gh at p an i ,
B al ub h it s am an d e h s u k h t a mau n m an n ah i n d ij e .
( Ch o r u s ) Go v i n d 8 m , .
B ikh ay an m au n b ah u jan a m b ib an e n ah i n r am s u dh l ini '
An ac h an a k jam n ai p ak aro d e k h at h i s u k h c h hije .
Ch r us ) Go v i n d & c
( o , .
M at p it as u t b an at a b an d h aw n e h ii n b an dh e d a k h p aw e
’ ’
. .
S ardh a s an t n a p aw e k oi bi n ar am r as b h ije 11 5
.
T h e m e an i n g of th i s is th at a p oe t n am e d S ardh a R am , ,
a ccor di n g to th e c u s to m of th i s co u n try g i v e s ad v ic e to al l ,
“5
Th m f G d i l ik
e na e o t r d i k it ;o s e ne c a ,
r n
L v ff l t h w k
ea e o s o d m k p , fi t b l t h l if f (th y ) m h d
a a e , an a e ro a e e e o an oo
Ch or u s Th
. m f G d &
e na e o o , c .
T h y l if w i ll g r d
e ll y p w y aw t ual k t h gh b r t p t as s a a as a e1 ea s r ou un u n o s,
Th y b d y j y pl
o en ( w h i h i ) l ik
o s w ll f
e as u r ed ( d il y t t t c s e a a o s an an e as o
’
e rs
a w y) ; th
a f d ere t fi x th y mi d
or e o noit ! n on
Ch or u s Th
. m f G d &
e na e o o , c.
W h (t h y ) l if h b
en p d i
e f llyas d th h t h d e en th gh t as s e n o , an ou as a no ou
of Go d ,
l ll
T h e an g e o f d e at h w i c o m e s u d d e n y an d s e iz e t h e e , a n d in an in s t an t t h y l
ll
j o y w i d e p ar t .
C h or u s .T h e n am e o f G o d , 85 0 .
If f r f
m o t h e r , at h e , s o n , w i e , r e at io n s o r an y w o r d y o e h a e w o n t h y l l l l v v
l
h e ar t , t h o u w i t s u ff e r g r ie f .
S ar d h a (t h e c o m p os e r s ay s )
”
n o o n e w il o b t ain t u e i e , u n t i h e b e c om es l r lf l
ab s or b e d 1 n t h e n am e o f G o d
-
.
C HAP . 11 — . M US I C AN D S ON G S O F TH E P A N J AB .
p e opl e s ayi n g 0 p e opl e ! dri n k t h e w at e r o f i mm ort al ity of th e

,
n ame of G o d ; e s ch e w n e g l i g e n c e an d w a k i n g fro m th e s l e e p of ,
th o u g h tl e s s n e s s m ak e y o u r l if e fr u itf u l B e h ol d th e l ife of m an
, .
p as s e s aw ay an d d rop by d rop l e ak s l i k e w at e r th ro u g h an u n b ak e d
, ,
v e s s e l an d c an b e s e e n p as s i n g aw ay ; s o al s o is yo u r life p as s in g
,
aw ay d ay by d a R e g a r d t h e pl e a s u r e of th e body as a w al l
y .
of s an d w hich p e ri s h e s q u ic k l y an d g i v e n o t yo u r s o u l to th e m
, ,
A g ai n h e s ay s 0 p e opl e m u ch of yo u r l if e h as p as s e d in s lo th ,
an d y o u h a v e n o t t a k e n tho u ht of yo u r Go d ; b u t r e fl e c t w h e n d e a t h
g ,
s h a l l s u dd e n ly co m e a n d s e i z e y o u th e n al l yo u r pl e as u r e s w il l ,
b e go n e ; t h e s o u l w h i ch is bo u n d u p in t h e l o v e for fath e r
, ,
m oth e r wife s o n o r oth e r r e l a tio n s s u fl e r s p ai n T h e po e t n am e d

”
.
, , ,
S a r d h aR am s ay s s o l o n g as a p e r s o n do e s n o t e n joy th e pl e as u r e
of God h e n e v e r obt ai n s co n t e n t m e n t
, .
V is an p a d as a r e of v a rio u s k i n d s s o m e a r e a bo u t t h e
g r e at n e s s of G o d a n d m an s s e r v it u d e an d s o m e abo u t t h e s port s
’
, ,
of K r is an j i a n d R amji an d oth e r s a r e a b o u t s e p ar ati o n A l th o u gh .
e v e ry V is a n p a d a s ho u ld b e e ith e r o f e i ht or of fo u r li ne s
g , , ,
s till i f a n a r e of l s s o r m or e l i n e s th an thi s th e y d o n o t co n s id e r
e
y ,
i t an y f au l t ; an d th e op e n i g b ar w hi ch is at t h e op e n i n g of n
,
e v e ry V is a n p a d a is a t t h e ti m e of s i n i n bro u ht in a n d s u n
, g g
, g g ,
(as chor u s ) a ft e r e a ch c o u p l e t ; s o m e p e opl e al s o l oo k o n t h e

V is anp a d as a s s o n g s (s aw a d ) a ccordi n g ly in t h e Gr an th of , ,
N an a k al l t ho s e V is an p a d as th a t a r e i n s e rt e d th e r e i n ar e c a l l e d
, , ,
s on s I n t h e E as t th o p o pl e w h i t h V is an ad a ar e
g , s e e o,s n g e p s , ,
k n o w n a s Bh aj an s .
A ll t h e s o n g s th at a e c u rr e n t in t h e P an j ab an d Hi n d u s t an
r
ar e e n e r ally abo u t lo v e m ak i n s om e o n th e p art of w i v e s

g g ; , ,
s i n g ab o u t t h e p ai n o f a b s e n c e fro m th e i r h u s b an d s a n d s o m e on , ,
t h e p art of h u s b an d s e xtol th e ir w i v e s ,
.
I n s h ort t h e Ta pp a K h i al D h u p ad an d th e oth e r t u n e s
, ,
r ,
w h ich ar e u s e d a r e al l f u ll o f l o v e
, b u t w h e n a V is a n p a d ais s u n g ,
to wh at e v e r k i n d of w or d s i t b e s u n g s til l t h e wor s hi p of ,
G od is n e c e s s a ril y r e l at e d in i t ; an d fro m h e ari n g i t t h e l o v e , ,

of p e opl e is in a m or e o r l e s s d e g r e e d r aw n to Go d
, ,
.
A l l th e r e s p e ct abl e fol k of th i s l an d u s e al l t h e a bo v e k i n d s
of r ag s an d r ag n is b u t t h e co m m o n p e o pl e w h o d o n o t u n d e r s tan d
, ,
t h e s ci e n c e of m u s i c th e i r s o n g a n d m e tr e s a r e ve ry co ar s e an d
,
q u it e d i s ti n ct A l tho u gh al l t h e s o n g s wh i c h a r e s u n g by th e c o m
.
,
m o n p e opl e o f th i s co u n try o n a c co u n t o f th e i r b e i n g f u ll of g r e a t
,
im m od e s ty c an n ot b e w ri t t e n h e r e I w ill h o w e v e r j u s t m e n tio n a
, , , ,
f e w k i n d s w h i ch ar e n o t o u t w ar d ly s o ha d A l l t h s o n g s c u rr e n t
,
. e ,
in th i s l an d ar e f u l l of lo v e m a k i n g m att e r s
,
M o s t of t h e p e opl e
-
.
of thi s co u n try s i n g in t h e P a n j a bi to n g u e tho s e s o n gs w hi ch

, , ,
w e r e ori g i n ally writt e n in t h e P e r s i an l e tt e r s fro m alif down t o

1 24 HI S T ORY or TH E S I KHS .
y e . In th e s e v e r s e s wh ich , ar e c al l e d c h h an d , th e r e ar e fo u r li n e s
th us
A l af 115
Au p 1a r e d e k h i h al m e r a m ai n t ain kii n j w ang ii k u r
’
l au nd i h an
Me re n aiu t ar s a n -
t e re d e kh ne n un d i ne rat mai n k ag
u dau n d i h an
T e re h d i w al m ai n k h ar i
ra d e k h an at th e
p ir
ah mai n
ru s i an p au n d i h an ,
Kadi au J i g al l agg m e r e t e r e n am un d a d h l a u nd i
l p a
n sa
h an .
Th e m e an i n g of th i s is e v id e n t , th a t a wife ,
in t h e abs e n c e of
her h u s b an d , is u tt e ri n g fo rth h e r g ri e f .
A ltho u g h th e i r v e r s e s ar e of m an y k i n d s s ti l l a v e r s e c al l e d ,
d ii d hi is n o w ch i e fl y s u n g in th e Pan jéi b e g ,
. .
A l af A s a mi n a m i] Jan i n k i n u m ai n m an o bh u l ai s u d h
28 ‘
h is ar a l
O s g h ar i mi n m ai n p a c h h t aw an J ad m ai n p ri t l a gai hoi s u d ai
M e ri J a n d u k h an n a i g h e ri j ad t e b an i j u d ai a t d uk h d ai
M ai n b alih ar au gh ar m e r e h u n 11 a k ari n p ar ai j e l ar
T h e m e an i n g
of t h i s is e v i d e n t th at a w if e s e n d s a m e s s ag e ,
to h e r e n gag e d s ay i n g D o y o u co m e an d j oi n m e q u i c k ly
, ,
I n th i s co u n try th e r e is a s o n g c al l e d d h o l a th u s ,
M e ri k at tau i d e w ic h c h c h au nk h ai
M ai n un p i a d e m il an d as a u n k h ai
J i n d p ai t a r as d i dh o l é 11 8
.
“S C m b l v d
o e d my t t e o h w Ie m b m i g l ik t h
an see rw ; s a e , o a e o an n e e c o s
m fly i g
, ,
My y e l gi g t
e s ar e y ; d y on d igh t I n o w ; se e ou a an n , a n cro s
I m xi ly w t h i g t h
a an ou s d f y r a cd m nll d y l ge r oa or ou r e t ur n , an a , a a on ,
d ra w in g in e s ; l
C ome at e as t , l
r ie n d , an d e m b r ac e fme ; am a wa s
y r e p e at in
g y o ur I l
n am e .
l
I n t h e s e c on d in e , t h e r e is a n a u s io n t o t ak in g an o m e n llom c ows an fr r . If
l
as t r o o g e r s e e s s o m e c r o w s , an d an y o n e w is h e s t o k n o w if a c e t ain p e s o n w i r r ll
re t ur n , h e q
u e s t io n s t h e c r o w s if t h e y fl y aw ay , h e w i e t ur n ; o t h e w is e , h e w i ll r r ll
not .
r l
I n t h e t h i d in e , an o t h e r w ay o f t ak in g a n o m e n is a u d e d t o w h ic h is t h u s ll ,
d on e a h ori o n t a z ll l
o n g in e i s d r a w n , an d u n d e r it , a n u m b e r of sm a e r t ic a ll v l
l q
in e s ar e u ic k y d aw n l r
t h e y a r e t h e n c o u n t e d u p : if t h e t o t a n u m b e r o f t h e s e l
v e r t ic al l in e s is a n o d d n u m b e r , t h e p e r s o n w i r e t u r n , if e e n , h e w i not ll v ll .
1 17
l f f
( A a ) 0 r ie n d ! c o m e a n d j o in m e ; w h y h a e y Ou o r g o t t e n m e , an d w h y
. v f
d o y o u t ak e n o t h o u gh t o f m e
I r e p e n t t h at h o u r
w h e n I g a v e y o u m y o e , an d b e c am e m ad l v
S or r o w h as e n s h o u d e d m y i e s in c e r lf
h a e b e e n s e p ar at e d r o m y o u , I v f I ha ve
b e e n g r e a t y d is t r e s s e d l
I fi
s ac r i c e m y s e lf
t o y o u , c o m e t o m y h o m e ; r e g a d m e n o t as a s t r r an g e r ,
s in c e y o u h a e t ak e n m e as a r ie n d v f .
”8
t h e a d o r n am e n t i s in m y s p in n in g b as k e t ;
I v r
h a e a d e s i e t o m e e t m y h u s b an d ;
D h o l a ( s ay s ) “
M y s ou o n gs f or t h e e
”
ll .
C HAP . 11 .
— MU S I C A N D s ou e s o r T H E PA N J AB .
S ome d h ol as a r e o f s u ch a d e s cripti o n th a t th e ir m e an i n g c an
n o t a t al l b e u n d e r s tood , b u t th e y s o u n d pl e a s i n g , o w i n g to th e i r
b e i n g s u n g with a lo n g acco m p an i m e n t to t h e s i n g i n g
A g ai n in thi s co u n try a s o n g c al l e d S a dd is w e l l k no w n
, , ,
th e s o n s of p m in dar s c h i e fl y s i n g i t Th e s e s o n gs ar e pri n ci p ally .
s u n g r e ar d i n g t h e s t a t e of S a s s i a n d Pu n m i n an d M ir a a n d
’
g j ,
S fihab an wh o in th at n e i g hbo u rh o o d w e r e r e n ow n e d as g r e at
, , ,
lo v e r s an d ga v e th e i r li v e s in th a t c au s e
,
.
Th e y c al l t h e fol lo w i n g k i n d of s o n gs S ad ds e g ,
. .
S u n p u n n u n d e d u k kh n un s a s s i n i m ai n ap e m au t k abul i ;
P i s a r ab m ai n k e c h am p ah u n c ha m e r i s u d h b u d h s ab h o
b h fifi ;
d id ar h u n j h ah d e m ai n un i s ak a n b e ri j h i l i
D eh
’
M ai n anj an n a b ol an j an a mm mi n s ak jh ar aia s uli 1 1 9 i .
Th e m e an i n g of thi s is a s fol lo w s ; th a t a B a loch n a me d ,
Pu n n im o f a ci ty c al l e d K e c h am w h o w as a fri e n d of S a s s i c a me
’
, , ,
an d s topp e d w it h t h e pri n c e s s c all e d S as s i H is ( t h e B a loch s ) ’

.
b roth e r s h av i n g m a d e h im s e n s e l e s s by i n toxic a ti n g h im w ith

,
d ri n k w e r e t ak i n g h im to t h e city K e c h am w h e n h e r e co v e r e d
,
h is s e n s e s th e n w e e pi n g h e t u r n e d h is th o u g ht s to S a s s i an d
, , , ,
b e gan to s i n g th e s o n g m e n tio n e d abo v e A t l as t h av i n g co m e .

,
to a pl ac e wh er e th e to m b of S ass i h ad b e e n e r e ct e d h e di e d , .
T h e s ad ds a b o u t N irj a an d S ah ab an ar e of th i s d e s c r ip
tion e g
,
. .
B as b e b h ai o k a m al io m e r e M i j e mi n 11 51 m aro r
,
M irj a m e r a h a tth t u n d e d a is d a m ar n a m an n ad h ar o ;
J e M irj e n un m ar an l agg o n t an p h il an m ai min k oh o ; a
M ai n s ai n w al t e b a r p ai a m e r a d i li s u h ag 11 a k h o h o 1 20
.
T h e m e a n i n g o f thi s is as f o l lo w s : t h a t a c e rt ai n m an
c a l l e d M irj a l e a v i n g h is h o u s e r an a w ay w ith h is fe m al e c o m
, ,
'
p an io n n am e d s ah b an ; a s h e w e n t a lo n g t h e ro ad h e s l e pt
,
a
,
u nd e r a j an d tr e e a n d S ah ab é n w a s s e at e d n e a r h im ; t h e
,
broth e r s of S zih ab an co m i n g u p a ft e r th e m w i s h e d to k ill M ir ja;

, ,
‘
9
Pu n m i n ac c e p t e d d e at h ,
’
on r
h e a in g of t h e g ie r f of S as s i (w h o h ad d ie d ) ,
s ay 1 n g
H av in g d r u nk w in e , Pu n n ii n w e n t t o K e c h am , an d f o r get m e a t o g e t h e l r
S h o w t h y se lf l v
t o m e q u ic k l y , f o r t h e s t o r m o f o e h as a e n o n m e ; f ll
I am ig n o r an t an d c an s a v n o t h in g ; o e h as p ie r c e d l v me t h r o u g h , an d
ki ed me ll .
”0 0 m a d b r o t h e
s ! d o no t k i r
m y M ir J a ; m y N ir ja is ll as a h an d t o m e ,
l
w h o a m h an d e s s ; d o n o t t h in k o f k i in g h im ll
If y o u w is h t o k i m y N ir j a, r s t k i m e ll fi ll
I v
h a e o b t a in e d h im as a h u s b an d om G od ; d o n ot k i fr ll t he h u sb an d of
my h e a t r .
1 26 H I S T ORY or T H E s u ms .
at th at ti me S zih ab an b e g an to a d d r e s s th e s e word s ( wh ich p e opl e

,
s i n g as w ritt e n in t h e a bo v e s add ) to h e r b roth e r .
I n thi s co u n try m an y p e opl e s i n g s o n g s abo u t H ir an d

,
R anj h a th us ,
N i m ae ikk man k u r r ah in d a t un ak h e n t an r akkh l a iy e ; -
N a kan m c h o r n a s agat j u b an o jo k a biy e s o k ab iy e

M anjh i n c h ar s jai kin ar e u h d i m inn at m ul n a kar iy e
L ak h t ak a k u rb an m ah i p ur s ir s adda k k ar d h ar iy e 1 21
.
Th e m e an i n g of th i s is as follo w s th at a J a tt n am e d R anj h a , ,
w a s t h e fri e n d of a J a tt i n am e d H i r an d tho s e t w o wi s h e d to
, ,
a l w ay s l i v e to ge th e r in o n e p l a c e On e d ay Hi r s ai d to h e r .
,
m oth e r 0 m oth e r ! a c e r t ai n m an wi s h e s to l i v e in m y ho u s e
,
as m y s e r v an t i f y o u w il l s ay (y e s ) th e n I wil l t ak e h im o n ,
th e n sh e b e gan to pr ai s e h im s ay i ng Th at s e r v an t is n o t l azy
, , ,
n o r do e s h e e v e r g i v e a s h a rp r e p ly t o an y o n e r ath e r h e is s o ,
e n tl e t h a t wh a t e v e r y o u m i g h t w i s h to s ay y o u m i g h t s ay an d
g ,
”
, ,
h e wo u l d n o t t ak e i t am i s s A g ai n s h e s ai d H e wil l g o e v e r
.
,
s o far an d f e e d o u r
,
b u ff a lo e s an d i t w il l n o t b e n e c e s s ary to
,
e n tr e a t h im l i k e oth e r s e r v an t s ; h e is a v e ry g oo d s e r v an t so ,
th at i f y o u s ho u l d s acrific e a g r e at d e al to k e e p h im i t wo u l d b e ,
w e l l for th e r e will b e n o d e fici e n cy in h im an d h e is o n e w ho

, , ,
”
p e rfo r m s s e r v ic e with al l h is body an d s o u l .
M o s t of t h e p e op l e of thi s co u n try wh e t h e r H i n du s or ,
M u s al m an s s i n g v a rio u s k i n d s of s o ng s al s o in pr ai s e o f a k i n g
, ,
w h o is c al l e d L akh dat a ,
H at th k a tor a t e l (131 ; m e r a pir p ir an w ic h c h k h e ld a; mai n

1 2‘
2
w ar ip ir a h ai .
Th e m e an in g of thi s is as fol low s th at th e p e o pl e , who s i n g

th e m, c o m p o s e s o n gs by j oi n i n g to g e th e r m e tr e s , co n t a i n i n g
wo r d s li k e H at th k a tor at e l , & c , wit h s o m e ag r e e ab l e m e tr e s
.
with n o m e an i n g to th e m , b u t w h ich fr o m t h e l o n g p rolo n g atio n

o f t h e v oic e , a r e pl e as i n g to l i s t e n to ; b u t th e r e is n o act ual
m e an i n g in it .
12‘
0 m o th e r v
a s e r an t w is h e s t o t ak e s e r ic e v
if y o u wi g i e t h e w or d , ll v
I l
w i l t ak e h im o n
l v
H e is n o t az y , n or gi e n t o u s in g h ar d w o r d s y o u c an s ay w h at y ou ik e l
f
t o h im (w it h o u t e ar o f r e t o r t )
ll lf z
H e w i g o o f h im s e an d g r a e t h e b u a o e s ; t h e r e w i ff l
be no ne e d to ll
l
b e g o f h im , or t o c aj o e h im (t o d o s o )
l l
A th o ugh y ou m ay v o w a ak h o f t ak as o n t h at h e d s man , y o u m ay d o s o r
(f or h e is s o g o o d , t h at it w i n o t m at t e r ) ll .
1 22 l r
T h e r e is n o m e an in g in t h e s e in e s ; t h e w o d s a r e s imply p u t t o ge t h e r
f or t h e r h y t h m .
C HA P . 11 — . MU S I C AND S ON GS O F THE PA N J AB .
I n th e s am e w ay , t h e y g o t o tho s e pl ac e s w h e r e th e r e ar e ,
g r av e s of s ai n t s a n d holy m e n , a n d co m p o s e pl e as i n g e l e g i e s a s ,
f o l low s
P i r t e r e r auj e p u r aj ab b ah ar h a1
J o k o i t e r e m e l e aw e u h d a b e r a p a r h ai
P i r t e r e r auj e p u r g h uggian d a j o r a;
J o k oi t e r e m e l e aw e t is n u n k abd a to r s ,
”
Pi r t e r e r au j e p u r 3
.
I n thi s co u n try p e opl e g o to p ay th e i r r e s p e ct s to J ual a

,
M u k h i an d oth e r g odd e s s e s a n d t h e s o n gs wh ich th e y s i n g in , ,
pr ai s e of t h e g o dd e s s th e s e th e y c al l o ffe ri n gs (bh e t) to t h e
,
g od d e ss e g
, . . .
M a i n aw an c h aranan p as h a tth j o r k e k ar an b e n ti s un me r i
a rd as ;
W ic h c h p ah ar an as an t e r a s an t bol an jai jai k ar e ;

S a b b d i k ar e n b h au n i pur i bh ar e r ahi n b h an d ar e
M ai n aw an ch ar an du p as gar i c h h u ar e d h aja l al e r a pah il i
bh e t c h ar awan
A d k u ari d u r g e h ai n t fi n tai mi n s is n im aw an ,
M a i n aw an c h a r a n an p as n an g i n p airi n t e r e ak b ar al a t is da
m an g h ataia
H at th jo r k e ch a r an ia l agg a s o n e c h h at ar c h ar aia,
M a i n aw an ch a r an du
1 94
Ch us )
( or .
p as ,
T h e m e an i n g of thi s is pl ai n ; in al l tho s e w h i ch are s u ng
as s o n g s to t h e g od d e s s , th e i r op e n i n g b ar is r e p e at e d at th e e nd
g l
”3 A th o u h t h e s e w or ds r ll y h v
ea a e no m e an in g , the y m ay b e t r l
an s at e d
as f ll ow s
o
0 s ain t t h y g r a e i s a w o n d e u e e g an c e ;
ar o u n d v rf l l
W v r ll
h o e e s h a c o m e t o t h y g r a e , h is b o at w i r e ac h t h e v ll o pp o s it e s h o e r
A t t h y s h r in e t h e r e ar e a p air o f d o e s v
W v
h o e e r c o m e s t o t h y g a e , w i s uff e r n o o s s rv ll l .
”4 I v
h a e c o m e ( a p e t it io n e r ) at t h y e e t , w it h o in e d f j h an d s ; l is te n to
my qu e s t ;
re
Thy te mp l
e 1 s in t h e h i s ll
t h e p i g r im s , w h o c o m e t o it l c ry
“
V ic to ry
V
ic t o r y , ( t o t h e g o d d e s s )
F u l fil t h o u t h e d e s ir e s o f (u s ) a l l , an d m ay t h y t r e as u r ie s a l way s r e m ain
f ll ;
u
I h av e c om e (a p e t it io n e r ) wi s t o ff e r t h e e s o m e
at thy fe
gar i, et ; I ll fi r
(w h it e o f c o c o an u t )
,
d at e s , ag s , a n d a w h o e c o c o a n u t fl l
0 D urga t h ou a r t t h e r s t o r ig in fi
wi b e n d m y h e ad t o t h e e I ll
I v r f
h a e c o m e ( a p e t it io n e ) a t t h y e e t , w it h b a e e e t , A k b a c am e t o t h e e , r f r
w h e n t h o u h ad s t o w e r e d h is p r id e ; l
W it h jo in e d h a n d s , h e t h e n p aid h is r e s p e c t s , an d g a e t h e e a go d e n v l
u mb r e a , ll
I h av e c o m e ( a p e t it io n e r ) at th y f ee t .
T h e all u s io n t o A k b ar is as f ll
h e is s aid t o h a e d is b e ie e d t h at t h e
ows v l v
M
o
fir e c am e f ort h b
y i t s e , o u t o f J u al a lf
u k h i, a n d n o t u n d e r s t an d in g i t s o c an ic v l
n at ur e , h e fi
r s t h ad a a g e ir o n p at e l r l
p u t o e it s m o u t h t o p r e e n t t h e am e s vr v fl
x
i s s uin g , an d t h e n t r ie d t o e t in g u is h t h e m w it h w a t e ; t h e as t in e m e an s r l l
f l
t h at h e a t e r w ar d s ac k n o w e d g e d h is m is t ak e an d r e ga d e d it a s a m ir ac e , r l
r l
an d p e s e n t e d a go d e n u m b e a t o t h e go d d e s s r ll .
1 28 H I S T ORY or T HE S IKHS .
of e v e ry co u pl e t as in a V is an p ad a e g M a i n aw é n c h ar ap an
"
. .
, , ,
p as
1
whi ch is r e p e a t e d o v e r an d o v e r a g i n Th o s e s o n g s w hic h
,
a .
,
H i n du s s i n g w ith m u ch m u s ic al acco m p an i m e n t b e for e th e i r g od s ,
w h e n d oi n g wor s h ip t o th e m ar e k n ow n by t h e n ame o f art i ,
(hy m n s ) ; an d th e s e p e o p l e s i n g di ff e r e n t hy m n s fo r e v e ry go d .
F o r e x am pl e t h e hy m n of G an gaji is as fol low s

,
A ai G an ga m a 1
J o jan t e r a d ar s an p aw e p ap n a r ah is i r al
J a i G an g s m a1
T an m an dh an t e s im a r an t ai n im t un j a g w ic h c h s u kh d é i
’
Jo jan t e r a d h ian k ar at h ai m i te p ap k i chh ai

J ai G an g a m ai
B r ih am a v i s an m an av e t a i n un s an k ar s is t i k a i
S a r a b j ag a t d e p ap h ar an n un tun dh ar ti p u r at
J ai G an g amai
H o r p ap s ab h d u kk h n iw ar o m a n d i h a ro b u r ai
D in d in t e r e ch a r an k am al w ic h c h b h agati w adh i s u ai
J i G an gam ai
a
1 95
.
T h e m e an i n g of th i s is pl ai n ; b u t w o m e n g e n e r a lly s ngi th e
bes t h y mn s .
N ow tho s e s o n gs which th e J atts s in g to th e i r fl u t e s ar e as
foll ow s
T e ri b h ari j u an i b e r an jh e tiaj in n gan n e di po n r i
Hoi t e ri m e ri b e r a j h e t ia h ir e l al an d i jo r i n
M ai n p ai u d ik an b e r an jh e t iap ai pri t d i d o r i
T e r e b al b aljaw e b e r an j h e t ia p alpal r ad h an gori .
‘95 Vi t o t h e e , 0 m ot h e r
c t or y an g e s G
W v
h at e e r m an o b t ain s a s ig h t o f t h e e , h is s in s w i b e e n t ir e y e fi ac e d (an d ll l
l v
w i l n o t ap p e a r e e n ) a s a m u s t ar d s e e d
V
ic t o r y t o t h e e , 0 mo t h e r an g e s G
W v h o e e r r e m e m b e r s t h e e w it h al l h is b o d y , s o u , an d w e a t h , t h o u w i t l l l
giv h im h p p i
e a n e ss in t h e w o r d ; l
Wh t v m a e er an m e d it at e s o n t h e e , t h e s h ad o w o f h is s in s wi b e r e mo e d ll v
V ic t o r y t o t h e e , 0 m o t h e r G
B
an g e s
ra h m a an d V v
is h an r e v e r e n c e t h e e S h i a ( S an k ar ) h as b o w e d h is h e ad
to th e e ,
v
F or t h e s ak e o f r e m o in g al l t h e s in s o f t h e w o r d , t h o u d id s t c o m e on l
t h e e ar t h ;
V
i c t o r y t o t h e e , 0 m o t h e G an g e s I r
D o aw ay w it h a ll m y s in s an d al l m y s o r o w s , an d d e s t r o y t h e b ad n e s s o f r
m y h e ar t
Ev l
e r y d ay , ( y in g ) at t h y o t u s e e t , m ay m y l f
ait h e e r b e in c r e as e d f v .
V
ic t o r y t o t h e e , 0 m o t h e r an g e s G
125
O R an jh e t ia t h y y o u t h is u of t h e f ll
u ic e ( o f p e as u r e ) ik e t h e j
o in t s l l j
of th e s u g ar - c an e .
O
R an j h e tia m ay t h e u n io n b e t w e e n t h e e an d m e b e ik e t h at l of th e ruby
an d d iam o n d ;
O R an j t e tia I am l o n g in
g f or t h e e thy l ve
o h as b o un d m e as wi t h a r op e ;
O R an j h e tia th e b e au t i u f lR
adh an o ff e r s h erse lf e v e r y m o m e n t as a s aor l ‘
fic e t o th e e .
C HA P I I . .
— MU S I C AN D SON GS OF T H E P A N J AB .
I n s hort , s o m e s ay th at thi s s o n g is a dd r e s s e d by Hir to

R an j h e ta, i e , R an j h a, wh il s t oth e r s s ay , th at it is addr e s se d
. . by
R ad h a to S r i K r is anji .
A n oth e r of th e r ag s o f t h e J a tts is as follow s

K ac h c h e t al au d i an p ak kian p aur ian g ad aw a bh arl i a p an i f
d zi
J an d e p ak h ik u ch h j ob an l u tt h a n ién i d a
r n ai n ad e kh i a 1 27
A n oth e r r ag of th e J a tés w hich boy s s i n g is as fol l ows , ,
Ch h add in c h h a d d in b e m ah ir a man l ar m e r a '
M ai n ta k adi n ad ith r a d ar t e r a
N a m ai n j an d i 11 a m am p u c h h an di t ai n k it t h o n an k e p ai d .
Jh e ra
Ch h ad d in c h h ad d in b e m ah ir am an l a r m e r a ” 8
.
A n oth e r r ag o f th e J atts is t hi s
W ag d i w a g di r aw i w ic h c h gh u g g i an d aj or é
1 29
I kk g h u g g i ud ai ai ia bic h h or a
'
g p g .
A n oth e r r ag whi ch a t és s i n
g at f a i r s is thi s
,
th e J ,
M ai n r am aj an t e r ian s am aj h an d a r d i n a k un d a k h o l d i
Gh ar i gh a i aw e n tun p h e r i an p aw e h t a i nun d ar
r na h in
r a1
J e m ai n ak h an ap n e k au n t mi n s ab h b h u ll j aw s c h at ar ai
M ai n r am aj an t e ri an s am ajh an d ardi n ak u n d a k h ol di 1 3 .
0
T h e m e an i g of th i s is th a t s o m e b a d m an h a v i n g g o n e to
n , ,
a wo man b e gan to ,
s ay O p e n t h e d oor ; th at good wo m a n
” “
,
u n d e r s t an d i n h i s i n s th a t h e w i s h e d to h a v e u n i o n w i th h e r
'
s
g g ,
s ai d : I u n d e r s t an d yo u r s i gn s an d th e r e for e w il l n o t op e n t h e ,
” 7 H fi ll d h i w t i w it h ) k h h a t l a w it h p kk a
e p t t (h d
e s a er o a a un on a ac c a u a
1 p
8 36 S ;
O t i g t h f k i ( m mb
n en e r n m i il ) m t w ith
, e a p p it i
r d r bb d
e ru v r e e no o os o n , an o e
th ye oung th i g f i y th
n o ts ou .
By k h h at l i w it h p kk
a ac c t p i ma z u t y g v irg i w ll p i a a s e s s e an a ou n n e u n
th e art f l v t h l t t
s o o e m h d fl w r d h
e as se n e nce e an s , e e o e e e r.
0 f i d
19 8
l t g
r en l t g m y l th ; e o, e o c o es
Ih v vr
a e ne th y h e se e n ou se
I do k n o w o r r e c o g n i e t h e e w h y a r e y o u t e as in g m e r‘
n ot z ‘
f
0 r ie n d ! l e t g o , l e t g o m y c o t h e s l
R
.
”9 On t h e o w in g fl
a i t h e e w as a p a i o f d o e s v r r v
v
On e d o e fl e w a w ay , a n d t h e y w e r e s e p a a t e d r .
”0 I
u n d e r s t an d y o u r s ig n s , an d t h e r e o r e w i n o t und o th e b o t f ll l
ll
W h y ar e y o u c o n t in u a y c o m in g a n d g o in g h a e y o u n o t as m u c h e a as v f r
a gr ain o f m u s t a d ; r
If I s h ou d t e l ll
m y h u s b an d , y o u w o u d s o o n or g e t al l y o u c e e r d o dge s ; l f r lv
Iu n d e s t an d r y o u s ig n s , a n d t h e r
r e or e w i n o t u ndo t h e b o t f ll l .
1 30 H I S T O RY OF T H E S IKHS .
doo r w h y a r e y o u i n c e s s n tly co m i n g an d w an d e ri n g abo u t h e r e ;

a
w h a t h a v e y o u n o f e ar o f a n y n e ? L oo k to yo u r s e l f i f I w e r e
, o
,
to t e l l m y h u s b an d o f yo u r go i n g s o n th e n h e wo u l d b e a t ,
s e v e r e ly a n d o u w o u l d f o r e t al l yo u r cl e v e r w ay s
, y g .
A n oth e r s o n g w h i ch wo m e n s i n g is as fol low s

, ,
P i p p a] d i a p att a b e k e hi k h ar k h a r l al
M e a k a u n t p a r d e s in b e k u chh k h ab ar n é ai
r .
M a i n p a i u d ikan b e n k h ab a r n a gh l l i a a
/
M a i n bah u t s a m aj h aia be pa r w ah n t ch a ll i c
T ri m g h a r aw i n k au n t a b e m ai n k h a r i u d ikan
M e ri an d u s m an an n ai m a i n n un l ai an li k am
B e m a i n b al b a l j an di t e r e l m an s adakk e a
G h a r a J a h s ajja n a t e r e r a s t e t a kk e
'
B e m a i n c hh e j b ic h h am an k a d i aw e j ani
B e m a i n m a g n ai t e r e n a i n a d i k an i
r n
B e m a i n d u kh k hi n g h e ri m a i n mi n s u d h n i k a l a
P ipp al dia p at tzi b e k e h i k h a k h a r l ai

.
1 31
r
T h e m e an i n g of th i s is pl ai n b u t in ord e r th a t its s e n s e m ay
, ,
b e s o m e w h a t u n d r s t o od I w i l l w ri t e i t
e
, A w o m an w a s s e at e d .
i n t h e a b s e n c e o f h e r h u s b a n d a n d t h e l e a v e s O f a p e e p u l tr e e
,
.
w e r e r s tl e d by t h e w i n d o n t h i s s h e b e g an to s ay to t h e l e a v e s ;
u .
M y h e a r t is a l e a dy in a s t at e of i fl a m m a tio n li k e a boil fro m

r n ,
se p ar a ti n fro m m y h u s b a n d th e r e for e w h y 0 l e a v e s of t h e
o , ,
p e e p u l d o y o u r u tl e an d h a a s s m y h e a rt m or e
,
s r A g ai n S h e '
3 ys
i A s m y h u s b n d is in a s tr a n g e l an d an d n o n e w s h a s co m e
a
,
o f h im I a m l w ay s lo o k i n g o u t fo r h im b u t I c an O b t ai n n o
,
a
,
n e w s o f h im ; th e n s h e c o n ti n u e s A t t h e ti m of h is go i n g ,
“
e
w a y I e xpo s t u l a t e d w i t h h i m m u c h
,
b u t h e w o u l d n o t li s t e n to ,
m e I a m a l w a y s s y i n g C o m e h o m e an d h e y o u r fri e n d who
a
,
’
, ,
will n o t l e t y o u co m e h o m e h a b e co m e m y e n e m y an d c au s e s m e
,
s
,
d i s tr e s s I a m w a t chi n g fo r y o u r r e t u r n a n d am cryi n g a n d l o n g ,
in g t o g i v e y o u a k i s s d y o u q i c k ly co m e h o m e ; I am pi e rc e d
,
o u
w i th t h e g l an c e O f y o u r e y e s th e r e for e s pr e a d i n g m y b e d an d
, , ,
131
ll v
O p e e p u e a e s ; w h at a n o is e y o u ar e m ak in ;
g
r
M y h u s b a n d h a s g o n e ab o a d , an d I h a e o b t a in e d n o n e w s o f h im v
l ll
I am o o ki n g o u t c o n t in u a y f o r h im , b u t h e h a s s e n t m e n o n e w s of
se lf ;
f
I t r ie d t o d is s u a d e h im ( r o m g o in g ) , b u t h e w o u d n o t is t e n t o m e l l
O h u s b an d r e t u r n h o m e , f o r I a m c o n t in u a
y o ok in g o u t f or t h e e ll l
M v e n e m ie s ar e t r ou b in g m e m u c h l
lf
O h ! I s a c r ifi c e m y s e , t o t h e e , a n d o n t o i e t h e e a k is s
g g ;
l v
C l
o m e h o m e , b e o v e d ! I a m w at c h in
g f or th e e ;
l
T w il S p r e ad t h e b e d ; c o m e s o o n , 0 b e o e d ! l v
l
T h e g an c e o f t h in e e y e s h as e n t ir e y o e c o m e an d d a e d mel vr zzl
l
A ff ic t io n h as s u r r o u n d e d m e I h a e n o s e n s e e t in m e v l f
O p e e pu ea es ll v w h at a n e i s e y o u a r e m ak in
g .
CHAP . 11 .
— M U S IC A N D SO NG S or THE P A N J AB .
t d th e r e o n I s ay to y ou O b e lo v e d I co m e q u i c k ly
s ea e , an d
,
’
th e n s h e s ay s 0 l a v e s of t h e p e e p u l I al r e ad y m o v e rco m e
,
e a
w ith g ri e f w h y th e r e f o r e d o o u i n cr e as e it with y o u r r u s tli n

”
, y g .
Th at s o n g w h ich t h e w o m e n s i n g in t h e r ai n s d u r i n g th e
,
m o n th Bau n is as foll o w s ,
Ch ar i g h a ta g h an gh o r sam an aia
P au n s ar a k e gh at a b ar a s e c h a n ak bij l i ai i
Kau n t bi n a d a r p am an s ajan i n ai n n i nd u ap ai
S am an aia
P i n g b an k h an b u l ar e m e r e bar a s an na n i p h u zir e ,
Pi a bi n a s a b b su kh d u k h i ar e ro r o sa m a b it aia
s am a n aia .
Hor n au sa kh l an dh a r i g u d ai m au li m ain h d i bi n d i l ai
M ai n un p h ar ia b ir ah u n k asa p re m
i b a dd al ch a r p aia
S am an { sa w
T h e m e a n i n g i s th i s th a t a w o m a n , in t h e a b s e n c e of h e r
h u s b an d , lo o k i n g a t t h e cl o u d s , b e g an to s ay A l as O m y l o r d
a l tho u h t h e m o n th s au n a l s o h a s co m e , i n w h i c h , b y of
g r e as o n
t h e r ai n , a l l a r e m ad e h a ppy , s till m y h u s b a n d h a s n o t y e t c o m e
h o m e , s o th a t , s e e i n g h is f a c e , t h e r a i n y s e a s o n m i g h t b e pl e as i n g
to m e B e ho ld l c lo u d s a r e o v e rh e a d , t h e w i n d is b l o w i n g a n d
.
,
t h e l i g h t n i n g fl as h i n g , t h e n h o w c a n I b e h a p py w i th o u t m y
h u s b a n d an d , th e r e for e , I d o n o t ge t a w i n k o f s l e e p t h e
s w i ng s ar e s w i n in
g g, a n d m y e y es
,
b y r e a s o n o f m y t e a rs ,
ar e r a i n i n g l i k e fo u n t a i n s , a n d a l l m y h a p pi n e s s a pp e a r s a s ri ef ;
g
al l m
y oth e r co m p a n i o n s h a v e d o n e u
p th e i r d h ar i , ( t h e b ac k h a i r
of t h e h e ad ) , a n d h a v e fas t e n e d i t w i t h t h e m a u li , a n d dy e d th e i r
h an d s w ith h e n n a , a n d m ad e t h e bi n d i m ar k o n th e i r f o r e h e ad s ,
‘3 2 T h e l
h a v e g a t h e r e d w it h g e a t o r c e
c ouds r
S fim a n h as c o m e f
T h e w in d is b o w in g , t h e c o u d s a r e p o u r i n g a n d t h e ~
l l l ig h t n i n g s h i n e s ,
W it h o u t m y h u s b a n d a m s ad , I
0 m y c o m p a n i o n s , a n d m y e y e s o b t ai n no
s e ep l
S ém an h as c o m e
T h e s w in g s a r e s w in gin g , m y e y e s ar e j e tt in g o u t t o r r e n t s ik e o u n t a in s l f
W it h o u t m y h u s b a n d , a l l jo y s ar e t o m e s o o w s ; p as s m y t im e i n w e e p in grr I
S am a n h a s c o m e
v l r
A l l m y c o m p a n io n s h a e p a it e d t h e i h a i , a n d h a e t ie d it w it h t h e m au i, r v l
v r
a n d h a e d y e d t h e i h an d s w i t h h e n n a , an d m a d e t h e m ar k o f a d o r n m e n t
o n th e i rf
o r e h e ad s
z
S e p a r a t io n h as s e i e d m e , ik e a b u t c h e r l
m y o e h as b e c o m e a c o u d l v l
( h id in g a l l j o y r o m m e ) f
S ti m an h a s c o m e .
N l l — S am an is t h e m o n t h S aw a n , o r t h e r ain y m o n t h o f
. .
u y -A u u s t
g A J l
v r r r
.
l
m au i i s a a ie g a t e d r ib b o n w it h w h ic h w o m e n t ie t h e i h a i .
1 82 H I S T OR Y o r T H E s u ms .
an d h a v e a d r n e d th e m s e l v e s b u t a f o r u n fo rt u n a t e m e th e
o
,
s
,
b utch e r c al l d a b s e n c e is s l ayi n g m e a n d t h e clo u d s o f m y l o v e

,
e , ,
ar e co n t i n u a l ly d ri zzli g t h e i r t e a r s of g ri e f ; a l as ! ul as i how
n
c an I l i v e in thi s g ri e f
”
.
Tho s e s o n gs w h ich w o m e n s i n g at m arri a ge s ar e of v a rio u s

, ,
k i n d s b u t a m o n gs t th m a r e th r e e s o n gs w hich a r e c all e d s it th n i
,
e
, ,
g hor ,i a n d l am an th o s e I w i ll w rit e a b o u t h e r e
,
T h e fir s t c al l e d .
,
s it th n i is s u n g by w ay o f j e s ti n g b e f o r e t h e w e ddi n g ue s ts a nd
, g
oth e r p e o p l e a n d s of t h e followi n g k i n d
,
i
K u r m e joro Ja r a i j ar an i as i n n ah i n p u k ar n i p u kar n i
n
J oro k ahi n d i k u r m e t ai n m ai n k ita h ai j a tt n un s ai n

T un n aS ad e b e h r e ain k e h i p al b ag ar u i bi g ar n i
K u r m e j oro j ar an i J a r an i 1 33
.
T h e m e an i n g is th i s th a t th e wo m e n s ay to t h e b e troth e d
,
m an s fa th e r Th e w if e is an ad u lt e r e s s b u t w e s h o u l d n o t t e l l
’
, ,
i t ; s h e is th u s s ayi n g to h e r s e l f I h a v e t ak e n a J att fo r my
‘
,
h u s b an d ; i f y o u n o w i n c es s an tly co me to m y h o u s e l i s t e n y o u , ,
w ill b e o 1i ly a s a bi g a r .
T ho s e s it th n is w h i ch a r e s un g by co m m o n p e opl e a re as
, ,
follow s
Ph u l an e joro c h h in ar s ami n chh a l e k a r a d ih ,
K i d am r i d e ch ar s é n un c h h al e n k ar a dih ,
C hh al e k a r a d ih c h h ap an ka r a d i h n ail k ar a dih
H ar 5 51 mi n chh a l e k a r a d ih l 34
I n s h ort th i s s o n ly s u n g in jo k e a m o n g t h e co m m o n p e op l e
,
1 ,
b u t th e r e I S n o s p e ci a l m e a n i n g in it .
G h o r is a r e a s u n d e r th u s ,
B ar as a n l aga a 1 11 p ab e h a r
'
K ih d a t u n b l a1 m a l l a k ih d a ] u ai k is g or i d a t u n k a n t a be
’
1 .
,
N h a i dho i k e gh m i ch a 1 a k ad i n a d ith a1 a d a1 s an aje h a

— 1 35 i
133 Of a th e r th e wi f e -
l
e ect is an a d u
b u t w e w i n o t 'p u b is h i t lt er e ss, ll l
S h e i s t h u s s ay in g t o y o u , e t ak e n a I
a tt f o r m ha
y h u s b an dv J
D o y o u n o t c o m e t o m y h o u s e ; y o u w i o n y b e a b ig ar ; o
’
ll l
Of f l
a t h e r ! t h e w i e e e c t i s an a d u t e r e s s , b u t w e w i n o t p u b is h i tl ll l .
. . l
N B — A b ig ar i s a ab o u r e r , w h o i s n o t p aid f o r h is w o r k
'
13 4 v
T h e s e e r s e s m ay b e t r an s at e d as o o w s l f ll
S u c h a w o m an is a w h o r e , m ak e u s a r in g
F o u r c an b e g o t f o r a d a m r i m ak e u s a r in g
M ak e u s a r in g , m ak e u s a 1 in g , m ak e u s a n e c k ac e w i t h i t , m ak e u s a r in g l .
13”
T h y b e au t y a p p e ai s ik e t h e 1 ain l
O S i1 w h o s e b i o t h e r a r t t h o u P w h o s e s o n i n l a w a i t t h o u 9 an d o f w h at
f l
b e au t i u w o m an a r t t h o u t h e h u s b a n d P
W as h e d a n d b at h e d , m o u n t e d o n h or s e b ac k (as t h ou ar t ) ,
”
h a e n e e r se e n I v v
an o n e a s h an d s o m e as t h e e
y .
C H AP . 11 .
— MU S I C AN D S O NGS or T H E P A NJ AB .
T h e m e a n i n g is
th i s th a t w h e n a t th e ti m e of m a rri age th e , ,
boy h av i n g b e e n w as h e d an d b a th e d is m o u t e d 0 11 a h or s e
, ,
n
,
th e n th e w o m e n s i n g Yo u r f ac e h as as s u m e d s u ch a w o n d e rfu l
f or m th at w e c an n ot s u ffi c i e n tly pr a i s e i t
, 0 m y lord wh o s e .
broth e r ar t th o u an d w h o s e s o n in l aw a r t tho u an d t e l l u s - -
thi s al s o of w h at b e au tif u l w o m an ar t th o u t h e h u s b an d fo r
,
th at b e au ty w h ich is 0 11 thy fa c e n o w th at th o u h a s t w a s h e d an d
,
b ath e d is s u c h th at w e h av e n e v e r s e e n t h e l i k e th e r e to in
,
”
s h ort t h e b e i n g s e at e d o n
,
h or s e b a c k b e co m e s th e e e xc e e di n g ly .
L am én s a r e s u n g a ccor d i n g to t hi s m an n e r r iz ,
.
Pah il a i l au n s i ri r am m ana y er i
J is d e m an n n e s a b h d u k h k h jan a te ph a l p aiy e ,
D q i l au n h ari b 1 ah an 5 1 51
T an m an dh a n s u k h ch au s u ru p s u di e .
I n th i s w ay s e v e n L am an s e s un
g for
, t h e Hi n d u s m ak e ar
,
t h e brid e an d b 1 d e g r o o 1n g o e i th e r fo u r or s e v e n ti m e s ro u n d a
r
, ,
fi r e an d tho s e s o n g s which a r e s u n g at tho s e ti m e s ar e c al l e d

, , ,
L am an s .
In th i s co u n try ,
m an y p e opl e s i n g co u pl e t s ,
w hi ch th e y c al l
dob r as ,
e .
g .
A c m e r e s ajjan o b ait h o m a n ch it l ai
S anjh p ai gh a r j amn a ap o ap n e 11351 1 1 37
T h e m e an i n g is t h i s , th a t s o m e g ood p e r s o n is s ayi ng
0 my co m p an io n s ! g i v i n g y o u r h e a rt s , d o y o u c o m e a n d s it by m e
an d li s t e n to m e for , w h e n it b e c o m e s e v e n i n g ti m e , (th at is , at
t h e ti m e o f d e ath ) , w e m u s t al l g o to o u r ho m e (th at is t h e oth e r
w orl d ) o u r o w n w ay s
”
.
A gai n m an y p e o pl e in t h i s co u n tr y s i n g j h a n jh o t is
,
.
J h anj h o ti is t h e n am e of a k i n d of s o n g , w hich th e y s i n g in t h e
h ill s ; a l th o ug h , o ri g i n al ly , i t w as o n ly s u n g in t h e hill s
adj oi n i n g t h e a n ab , b u t
j P
n o w , o n a c co u n t o f t h e i r l i ki n
g i t s
‘
s tr ai n an d m e lo d y , m a n y an a b i s a l s o h a v e b e
j g un to s i n
g it ,
P
e g . .
K au l an d e c h i tt h u m i n k i d i J ah b e m ah an fi a a n e
K au l an d e c h h in /ii m ai n kin l e i j ah b e i (
T ikk al li b in d d al u m i n t s an k in d e n i h an h o r gal adi h a s s i

’
a u
Ch itth ii d e p ajj i m ai n ki n m il i j ah b e s ajjan a t us ad i s ur at

’ ’
a s an m a n b as s i .
” 5 I n t h e fi r s t c ir c u m a m b u a t io n s a ,
y L o w o s h ip t o S r i R zim
‘
l r ’
f
F o r , r o m w o r s h ip p in g h im , a l l s o r r o w d e p a r t s , a n d j o y is o b t a in e d
I n t h e s e c o n d c ir c u m a m b u a t io n s ay l
H a r t h a s c o m e t o b e m a r r ie d
O u r b o dy an d sou l ,
“ s a it h , joy , p l e as u r e an d b e au ty , al l ar e i n c r e as e d
(t h e r e b y ) .
‘3 7 C m 0 f ie
o e ,
r nds a n d s it b y m e , an d g i e h e e d t o m e v ;
At e ve n in g t im e , a ll g o h o me o f t h e ms e es
”
lv .
184 H I S TORY or T HE S IKHS .
(R efr a in ) K au l an m u i n k in, & c

’
de c h il t h ii .
T u s an j o as d e d il an jo t ar s au d e h o s ur a t d a m an
zt
’
r
g h an e r a
M a t e h h ail a m ij chh ati aj o l ai l ai jia t a ras s ada m e r a
c o .
( R efr a in ) K au l an d e chi t t h u ,
T h e m e a n i n g is thi s ; th a t w o m a n is s ayi n g t o a m an a
D o y o u g i v e m e a b as k e t of lo t u s fl o w e r fr u it an d I w il l g i v e -
,
y o u i n e xc h a n ge fo r t h e m t h e t i k ka o n m y fo r e h e a d w hi c h is
, , ,
m a d e o f g ol d a n d m y for e h e a d or n a m e n t a n d m y s il v e r th ro at
,
-
,
o rnam e n t .
T h e p u rport is thi s th a t as s h e w as fas ci n at e d with h is for m , ,
s h e w a n t e d h im t o co m e to h e r u n d e r p r e t e n c e o f b ri n i n
g g ,
t h e ba s k e t a n d s ay s 0 yo u th (t a m an ) an d f r ie n d ; y o u r
,
.
“
, .
f o m h t k e n u p it ab o d e in m y h e art an d n o w w h il s t I
r as a . s
, ,
am l
t he
n g i ng
o F y o u in my
m i ndor
y ou a e p ro ud o f yo u r for
t e 0 b e u t f u l l or d t e v e ry h an d s o m e o n e I e m b r ac e m e
re or ,
a i
m;
.
,
r
, ,
.
,
f o r m y h e a r t g r e atly d e s i r e s y o u ”
.
A n o th e r jh a njh o ti p e pl e s i n g is as fol lo w s o
H i ra S i n g h a S a r d ar a b e r ati n d e r e n a 21 5 1 ,
D e r e n a aia k u th uu m an p a r c h aia l ar i a k in k i h an b h ul aié
( R ef a in ) H i r a S i n g h a S a r d ar a b e 86 0
r
,
.
A au k in t u s adi S ur a t n a w is s a r e di n e r ati n b as e m an m a i n
s
,
T u s a jo as ad a m il n a n a b h aw e m ar as én m ai n t e ri l agan
n r
m ai n .
(R efr a in ) H i r a S i n g h al S a rd ar a b e & c
’
l 39
, .
T h m e a n i n g is pl ai n th a t t h e b rid e i e w ife of a ch i e f
e , , . .
,
“
n am e d H i a S i n g h i r e p ro ach i n g h im s ayi n g
r ,
W h y d id y o u
s
,
n o t co m e h o m e a t n i h t
g
13 8 G iv e me a b as k e t of k a n l s 0 m an m e a b a s k e t o f k au l s Giv e
Th e n 1 wi ll g iv e y ou m y ti k k a l u a n d b in d l u a n d m y h as s i (t o w e ar )
ne ck .
U y o ur
nde r p r e t e n c e o f ( b r in g in g t h a t b as k e t , c o m e a n d b e o n e w it h m e .
0 r ie n d f t o r y o u r b e au t y h as t ak e n u p it s ab o d e in m y h e ar t ;
Gvi e m e a b as k e t o f k an l s
l v
A t h o u g h y o u h a e n o d e s ir e f o r m e , 0 y o u p r o u d o f y o u r o r m f
S ti , 0ll e ry v
h an d s o m e o n e c o m e a n d e m b r ac e m e , f o r m y s o ul o n g s f or l
y ou
Gv
.
i e m e a b a s k e t o f k au l s
’
fl
.
.
N B — T h e k a u is t h e r u it o f t h e
. . l o tu s ow e r f t ikk al u an d b in d h i ar e h e ad l ’
o r nam e n t s m ad e o f g o d o r s i e r l lv .
lv l
A h a s s i i s a s i e r n e c k a c e w i t h a m ir r o r in t h e c e n t r e o f i t , in r o n t f .
139
O H
ir a S in g h S a r d ar , w h y h a ve y o u n o t r e t u r n e d h o m e a t n ig h t ?
,
v
W h y h a e y o u n o t c o m e h om e h e r e a r e y o u e n g ag e d P W h y h a e y o u , W v
f
got t e n yo ur w i e
or f
O H i m S i n g h , S ar d ar , w h y h a e y o u n o t r e t u r n e d h o m e a t n ig h t ? v
f f
I c a n n o t o r g e t y o u r o r m , d a y a n d n ig h t i t i e s in m y h e a t 5 lv r
If y o u d o n o t wi s h t o i e w it h m e , s t i lv
g r e at y d e s ir e y o u ll I l .
O H ir é S in g h , S ar d ar , w h y h a e y o u n o t e t u rn e d h o m e at n igh t ? v r
C HA P . 11 —. MU S IC AND S ON GS O F THE P A N J AB .
Th e g s on h ich th e co m m o n v il l ag e p e o pl e of thi s c o u try

s, w n
s i n g ar e su ch th a t o n e c a n n o t s e e a y m e a i g a d m t r e
, n n n n e
in m o s t o f th m an d al th o u h t h
e
g m e tr e in a f e w c n b e d is e a
t in g u is h e d s ti l l t h e m e tr e of o n
,
d o e s n o t bl e n d w i th t h a t f e o
a n o th e r an i n
nor
,
c an o n e se e an
y m g in th e m ; b u t o n e of e
th e i r i n t e l li g ibl e s o n g s is as foll o w s
O b e l i a m e r i a m ah ir am a o s
’
K oi d in m a g l ai t h a n d ian c h h a m an j a tt a o e
A k h a r ch a l l an a thir n ahi n r a h in a h i “0 ’
i .
T h e m e an i n g of i t is pl a i n .
A n oth er s o n g of w h ich th m e a n i n g is n t to b e u n d e r s tood

,
e o
,
a n d t h e m e tr e d o e s n o t bl e n d is a s f o l l o u s ,
N ai n an de w ic h c h kajjal a u i a i e t e r e j at t b ak i a l aw s r a n .
f u k k e w a n J h u b n h g a m a 1 n u n t e r a m a k h k h an h a l e ]
1 g
o o
1 1
i 1
j
n a ari aw e .
L u tt l ai os m a hir am a m it ar a o e .
W h at s h al l I w rit e a s to t h e m e a n in g of th i s fo r I b e l i e v e ,
t h e po e t w h o co m po s e d it d id n o t h i m s e lf e v e n u n d e r s t a n d it
, , , , .
A n oth e r r u s ti c s o n g I S a s fol lo w s
T e ri m e r i y ar i h ai n at th a s i n h an
J ag g w ic h c h k h u ar i h a i n atth a s i n h an
C h all u m e r e g h a r n un d e k h m e r e d ar n un
A m i n b e t un s ajjan a ‘
T ai n un l a i k e b h ajjan a n atth a s i n h an 1 2
.
4
Th e m e an i n g of th i s is pl a i n m a n y s o n gs l i k e thi s ar e s un g
in thi s c o u n try .
“0 O my f r ie n d a n d a c q u a in t a n c e
C o me an d e n o yj y o ur s e lf f or s o m e d ay s ,
0 J l
! A t a s t y o u m u s t d ie , y o u c an n o t a w ay s r e m ai n h e r e
at t l .
Pu t a n t im o n y o n t h in e e y e s , 0 s is t e r I a a tt h as s o w n a b ak ain t re J e
my h ous e ;
r
L ik e an ar o w , h e h as p ie r c e d m e ; t o m e m y o e r a p p e a r s ik e t u t t e r ; l v l
f
M y r ie n d an d a c q u ain t a n c e h a s r o b b e d m e (o f m y
“2
O N
at t h a S in g h t h e r e is a f r ie n d s h ip b e t w e e n m e an d t h e e ;
ll
I t is w e k n o wn in t h e w o r d , 0 a t t h a S in
gh ; l N
C om e t o m y h o u s e , an d o o k in a t m y d o o r , l
0 fi d d y ou c o me
N
r en ,
o
( If n o t ) I w i ll c a tc h you an d r u n aw ay wi t h y o u , O at t h a S in gh !
1 36 ( H I S T ORY or s u ms .
CH A P T ER III .
Pr ove r bs .
N ow i t is n e c e s s a ry th at I s h o u l d e xpl ai n a fe w o f th e
pro v e rb s w h 1 c h ar e 1 11 v o gu e i n v ario u s pl a c e s in th i s co u n try
,
as for i n s t an c e ,
Co m e b u l loc k a n d s tri k e m e
, , .
Th e m e an i n g of it is th i s th at a c e rt ai n foo l s ai d to a r e s
p e c t abl e m an D o y o u r e t ai n m e w ith
y o u (as a He
r e p lie d Brot h e r h e wil l r e t ai n y o u who wo u ld s ay th us co me , ,
”
b u l loc k a n d s tri k e m e .
(W ith ) a h u n dr e d w ise me n (th e r e wil l b e bu t) o ne

opi n io n
( W ith ) f ool s e ach wi l l h av e h is o w n
,
.
T h e m e an i n g of it is thi s th a t al tho u g h a h u n d r e d wi s e m en
,
m i g h t b e col l e ct e d s till th e ir op i io n wo u l d b e o n e ; b u t if y o u
,
n
w e r e t o col l e ct a h u n d r ed fool s th e n t h e opi n io n of e ach o f th e

,
h u n dr e d wo ul d b e d i ff e r e n t fo r fool s w h e n th e y do an y t hi n g
, , ,
u n d e r t ake it w itho u t tho u g ht o r r e fl e ctio n .
E v e ry o n e s b u s i n e s s b e co m e s hi m s e l f
’
, an d if an o t h e r
,
do it it wi l l b e s poil e d (lit i t wil l b e

, . s tr u c k w it h
”
t h e w as h e r m an s s tic k )
’
A th i e f e n t e r e d th e h o u s e of a w as h e r m an o n wh ic h o n e o f ,
h is as s e s br ay e d as t h e w a s h e r m a n did n o t u n d e r s t an d th e
c au s e of h is br ayi n g b e co m i n g a n g ry h e s tr u c k it a blo w wi th a
, ,
s ti c k . I n th e s am e w ay i f a fool f or s a k e s h is o w n b u s i n e s s an d
,
.
,
b e g i n s to do th at of an oth e r n o p rofit w ill a ccr u e to h im fro m it

, ,
b u t h e w ill obt ai n lo s s ; s o as it w a s t h e b u s i n e s s o f th e d o g t o
,
mak e a n oi s e o n t h e co m i n g of t h e thi e f an d t h e a s s u n d e r t ook ,
h is b u s i n e s s for h im h e g o t n o p r ofit
,
.
A p ai r of co m b s o n th e h e a d of a b al d wo m an
“
.
J u s t as wh e n a b a ld g irl w e a r s co m b s i t do e s n o t a pp e ar ,
w e l l s o a l s o wh e n a poor m an a s s u m e s t h e s t at u s of a r ich m an
, , ,
h e b e c o me s t h e pl ac e (obj e ct ) of ridic u l e .
C HAP . III . P RO VE R B S .
A b al d m an s t an di n g on h is h e a d am o n g th o r n s .
Th at is as wh e n a b al d m an pl ay s at t u r n i n g h e ad o v e r
,
h e e l s am o n g thor ns h e t h e r e by s u ff e r s p a i n s o a l s o i f a poor m an
, , ,
u n d e r t ak e s an y b u s i n e s s b e yo n d h is m e an s h e s u ff e r s p ai n ,
.
i n e xp e ri e n c e d c alf t h e g ui d e o f a h e rd of
“
An ,
‘
”
c al v e s .
I f an i n e xp e ri e n c e d c a lf s ho u l d s e t o u t as t h e g u i d e o f a
h e rd o f c al ve s th e n as h e h i m s e l f d o e s n o t k n o w th e ri g h t ro ad
, , ,
h e wil l n o t b e ab l e to s ho w th e h e r d o f c a l v e s t h e ri g ht ro a d .
I n th e s am e w ay th e r e w il l b n o a d a n t ag e to o th r s fro m
,
e v e
,
fol lowi n g tho s e wh o a r e th e m s l v e s i g n or an t e .
A b ad d o g g e t s it s mas t e r a b us e d .
If an y o n e k e e p s a b ad d o g th e n th at b ad d o g by i n t e rfe ri ng , ,
with oth e r p e opl e g e t s it s m as t e r ab u s e d ; s o a l s o i f a m an k e e p s

, ,
a n u s e l e s s p e r s o n with h im h e is h i m s e lf loo k e d o n by m e n as an
, ,
u s e l e s s m an .
H e h as n o h o u s e or ho m e ,
b u t is t h e ch i e f of a
”
m ah all a .
A c e rt a i n M u h amm ad an h ad n o h o m e b u t o n e day h av i n g , , ,
g o n e to an oth e r tow n h e b e g an to e xtol h i m s e lf s ayi n g

,
I a m t h e ,
m as t e r of a m ah all a in s u ch an d s u ch a pl a c e A ft r w a r d s s o m e
”
. e
p e opl e c am e an d e n q u ir e d fro m t h e p e opl e of th a t pl a c e ; W h e r e

,
is t h e h o u s e o f s u ch an o n e ? O n th i s t h e p e o p l e of th a t pl a c e
”
,
t ak i n g h is n am e ( in d e ri s io n ) ri d ic u l e d h im m u c h I n t h e s a me
, .
w ay i f a n y o n e is n o t fit for a n y b u s i n e s s
,
an d h i m s l f e xtol s , ,
e
h is o w n g r e at n e s s th e n a t l as t h e b e co m e s a l au ghi n g s toc k
, , , .
b li n d m an go for y o u r b e tr o th al wi ll h e loo k
If a
,
o u t for h i m s e l f or h is b roth e r ?
I f y o u s e n d a bl i n d m an for th e b e tr o th al o f a broth e r t h e n ,
h e fi r s t loo k s o u t for a w i fe fo r hi m s e lf a n d d o e s n o t t h i n k a bo u t ,
th e broth e r . I n t h e s am e w ay if o n e s n d s a poo r p e r s o n o n ,
e
an y b u s i n e s s th e n h e w il l o n ly s poil y o u r b u s i n e s s a n d a c c o m pl i s h
, ,
h is o w n ; h e n c e h as a ri s e n t h e a b o v e p ro v e b I f you s e n d a r
“
bli n d m an for yo u r b e troth al w il l h e lo k o u t fo r hi ms e l f o r , o
h is b r oth e r ?
1 38 H I ST O R Y or T HE s m ns .
To b e g fro m th e poor is t h e b us i n e s s of th e
”
a cc u r s e d .
A c e rt ai n m an h i m s l f g o t h is l i v i n g by b e g g i n g an d an
e
,
oth e r m an w e n t to h i m b e g gi n g a n d as k e d a l m s I h e b e g gar .
r 1
w ho s e h o u s e h e c a m e to c u r s i n g h im s a i d
, Yo u r s t at e is l i k e , ,
th at w h ich a c e rt ai n w i s e m an h as d e s cri b e d To b e g fro m b e g gar s

is t h e b u s i n e s s of t h e a cc u r s e d s o a l s o i f a n y o n e s h al l g o to
’
,
a p e rs on w itho u t m e an s a n d a s k h im ,for any th i n g h e w il l g e t ,
n oth i n
g fr o m h im b u t a b u s e .
c al l e d o u t w i tho u t b e i n g as k e d
S he I am t h e ,
( fa th e r s s i s t e r ) au n t of t h e b ri d e g roo m
’
.
A c e rt a i n w o m an w e n t to a ho u s e w h e r e a w e d d i n g w as ,
t a k i n g pl ac e an d b e g an to s ay A s k s o m e co u n s e l fro m m e a l s o
, , ,
”
for I a m th e a u n t of t h e b ri d e g roo m T h e p e o pl e s e i z e d h e r
'
.
,
an d t u r n e d h e r o u t of t h e ho u s e a n d s a id T hi s is s h e ab o u t
, , ,
w ho m th a t pro v e rb h as b e e n u s e d S h e c a ll e d o u t w ith o u t b e i n g ,
as k e d I am t h e au n t of t h e bri d e roo m I n thi s s am e w a i f

, g y ,
a ny one i n t e rf e r e s in a n y w ay o r gi v e s a d v ic e in t h e ad air s ,
of oth e r p e opl e with o u t b e i n g as k e d h e a t l a s t is p u t to s h ame

, , , , .
F ro m s l e e pi n g o n a d un g h e a p h e dr e am t of a -
,
”
g l a s s p al ac e .
A c e rt ai n m an w e n t to s l e e p o n a d u n g h e a p wh e n h e a r o s e -
,
h e b e g a n to s ay L as t n i g h t I r e s t e d in a gl as s p al ac,
”
The e .
h e a r e r s t u r n e d h im i n to ri d i c u l e s ay i n g Y e s i t is t r u e broth e r
,
”
, , .
I n th e s am e w ay w h e n th e y w h o ar e b as e by bi r t h u n d e rt ak e
, ,
lofty d e e d s p e opl e t u r n th e m i n to ridi c u l e an d s ay

,
F ro m s l e e p ,
in g o n a d u n g h e a p h e d r e a m t of a g l as s p al ac e
-
,
.
F ro m b e i ng a s e ll e r o f co al o n e s f a c e b e co m e s ,
’
”
bl a c k .
I f an y o n e d e al in co al at l as t h is fa c e b e co m e s bl a c k s o al s o
, ,
if an y r e s p e c t abl e m an u n d e rt ak e an y b as e d e e d h e w i l l obt a i n ,
n o a d v an t a e in t h e w o r l d b u t o n ly bl a c k e n i n o f th f c h
g , g e a e ( am e )
s
,
a n d t h e a bo v e pro v e r b w ill b e a p l i e d to h im
p .
The c at , h av i n g e at e n n i n e h u n dr e d m i c e ,
h as g on e
”
pil g ri m age
on .
A c e rt a i n c at w h i ch h ad e at e n m i c e al l its li fe lo n g d e t e r
, ,
m i n e d to g i v e u p it s e v i l w ay s an d a ccordi ngl y b e gan to ad , ,
mo n i s h oth e r c at s H e n c e p e opl e s a
. Th e c at h a v i n g e at e n n in e v
,
C HAP III . .
— P R O V E RB S .
h und re d m ic e , h as g o n e
pil g ri m ag e I n li k e m an n e r if an y
on .
o n e b e a thi e f or ad u l t e r e r a n d a d m o n i s h ot h e r s p e o pl e w il l n o t
, ,
li s t e n t o h im an d i f h e b e a b ad m an a n d s h o u l d e v e n do a
,
g o o d a c t for t h e s a k e of g e tti n g
,
a n a m e s ti l l p e opl e w il l s a
y of ,
h im T h e c at h av i n g e a t e n n i n e h u n d r e d m ic e h as g o n e o n
"
, , ,
pil g ri m ag e .
“
T h e o l d w o m a n w as
g g w ith g r e at diffi c u lty
i n s n i
an d p e o pl e c a m e t o
l o o k o n t h e s p e ct acl e ”
.
A c e rt i n o l d w o m a n f o r t h e s a k e of am u s i n g h e r ch i l d w as
a , ,
w i th g r e a t tr o u b l e an d d iffi c u l ty t r i n g t o s i n g s o m e thi n g ; t h e ,
y
p e opl e (ab o u t ) o n h e a ri n g i t c a m e t o lo k o n a t t h e s p e ct acl e

, ,
o .
S h e s ai d ,
I a m w i t h g r e at d i ffi c l ty a m us i n g m y ch il d ; h av e
,
u
,
”
y ou co m e t o e e t h e s p e c t ascl e ? I n t h e s a m e w ay tho se ,
p e o pl e w h o i n d u l g e t h e i o w n f a n ci e s an d t ro u b l e th e ir n e i g h
,
r ,
b o u r s th e a b o v e p r o v e rb
,
Th e o l d w o m an w a s s i n g i n g wit h
,
g r ea t d iffi c u l ty an d p e opl e c a m e to l oo k
,
0 11 a t t h e s p e ct a cl e is
a p p l i e d to th e m .
Th e poor rich m a n r e v o l v e s in his m i n d man y trip s

( w hich h e w il l u n d e rt ak e for t h e p u rpo s e of
”
t r a fli c f )
A s a n i n d i ge n t p e r s o n o r a poo r rich m an , po n d e r s o v e r
’
in h is m i n d t h e tri p s h e w il l u n d e rt a k e for g a i n , s o al s o , i f
a p o o r m an d o e s n othi n g, b u t b u il d s g r e a t c a s tl e s in h is h e a rt ,
t h e a b o v e p ro v e rb T h e p o o r ri ch m a n r e v ol v e s in h i s m i n d m an y
“
trip s is appli e d to h im .
T h e w as h e r m an s d o g g e t s foo d ith e r ho m e
’
ne at ,
n o r a t t h e w a s hi n g pl a c e .
W hen h e r m an s d o g g o e s fro m h o m e to t h e w as hi n g
’
a w as
pl ac e t h e w as h e r m an a h e e a t s h is fo od t hi n k s to hi m s e l f
, ,
s .
I t h a s b e e n f e d a t ho m e ; I w il l n o t g i v e it an yth i n g to e at
a ai n w h e n i t r e t u r n s h o m e t h e w a s h e r m an s w ife s ay s to h e r
’
g , ,
s e lf I t m u s t h av e b e e n f e d a t t h e w a s hi n g pl a c e in t hi s w ay ,
it (th d o g ) r e m ai n s h u n gry a t b t h pl ac e s ; s o al s o i f a ny o n e
e o
,
d o e s n o t k e e p fi r m to o n e t hi n g a n d o n e pl a c e h e w il l r e m ai n , ,
d i s a ppoi n t e d e v e ry w h e r e l i k e th e w as h e r m a n s d o g
’
, .
co u n try as s s p e ak s K u r e s an i
T he .
”
A c e rt a i n m a n a ft e r h a v i n g s t a y e d a s ho rt w hi l e m a for e i g n
,
l a n d o n c o m i n g h o m e w h e n h e t al k e d a bo u t an yth i n g in h is
, ,
n ati v e co u n try a l w ay s u s e d t h e l an g u a g e o f th a t oth e r

,
co u n try ;
t h e p e o pl e th e r e fo r e b e c a m e v e ry a n g ry w ith h im an d i n v e n t e d ,
1 40 H I S T OR Y or TH E s u ms .
th e bo v e p ro v e rb abo u t him I n th e s am e w ay th o s e p e opl e

a .
, ,
who to s ho w off th e ir l e a r n i n g t al k to t h e p e opl e o f th e ir o wn

, ,
co u n try in th e l an guage of an oth e r co un try ar e li k e t h e abo v e ,
( do n k e y ) .
L e t t h e g ol d , whi ch , t way o n e ’
ea s a s e ar , b e p ut
”
i n to th e fi r e .
A c e rt a i n poor m an fo u n d a g ol d e a rri n g b u t wh e n h e p u t ,
it in h is e ar o w i n g to its w e i g ht i t b e g an to r e n d h is e a r ;
, ,
wh e n h e h ad b e co m e m c h d i s tr e s s e d th e n a c e rt a i n w i s e m an
u
,
s ai d to h im Y o u wil l s ffe r p ai n u n ti l y o u t ak e i t o u t o f yo u r e a r
“ ”
u
, .
H e r e pli e d W h y s h o u l d I t a k e s u ch a v al u abl e th i n g o u t of m y
“ ’
e ar Th e n t h e w i s e m an add r e s s e d t h e a b o v e pro v e rb to h im ,
an d too k th e e a rri n fr m hi m S o l i ke w i s e
o th o s e fool s w h o
g .
, ,
fo r a littl e pl e a s u re u n d e r g o m u ch h a r d s h i p an d w il l n o t f r e e
, ,
th e ms e l ve s th e r e fro m t h e ab o v e p ro v e rb is a ppli e d to th e m
,
L e t t h e g old w h ich e a t s a w ay o n e s e ar s b e p u t i n to th e fi r e ” ’
, , .
A broc ad e d c an opy o n t h e to m b o f a pro s tit u t e .
A c e r ta i n w i s e m an o n s e e i n g a b roc ad e d c a n opy on th e
,
to m b o f a p ro s tit u t e s ai d to h i m s e l f T h i s is a t a k e in
,
so
“
,
al l p e opl e w h o ar e i n w a rdly b a d b u t o u tw ar dly t ry t o app e ar

, ,
r e s p e ct a bl e w i s e p e o pl e o n s e e i n g th e m s ay A b r o c ad e d
, , ,
“
”
c an opy o n t he to mb of a pro s ti t u t e .
A D o m n i o n for ge tti n g t h e t u n e loo k e d u p

, ,
”
a bo v e for i t .
W h e n a D o m n i b e g i n s to s i n g an d for g e t s t h e t u n e s h e b e g i n s ,
loo k i n g u p a bo v e for i t b u t n e v e r t h e l e s i t d o e s n o t co m e to h e r
,
s
, .
I n l i k e m a n n e r th o s e w h o s e t a bo t th i r aff a i r s w itho u t d u e
, ,
u e
r e fl e ctio n aft e r w a rd s b e co m e p e rpl e x e d a n d g r e a tly as h am e d ;

,
th at is to y t h o s e p e opl e w h o u n d e r s t an d a thi n g th oro ug hly

sa , , ,
b u t d o n o t d o i t a t th e ri g h t ti m e m i s s th e i r o p port u n ity an d ,
ar e
p u t to g r e a t s h ame .
Y o u h av e n o t a ho u s e , an d y e t h ave b r o u ght fi ve
”
h oly m e n w ith y o u (as g u e s t s )
A h o u s e l e s s m an w as t ak i n g fi v e holy m e n w i th h im to h is
ow n h ou s e to e n t e rt ai n th e m t h e p e opl e o n s e e i n g w h at h e w as
, ,
d oi n g b gan to l au gh a t h im in t h e ir h e a rt s ; s o l i k e w is i f a
,
e e
,
poor man t r y to as s u me t he co n ditio n of th e gr e a t h e wil l b e p u t ,
to
g r e a t s h am e .
C HAP I II . .
-
P RO VE R B S .
A g r as s h u t w i th
i v ory w at e r s po u t an -
.
I f o n e s ho u ld p u t an i v o ry w at e r s po u t o n a g r ass h u t th e n -
,
e v e ry o n e w o u l d l a u g h a t h im s o a l s o i f a ny w ort h l e s s p e r s o n b e ,
dyi n g of h n g e r b u t n e v e rth e l e s s h as v al uabl e j e w e l s m ad e an d

u , , ,
w e a r th e m p e o p l e w ill app l y thi s p ro v e rb to h im A g r as s h u t

,
wit h an i v ory w a t e r s po u t -
.
W h e n th e h e ad man d s troy s e th e v i ll ag e who ,

w ill
pop u l at e i t
I f th e h e a d m an h i ms e l f b e g i n s to d e s troy a v ill age th e n n o ,
o n e w ill l i v e in i t L i k e w i s e w h e n g oo d p e o pl e w h o g i v e ad v ic e
.
, , ,
do b as e d e e d s th e m s e l v e s t h e n w h o w ill b e ab l e to a c t p rop e r ly ?
,
S h e w as to bl am e h e r s e l f , b u t p u t th e fau lt on th e
co u rty a rd
A c e rt ai n wo m an w as v e ry q a rr e l s o m e a n d s h a rp t e m p e r e d
u -
,
an d w h e n
,
she d id a n y thi n g w r o n g u s e d to thro w t h e bl a m e ,
o n t h e p e opl e of t h e co u rty a r d a n d m a k e h r s e l f o u t in t h e
,
e
ri gh t S o al s o th o s e p e opl e w h th ro w t h e bl am e o n oth e r s a n d
.
,
o
,
m ak e th e m s e l v e s o u t in t h e ri g h t to t h am is appli e d thi s p ro v e rb
, ‘ ,
S h e w a s to b l a m e h e r s e lf b u t p u t t h e f au lt o n t h e co u rty ard
,
(p ee l
p )e ?
T h e d e ci s io n
of t h e p an c h (o r a rbi tr ator s ) is ac
th i s d r a i n r e mai n h e r e
c e p te d , b u t l e t .
”
T h e p an c h ait (o r c m m i tt e e o f a b i tr a tor s ) of a v ill a e s aid

o r
g
to a c e rt a i n m an Y o u m u s x n o t h a v e thi s w a t e r po u t h e r e for i t
,
. -
s
,
”
c a u s e s m u ch d am a g e to oth e r p e opl e To b e b ri e f h e ag r e e d to
.
,
w h a t th e y s a i d a n d a d d d : Tr u e M a h a r aj ( s ir s )
,
e
“
b u t in th e
, ,
e n d did e x a ctly w h at th e y
, h ad f o rb i d d e n S o l i k e w i s e tho s e .
,
fool s w h o obt a i n i n s tr u c tio n b u t a ft e r h e ari n g ad v ic e fro m t h e

, ,
w i s e c an n ot b ri n g th e i r h e a rt s to fol lo w i t to th e m w il l b e a ppli e d
, ,
t h e abo v e pro v e rb T h e d e ci s io n o f t h e p a n ch is a cc e p t e d b u t ,
l e t thi s d r a i n r e mai n h e r e ”
.
J
i u s r o ar or T HE si k ns .
P A R T IV .
T H E J A N A M s afa ris , O R T W E N T Y n rs c o u as ns , R G E A RD I N G THE

L I FE OF N AN A K .
CH A P T E R I .
D is co u r s e w ith Gap etl , th e Te a c h e r .
W hen holy N an k r e ach e d t h e ag e of s e v e n th e n K al u

th e a
too k N an a k t e a ch e r an d w e n t a n d s a i d to h im 0
t o th e , ,
t e a ch e r ! a s (t h tro n o m e r s ) l oo k ( o n t hi s ) as an au s pi cio u s
e as
”
m o m e n t I a m l e av i n g N an a k w ith y o u d o y o u in s tr u ct N an a k .
V e ry w e ll s ir I w”il l i n s tr u ct h im
,
T h e n G u p al t h e t e ach e r s a i d
, , , .
N o w is a f av o u r a bl e ti m e for e n gag i n g th e r e i n A ft e rwa r d s .

,
h av i n g h ad t h e t ih k a ri c e b e t u l n u t an d u s u a l f e e s b ro u gh t
“3
, ,
-
,
fro m h is h o u s e h e pr e s e n t e d t h e m to t h e t e a ch e r A ft e r thi s
,
.
,
th e t e a ch e r w rot e a copy o n a w oo d e n s late

14
a n d s aid N an ak ,
4
, ,
r e ad i t ” H e r e ad f o r o n e d ay a n d aft e r th a t r e tir e d i n t o s il e n c e
. , , ,
”
.
T h e n t h e t e a ch e r s a id N ana k w h y w il l y o u n o t r e ad ? Th e n
B ab a N an ak r e pl i e d 0 t e ach e r ! d o y o u k n o w a n ythi n g at al l
,
yo u r s e l f ! ”
Th e n th e t e a ch e r r e pl i e d O N an ak ! I k n o w e v e ry ,
th i n g th e alph ab e t s p e ll i n g m e n s u r atio n a n d a cco u n t s al l th e s e

, , , ,
I h av e l e ar n t an d I k n o w al l t h e b u s i n e s s f a p at w ari
,
Th e n o .
”
t h e S ri G u ru B ab a N an a k g a v e v e n t to th i s v e r s e an d san g i t in
th e S ir i B a g in t
,
h e S a ia t m e as u r e
n .
H av i n g b u r n t t h e lo v e ( of th e w orld ) r u b i t a ,
in k ; m ak e u n d e r s t an d i n g t h e b e s t p ap e r .
M ak e lo v e th e p e n ; m ak e th e m i n d th e w rite r ; h av m g a sked
, ,
t h e G u ru wr it e t h e d e c i s io n
,
.
W rit e t h e n am e wri t e (its ) p r ai s e writ e th a t wh i ch h as ii o

, ,
e n d n o r l i mi t .
“5T h e t ik k a i s t h e m ar k o n t h e o r e h e a d f .
1“
In th e P
an j a l ll
b , c h i d r e n u s e s m a w o o d e n s a t e s , p ain t e d b ac k o r r e d , l l
on w h ic h t h e y w r it e w it h a m i t u r e m ad e x f
r o m w h it e c h a k , an d t h e w r it in g l
l l r
is e as i y o b it e at e d .
WI H G U P R
“
I )
c us s . 1 .
—
n i s c o u as n T AL , T H E T E A CH E .
1 40
PAU S E .
O fa th e r ! k n o w t o w ri t e thi s ac co u n t !
W h e r e a cco u n t w il l b e as k e d th e re w i ll b e m a d e t h e tr u e ,
s A di G r an th p a e
“5
s i n (or rum
’
g (T pp g ,
T h e m e an i g is th a t S ri B ab N an ak s id n L i s t e n 0 t e ach e r !
,
a a
,
“
,
t h e pr ai s e of th a t P e r s o n W h o is bo u n d l e s s is bo u ndl e s s we ll, ,
if y o u u n d e r s t an d th i s d o y o u r e a d i t an d t e a ch m e al s o to r e ad ;, ,
L i s t e n s ir ! w h at I s a i d a bo v e is tr u e l e ar n i n g a n d i f y o u do ,
n o t u n d e r s t an d it th e n l i s t e n an d l e ar n an d pr a cti s e i t fro m
, ,
m e ; o u t t h e n oo s e of yo u r birth an d l e a r n H is p r a i s e W h o is , ,
b o u n dl e s s b u t i f y o u u n d e r s t an d i t th e n wri t e it r e a d it a n d , , ,
t e ch it ; s o th a t fr o m r e adi n g it yo u m ay e s c ap e fro m th e
a
, ,
( h e r e a ft e r ) a cco u n t a n d th e n a t th at pl a c e w h e re ,
a cco u n t wil l ,
b e t ak e n fro m y o u y o u w il l h a v e in yo u r h an d a t o k e n of h av
, ,
in g r e m e m b e r e d t h e Tr u e G o d a n d a ft e r th a t n o f u rth e r , , ,
a cco u n t w ill b e as k e d f ro m y o u Th e r e m e m b e ri n g of G o d is .
a to k e n o f t h e tr u e th r e s h old ; s o if y ou w i s h to e s c ap e a t t h e
1 7 4
tr u e th r e s h old t h e n r e a d t hi s w riti n g L i s t e n s ai n t ! in w ho s e
,
.
"
f t e th i s d e cr e e ( f o b ta i n i n g God ) is w ritt e n h e will obt ai n

a ,
o
,
profit f ro m ( r e m e m b e ri n g ) H is n am e L i s t e n t e a ch e r ! Go d .
,
c an n ot b e ob t i n e d by w or d s o n l y fo r th a t whi ch is s aid is n othi n g

a ,
b u t w ord s an d w or d s a r e o ft e n f a l s e a n d w o r d s a r e of n o av a il
, ,
an d h e o n ly w i l l o b t a i n thi s ( profit ) w h o l o v e s G o d a n d h e ,
o n ly w il l g e t (pr o fit fr o m r e m e m b e ri n g ) G o d s n am e Th e n ’
L i s t e n W a n d e t (wi s e m an ) to r e ad
.
ag a i n t h e S ri G u u s a i d
“
r , ,
an y th i n g e l s e b u t t h e n am e of G o d is a l l w i n d
,
Th e n t h e , .
”
P an d at G u p al s ai d O N an ak p o i n t m e o u t s o m e thi n g m or e to
,
r e ad fro m t h e r e ad i n g of w hi c h I m ay obt a i n fr e e do m S i r T h e n
,
”
,
L i s t e n 0 s ai n t ! t h r e ad i n g w h i ch is o f th e
.
t h e S ri G u ru s a i d , ,
e ,
w orld m ay b e co m p a r e d a s fol l o w s
,
t h e in k is m a d e fro m t h e ,
w i c k of l am p s ; it s p a p e r o f h e m p a n d it s p e n of t h e r e e d 5 t h e , ,
m i n d is t h e w ri t e r a n d i f o n e w rit e w i t h th e s e w h a t w i l l h e w rit e ?
, , ,
T h e tro u b l e s of t h e lo v e of t h e w orl d w i l l b e w ritt e n fro m w ri ti n

g ,
w h ich a ri s e a l l k i n d s of tro u b l e s w h r e a s t h e tr u e r e ad i n g is a ft e r ,
e
t hi s f a s h io n ; h a v i n g b u r n t t h e f a l s e l o v e f o r t h e w o rld fro m i t ,
m u s t m ak e o n e s in k f d e v otio n m s t b e pr e pa r e d o n e s
’
’
one o
,
u
p ap e an d w h at e v e r l o v e t h e r e is in o n e s h e art of th at o n e m u s t
r
,
’
,
m k e o ne s pe n a n d o n e s h e a rt m u s t b t h e w rit e r an d w h a t
’ ’
a e
,
s ort o f w riti n g w il l o n e t h e n w ri t e ? O n e w il l w r it e t h e n a me of ,
t h e D i v i n e G o d a n d o n e w il l w rit e (H is ) b e a u tif u l pr ai s e
,
fro m ,
w h ich w riti n g a ll d i s ord e r s w il l b e r e m o v e d a n d o n e s body w i l l

’
,
”5
t . e .
, A t t h e d ay o f ac c o u n ts , al l o th e r ac c o u n t s or r
w it in g s , w i ll be of no
t . e .
,
L e ar n th is , an d t h e n y o u wi ll ob t a in sa lvat i on an d
you w i ll not
rq
e u ir e to be bo n r o r d ie ag a in .
”7 t
e .
. , H ve ea n .
1 44 H I S T ORY or T H E S IKHS .
b e m ad e h ap p v b u t H is e n d c an n o w h e r e b e d i s co v e r e d ,
1 48
-
P
O a n d at ! I f y o u c a n u n d e r s t an d thi s w riti ng o f tr u th , th e n
d o y o u yo u r s e l f r e ad it a n d t e a ch m e a l s o to r e a d it an d if y o u
c an n ot u n d e r s t a n d t h e w ri ti n g of Tr u th , th e n d o n o t r e ad yo u r s e lf ,
n o r t e a ch m e to r e a d L
i s t e n , 0 Pan d at l w h e n yo u r life l e av e s
.
y o u th e n thi s r e ad i n
g o f Tr u th w il l b e to
y o u a to k e n of T r u th ,
P
,
”
a n d d e a th w il l n e v e r co m e n e a r y o u Th e n t h e an d at as k e d , .
O N an a k ! w h e r e h a v e y o u fo u n d o u t th e s e thi n gs ? b u t li s t e n ,
N an ak ! ( t e l l m e ) , th o s e w h o n o w k e e p t h e n am e of Go d (in
r e m e m b r an c e ) , w h a t a d v an t ag e w i l l th e y obt ai n Th e n S r i
B ab a N an a k gav e u tt e r an c e to th e s e co n d v e r s e .
W h e r e g r e at n e s s wi ll b e ob t ai n e d ,
a lw ay s p l e as u r e an d
d e h gh t ;
(Th e r e ) fro m th e i r f a c e , mar k s w ill i s s u e ,
in w h o s e h e art th e
tr u e n am e is .
I f i t do e s a ccr u e by d e s t in y th e n i t is obt ai n e d n o t by , ,
”
p r a ttl e of w o rd s (T rum
pp s A d i G r an th p a e
.
g
’
T h e m e an i n g of i t is th i s L i s t e n 0 Pan d at wh e r e yo u r , ,
s o u l g o e s th e r e y o u w il l b e
,
bl e s s e d fro m h av i n g r e m e mb e r e d ,
Go d ; th e r e th e r e w i ll a l w ay s b e pl e as u r e s an d y o u w il l b e in
, ,
c e s s an tly bl e s s e d w ith a bo d e s of h a ppi n e s s an d j oy ; an d tho s e

o n ly w h o h av e r e m e m b e r d H im w it h al l th e i r h e art s w il l obt ai n
,
e
,
g r e a t h o n o u r a t t h e Tr u e Th e s h o ld H e for w ho m i t is d e s i n e d
r
g .
, ,
”
wil l obt ai n thi s Go d is n o t to b e w o n by w ord s
. T h e P an d a t .
,
o n h e a ri n g thi s b e c am e g r e a tly fri g h t e n e d A g a i n a ft e r thi s

,
.
, ,
th e P a n d at e n q u i r e d O N an ak ! tho s e w h o t ak e t h e n am e of
Go d n o o n e e v e n k n o w s t h e m a n d th e y d o n ot g e t a s uffici e n cy
, ,
of br e a d e ith e r ; w h il s t tho s e wh o ar e k i n g s li v e in g r e at e as e , ,
an d ar e n o t in t h e l e a s t a fr a id o f t h e G r e a t G o d th e n t e l l (m e ) ,
”
w h at w il l b e th e ir s t a t e at t h e T r u e Thr e s hol d ? Th e n t h e
G uru Bab a g av e u tt e r an c e to th e thi rd v e r s e
S o m e co m e s o m e ri s e an d go to w ho m t h e n am e o f
,
1 9
,
4
c h ie f tam i s gi v e n ,
S o m e ar e bor n as b e g gar s s o me h av e g r e at co u rt s ,
.
H av i n g g o n e o n w a rd s (to t h e oth e r w o rl d ) i t w il l b e k n own ,

”
th at with o u t th e n m e th e r e s ch an g e of for m
a i ,
1 50
( T r u m pp s .
’
Ad i Gran th p ag e ,
H w ill b t i r t
i .e .
, e o a n es .
i a , S o m e ar e b o r n , an d s o m e d ie
. . .
”0
D r T r u m p p s ay s , c h a n g e o f
. o r m h e r e im f
p ie s t r an s m ig r at io n , an d h e l
l j
w h o i s n o t i m b u e d in t h e n am e , w i l b e s u b e c t t o a c o u r s e o f t r an s m i r at io n
g .
I l v
b e ie e , h o w e e r t h a t t h e v
o o w in g is a s im f ll
an d b e t t e r t r an s at io n o f l r l
N
p e
h l
t e as t s e n t e n c e “
t h at e c e p t t h e
-
x
am e o f G o d , al l e s e is u s e e s s
”
l l .
C HA P . I .
— D IS C O U R S E W I T H G U Pi i L , T H E T E A CHER .
Th e of i t is L i s t e n P an d at ! o m e ar e co m e r s
m e an i n g ,
“
,
s ,
s o m e ar e o e rs ; s o m e a e c a ll d co an d e r s o f a r mi e s a n d
1“
g m m r e
,
s o m e poor p e o pl e t t h e i r foo d b y b e g i n s ome k i

g e g g ; a re n
gs ,
an d h o l d r e a t co u rt s b u t tho s e w h o do n e t r e m e m b e r G o d th e y
g , , ,
w il l obt a i n t h e s am e p u n i s h m e n t a s t h e w a s h e r m a n g i v e s cl o th e s , ,
or th e m il l gi v e s t h e g r a i n or t h e oil p r e s s e r gi v e s t h e o il s e e d ;
,
-
a n d tho s e w h o r e m e m b e r G o d h e r e th e y w i l l o b t ai n g r e a t n e s s at ,
t h e Th r e s h o l d of G o d O n h e a ri n g th i s t h e Pa m /
. a t w a s fri h t
g ,
e n e d an d a l a r m e d th e n a gai n t h e l a n l a t b e g a n t s ay T hi s is ’ “
c o
s o m e V e ry ho ly p e r s o n A g a i n t h e P a n d at as k e d
”
. O N an ak , ,
w h y d o y o u u tt e r w o r d s of thi s ki nd y o u a e a t pr s e n t a ch i l d r e
try a l ittl e t h e j oy of h a v i n g a fa th e r an d m o t h e r a w if e n d ,
a
f a mily ; b e hol d (y o u r ag e is ) y e t ( o n t h e i n c r e as e ) 1
w h e re ,
59
th e n w il l b e t h e e n d o f y o u r w or d s f Th e n t h e S ri G u ru B ab a ”
r e a d th e fo u rth v e r s e
O u t of thy f e a r dr e a d is v e ry g r e at ,
b e i n g c o n s u m e d th e ,
bo dy b e c o m e s t att e r e d .
Tho s e w h o h ad t h e n a m e o f S u l t an an d K h an h av e b e e n
,
s e e n b e co m i n g as h e s
1 53
.
N an ak ! w h e n o n e h as ri s e n an d d e p art e d al l fal s e lo ve ,
br e ak s d o wn (T r
. u
”
m p p s A d i G r a n th p a e
g
’
, ,
Th e m e a n in g o f i t is thi s t h e S r i G u ru s ai d L iste n 0
, ,
“
,
P a nd at ! I h a v e s u ch f e ar of th a t L or d t h at fro m f e a r of H im , , ,
m y b d y i g r e a tl y fil l e d w ith f e a r
o s tho s e w h o w e r e c a ll e d k i n g s ,
an d kh a n s h e r e t h e y h a v e d i e d a n d b e e n t u r n e d i n to d u s t
,
t h os e ,
fr m d r e ad o f w ho m t h e e a rth r e m a i n d fri gh t e n e d a n d th o s e
o e
, ,
w h o s e c m m n d s u e d to b e ob e y e d th e y a l s o h a v e d e p a rt e d fro m
o a s ,
h e r e L i s t e n 0 P an d a t ! for w h a t S i r s h o u ld 1 s ho w s u ch fal s e
.
, , ,
lo v e ? I a l s o m u s t p u t off th s e cloth e s ; ( th e n ) th e s e m i s e r ab l e
1
e
54
c loth e s ( of e xi s t e n c e
l s h al l a l l b e t u r n e d i n to a h e a of d u st I
p .
w i l l do s e r v ic e to H im w h o c a n s a v e m y s o l ,
w h y s ho u l d I s ho w u
m y a ffe cti o n for thi s fi c k l w orl d ?

”
Th e n t h e P and a t m ad e an
e
T h i s is s o me v e ry h oly m an
,
”
ob e i s an c e an d d e p a rt e d s ayi n g
, , ,
“
.
1“
t e S o
. m e a r e b o r n , s o m e d ie .
,
.
1“
t e Y o u a r e y e t b u t a g r o w i n g l ad
M
.
"
D
. .
,
‘ 5 3
us t wo u d b e b e t t e r t h a n l
as h e s , for u h a m m ad a n s ar e . not ur u t ;
v
d u s t , m o r e o e r , is t h e p r o p e r m e a n in g o f he h i
”
K .
l“
ie ,. . I
t o o m u s t d ie .
o u, th e n thi r i s e ad n g 0
y
and d e ath w
O N anak !
Nanak ! (te l l
r e me mb r an c e
B ab a N é n a k ga v e it
W h e r e g re a t nes s
Th f ro m t h e i r
( e r e )
t ru e name is .
I f i t d oe s a”cc r u e
r a ttl e o f w o r d s (T r
p
.
Th e me an i n g of i
oe s t h e r e yo u i vi
g ,
God ; th e r e t h re w il l
,
e
c e s s an tl y b l e s s a i w ith
o n ly w h o h av e re me m
,
r e at h o n o u r a t t h e T r
g
.
wil l obta i n t hi s .
o n h e ar in g t h is ,
th e Pa nda t e nq n i
God , no o n e e v e n
o f b re e d e it he r w
an d a re n o t in t h e
w h at w il l b e t h e i
G aré Bebe ga v e a t
S o me me co .
C h ie fta in is
S o me at
H av i n g
t hat w it h o u t
Adi G ra nth ,
C HA P . I .
— D IS C O URS E W l TH GU PA ,
THE T EAC H ER .
Th e m e an i n g of i t is L i s t e n Pn d at ! s o m e ar e co m e r s
,
“
, ,
s o m e ar e g o e r s ; s o m e a r e c al l e d o f a r m i e s an d
1 51
c o nn an d e r s ,
s o m e p oo r p e opl e t t h e i r foo d by b e i n o m k i
g e
g g ; s e a re n s
g
an d h ol d r e a t co u rt s b u t th o s e w h o d mo t r e m e m b e r Go d th e y
g , , ,
w il l obt a i n t h e s am e p u n i s h m e n t as t h e r a s h e r m a n g i v e s cl o th e s
, .
or t h e m i l l gi v e s th e g r a i n o r t h e oil p s s e r g i v e s t h e oil s e e d
,
- a
an d th o s e w h o r e m e m b e r G o d h e r e t h e w i l l o b t ai n g r e a t n e s s a t
,
t h e T h r e s h ol d of G od O n h e a ri n g t h t h e P a n d a t w as fri g h t
.
,
th e n a g ai n t h e P a n d b e g a n to s a y Thi s is
.
e n e d an d a l a r m e d
“
a
”
s o m e v e ry h oly p e r s o n A g a i n t h e Pad at as ke d O N m ah
’
.
, i
w h y d o y o u u t t e r w o rd s of t hi s k i n d y e a e a t p r s e n t a ch i l d r e
try a l ittl e t h e j oy of h a v i n g a ta t h e m n d m o th e r a w i fe a n d
‘
f a m i ly , b e hol d (yo u r a g e i ) e t ( o n th e i n c r e a s e )
s y
1 3
w h e re ,
55
th e n wil l b e t h e e n d o f r o n r w o r d s h e n t h e S ri ( t u r l i B ab a
.
‘ ’
r e a d th e fo u rth v e r s e
O n t o f th y f e a r dr e a d is v e r g r e a t b e i n g c o n s u m e d th e
, ,
body b e o m e s t att e r e d
c .
Tho s e w h o h ad t h e n a m e o f S ul t n a n d K h an h av e b e e n
s e e n b e co m i n g as h e s
1 3 °
.
N an ak ! w h e n o n e h as ri s e n an d e p te d a l l f al s e l o ve ar
,
br e ak s do w n .
(T r u m p p s A d i G r a n th ag e
” ’
, ,
Th e m e a n i n g o f i t is thi s , t h e S r i i u r ii n d, L i s t e n, 0 i ’
“
P a n d at
'
I h a v e s u ch f e a r o f t h a t L ord , t a t , fr o m f e a r of H im ,
m y b o dy is g r e a tl y fil l e d w i t h f e a r th o s w h o w e r e c a ll e d k i n g s
a n d k h an s h e r e , t h e y h a v e d i e d a n d b e e n t r n e d i n to d u s t ; t h o s e ,
f r o m d r e a d o f w h o m t h e e a rth r e m ain e d f r igh t e n e d , an d th o s e ,
w h o s e c o m m a n d s u s e d to b e ob e y e d , t h e y tds o h a v e d e p a rt e d fro m
h e r e L i s t e n 0 Pan d a t l for w h a t , S i r t o u ld I s h o w s u ch fa l s e
.
, ,
l o v e I a l s o m u s t p u t c it th e s e cl oth e s ; ( t h e n ) th e s e m i s e r abl e
? 1
cloth e s ( of e xi s t e n c e ) s h al l a l l b e t u r n e d i t o a h e ap of d u s t I .
w i l l do s e r v ic e to H im w h o c an s a v e m y s a l
,
w h y s h o u l d I s ho w
”
m y a fi e c t io n for th i s fi c k l e w orl d ? T h e t h e P and a t m ad e an
ob e i s an c e , a nd d e p a rt e d , s ay i n g ,
-
Th i s s o
«t h r e ad 3
1 46 H I S T ORY or T HE s u ms .
C H A P T ER II .
D is c o u rs e re ar
g d ing th e B r a h min ic a l T h r e a d .
) Vh S ri B aba r e ach e d n i n e y e a r s o f a g e th e n th e y
en th e ,
w i s h e d to i n v e s t h im w ith t h e B r a h m i n ic a l th r e a d an d t h e B rah ,
m an s s e t to w o r k to t e ac h h im c h au n ka 1 55
s a n dh ia
g ait r i1 56
an d , ,
t a rpa n ; an d h a v i n g p u t o n h im a s i k h a s r1 t w ai s tcloth
1 57
,
1 58 1 59
,
'
, ,
B r a h m i n ic al th r e ad ro s a ry a n d ti l a k th e y b e gan to i n s tr u ct
1 60
, , ,
h im r e g a r d i n g ( t h e u s e of ) t h e s e s ix arti cl e s A ft e r thi s ag a i n .
,
th e y b ath e d t h e S ri B ab a an d th e n th e y s e at e d h im in t h e p l ac e
, , ,
o f d e v oti o n W h e n th e B r ah m a n s b e ga n to p u t 0 11 h im t h e
.
B r h m i n i c al thr e ad t h e n t h e S ri G u ru B ab a s a id L i s t e n O
a , ,
f am i ly pri e s t ! fro m i n v e s ti n g m e w it h th i s B r ah m i n ic a l thr e ad ,
wh ic h y o u a r e p u tti n g o n w h a t r e l i g io n is t au g h t m e , Th e n
t h e fam ily p ri e s t s a id L i s t e n O N an ak th e p u r p o r t o f b e i n g in ,
v e s t e d w i th thi s Br ah m i n ic al thr e ad is th i s th at it is l a i d do w n in ,
o u r r e li gio n (to b e w or n ) by K h a t t ris an d B r ah m an s ; a n d u n til
o n e ob t a i n s t h e B r a h m i n ic a l thr e a d o n e is i m p u r e ; an d a ft e r th a t
1 61
, ,
o n e c an n o t appro a ch a n y thi n g th a t is i m p u r e ; a n d o n e w h o h a s ,
-
obt ai n e d th e B r ah m i n ic a l thr e ad is n o l o n ge r i m pu r e ; an d with ,
o u t w as h i n g it is n o t g oo d to g o i n to o n e s coo k i n g pl a c e an d
’
, ,
w h e n o n e ob t a i n s th i s B r a h m i n ic a l thr e ad th e n h e b e co m e s of t h e ,
r e l i gio n o f K h at tr is an d B r ah m an s an d c an p e r fo r m g al t ri s an d hia , , ,
t ar pan an d ( u s e ) t h e s ix a rticl e s abo v e m e n ti o n e d an d b e co m e s ,
r e s p e ct ab l e ; K h at t r is a n d B r ah m a n s o bt ai n t h e Br ah m i n i c al th r e a d
for thi s r e a s o n ; an d w ith o u t t h e B r a h m i n ic al th r e a d t h e r e l i gio n ,
of K h a t tr is an d B r ah m an s wo u l d n o t r e m a i n O n thi s B ab a .
”
,
N an ak s a id L i s t e n 0 P an d a t do e s t h e r e li g io n o f K h att r is an d
, ,
Br ah m an s co n s i s t o n ly in w e a1 in g t h e B r a h m i n ic a l th 1 e ad o r
‘
d o e s i t r e s t o n g oo d w or k s L i s t e n P a n d at 7 i f a man g e t s t h e , .
B ra h m imc al th r e a d an d d o e s e v i l d e e d s w il l b e 1 e m ain a t a tt r i
, ,
0 1 B r a h m an o r w il l h e b e co m e an o u t c a s t W h e n t h e S 1 i Gur u
155
q
Ch au n k a is t h e m ak in g r e ad y a s u ar e f o r w o r s h i p , an d p as t e ri n g it l
B
.
15 6
S an d h ia an d g a1 t r i ar e o r m s o f f
r ah m in ic a p r ay e r s l .
15 7
l
T ar p an 1 s t h e m ak in g a n o b at io n w it h w at e r , w h ic h i s t ak e n u p in b o t h
f
h an d s , an d p o u r e d o r t h , t o t h e m e m o r y o f o n e s an c e s t o r s
’
.
158
f
S ik h a i s t h e t u t o f h air , w o r n o n t h e t o p o f t h e h e ad .
f v l f l r
‘
15 9 ’
S ii t i s a h an dk e r c h ie , w h ic h i s t h r o w n o e r t h e e t s h o u d e , d ur in g t h e
f
p e r o r m a n c e s o f w o r s h ip
B
.
1 6°
T il a-k i s t h e m ar k w o r n b y ra h m an s o n t h e o e h e ad f r
B
.
ie , f l
e o r e p u t t in g it o n , e at in g u n c e an t h in g s is n o t r e ga d e d a s a s in ,
. r
f
b u t , a t e r w ar d s , it is ,
C HAP . II . B RA H M IN I CA L TH RE A D .
B ab a h ad s ai d th i s th e n al l th e p e opl e w h o w e r e s e at e d th e r e
, ,
w e r e as to n i s h e d an d b e gan t o s ay O holy God h e is at p r e , ,
”
s e n t b u t a l ad b u t w h at g ood w 0 r d s do e s h e g i v e u tt e r a n c e to l
, ,
Th e n t h e B r ah m an as k e d O Holy S i r w h a t B ra h m i n i c al ,
”
thr e a d is th at in th e ob t ai n i n g of w hich r e li g io n co n s i s t s ?
,
Th e n t h e S ri B ab a gav e u tt e r an c e to th i s s t an z a
M e rcy 1 3 t h e cotto n p ati e n c e t h e th r e ad ch as tity is th e ,
k n ot an d tr u th is th e twi s ti n g
,
A n d s u ch is t h e Br ah m i n ic a l thr e ad of th e s o u l i f y ou
h av e s u ch a thr e a d p u t i t on me ,
I t w il l n e ith e r b r e a k n o r s oil n o r b u r n n o r be lo s t , ,
.
‘
‘
Tho s e p e r s o n s (s ay s ) N an a k ar e bl e s s e d
’
wh o w e ar a , , .
th r e ad l i k e th i s m es
.
’
T h e m e an i n g is thi s th a t th e S ri G u ru B ab a N an ak s aid , ,
L i s t e n O Holy P an d at ! th e r e li g io n of on e w h o w e ar s s u ch a
, ,
B r ah m i n i c al t h 1 e ad wi l l co n ti n u e i e h e wh o s h al l m ak e
, ,
f
n
,
m e r cy th e cotto n p ati e n c e t h e t h 1 e ad ti u th t h e t w i s t
, , , , ,
an d ch as tity its k n ot ; an d h e w h o i n w ardly h as a B 1 ah

, ,
m i mic al thr e a d o f m e rcy an d p a ti e n c e h e w il l b e co m e cl e an s e d ,
an d p u rifi e d O P an d a t a B r a h m i n ic a l thr e a d of thi s cot to n

.
(y o u o ff e r m e ) is of n o u s e to m e th e n w h y h a v e y o u w a s t e d t h e ,
cotto n by t w i s ti n g i t ( i n to th e th r e a d ) A th r e ad o f thi s cott o n i f ,
i t f al l s i n to th e fir e is bu r n t a n d if a l i ttl e m u d atta ch e s to it i t

, , , ,
b e co m e s o i l e d an d b c co m e s o l d an d th e n br e ak s b u t th a t
s , ,
B r a h m i n ic al t h 1 e ad wh ich c o n s 1 s ts of m e rcy p ati e n c e ch as tity

, , ,
an d tr u th i t n e v e r , b e co m e s s oil e d 0 1 ol d n o r d o e s i t br e a k 11 0 1 ,
b u1 n . L i s t e n O P an d a t h appy ar e th o s e p e r s o n s w h o h a v e
,
.
,
obt a i n e d a Br a h min i c a l th r e a d o f m e rcy p ati e n c e ch as ti ty an d , ,
tr u th L i s t e n P an d a t al l oth e r B r ah m i n ic al thr e ad s a r e fal s e ;

.
,
i f y o u h av e th i s Br ah m i n i c al th r ad th e n p u t i t o n m e oth e r w i s e e , ,
d o n o t p u t it o n m e t h e B 1 ahmin ic al th r e ad m ad e of cotto n is o f , ,
”
n o v al u e Th e n th e B r a h m an s aid O N an ak ! I d id n o t to day
“
.
,
i n s tit u t e t h e p u tti n g o n of thi s B r a h m i n i c al thr e a d ; w h at do y o u .
th i n k I h av e d o n e s o
,
I f t h e w e a ri n g o f th i s B r a h m i n ic a l
thr e a d h as b e e n s e ttl e d by m e th e n forbid m e b u t i t w as e s t ab ,
l is h e d lo n g ag o Th e n t h e S r i Bab a s ai d
.
’
O Pan d at l th i s is ,
“
a 1 a w B r ah m i n i c a l thr e ad i t wil l r e m ai n h e 1 e an d will n o t go ,
a f t e rw a rd s w ith y o u Th e n t h e t e a ch e r s a i d O N an ak ! thi s
“
.
,
‘6 2 D r T r u mp p ve s
gi th e f o ll ow ing t r an s a t io n l of th e se l in e s in h is Kd i
.
G P
.
.
r an t h , 646 ag e .
(I f ) k in d n e s s (b e ) t h e c o t t o n , c on t e n tm e n t , t h e t h r e ad , c on t in e n c e t h e k no t ,
“
r
t u t h t h e t w is t
t
.
If
( ) t h is b e t h e s ac r e d c o r d o f t h e c r e at u r e s , t h e n , 0 an d a p u t it o n Th is P .
d oe s n o t b r e ak , n o r d o e s fil
t h s t ic k t o it n or is it b u r n t n o r d o e s it go o ff
Bl
.
e s s e d is t h at m an , 0 N
an ak , w h o d e p a t s h av in g p u t o n (t h is ) o n h is n e c k r .
1 48 H I S T O RY or TH E su ms .
B r ah m i n i c al thr e ad o f w h i ch I a m s p e k i n g al l p e opl e fro m t h e

,
a , ,
b e g i n n i n g of t h e worl d to th e pr e s e n t t im e h a v e w o r n i t ; th e n 0 ,
N an ak w h y do y o u fo b id i t ( b e i n g p u t 0 1 y o u ?) 3 T h e n th e ’
r 1
S r i B ab a g av e u tt e r an c e to a n oth e r s t an z a
F or fo u r dam r is ( o n e p a is t ) i t ( th e jan e u ) w as bo u gh t
z
’
c
a n d s itti n g in a c h au n k a i t w a s p u t o n .
I n s u n c t io n w as d e l i v e r e d i n t o t h e e a r s (of t h e r e c e i v e r of
‘
t h e co r d) a B r ah m a n h ad b e co m e t h e G u r u
,
.
T h i s o n e d i e d an d th a t o n e f e ll off ; h e w e n t o ff w i tho u t a
c ord .
L ak h s of t h e fts l ak h s of for n i c ati o

,
ns, l ak h s of f al s e h ood s,
l ak h s of ab u s e s .
L ak h s o f d e c e it s ( an d ) fr a u d s ar e d ay a n d n i g h t (c u r r e p t )
”
w ith c r e at u r e s ( Tr u m p p s Tr an s l atio n
’
th e . A di ,
G r an th p ag e ,
T h e m e an in g is G uru N an a k s a id
,
L i s t e n O holy Panda t ! ,
“
,
t h e matt e r is th u s ; m e n h a v e s e ttl e d a l l thi s m att e r ; t h e B r a h

m in ic al th r e a d m a d e of co t to n c a n b e b u g h t ; m e n th e m s e l v e s
, ,
o
b ri n g th e c o w d u n g a n d m a k e t h e c h au n ka; th e n a ft e r w a r d s
, , ,
t h at m an hi m s e lf g o e s an d s i t s in th a t c h a n n k a a n d a B r ah m a n ,
c o me s an d s it s dow n a n d a d m o n i s h e s h im a n d p u t s t h e B r a h m i n i c al ,
t h r e ad ro u n d t h e n e c k of t h e d i s cip l e a n d th a t B r ah m an is ,
r e g a r d e d a s a G u ru t e l l m e c an s u ch n o n e b e 1n 1 G u ru w h o a
'
, , ,
aft e r h a v i n g b e e n g i v e n i s tr u c tio n obt i n s t h e Br a h m i n i c al

n
,
a
th r e ad ? L i s t e n t e a ch e r ! w h e n th a t m an d i e s th a t Br ah m i n ic a l
, ,
th r e a d is l e ft b e hi n d h im an d h is s o u l g o e s a w ay w ith o u t th a t
,
t h r e a d ; al l th e t hi n g s w h i ch h a v e b e e n s e ttl e d b y t h e w orl d
, ,
wil l al l b e l e ft h e r e ; th e i r p r ai s e w il l c o n ti n u e in thi s w o rl d
o n ly b u t ab o v e in t h e T h r e s h ol d of G d t h e y h a v e o p r a i s e
, ,
. o
,
n
a n d t ho s e th i n g s w hich G o d h a s s e ttl e d th e y a e n o t pl e a s i n g r .
t o t h e wo rl d
.
,
b u t if an y o n e s h a l l a cq u i r e t h e th i n g s of G o d h e ,
wil l o bt a i n pr ai s e a t t h e T h r e s h o ld of Go d O s ai n t o u r b u s i n e s s .
is w it h G o d an d w e h a v e n oth i g to d o w ith t h e w o rl d ; th e s
,
n e
w o r ldl y thi n g s th a t y o u t e ach m e th e y a r e o f n o u s e to m e A l l

, ,
.
t h o s e w h o h e a rd th e s e w or d s go t u p a n d s ai d ,
B r av o b r a v o O ,
D iv i n e G o d ! w h at m rcy heas t t h o u n o t s ho w n to t h i s l ad .
Th e n t h at B r ah m an s i d O N an ak ! K al a h as e xp e n d e d a l l
“
a
,
t h i s w e a lth f o r
y o u to obt a i n thi s B r a h m i n i c a l th r e ad a n d ma n y ,
p pe o l e h av e as s e m bl e d to i n v e s t y o u w i th t h e Br ah m i n ic a l t h r e ad
if y o u w il l n o t n o w p u t o n t h e Br a h m i n ic a l t h r e a d th e n l l (thi ,
a s
s u m ) t h a t h as b e e n e xp e n d e d 0 1 thi s g r e a t f e as t a n d al l t h e
1 ,
e op l e w h o h av e c o ll e c te d wil l b e fo r n othi n
g ; b ut now d o
y ou
p , ,
C HAP . 11 .
— B R A H M I N I CA L T HRE AD . 1 49
p u t 0 11 th i s th r e a d r d s
y ou m a ,y dan d a f e w a
c as it
p l e a s e s yo u rt r ' ‘ "
h e a rt l h e n t h e S ri B ab a r e a d a n oth e r s t an z a
.
”
-
‘
T h e (s a cr e d ) th r e a d is s p u n fro m cotto n th e B r ah man

“
,
co m s a n d t w i s t s i t e .
A go a t is k ill e d coo k e d a n d e at e n e v e ry o n e s ay s p u t it o n
, , , .
W h e n i t b e co m e s old i t is th ro w n a w ay an d an oth e r is , ,
p u t o n ag a i n .
N an ak (s ay s ) t h e thr e a d do e s n o t br e ak if t h e r e b e s tr e n gth ,
”
in t h e th r a d e .
h s A di G r a n t h p ’
( T m pp r a e
g ,
T h e m e a n i n g of i t is th a t t h e S ri G u ru B ab a s a id O s ain t l
, ,
t h e w orl d s a s if th i s t h r e a d is br o k e n o n e b e co m e s i m p u r e
y ,
O ,
s ai n t th e n gi e m e th a t B r ah m i n ic a l th r e a d to w e ar w hic h
v
,
w il l n e v e b r e a k ; h a v i n g s p u n t h
r c otto n t h e y m a k e a th r e a d e , ,
a n d t h e n th e y m a k e a s tri n g a n d if t h e s tri n g s h o u l d b r e a k it , ,
m u s t n o t b e w or n an y m e ; w h at v irt u e is th e r e in g e tti n
a n d wh i ch
or
s u h a t h r e ad
c w hi ch a B r ah m a n c a n ag a i n m a k e
, ,
one c a n o b t a i n a fr e s h I f th e r e is a n y s tr e n g th in thi s th r e ad
"
,
th e n w h y d o e s i t b r e ak Th a t s tri n g w h ic h h as s tr e n gth t h at , ,
s tri n g t h e G r e a t G o d h a s gi v e n m e ; y o u m ay p u t o n as m a n y
o th e r s tri n g s as
y ou like (b u t t h e y w il l profit Th,
en
th e y fo r c i b ly p u t th e B r ah m i n ic a l thr e a d o n t h e S ri B ab a an d ,
a ft e r w a r d s t h e Br ah m an s ai d O B ab th i s yo u r B r ah m i n i cal “
a
, ,
thr e a d is a t o k e fo r t h e w orl d b u t w h a t y o u s ay is qu it e tr u e
n .
But s i ,
th at k i n d of thr e ad w hich is s tro n g a n d n e v e r g e t s
r, , ,
d irty a n d n e v e r br e a ks a n d in t h e e n d g o e s to h e av e n
,
t e l l me
, ,
a b o u t t h at th r e a d T h e n t h e S ri G uru B ab a r e cit e d anoth e r

”
.
s t an z a
H e w h o r e v e r e n c e s G od s n am e h is ho n o u r i n cr e as e s t h e
’
, ,
pr a i s e of G o d is t h e tr u e thr e ad ;
I t is fo u n d in th e Thr e s hol d of G o d th a t thr e ad n e v e r ”
,
b r e ak s a n d is a l w ay s p 11 r e ,
16
.
°
T h e m e a n i n g o f i t is th at fro m t h e r e v e r e n ci n g o f t h e , ,
.
n a m e o f t h e D i v i n e B e i n g t h e h o n o u r of m n i cr e a s e an d t h e
a n s
,
d oi n g o f s e r v ic e to G od is t h e tr u e th r e ad ; an d thi s is t h e tr u e
B r h m i n i c a l th r e ad at t h e Th r e s hold o f G o d an d th e s tri n g of
a ,
th i s p u r e B r ah m i n ic a l th r e ad n e v e r br e ak s T h e n t h e P an dat .
m a d e an ob e i s an c e an d d e p a rt e d ,
.
15 "D r v
T r u m p p g i e s t h e o o w in g t a n s a t io n o f t h e s e
.
in e s (Adi
f ll r an t h
, r l l G
p ag e 6 47 )
r
B y m in d in g t h e n am e , h o n o u s p r in g s u p , p r ai s m g ( G o d ) i s t h e t ru e t h r e ad
T h e t h r e a d , t h at is o b t a in e d w it h in t h e t h re s h o d ( o f G o d ) , d o e s n o t b r e ak l
( i t is ) p u r e .
1 50 H I S T ORY or THE S I KHS .
CH A P T E R III .
D is c our s e w ith the p hys ician .
G u ru N an a k , h av i n g go t i n to a s t at e o f r e li gio us e n th u s i as m ,
l aid d o w n as o n e h e lpl e s s ; o n thi s t h e w h o l e f am i ly of V e diy a s

, ,
b e i n g di s tr e s s e d b e ga n to l am e n t an d to s ay
,
Thi s is a g r e a t
m att e r of r e gr e t th a t N an a k th e s o n of K al li s h o u l d h av e
, , ,
b e co m e mad T h e n t h e S r i B ab a r e m a i n e d q u i e t a n d for th r e e
’
.
, ,
m o n t h s l ay p ro s tr a t e i n s id e ( t h e h o u s e ) e a ti n g an d dri n k i n g
, ,
n othi n g Th e n al l t h e f am ily of t h e V e diy a s b e c am e v e r y

.
an x io u s an d th e y al l b e an t o s a
, g y to K a l li W h y d o y ou n ow
“
r e m ai n s e at e d wh e n yo u r s on is l yi n g p ro s tr at e ? c al l s o m e
,
phy s ici an to c u r e h im ; th e n p e rh ap s God by yo u r s p e n di n g ,
a s tr aw m a i v u ch oth e r w i s e t h e worl d w il l s ay of
1 64
m r ofit
, y g e p ,
y o u,
th at K a l a d o e s n o t c u r e h is s o n (as h e h a s g r e at e r ) lo v e for
“
h is m o n e y ; li s t e n K al li o u w ill h a v e pl e n ty of m o ne y w h
’
en
y ,
yo u r s o n s h al l b e c u r e d T h e n K alu r o s e an d go t u p an d c all e d
.
,
a phy s i ci an .T h e phy s i ci an c am e a n d s tood a n d b e g an to s e i ze ,
th e a r m of t h e B ab a ; th e n t h e B ab a w ith dr e w h is a r m and ,
”
ro s e an d s at u p a n d s ai d O phy s ici an w h at a r e y ou doi n g
,
?
T h e p hy s ici a n r e pl i e d I a m s e e i n g w h at i n w ar d di s e as e y o u
”
h av e . Th e n th e S ri B ab a r e ci t e d t h e fol lowi n g v e r s e in r e ply
t o t h e phy s ici an
T h e phy s i ci an w as c a l l e d to c u r e h e s e iz e d m y a r m an d ,
b e gan t o fe e l ( for m y p u l s e )
O s im p l e p hy s ici an ! do y o u n o t k n ow th at th e p a i n is in ,
m y h e art ;
0 phy s ici a n ! g o to yo u r ho m e an d do n o t r e c e i v e a c u r s e
"
fro m m e ;
I am in lo v e with m y h u s b an d (al e God ) to wh o m will y o u .
g i v e m e dici n e !
O phy s ici an y o u ar e a v e ry wi s e phy s ici an b u t y o u sh o u l d ,
fi n d o u t t he d i s e as e
,
F i n d ( i t ) o u t a n d bri n g th at m e dici n e by wh ic h al l d i s e as e s
,
ar e c u r e d
I f th e r e is s i c k n e s s t h e n th e r e is pl e nty of p h y s io an d m an y
, ,
phy s i ci an s w i ll co m e an d s t an d aro u n d
19 "T h is v f ly d
is p r o e r b , s ig n i y in g t h at i f
a on e On s pe n a l it t l e on the
d oc t or t h e w i ll o b t ain m u c h p r o t , fi fr
o m g e tt in g c ure d .
C H AP . 111 .
-
n1 s c o u s s n wrr n T HE P H Y S I C IAN . 151
Th e bo dy we e ps , an d the s o u l cri e s o u t, P hy s ici an , gi ve me

n ot m e dici n e ,
Go phy s ici an to yo u r o w n ho me fo r
, , , fe w k n o w ( wh at is
w ro n g W i th m e )
H e wh o h a s cr e at e d thi s d i s e a s e H e ( s ay s ) N anak i ll
’
, , w
cure me .
’
Th e n he r e cit e d an oth e r v e r s e in th e M al ar R ag ;
O s i mpl e phy s ici an g i v e m e n o t phy s ic ; ,
Th i s h e art is o bt ain in g t h e p un i s h m e n t of its o wn d e e d s

I am in p ai n an d m y body tor m e n t e d
,
Th i s phy s ic is o f 1 0 u s e O b roth e r ! 1
,
P a i n is a p oi s o n ; t h e n ame o f B ari is it s an tidot e

P ati e n c e is th e g ri n di n g s to n e ; th e h an d fo r gri n d in g it is
al m s
Co n ti n u al ly t ak e (th e m e dici n e of ) H is n am e an d th e n yo u r ,
body ill s u ffe r n o p a i n

11
I n t h e e n d t h e a n g e l of d e a th w il l d e s troy y o u
,
O th ou r u s ti c t ak e s u ch a m e dici n e ;
F ro m t ak i n g w hich al l yo u r di s e as e s m ay d e p art .
PAU S E .
K i n g s hip w e al th an d yo u th ar e all li k e a s h ado w

, ,
1 65
T h e tr ac k o f th e c a r as i t m o v e s o n is l e ft b u t do e s n o t a l w ay s
, , ,
rema n i
W h e n o n e di e s n e ith e r a m an s body r e m ai n s n o r h is n am e
,
’
,
n o r h is c as t e
Th e r e (in t he f u tu e w o rl d ) i t is al l day bu t b e r e i t is al l n i g h t ;
r
, , ,
R e g a rd w orl d ly joy s as f u e l a n d its d e s ir e s as gh i an d oil (to ,
b u r n th e r e o n ) .
B u r n l u s t a n d an g e r in t h e fi r e .
B u t obl at i n s s acrific e s a n d r e li g io u s b oo k s
o
,
.
t ich ar e pl e as in g to G o d th e s e o n l y a r e acc e pt a bl e (to H im ),
M ak e d e v otio n yo u r p ap e r an d o n i t w rit e yo u r n am e an d ,
si n at u r e ;
g
T h e y w h o h av e w ri tt e n th u s ( o n th e p ap e r )
, ,
.
Th e y w il l app e a r w e l thy w h e n th e y go to H is port al ;

a ,
N an a k (s ay s ) l Bl e s s e d is t h e m oth e r o f th a t o n e w h o is bor n ,
a n d r e m e m b e r s h is God .
W h e n t h e phy s ici an h ad h e ard thi s s t an z a th e n h e w ithdr e w , ,
an d s a id O b roth e r ! h e h as o d i s e as e ; do n o t y o u b e at all n
”
an xio u s for h im .
t . e .
,
Th ey do n ot l as t , b ut c o m e an d l
g o , ik e a s h ad o w .
1 52 H I S T O RY or THE S I KHS .
C H A P T ER IV .
D is c o ur s e a bo u t th e S to r e .
Th e r e we re g i v en h im a tho u s an d r u p e e s in c as h ; th e n
B al d S a u d h ii s a i d , O B ab a N an a k y o u h a v e n o w t a k e n o v e r
’
”
t h e s t o r e , th e r e for e n o w g i v e m e l e av e to g o T h e n G u ru
.
N an a k s ai d, O
“
broth e r B al a y o u h av e for m e d an i m p e rf e ct
af f e ctio n for m e ; w h a t ! w i l l y o u l e av e m e w h il s t I am s til l
a li v e Th e n B al d s aid ,
T h o u a r t th e s o n of a K h attri a n d
d o e s t th i n e o w n b u s i n e s s ; w h y s ho u l d I al s o n o t do m i n e ? ”
Th e n G u ru an a k s aid ,
T “
O
b roth e r 35 151 ! l e t thi ng s co n ti n u e
for s o m e ti m e as th e y a r e ; thi s b u s i n e s s m u s t b e d o n e by u s ,
w h o e l s e w i ll do th a t w hi c h is o u r b u s i n e s s ; do y o u b e h old t h e
s h o w (pl ay ) of t h e Cr e a tor , a n d s e e h o w t h e C
r e a tor act s ! s t ay
th e n a n d l i v e w i th m e ”
. Th e n I ( B al a) s ai d “
Y e s , s ir ! yo u r
pl e as u r e s h al l b e a cco m pli s h e d , a n d w h a t y o u s h a l l s ay , th at
”
w il l I d o . Th e n I a l s o b e gan to l i v e w i th t h e G u ru , an d w e
b e ga n to c a rry o n t h e b u s i n e s s t e n t w o y e a r s h a d p as s e d in
.
thi s w ay , c a rr y i n g o n t h e b u s i n e s s , th e n M a hi t a K al a c am e to
g e t i n fo r m a tio n ab out i t ,
a n d m e t w ith G u ru N an ak Th e n
.
G u ru N an ak g e tti n g u p f e ll at t h e fe e t of K al a an d M a hit a K al a
k i s s e d h is for e h e ad , a n d p r e s s e d h im to h is n e c k , an d b e g an to
a s k, O s on N an a k i t is t w o y e ar s s i n c e I s e n t y o u h e r e w h at
”
h a v e yo u m ad e , an d w h a t h a v e y o u s p e n t ? Th e n G u ru '
N an a k r e pl i e d , O I
fa th e r ! h av e m ad e a g oo d d e a l ; an d I h av e
spent
g oo d d e al ; b u t I h a v e n o t ac c u m u l at e d a n y th i n g
”
a .
Th e n M ahit a K al li b e gan to q uarr e l w ith m e ( B al a) , an d to u s e

h a rd w ord s ( t o m e ) O n t h i s G u ru N an a k m ad e a s i g n to (m e )
.
B al a, i n ti m ati n g, B ro t h e r B al a, y o u m u s t s ay n oth i n g to
“
K al li on th i s I r e m a i n e d s il e n t Th e n K al a b e g an to s ay ,
.
“
I t ho u g h t , th a t N an a k w a s n o w e m ploy e d in t h e b u s i n e s s , an d
th a t wh ich h e h ad ( for m e rly ) s p e n t of m i n e , h e w o u l d (n o w )
give b a c k to m e ; th e n K al a b e ga n to t al k in t h e s am e
(an g ry ) w ay , a s h e w as w o n t to d o .
Th e n h e ( K al li ) w e n t t o s e e N an aki an d J air am an d o n , ,
m e e ti n g t h e m b e g a n to a sk ;
, W h at h av e y o u do n e ? h av e y o u
e v e r loo k e d a ft e r h im at a l l ? ou h a v n e ith e r loo k e d ft r
y e a e
w h a t h e w as d oi n g n o r h av e ou do n y th i n bo t h i
, y ne a
g a u s
b e troth a l ; w hy h a v e y o u n o t do n e s o T h e n B ibi N amak i
s aid , O fath e r s i n c e h e h as b e e n h e r e h e h as w as t e d n oth i n g
,
C HAP IV . .
— DISCOU RS E A B OU T T H E S T OR E .
of yo u r s a r e y o u n o t th a n k l u l th a t h e is e m pl oy d an d e n g ag e d in
'
e
,
h is w o r k S o m e d y h e w i l l m ak e s o m e profi t ; an d a rr an ge m e n t s
a
,
ar e b i n g m a d e a l s o f o
e h i b e t o t h al a n d in a d ay or t w o th e y r s r , , ,
w i l l b e c o m pl e t e d h e c a u s e s n o l s s t o u s ; b u t O f ath e r ! if i t o ,
( t h e b e troth al ) is b e i n g a rr a g e d by y o u n
y w h e r e th e n d o you n a
,
a r r an e it ; alth o u g h i t is a m a tt e r of a n x i e ty t o us i t w ill b
g ”
e ,
do u bly s o to y o u .
R
( p y
e l f C hi
o l d d au h t e r
g N an ak i if i t co u l d b e ,
arr a n g e d by m e t h e n w h y s h o u l d [ a s k y o u ( to a rr an ge i t ) ?
,
a n d d a u g ht e r
,
if y o u d o a rr a n ge it th e n y o u m u s t arr an g e i t
, ,
in a prop e r f a m i ly a n d s e e th a t i t is a g o o d K h attri b u t it m u s t
, ,
n o t b e in a n i n d i ff e e n t ( fa m ily ) r .
( R e p l y of 1V in a W e d o n o t w i s h to p u t y o u t o an y e x
( .
p e n s e t h e r e i s one M al a C h o n a w h o is t h e l a nd s t e w a rd
,
of ,
t h e v ill a g e P a k h o k e R an d h aW a n,
h e w i l l h e t ro t h h is d a u gh t e r i -
w itho u t t ak i n g a n ythi n g ;
166
I h o p e t o m ak e arr a n g e m e n t s f o r h is
b e troth a l t h e r a n d w h a t is pl e a s i n g t o t h e L o r d th a t w il l t a k e ,
pl a e O M ahi t a d y o u r e m a in e as y in yo u r m i n d G o d w il l
c .
,
o
,
a rr a n g e e v e ry thi n
g w ll Th e n K al u s a i d O s o n in l a w e .
,
- -
J a i am (i n s u c h m att e r s ) o n e s s o n in l a w t r u ly f e e l a s m u ch
’
r s - -
s h am e a s o n e s s o n s l u as s ayi n g in m y h e a rt th a t as I h av e
’
.
,
s e e n th e h a ppi e s s o f B i b i N an a k i a n d m y e y e s w e r e r e joi c e d
n ,
th e r a t s o n o w I w i s h e d w hi l s t I l i v e d t o s e e t h e j oy an d d e s i r e
e
, , ,
o f N an a k f u lfi ll e d a n d t h e n m y s o u l w o u l d h a m a d e h appy
, .
”
Th n J ai am s aid O l\lah ita ! d o y o u r e m a i n h e r e an d I w il l

e i
'
, ,
c a l l (y o u r w i f e ) t h e m oth e r ( of N an a k ) Th e n K al i s ai d O ”
,
l
,
m y s n J a i am o s toppi n g h e r e is
r i r k s o m e to m e a n d I c a n n o t ,
m a n ag e to s t ay h e r e a s I h a v e l o t s t o d o t h e r e ( a t ,
Th e n J ai am s ai d O M ahit a y o u a to m e as P a r m an a n d ( m y
r ,
re
f ath e r ) an d y o u a e m y f a th e r
,
K al l i s a i d B e h ol d
r .
,
J a ir a m
’
i m m e d i a t e ly N an a k is b tr o t h e d y o m u s t i n s t an tly e ,
u
g i v e m e in fo r m a tio nd
y ou m ust ke e p my s on N a
n n a k in s i h t
,
a
g ,
n d s e th a t h e d o n o t w as t e a n o ney r c as h Th e n B ibi ”
a e
y m es o .
N an ak i s a i d O fa th e r ! a e y o u n o t t h an k f u l th a t h e is n o w
,
r
h app y ; y o u u s e d (for m e r l y ) d a i ly ( to tr o bl e s by s ayi n g ) t h a t u u
t o d a y h e h a d c au s e d t h i s l o s s a n d h e h ad w a s t d th a t O f a t h e r !
-
,
e .
w h e n h fe e d s t h e po o r th e n
e h e a rt s a r e t ro u b l e d l e s t t h e
,
our
,
m a s t e r s m o n e y s h o u l d b e d im in is h e d fo r t h e n w e w o u l d b di s g r a c e d
’
, e
b e f o r e t h e m as t e r B u t f th e r w h e n e v e r h r e n d e r s t h e a c c o u n t s
. a ,
e
t o h is m as t e r th e n t h e r i a l w ay s s o m e p rofi t v e r
, ,
Thi s is s o m e e s o .
m a n if e s t io n of t h e C r e a t o r O M ah i ta! thi s
”
Th e n J a ir é m s i d . a
,
is w h y w e c a n n o t s ay a n y thi n g t o h im Th e n a g ai n K al a s ai d ”
.
O m y s o n J a ir am i f w h e n y o u s h al l a gai n t ak e t h e a cco u n t
,
, ,
t e , W it h ou t t a k in g an y m o n e y f or h e r . B r
e t o t h a s ar e l of t w o k in d s ; b y
p ay m e n t of mone y , an d w it h o u t .
154 H I S T O RY o n T HE s mus .
an y pro fi t s h al l h av e accr ue d y ou mu s t t ak e it yo u r s e l f and th e n , ,
you w il l d o w e l l ; for in h is s i gh t a l ak h (of r u p e e s ) an d a, ,
s tr aw ar e of e qu al v a l u e ; an d do y o u a l s o s e n d for B al a
an d a d m o n i s h h im ; l e t y o u an d I both s p e ak fu lly to h im
(o n t h e Th e n J air am h av i n g s e n t a m an c al l e d , ,
B al a a n d B al a c am e th e n J air am s aid
,
O Bh ai B al a! y o u
ar e t h e s p e ci al e ve r p re se n t
,
co m p an io n o f N an a k an d w e , ,
loo k 0 11 y o u in th e s am e li gh t a s w e loo k 0 11 N an a k ; th e r e
for e d o y o u k e p a l oo k o u t o n N an a k an d s e e th at h e d o e s n o t
e -
,
”
w as t e t h e m o n e y Th e n agai n K al a a dd e d O so n B al a!
1 67 “ ‘
.
,
r e me m b e r th e r e w il l b e s h am e ( att a ch e d to y ou ) 0 11 acco u n t ,
of yo u r li v i n g with h im (if an ythi n g s ho u l d g o w ro n g) ,

B
( a a l
s ai d ) J air am s s p e e ch d i d n o t ap e a1 di s agr e e abl e to m e b u t
“ ’
p ,
t h e s p e e ch of K al a h u 1 t m e
”
T h e n I s a id to K al l i O . .
“
M ah it a! do y ou th i n k a y e v il (o f m e B al a) i n y o u1 h e ai t an d n
, ,
th a t b e c au s e I B al a l i v e w ith N an ak I al s o i n d u l g e 1 11 e x t r av a
, , , ,
g an c e ; f 0 1 M ah it a in m y s i g ht gh i is e v e n a forbidd e n
, , ,
th i n g a n d I loo k o n an y o th e r co v e to u s d e s ir e as w ic k e d an d
,
in t h a t I l i ve wi t h N anak I li v e w ith h im for m y o w n ( f u t u r e ) ,
a d v an t ag e fo r I loo k o n N an ak as God
,
L i s t e n M ah ita K al a .
,
o u h av e a l o n g i n for m o n e y a n d I h av e o n ly th i s d e s ir e vi a
y .
g , , ,
wh at e v e r h e do e s l e t h im do it i t w il l b e w e l l an d I w i ll m a k e
, , ,
n o obj e ctio n th e r e to D o y ou t ak e an d col l e ct w h at e v e r y o u

.
c an l ay yo u r h an d s o n I c an n ot do s u ch a th i n g as to s ay an y
t h i n g to h im b u t if y o u c an do an y thi n g th e n co m e an d d o it ,
.
T h e n J air am s a id O M ah it a j i l B h ai B al a s p e ak s th e t r u th
,
.
N anak is n o t a m an ; h e a pp e a r s to m e to b e s o m e thi n g e l s e
b u t b e h appy M a h it a 31 an d s e t o ff h o m e an d t h e i n s t a n t N an ak
, , ,
is b e troth e d I wil l ac t at o n c e ; th e n p e rh ap s h e m ay for m

, ,
”
a ff e ctio n for h is f am ily a n d h e w il l th e n b e ad m o n i s h e d ,
Th e n .
K al a w e n t to h is h o m e W h e n o n e m o n th h ad p as s e d th e n a .
,
c e rt ai n g oo d m an c am e to J air am a n d told t a l e s abo u t N an ak , ,
s ayi ng L i s t e n J ai1 am ! y o u 1 b 1 o th e r i n l aw is th e s t e w a i d
, ,
-
o f thi s s h op th e n w h y do y o u n o t a d m o n i h h im ? d o y o u
,
s
n ot k n o w of wh a t d e s criptio n is t h e t e m p e r of th e
P a th an s Th e n J air am o n h e ari n g it b e c am e di s tr e s s e d , , ,
an d in
,
t h at s t at e of di s tr e s s c am e ho m e ; wh e n h e r e a ch e d ,
ho m e h e too k N an aki as id e an d b e g an to s ay t o h e 1
, , ,
L i s t e n 0 h an d m ai‘d of God ! to d ay a c e 1 tain p e 1 s o n h as co me

,
an d s ai d to m e J air am yo u r b i e tl 1e 1 in l aw w h o is t h e
.
,
—
,
s t e w a r d is w as ti n t h m o ne y why do y o u n o t a d m o n i s h h im ?
, g e
D o y o u k n ow t h e t e m p e 1 of t h e P ath an s o r n o t ? Th e r e f o 1 e
’
,
w if e w h a t s h al l I do ? W h a t xc i y o u s h all s ay th at I wil l d o
,
e ,
.
T h e n N anak i s aid S ii w h a t e v e r co m e s i n to y o u r h e a rt th a t
,
“
, ,
d o ; wh a t s h all I s ay 1? I t b e ho v e s m e to ac t accordi n g to y o u 1
“57
L it . S aid in an o ff -h an d m an n e r .
C H A P IV . .
— D I S CO U R S E A B OUT T HE S T ORE .
1 55
dir e ctio n s Th e n J airam s aid

. W if e d o y o u g i v e m e s o me .
,
co un s e l an d th e n I w ill ac t th e r e o n
,
N an a ki s aid S ir h av e .
, ,
o u n o t y e t an y f a ith 1 11 h im Y ou s e e m to th i n k th a t I t ak e
y
t h e p ar t o f my b 1 oth e r an d th at w h a t e v e 1 w e al th a n d t1 e as u r e ,
of t h e worl d is in h is ch ar ge N an ak is l e tti n g i t s l ip ,
thro u g h h is fi n g e r s ; b u t S i 1 if y o u h a v e any do u bt 1 11 yo u r m i n d , ,
th e n d o y o u th u s ac t ; do y o u n o w at o n c e t ak e th e a cco u n t s
fro m h im an d if th e a cco un t s b e corr e ct a n d i f th e r e be n o lo s s
, ,
or d am age th e n for th e fu t u r e y o u m u s t n o t b e m i s l e d by th e
, ,
s a in g s o r t a lk of an y o n e
y Th e n J air am s a id D e ar o n e ! .
”
.
I w ill n o t t ak e t h e acco u n t s a s y o u h av e f aith (in h im ) w h a t ,

”
occ as io n is th e r e for m e to do s o ? N an aki s ai d S i r ! n ow yo u
”
c a n n ot r etr a c t I w il l c al l m y bro th e r N an ak T h e n Bibi N an a l i ,
. c
s e n t h e r m aid T u l s an to c all N an ak w ith thi s m e s s age ;

, ,
Yo u r ,
‘
s i s t e r s ay s ) O b roth e r d o y o u h av e co m p as s io n an d s h e w yo u r
s e lf to u s ? Th e n th e gi rl T u l s an w e n t an d m ad e h e r o b e is an c e
’
to h im Th e r e u po n h e s ai d W h at is i t T u l s an IVhy h av e y ou
.
,
“
,
c om e to day T u l s an s a i d O m y l ord ! y o u 1 s is te 1 s aid D o

.
,
“
,
o u g o to m y b roth e r an d t e l l h i m to co m e an d s ho w hi m s e l f to
y
me th i s I S w h y I h av e co m e
’
Th e n G u 1 u N an ak s aid De .
”
p ar t T u l s a11 I am co m i n g
, ,
Th e n T u l s an w e n t ho me and w h e n .
,
s h e a rri v e d s a id O m y m i s tr e s s h e s ay s I am
, ,
‘ “
,
A ft e r w ard s G u r fi N an a k s aid Bh ai B al a W h y h as m y s i s t e r
,
c all e d m e Th e n I s a id S i r s h e m u s t h av e c al l e d y o u b e , ,
c a u s e s h e w a n t s s o m e thi n g Th e n N an ak s a id Bh ai B al a m y .
,
h e art t e l l s m e th at s o m e o n e h as tol d t al e s th e r e abo u t m e

, .
Th e n I s ai d S ir ! w h at t al e s c an an y o n e h av e tol d th e r e
.
ab o u t W h a t (e v il ) h av e do ne ? G u r ii N an ak s a id
” ’
ou o
y y u ,
“
Bh ai B al a ! b ri n g a pot of p atas as 1 68
T h e n I b ro u g h t t h e .
”
po t o f p atas as an d G u r ii N an ak e m pti e d th e co n t e n t s i nto h is

,
’
an d w h a t e v e r pot c a rri e d th e m
1 69
l ap , p at a s a s w e r e in t h h e e ,
a l l a w ay ; th e e w e r e a bo u t t w o an d a h al f s i1 s 1 o f p a tas a s in
t h e p o t ; th e s e h e c a 1 ie d al l aw ay a n d t ak i n g th e m G u u i N an a k 1
,
c a m e to Bi bi N an :ki I m m e di a t e ly (o ii h is a 1 ival ) B ibi N an ak i

, ,
1
i . 1
, ,
”
a ro s e a nd ot u an d s ai d
o C o m b roth e r an d th en ave
, p e g , , ,
h im a s e a t a n d N an a k s a t d o w n o n t h e s e at
,
al s o c am e .
wi th h im an d t h e Bibi al s o ga ve m e a s m al l ch ai r
,
The n .
G ur ii N an ak a s k e d Bib i w hy h av e y o u c a ll e d m e “
(S he ,
r e pli e d ) B roth e r ! m an y d ay s h av e p as s e d s i n c e w e h av e s e e n
u 1 fa c e d w h d d i 1 e to s e e u t l 1 e r e f0 1 e I h a v e c a ll e d
1
y o a n , e a a e s y o .
,
”
y o u an d I s ai d to T u l s an Go a n d c a l l m y b r oth e r Th e n ‘ ’
.
, ,
G u ni N an a k s a id Bi bi ! I h a v e m y s us pic i o n s as to w h y y o u ,
“
,
c all e d m e ; d o y o u t e l l m e w h a t i t i s T h e n t h e Bi bi s aid ,
“38 A k in d o f s w e e t m e a t .
“59
t e , T ak in g u p t h e s k i t
. . r of h is c o at .
1 51 15 111 s r o
'
m '
o r 1 11 11 S
1
IKHS .
O b ro th e r
k n w e v e ryth i n g th e r is n o o c c a s i o n to t e l l
, y ou o e.
Th n
u i N an a k s a i d I k n ow in m h rt th t
”
y o u . G e B ib i ri
y e a a , , ,
so m e o n e h as t l d t a l e s a bo u t m e h e r e o I a l s o t h e r e for e s ay , , , ,
T a k e t h e a c c o u n t s fr o m m e Th e n B i b i N amak i be g an to s ooth e .
’
h im ; o n w hi ch G N an a k b e g a n to s ay N o Bib i i t h a s co m e , ,
to a m a t te r o f a cc o u n t s h r e v o u m u t n o t a llow yo u r s h am e or e s
”
r e ga r d for an y o n e to i n t e fe r e T h e n B ibi N anaki s a i d r .
V e r y w e ll broth e r ,
I n t h e y e a r 1 5 4 o n th e fift h of th e b ri g ht h al f of t h e m o n th 0
M au g h h a v e th e ac c o u n t s a n d s e ttl e d u h i boo k for

g ar
,
e
p s s .
thr e e m o n th s o n e h u n dr e d a nd th irty fi v e r u p e e s r e mai n e d o v e r -
a ft e r p ay i n g a l l e x p e n s e s .
N an a k s ai d to h is b roth e r l n l a w J air am B e h old - -

,
b roth e r in la w ! h a s y o u fa c e n o w n t b e e n d i s g r ac e d ? H o w is
- -
r o
i t n o w N o w y o m u t m k e thi s s to r e o v e r t o s o m e o n e e l s e G o d
u s a .
is 1 11V T h e n J a i am f e l l a t h is f e e t an d Bi b i N an ak i 1
1
b e g a n to w e e p a n d to s ay S i r ! fir s t k i ll m e n d th e n go .
,
a
w h e re v e r y o u l i k e Th e n G a r ii N an ak s a id N o w h as m y “
.
,
a c c u n t b e e n d e l i v e r e d i n f u ll ; b u t e v e n i f th e r e h ad b e e n an
o
" y
d e fi ci e n c y w h a t m i s fort u n e w o u l d i t h a v e b e e n to y o u ?
,
Th e n
J a i am s ai d B o th e N an a k ! I n ly p artly u n d e r s tood y o u
“
r ,
r r o
b e for e a n d I p a rtly d id n o t u n d e r s t an d y o u ; b u t n o w co n fid e n c e
,
h a s c o m e t o m e i n e v e ry w ay d o y o u fo r g i v e m e t h i s m y fau lt ;
fo r g e tti g m y s e l f I l i s t e n e d to t al e s a n d d id n o t h e e d W h at m y
n
, ,
w if e s a i d T h e n a g a i n th e Bi b i s a i d
. B r o th e r ! h e r e aft e r , ,
w h a t e v e r s h al l b e s h o rt I w il l g i v e a co u n t of th a t w h at e v e r i t ,
c
,
be .
”
T h e n I B al a s a i d O N an ak y u a r e e v id e n tly a tr u e
, , , ,
o
pr o ph e t f o h o w e l s e c o u l d y o u k n o w abo u t thi n gs b e for e ha n d ?

“
,
r
W e ll N an ak ,
y o u r s i s t e r a n d yo u r bro th e r i h l aw b oth e n tr e a t - -
of y o u s o d o y o u loo k to G o d (a n d f o r g iv e th e m ) n d O G u r li
,
a ,
d o y o u s ho w l o v t o m e in thi s m a t t e r Th e n G u r d N an ak s ai d ”
e .
, ,
V e ry w e l l B h ai B al a! a s y o u h av e s ai d s o I c an n ot t u r n a w a y
, ,
fr o m i t T h e n I ( B al a) m a d m y o b e i s an c e Th e n Bibi N an aki
.
”
, ,
e .
an d B h a y a J a i am b e g a n to s ay to m e B h ai B al a! y o u h av e
r ,
to d ay g v e n N an a k t o u s a fr e s h
-
1
”
Th e n th e y co u n t e d o v e r to .
N an a k o n e h u n d r e d a n d th irty fi v e r u p e e s t h e p rofit an d al s o -
, ,
g ave o v e r to h im s e v e n t e e n h u n d r e d r u p e e s b e s i d e s ; an d
N an ak t ak i n g th e m w e n t a n d s a t in t h e s tor e ; a n d al l th e
, ,
p e opl e o f t h e e s t a bl i h m e n t c a m e an d b e gan to co n g r a t u l a t e an d s ,
p r a i s e N an ak a n d H in di s a n d M u sal m an s bot h w e r e pl e as e d
,
’
i .
CH A P T ER V .
Co n ve r s a t io n re
g a rd i n
g t h e b e t r o th a l o f N an a k .
I n th e y e a r 1 5 44 o n th e 5 th o f t h e b ri g h t h a l f o f th e m o n th
,
M an g h a r N an ak w a s b e tr o th e d in t h e h o u s e o f M al a C h o n a o f
,
P ak h o k e R an dh aw a Th n J ai am an d Bibi N anak i s e n t th e
. e r
ne ws and co n g r a t u l atio n s t o M a hi t a K all i a n d h is ( N an ak s ) ’
m oth e r an d s e n t a n d c a ll e d t h e m s ay i ng I f y o u w il l co m e “
, , , ,
th e n t h e e xp e n s e s for t h e m a rri ag e pr e p a r a t io n s w i l l b e p a i d .
”
Th e n K al a n h e ari n g i t w a s g r e a tly pl e as e d a n d t h e m oth e r

,
o , ,
w a s l s o g r e atly pl e a s e d
a a n d th e y fill e d t h e m o th o f h e w ho u r
h a d t ak e n th e n e w s w i th s u g a r w i th th e ir o w n h an d s ; a n d h a v
in g fil l e d it b e g a n t o s ay W e s a c rifi c e o r s e l v e t o yo u r “
, , u s
m outh 1 70
,
as
y o u h a v e b ro u gh t u s thi s n e w s of t h e w e l fa r e of N an a k .
”
A t n i gh t al l t h h an ge r o n an d r e l a ti o o f t h e V e d i s c am e a n d
,
e s- ns
s at d o w n an d b e a n to s i n g a n d t o s a I n o u f m ily o n e N an a k
g y , ,
r a
,
h as b e e n bo r n w ith a g o o d s pi rit f r h e h as b e e n b e tro t h e d ,

o
ac c o r d i n
g t o r e li gio u s rit e s ( a n d n o t fo m o n y ) a n d h e h a d ig r e , s
nifi e d o u r fa m ily t h e r e b y T h e n h is (N an a k s ) m o th e r s e n t ’
.
c o n
g r a t u l a t io n s t o h e p a r e n t s in t hre M a n j h a 1 71
R a n a of
( th e ) i
J h an g a (fa m i ly ) w a s th a t l a d y s fa th e r a n d t h e w e r e a l s o t h e
r
’
, e r
m a t e r n l g r a n d fa t h e r a n d g r a n d m t h e r
a f N an a k an d th e o o
,
m o th r in l a w a n d fath e r i l a w o f K al a ; th n t h e m oth e r
e - — -
n- nt e se
n e w s t o th e m a l o a n d s a i d s I f y o u w il l c o m e th e n o m e t o S u l
, ,
c
t an p u r a n d t h e m o n e y fo r th e m arri a g e p e p a r a t i s w il l b e p a i d
,
r on .
Th e n th e g r an d m oth e r B h ir ai c a m th e r e a n d th g r a n d fa t h e r e , e
R am a a n d t h e m a t r n a l u n cl e K i s n
. e al s ; f t h e t h r e o f th e m
,
a, o or e
,
on h e ari n g o f i t w e r e g r e a tly pl as d T h ,
th e y m e t e e . e n ca o
Ta l w n d i a n d m t K al a; t h n t h e p e pl e f T a l w a n d i as s e m b li n g
a e e o o
,
to g e th e r s e t f o r th ; K al a L al aV e d i A m m a Bi b i (N an ak s m o th e r )
, , ,
n
’
and R a m a an d K i s n a J h an g a an d t h e
, g r n d m oth e r B h i ai t h e s
r s, a r e
,
s ix p e opl e g o t r e ad y
,
a d w i t h th tw
, n r v a n t s o f R am a t h e
, e o se e r
,
w e r e t w e l v e p e r s mi s in a l l n o w R am a J h a h d m ch o
g ds
a n
g
-
a u o r
, ,
w i th h im ; w h e n th e y w e r e b t to t f rt h t h e n t h e y w e n t t
a ou se o , o
R ai B u l ar t o w i s h h im fa r w l l a n d K al l i
g i ng b f r e t h R ai
e e
,
o e o e
,
s tood b e for e h im ; th e n t h e R ai s a i d W h at i it K al li The n s ,
f l lv
t e , W e e e o u r s e e s d e e p y in d e b t e d t o y o u
1 7° l
B
. . .
‘
7‘T h e c e n t r a l
p ar t o f t h e ar i D o é b .
15 8 HI S T O RY or TH E s u ms .
K al a r e pl i e d Yo u r s l av e N an ak h as b e e n b e troth e d t h e m ar ri ag e
,
“
p ar ty ar e goi ng to P a k ho k e R andh aw a to pay th e m o n e y for t h e

ma rri ag e pr e p ar a tio n s wil l y o u pl e as e g i v e u s yo u r p e r m s s io n to
”
g o . T h e n t h e I ta l s ai d K a l u 1 e m e mb e i wh at N an a k w a s b e
“
f 0 1 e l t ak e c ar e (n o t t o q u a r r e l with h im )
. T h e n K al u s aid O .
,
“
R ai l do n o t r ai s e do u b t s m my h e a rt I h e n th e B ai s a i d No ” ' “
.
,
.
K al u th a t 1 s n o t it ; I m e an t s o m e th i n g e l s e ; h e i s n ot h i n g m or e
,
.
t h an a holy m an ; (t ak e c ar e n o t to q u arr e l for ) p e rh a p s h e may s ay ,

”
s o m e thi n g u n pl e as i n to o u Th e n K al a s ai d N o R ai h e is t h e
g y .
,
d e s ir e of m y h e art my s o n ) ; a n d O R ai God h as m ad e y o u
,
th e m as t e r h e r e th e r e for e h av e k i n d n e s s o n i1 s an d g i v e 1i s (yo u r
, ,
bl e s s i n g an d yo u r p e r m i s s io n to g o ) Th e n t h e R ai s a id Go .
,
K ah i m ay G o d f u lfil yo u r d e s i r e th i s is al s o m y h op e b u t K al a
’
,
i t b e l e v e s m e a l s o to k i s s th e fo re h e ad of N an ak do y o u t o u ch h is
i
,
f e e t w i th (yo u r ) h an d s for m e an d m ak e m y a polo g i e s to J air am ; ,
o m ay G o d prot e ct Th e n K al a g o t i n to th e c art an d o n
g , you .
, ,
t h e fifth d ay a rri v e d a t S u lt an pu r , H e a rri v e d o n Th u r s d ay .

,
a n d e n t e r e d t h e ho u s e o f P a r m an an d an d b e g an to u tt e r h is c o n ,
g r a t u l atio n s Th e n Na n a k r e c e i v e d i n ti m a tio n th a t h is fa th e r a n d
.
m oth e r h ad co m e an d th a t his p at e r n a l u n cl e an d p at e r n al gr a n d ,
m oth e r a n d g r an dfath e r an d m at e r n al u n cl e h a d co m e a n d a l s o
, ,
M ard an a t h e D am Th e n N an ak i m m e di at e ly o n h e ari n g it go t
, .
, ,
u an d c am e r u n n i n d forthwith f l l t t h f eet of K a l a
p g a n ,
e a e .
K ala k i s s e d h is for e h e a d th e n N an ak s a id O f ath e r w as th e ,

”
R ai w e ll ? Th e n K al u s aid S e n h e r e me mbe r e d y ou m o s t
,
“
,
k i n dly th e R ai t o l d m e to k i s s yyo u r fo r e h e ad bu t I h ad for g ott e n ,
1t. T h e n Gu 1 11 N an ak f e ll at th e fe e t of h is m oth e r an d th e n
’
fe l l a t th e f e e t of h is u n cl e L al u L ah 1 p 1 e ss e d h im to h is n e c k .
’
an d s a id S o n 1 y o u h av e di gn ifi e d o u r fam ily God k n o w s w h at

“
, y ;
w il l h app e n h e r e a ft e r ; b u t i n thi s world y o u h av e d ig n ifi e d 1i t ,
.
T h e n N an ak f e l l a t t h e f e e t of h is m a t e r n al g r an df a th e r R am a
th en h is m at e r n a l gi an d fath e r R am a p r e s s e d h im to h is n e c k and , ,
w oul d not l e av e o ff e m b r a ci n g h im T h e n R am a loo k e d

ar o u n d to s e e i f th e r e w e r e an y b e ggar s n e a r ; 1 72
th e n h is
L e t h im g o f i o nzi thy n e c k
”
m at e r n a l gr an d m oth e r Bhir a1 s a i d ,
“
.
Th e n R am a s ai d to B h ii ai W h e n m y d e s ir e s h al l b e f u lfi l l e d
“
, ,
th e n I w ill l e t h im g o ; an d w h e n I s h al l h a v e s am ifi c e d
“
t w e n ty r up e e s o n t h e h e a d of N an ak th e n m y d e s ir e w il l b e ,
fu lfil l e d B h 1 r ai s a1 d
. M a k e th e s acrific e t h e n
“
R am a s ai d ,
”
How th e m is n o o n e h e r e to t ak e i t Th e n N an aki s aid ,
G o Tu
.
”
l s an a n d if y o u s e e an y b e g g ar s c al l t h e m h e r e
,
.
T u l s an w e n t an d c all e d (s o m e ) Th e n N amak i s aid O g r an df ath e r ! .

“
1 72
i l
H e w as s o p e as e d t h at h e w is h e d t o gi e s om e a m s
e v l b u t h e did n o t
y o rie o n w h om t o b e s t o w t h e m , a t h o u gh , u su al y o n su c h
.
,
see an l l o c c as io n s , t h e r e
ar e a n u m b e r o f h an e r s on r e ad
g y t o r e c e i e s uc h v .
C H AP . V .
— B ET RO T H AL O F N RN A K .
”
wil l y ou h av e th e t w e n ty r u p e e s in s i l v e r or copp e r s ? Th en
R am a s aid O d a u g ht e r ! I w il l do as y o u s h a l l s ay
,
N an ak i .
s a id ,
S e n d fo r copp e r s Th e n R am a c al l e d h is s o n K i s n a an d
.
,
s ai d ,
T ak e th e s e t w e n ty r u p e e s an d b ri n g copp e r s B h ir ai s a id .
,
“
B ri n g t e n r u p e e s w orth for m e al s o K i s n a al s o gav e fi v e .
r u p e e s an d in al l th e y s e n t for thirty fi v e r u p e e s of copp e r s

,
-
.
R am a off e r e d as s acri fi c e tw e n ty r u p e e s for hi m s e l f t e n r u p e e s ,
for th e m at e r n al gr an d m oth e r an d fi ve r u p e e s f o r t h e m at e r n al ,
u n cl e ,
Kisn a .
I n th e y e a r 1 5 44 0 11 t h e f u l l m oo n of t h e m o n th M a u g h ar
, ,
o n a T h u r s d ay h av i n g c ar e f u l ly s e l e ct e d th e ti m e th e y s e t forth
, ,
fro m S u lt an p u r w h o w e n t ? K al a L al ii R ama Ki s n a P a r m a , , , ,
n an d ( by f a m i ly a ) Pa l ta J a ir a
,
a n d b e s id e s th e m t h e s e r v a n t s
,
1n ,
,
N id h a Br ah m an h ad b e e n s e n t o n to P ak ho k e R a n dh aw a of
w hich v ill a g e M al a C ho n a w as t h e l an d s t e w ard ; w h e n N id h a
,
B r ah man ga v e th e i n for m atio n to Mal a C ho n a h e s ai d O M ah it a , ,
M al a ! b e h a ppy th e n th e M ah it a Mal a s ai d Co n g r a t u l atio n s ,
t o th e e O P an d h a! co m e S ir ! w h e n c e h av e y o u c o m e
,
Then
N idh a s a i d I h a v e co m e fro m S u l t an p u r T he n M al a s a i d
“ ”
.
, ,
”
P dh
an a w h y , h a v e y o u co m e
?
T h e n N i d h a s ai d Bh ai
J a ir am a n d K ahl V e di t h e fa th e r in l aw of J air am h a v e bo t h
,
’
'
- -
, ,
co m e to g i v e t h e m o n e y for t h e pr e p ar atio n s for t h e w e d d i n g ; an d

J air am h as s a id G o a n d g i v e i n ti m a tio n to M al a an d th e r e for e ’
,
h a v e I co m e S i r Th e n M al as a id C o m e y o u ar e w e l co m e
,
” ” 1 73
,
.
, , .
H e c am e 0 11 S u n d ay t h e l 0 th w h e n abo u t a w atch (thr e e , ,
ho u r s of t h e d ay ) h ad p as s e d th e n M al a go t r e ad y th e r e q u i s it e s
a n d P a r m ana n d P a l t a h i m s e lf u n d e rt o o k t h e w e d di n
,
, , g p r e p a r a
tio n s ; a n d t h e r e c e i v i n g o f co n g r at u l atio n s an d oth e r r e g u l a r rit e s
a n d c u s to m s w e r e p e rfor m e d 0 1 both s id e s Th e n K al a V e d i s a i d 1 .
to P ar m an an d B h a y a! d o y o u a s k for th e m arri ag e d ay to b e
,
“
i -
fix e d .
”
Th e n P ar m an an d too k M al a a s id e an d s e at e d h im an d , ,
h av i n g s e a t e d h im told h im al l t h e c irc u m s t an c e s in a fri e n d ly

,
m an n e r s ayi n g , B e hol d M ah it aj i l t h e l ad is of age a n d th e

, , ,
g irl a l s o is of a e ; d o
g y o u th e r e for e fix t h e d a
y f o r a l l t h e p e op l e ,
of T al w an d i h av e co m e an d al l t h e J h an g a r s t h e r e l a ti o n s o f , ,
th e m o t h e r o f t h e yo u th N a ak h a v e a l s o co m e fro m t h e M an j h a n , .
”
Th e n M al a th u s g a v e a n s w e r B h a i y a! do y o u r e m a i n e a s y ,
in m i n d ; g i v e m e a l ittl e ti m e an d th e n I w ill a ft e r d u e , ,
tho u ght an d r e fl e cti o n fi x y o u a g oo d d ay an d l e t y o u k n o w of, ,

”
it ,
an d t h e n b e i n g di s m i s s e d w ith ho n o u r an d m u c h r e s p e ct
, ,
th e y c am e an d e n t e r e d S u l t an p u r T h e n th e co n g r a t u l atio n s .
b e gan to be m ad e an d Bibi N an ak i c a l li n g h e r co m pan io n s

, ,
,
m a d e t h e m s it dow n an d s i n g On t h e fo u rth d ay w h e n th e y .
,
‘
73 L it .
“
W it h al l m y h e ar t an d f r e h e ad
o .
1 60 H I STOR Y o r T U E s um s
we r e t ak i n g l e av e M a rd an a t h e D 1n s ai d N an ak d o y o u yo u r
,
’
11 , ,
s e l f no w gi ve m s o m e m arri ag e g i ft ( ur N an ak s ai d ” ‘
e T he . n a
r
,
M ard an a w h a t w ill y u t ak e
, H a v e I a n y b u s i n e s s w ith y o
o . u
Th e n M ar d an a s aid S ir g i e m s o m e g o d tl i 1 g,
“
Th e n 1 e o l
G u r u N ana k s ai d M a i d a a d o y o u n t s m e g ood thi n g P b u t

,
“
n i o
l
,
(t ak e Ca r e for ) y o u w i ll b e
,
i c t d w ith ie t ( t o m t ak i n g ) th a t a
v
e e u r i
oo d thi M a rd an a s a i d t yo u s h all gi v m e s o m e g o d
'
g n
g . S h ,
1 e o
th i n g t h e n w h y s h o u ld I s u ffe r p a i n f o m i t P T h e n G u m
,
r
”
N an ak s ai d M r d an a y o u a e a M i r a i 1 n d d o o t k n o w a n y
,
a ,
r s ,
1 n
”
t hi n g a bo u t t h e f u t u e w o rl d T h e n M : d an a a id N an a k i f “
. 1r s
, ,
o o d th i n th e n gi v e m e i t T h G u n i N an a k
”
o u h a e an y
’
g
1 o en
y 0 , .
s ai d ,
“
\I d an a
'
I w i l l Pgi v e y o u s k il l 0 1 t h e s t i n g s fo r i t
1r 1 1 ,
w il l b e u s e f u l to m e al s o T h n M a d an ai o s 1 n d s t o o d u p a n d . e 1 e 1 ,
m a d e an o b e i s a n c e T h e n G u r ii N a a k ai d M ar d an a l i s t e n ’
“
. n s
, ,
to o n e thi n g 1 h a v e to s ay o
Th e n M a rd an a s ai d S ir c o m .
”
,
”
m an d .
(H e s a i d ) O M a rd an a ! y o u m e t h e f am il y b a d i
of th e V e di s th e r e for e y o u m u s t n o t b g f o n a n y o n e e l s e e i i .
”
Th e n M a r d an a s a i d S i r I h ave a g r e e d t o th i s m a tt e r ; b u t
,
“
,
S ir ! do y o u h a v e a c a r e for m e T h e n G u r a N an ak s a i d .
”
,
“
L i s t e n M a rd an a! t h e C r e at r t ak e s c a r e o f al l T h e n aga i n
,
o .
”
,
th e y al l d e pa rt e d for th i r h o m e s aft r m e e ti n g e a ch oth e r w ith e

,
e ,
h a ppi n e s s an d j oy Th e n t h e o l d s t a t e ag ai n c m e o v e r G u r a
. a
N an ak an d w ho e v e r c a m h e n v e r s e n t h im a w a v e m pty ( h a n d e d )
,
e
,
e .
T h e n p e opl e b e g an to g i v e ri s e to v a rio u s r e port s s ayi n g N an k , ,

“
a
is n o w a bo u t to g o a w ay ( th e r e f r e
) c o m e a d l e t u s t e l l N an ak i o
,
n
a n d J air a m T he n N an aki s ai d t o J ai am
. S e e t o it an d d o n o t r ,
b e m a d e do u b t f u l b w h at p e opl e s ay A l tho u g h J a r a n w a s i i
”
1 . 1 1 1
w ar d l y r e fl e cti n g o v e r t h e m tt e r h e d id n o t o u t w a r d ly g i v v n t a
,
e e
to ( h is tho u g h t s ) On e d ay N an a k h i m s e l f s a i d
. S ir d o y o u , , ,
t ak e al l t h e a cco u n t s of t h e go v e r or for i t is a l o n g ti m e n
s ince ou h av e d o ne s Th e n J a ir am p e ti ti o n e d t h e N aw a o b
y .
,
s ayi n g N aw ab ! p e ac e to y o u ; N an a k t h e s t o r e k e e p e r s ay s
“
, , ,
I t w il l b e w e ll if t h e N aw ab t a k e s t h e a cc o u n t s Th ’
. e
,
N aw ab r e pl i e d J ai am c al l t h e s tor e k e e p e r Th e n J airam ”
r ,
,
.
,
s e n d i n g N id h a t h e Br ah m a n c a l l e d,
N an ak N an a k t ak i g h is , .
,
n
a cco n t b oo k s e t
u forth w it h j o y ; b u t t h e p e opl e w e r e s ay i n g
,
in t h e e a r s o f t h e N a w ab O N a w ab p e ac e b t o t h e e ! t h e s tor e , ,
e
”
k e e p e r is s t e a li n g y o u m o n e y W h e n N 1 a k b ri n g i n g h is
1 . 1
’
11 1 ,
acco u n t c a m e b e for e th e N a w ab a n d m a d e h is ob e i s a n c th e n t h e
,
e
,
”
N aw ab aid O s t0 e k e e p e l w h a t 1 8 yo u r n a m e ? G u u N an ak
s
s
,
1 r i
s a id M y n a m e is N an a k T h n t h e N aw ab s ai d
“
e ,
,
0 J air am ! I d n o t a t al l u n d e r s t n d w h a t t h e s tor e k e e p e r h a s
o a
1 74
H e r e c e i e d thi s v n am e b e c au s e h e w a s h e ar d t o b e c o n t in u a ll y s a y in g
N ir a n k ar , N ir an k ar .
C H AP . V — . B E T RO T H A L OF N KN A K .
sa id . Th e n J air am tr an s l at e d i t fo r th e N aw ab i n to P e r s i an
”
.
“
He s ay s I a m th e s e r v an t o f H im W h o s e e pit h e t s ar t h e
, ,
e
I n co m p ar abl e t h e U n s i mi l r t h e U n d o u b t b l e t h e U n par a ll e l
,
a
,
a
,
led .
’
Th e n t h e N a w ab l au g h e d a n d s a i d O J a i am ! h as , ,
“
r
t h e s tor e k e e p e r b e e n m a rri e d ( y e t ) J a ir am s a i d N o h e is n o t , ,
”
e t m a rri e d T h e N a w ab s a i d N ow I u n d e r s t a n d t h at h e is
y .
" ,
m arri e d ( to G o d ) i n as mu ch a s h e g i v e s v e n t to s u c h w or ds
,
.
Th e n t h e N aw ab s ai d L i t e n N anak I h a v e h e a rd t h at y o u a e
,
“
s r
s t e a li n g m y m o n e y ; d o
y o u k n o w t h a t I m D a u l a t K h an t h e L o d i
‘
a ,
Th e n G u r a N an a k s ai d Na w ab p e a c e b e to y o u d o y o u t ak e , ,
yo u r a cco u n ts an d w h a t e v e r m ay co m e o u t a s t h e portio n o f t h i s
, ,
p o o r o n e ; th e n i f it pl as e s y o u g i v e i t i f n o t d o n o t g i v e i t
e
”
.
, ,
.
Th e n t h e N aw ab s ai d O J air am ! w h a t is t h e s to r e k e e p e r s ay
,
in g ? J a ir am s ai d
”
P e a c e b e t o ”y o u th e s t o re k e p e r is tr u th f l
,
e u
,
t h e s tor e k e e p e r is n o t at f a u l t T h e n t h N a w ab s ai d ( 1
3
. e 11 1
,
J ad o R ai t h e w rite r
'
,
Th e n J ado R 11 t h e w ri t e r c a m e a n d
. 1,
, ,
m a d e h is ob e i s an c e T h e N a w ab s a i d . O J ad e R ai t ak e t h e , ,
”
a cco u n t fro m N an ak Th e n th e y b e gan t o s e ttl e t h e a c co u n t s
. .
T h e a cco u n t s to k fi v e d ay s an d fi v e n i gh ts (s e t t li n g )
o J ad o .
R ai t h e w rit e r m a d e m a n y e n q u i ri e s b u t fo u n d th a t h e h ad
, , ,
n o t a ct e d in an w a ai n s t G od an d t h e t r u th T h ree
y a
y g ,
.
h u n d r e d an d t w e n ty o e r u p e e s c a m e o u t a s s u rpl u s f o r N an k ;
-
n a
th n J a ir am w as pl e as e d a n d m a d e h is s a l aam to t h e Na w ab
e , .
”
T he N w ab s a i d a W h at J air am ! ar e t h e a cc o u n t s do n
,
? e
J a i am s aid
r N a w ab p e a c e b e to y o u ! c all J ad o Hai
, ,
T he n .
J ad o R a1 w as cal l e d W h e n J ad o R ai C m h e m ad e h is s a l a a m
. a e ,
to t h e N a w ab T h N a w ab s aid . O J ad o R ai l h a v e y o u
e .
t ak e n t h e a cco u n t J ad o R ai s ai d O N aw ab p e a c e b e to y o u !
s , ,
t h e a cco u n t h as b e e n t a k e n a n d thr e e h u n d r e d a n d t w e ty o n e . n -
”
r u p e e s r e m ai n o v e r to N a ak T h e N w ab s a i d To m e or t o
n . a
,
h im J ad o R ai s a i d O N a w ab p e a c e b e t o y u ! t h e y a e d ue
, ,
o r
fr o m y o u to N an a k T h e N a w ab s ai d .
”
T h e n w h y d id p e o pl e ,
“
s ay t h a t N an ak w as robbi n g m y m o n e y ? Th e n J ai am p e ti ti o n e d ”
r
,
O N aw ab p e a c e b e t o y o u ! p e o pl e s h o w m u ch e n m ity to h im
,
.
"
T h e N a w ab s a i d Call B h a w an i D a
,
T h e tr e a u r e r c a m e n d s. s a
m a d e h is o b e i s a n c e Th e n t h e N a w ab s ai d. O B h a w ani D ag ,
“
,
m ak e o v e r to N an ak w h a t e v e r is d u e to h im a n d a l g i v e h im ,
so
th r e e tho u s an d r u p e e s b e s i d e s ”
O n thi Bh a w an i D as p ai d . s,
u
p t h e thr ee h u nd re d a n d t w e n ty o n e r up es d e and
g a ve -
e u ,
thr e e th o u s an d r u p e e s b e s i d e s Th e n N an k t ak i n g t h e b ag . a ,
s,
c am e ho m e ; s o m e h e t o o k to th e s tor e a n d t h r e s t h pl ac d ,
e e e
w ith Bi b i ( N an a ki) T h e n J air am w a s g r e a tly pl e as e d an d r e

.
t u r n e d ho m e m u ch r e j o i c e d Th e n N an ak i s k e d H o w h a v e . a ,
Th e n J a i am s a i d L i s t e n 0
,
t h e a cco u n t s t r n e d o u t S ir ?
” “
u
,
r , ,
b e lo v e d of G od ! I w a s g r e a tly s u rpri s e d for N an a k is a l w a y s ,
t h rowi n g a w ay t h e m o n e y b u t wh e n e v e r t h e acco u n t is t ak e n a , ,
162 H I S TORY or T H E S I K H S .
b al an c e co m e s o u t to his c r e dit .A gai n N anak i s ai d ’

“
S ir !
,
w h at b al anc e did th e r e r e mai n to d ay ? Th e n J air am s ai d

”
-
,
“
Thr e e h u ndr e d an d tw e n ty o n e r u p e e s s u rpl u s r e mai n e d aft e r
-
”
p ayi n g al l e xp e n s e s an d (acco u n ti ng for mo n i e s ) g i v e n a w ay
’
.
,
Th e n N an ak i s ai d S ir n o o n e h as gai n e d s o mu ch p ro fi t as
“
, ,
R ai B u l ar h as in thi s .Th e n J a ir am s aid “

L i s te n 0 b e lo v e d
, ,
of God ! n o t o n ly h as t h e m ad e profi t in th i s b u t m an y
,
”
p e opl e wi ll obt ai n pro fi t fro m h im On thi s N anaki was hi g hly
.
d e l i g ht e d
.
C H A PT E R VI .
T h e D is co u r s e re
ga r di n
g the M ar r iage of N ana/
c .
I n th e y e ar 1 5 44, o n t h e n i n th of t h e b ri g h t h alf of t h e m o n th
H ar , t h e m arri a g e of G u ru N an ak w as fi x e d to t ak e pl ac e Th e n B ib i .
N amak i m ad e g r e a t r e j oici n g s in h e r h o m e , an d h av i n g w ritt e n a

l e tt e r , s e n t i t by t h e h an d of N id h a B r ah m an , aft e r h av i n g
s pri n k l e d i t w ith k u n gii ; s h e a l s o s e n t s w e e t m e a t s an d c a rd a
1 75 ’
m o m s an d fi v e r u p e e s in c as h to T a l wan d i to t h e h o u s e of K al li .
Th e n j oy an d pl e as u r e aro s e in t h e ho u s e of K al li K al li s e n t a .
m an t o t h e M an j h a to h is fath e r in l aw , an d th e n r e j oici n gs w e r e
- -
mad e th e r e al s o , an bh aj i s
d 1 76
w e r e s e n t o u t Th e n K al il w e n t to
.
R ai B u l ar , (wh o w as t h e h e a d man ) in h is o w n v ill ag e , an d h av

in g g o n e th e r e , s aid , O R ai l m ay y o u b e b l e s s e d ! ”
T h e n th e
R ai s ai d , W h a t is i t , K al il ? K al l i s a i d, “
T h e m arri ag e d ay
of yo u r s l av e N an ak h as b e e n fi x e d
,
”
Th e n t h e B ar s ai d , D o
. .
n o t a a i n c a l l N an a k m y s l a v e i f o u do th n I h l l b v ry
g y ,
e s a e e
”
a n g ry . T h e n Kal li s ai d , S ir , to b e r e s p e ctf u l is i n c u m b e n t
o n me (T h R ai as k e d ) “
W h at K al ii ar e oth e r for ms of
’
. e
”
r e s p e ct too f e w ? (K al li s aid ) W e ll , S i r ! for g i v e m e thi s fau l t
”
I for g o t m y s e l f . T h e n t h e R ai s ai d, G o , K al li , God wil l for
g i v e y o u ; g o , m ay yo u r d e s ir e b e f u lfill e d , an d g i v e my r e s p e ct s
t o N an a k . W h o w e n t o n t h e d ay fi x e d for th e m arri ag e ?
K alu , L al fi, Par as r am , I n d r as ain , Ph ir an da, J agat M al l , L él
Oh an d, J agat R ai, J at t M al l , an d al l t h e V
e di s th a t c ame th e se
all g o t r e ad y to
g o w h e n t h e fir s t of t h e m o n th B h a d d o n c ame ,
an d s e v e n d ay s h ad p a s s e d , th e n th e y s e t forth fro m Talw an d i
an d fro m th e M anjh a; t h e m at e r n al gr an dfath e r , R am a, al s o
c am e t h e m a t e r n al u n cl e , K i s n a, al s o c am e 3 an d wh e n
th e y c am e th e y s topp e d at S u l t an p u r th e y b e g an t h e fe s ti v iti e s
,
P
in t h e h o u s e of P ar m an an d , a lt a, an d J air am t e n fi v e d ay s r e
.
m ai n e d t o th e m arri ag e d ay , th e n , h av i ng h ad th e fort u n at e
m o m e n t for d e p arti n g s e ttl e d , th e y s e t forth fro m S ult an p u r , an d ,
d e p arti n g t h e n c e , th e y a rr iv e d on t h e m arr i ag e d ay ar m a . P
n an d , P a lt a, th e f a th e r o f J a i r am s e n t N i dh aB r ah m an to t h e ho u s e
of M fil a, s ay i n g Go , N id h aan d g i v e i n for m atio n to M ul a, s ayi ng ,
D o y o u k n ow th at t h e w e dd i n g p a rty of t h e e d i s h as co m e V
”5 T h e n am e o f a v e ry r l r
fi n e p u e c o m p o s it io n o f a r e d c o o u , m ad e r o m t h e f
au n l a , a m e d ic in a l l
p an t , an d u s e d b y w o m e n t o an oin t t h e i rf
or e h e ad s .
1 76
r
A p e s e n t of fr
u it s , s w e e t m e at s , & c , s e n t b y t h e p ar e n t s o f a b r id e and
.
r r rf v
b id e g oo m t o t h e i r ie n d s , w h e n in it in g t h e m t o t h e w e d d ing .
164 H I S T O RY or T H E s u ms .
Th e n N id l 1 11
’
B r ah m an
v e in f 0 m a ti o n to M u l a Cho n a
wen t an d ga 1
an d 0 a iv i g g v e
11 a 1 1h i m a b l e s i n g an d s a i
11 d O m y cl i e n t ! 1 77
s
,
T h e n M ina q u i c k ly 1 e pl ie d O P an d h a
,
m ay y o u b e h a pp y !
” ‘
,
(a c e p t ) m y al u t a ti o n s
c Th e n N id h a s a i d
S O m y cl i e n t . the ,
“
w dd i n g p
e ty h as a rri v e d an d p u t u p in t h e ga r d e n an d th e y
a1
,
h a e s e t m to i v e 3
x n . i n ti m ati o n B h aiv a Pa m a n an d s ai d to
e G 0 11 . i
me ,
‘
G o a n d g i v i n ti m a ti o n to M a hi t a K a l u e Th e n M al a .
c o l l e ct e d h is b o t h e h o d an d w e n t to B i tta R an d b aw a a n d
i r o
, ,
s ta d i n g b e fo r e h im b e g a n to s ay 0 M a s t e r ! th e m a rri ag e “
n , ,
p rt y o f t h e V e d i s h as c o m e an d a l i g h t e d l l t h e g a d e n Th e n ’
a ,
l 1 .
B itt a R a n d h aw a s a i d O m y s o n A j it a l d o y o u g o w i th M att, ,
an d w h a t e v e r M ul a m ay as k s u pply h im w i th an d d o y o u a l s o , ,
r e m a i n w it h th e m L i s t e n M al a ! m y b ody h as b e co m e old .
,
oth e r w i s e I m y s e l f w o u ld g o w i th y o u
, ( M a l a s aid ) O m y .
,
m as t e r w h a t e v e r a e yo u r o r d e r s th e y e ( r e cre i v e d a s co m i n )
g ,
ar
fro m y o u r s e l f ( Hi t i a s a i d ) L i s t e n M u l a ! r e s p e ct abl e p e opl e

.
,
“
,
h a v e c o m e t o yo u r h o u s e an d y o u n 1i s t s ho w th e m prop e r r e s
_ ,
1
ect an d k eep y ou r to n ue s il n t ; thi s i m c o m m an d I

p , g e s y .
h a v e h ar d th at K al li V e d i t h e l a n d s t e w a r d of B h atti an
e , ,
uses h a r d w or d s a n d y o u a l s o h a v e a s h a rp to n g u e ; b u t
P ar m an an d is loo k e d o n a s a m an w h o s h o w s r e s p e ct ; y u .
'
m u s t a l s o o n yo u r p art s h ow r e s p e ct T h e n M al a s aid ”
, , ,
V e ry w e l l m y l o r d ! y o u a e m y p r o t ctor m y h o p e is fro m
.
“
r e
o u a n d fro m G o d ai d) an d r e c e i v
”
y ( H i t t a s V V ell M .fil a g o ,
e
th e m w ith r e s p e c t a n d b ri n g th e m h e r e Th e n M ul a h a v i n g .
,
as s e m b l e d t h e v i l l a e co m m itt e e
g s e n t a c h oi c e b a te h r i ;
1 78
A j it a ,
R a n d h aw a r e m ain e d p r e s e n t w i th th e m an d tr e a t e d th e m w ith
'
,
.
ho ou r n A f t r w a r d s a t n i g h t t h e w e d d i n g p a rty s e t f o r t h an d
. e
, , ,
w ith m u c h s i n g i n g a n d m s ic e n t e r e d t h e v ill age O n t h e 20 th u

,
.
of B h ad d o n t h e m a rri ag e c o m m e n c e d a n d in t h e e arly m or n i n g
, , , ,
w h e n fi e g b a ri s o f t h e n i g h t w e r e l e ft t h e f o u r c ir c u m a m b u l a
v
,
ti o n s r o n d t h e m arri a g fi r e too k pl a c e w ith t h e fol l o w i n g s o n g

u e
,
in t h e S fl h i R ag
T h e fir s t c ir c u m a m h u l at io n (is m a d e ) in t h e n am e of G o d , to
gi v e fi r m n e s s in w o r l d ly w or k s ; I s acrific e m y s e lf to T h e e O God
,
.
F ro m th e w or d s o f B r a h m a i e th e V e d a s 1 e l igio n ob t ai n s ,
. .
,
s t i e n g th , an d s in is for i v e n ; I s a crific e m y s e lf to Th e O God

g e
,
.
1 77
J jm an
is a p e r s on , o n w h o s e c u s t o m
a r ah m a n s , b a r b e r s , & c , ha e a B . v
l l
e g a c l a im
'
T h e h e r e d it ar y B r zi h m a n , b a r b e r , & c , o f a i ag e m u s t b e p aid h is
. . v ll
fe e s , w h e t h e r h i s s e r v ic e s b e e m p o y e d o r n o t l .
1 78
Th e o o d f
w h ic h , a c c o r d i n g t o a c u s t o m a m o n g t h e h igh e r c as s e s o f l
H in d u s i s s e n t b y t h e am i y o f a b 1 id e t o t h e
, f l
o d g in g o f t h e b r id e g r o o m an d l
f
h is a m i y o n t h e l fi
r s t d a y o f t h e w e d d in g c e r e m o n i e s , a s it is c o n t r ai y t o r u e l
v
t o r e c e i e t h e b r id e g r o o m a n d h is a m i y u n d e r t h e b r id e s r o o
’
o n th e rst f l f fi
d ay .
C HAP . V I M A RR I A G E
.
— o r N KN A K .
M ak e yo u r r e l i g io n fi m an d m e d ita t e o n th e n a m e of G o d ;
r
,
t h e n am e of G o d is a l s o r e m m b e r e d in t h e S im it s e r
L o k o n t h e Tr u e G u ru as a p e rf e ct G u ru for H e w il l e ffa c e
o ,
.
al l i m p u rity a n d an e r a n d s in
g
T h e bl e s s e d obt ai n j o y w ith e a s e for t h e n a m e of G o d ,
s o u n d s s w e e t to th e i r h e a rt
A t t h e fi r s t c i r c u m am b u l ati o n N an ak ( s ay s ) Th e b us i ,
.
“
n e ss
( o f r e m e m b e ri n
g G o d ) is c o m m e n ce d .
T h e s e co n d ci rc u m a m b u l a ti o n ( is m a d e ) in t h e n am e o f G o d ,
an d th e Tr u e G u ru is obt a i n e d by m a n ; I s a crific e m y s e l f to
Th e e O G o d
,
T h e n t h e f e ar in o n e s m i n d b e c o m e s f e ar l e s s n e a n d o n e s
’
ss ,
’
pri d e is w as h e d a w y ; I s acrifi c e m y s e lf to T h e e O G d
a
,
o
O n e obt a i s t h e p u r e f a r fro m s i n gi n g t h e pr i s e s f G o d
n e a o
G o d Hi m s e l f l i v e s in a l l h e a rt s ;
, ,
G o d is in t h e S pi ri t of m an an d G o d fil l s e v e rythi n g ,
W ithi n an d w ith o u t th e r e is o n e G o d ; t h e w or s h ip p e r s of
,
G o d a s s e m b l e an d l a n d H is n a m e .
A t t h s e co n d cir c u m a m b u l ati n N an a k ( s ay s )
e I n h u me r o , ,
abl e m u s ic al i n s tr u m n t s b e a n to b e s o u n d e d
”
g e .
T h e thi r d cir c u m m b u l a ti o n (is m a d ) in t h e n am e of G o d ;

a e
t h e m i d s of t h e B h ai ag is a r e fi ll e d w it h j oy ; I s a crific e m y
n r
s e lf to th e O Go d !
e
,
Th e h oly h a v e u n io n w i th G o d a n d h e w h o obt ai n s G o d , , ,
O
_
r e a t i s h is fort u n e ; I s a crific e m y s e lf to Th e e G od
g ,
H e w h o o b t ai n s t h e P u r e G o d a n d s i n gs G o d s pr a i s e s h is
’
, , ,
m o u t h a l w y s u tt e r s H is w or d s
a
T h e h o ly a e v e ry fort u n a t e fo r th e y w h o ob t ai n G o d t e l l
r
, , ,
forth t h e u n t e ll a bl e t a l e of G o d
I n t h e h e art s o f a l l t h e th o u g ht of G d a ri s e s ; th a t s o u l
,
o
o n l c an t ak e h is n a m e in w ho s e f at e it is s o w ritt e n
y
,
.
I n t h e th ir d c ir c n m a m b u l a t io n N an a k ( s ay ) T h e ( lo v e ,
s .
”
of t h e n am e ) of Go d a ri s e s in t h e h e art of t h e w or s h ipp e r s .
T h e fo u rth circ u m a m b u l a ti o n ( is m a d e ) in th e N a m e o f G o d
th e h e a rt is co m fort e d w h e n Go d is obt ai n e d I s a crific e my s e l f
to Th e e O G o d
'
, ‘
I fo un d G o d th ro u g h t h e s ayi n g of t h e G u u a n d G o d th e n r
, ,
w i th e a s e a p p e a r e d s w e e t to m y bo dy a n d s o u l I s acri fic e my
1 79
,
s e lf to Th e e O Go d I ,
‘79 i . e . W as b e l ie v e d in b y .
1 66 HI S T O RY o r 1 151 11 s u
1 1
ms .
He, to who m t h e N am e of Go d is s w e e t is pl e as i ng to my ,
L ord an d h is hop e s are co n ti nual ly fi x e d on Him

,
W h at h is h e ar t w i s h e d of i t h e obt ai n e d th e f r u it O s ai n t ,
t h e n am e of Go d g i v e s g r e at j oy
W h e n God t h e Cr e ator an d L ord di r e ct s o n e s aff air s th e n
, ,
’
,
th ank s to H is n am e a pp e ar s as w e al th to th e h e ar t of
H is wor s h ipp e r s .
I n th e fo u rth circ u m am b u l atio n N anak ( s ay s ) God t h e L ord , ,

”
t h e E v e rl as ti n g O n e is ob t ai n e d , .
Th e w e ddi n g too k pl ac e an d w as p e rfor m e d wit h m u ch j oy ;

th e n I B al a s aid O G u ru thi s is wh a t I h av e to s ay I s ay
, , , ,
i t aft e r h a v i n g s e e n w ith my o w n e y e s an d I do n o t s ay w h at I
, ,
”
h av e o n ly h e ar d G uru A n g ad fro m h e ari n g c e rt ai n thi n g s
.
, ,
w as pl e as e d an d fro m h e a ri n g oth e r s b e gan to lo n g for s e p ar a tio n

, ,
(fro m t h e worl d ) N ow G u r u N an ak a t t h e ti m e o f th e ci rc um
.
”
,
am b u l atio n s h ad s aid ( to m e ) ,
O B al a do tho u r e ma i n w ith m e, , ,
fo r w h at e v e r s e cr e t e xp e n s e s N an ak h ad w e r e p ai d by m e I r e ,
.
pli e d Ve ry w e ll S i r
, I w ill r e mai n with y o u O G u r u it h as
.
,
b e e n p e rfor m e d with m u ch j oy F or t hr e e d ay s t h e we ddi n g p arty .

,
c o n ti n u e d a n d t h e fo u rth d ay th e y d e p a rt e d a n d h av i n g bro u g h t
( th e b rid e ) in a doli th e y c am e to S u l t an p u r T h e n K ahi L am

, ,
’
, ,
.
,
an d J air am s a id L e t th e b rid e g roo m an d bri d e r e m ai n h e r e

, ,
for if n o t th e n a ft e rw ar d s w h o w il l c arry o n th e b u s i n e s s of th e
, , ,
”
s tor e ? Th e n K al li s aid O s o n N an ak ! yo u r m oth e r is s eat e d ,
h e r e w aiti n g for y o u ; h e r d e s ir e is fo r y o u to h av e h appi n e ss

,
.
T h i s co n t e n tio n w as goi n g o n wh e n aft e r w ard s M ul a c am e in ,

.
T h e n M1315 C h o n a s a id . I f t h e b rid e an d bri d e g roo m r e mai n ,

h e r e an d ar e n o t s e n t to T a lw an d i th e n th e d i s p u te wi l l n o t
, ,
b e co n t in u e d
”
T h e n P a rm an an d s a id O M ulc h an d th i s is t h e
.
, ,
fi r s t ti me (th e y h av e co m e ) s i n c e th e ir w e d di n g ; a n d th i s is al s o
t h e pl e as u r e an d d e s i r e of t h e boy s m o th e r th at t h e y s ho u l d g o
’
,
t o th e ir ho u s e an d th e n co me b ac k an d r e m a i n h e r e
,
Th e b u s i .
n e s s of t h e s tor e is c e rt ai n ly h e r e ; th e n h o w c an th e y arr an g e to
l i v e th e r e ? 1 80
I t m u s t b e do n e in thi s w ay l e t th e m t ak e (th e
b rid e in ) th e do li to th e ir ho u s e Th e n th e y too k th e dol fs .
”
with N anak an d M at a Cho n i s e at e d in th e m to T alwan d i W h e n ,

.
N anak w as s e tti n g o u t fo r Talw an d i th e n b e s a id to m e B h ai ,

.
”
B al a do y o u c arry o n t h e b u s i n e s s til l my r e t u r n I r e p l i e d O .
,
G u ru I a m a J a t t h o w c an thi s b u s i n e s s be c a rri e d o n by me
,
Th e n ag a i n t h e G u ru ans w e r e d Bh ai B alé l G o d wil l c arry on t h e ,
b u s i n e s s ; d o y o u r e m ai n as m y m e d i u m 1 81
I wi ll c e r t ai n l y .
,
”
r e t u r n in a m o n th do y o u til l th e n c a rry on t h e b u s i n e ss T h e n .
t . e .
, L e t t h e m g o , b u t t h e y m u s t no t s t ay , b u t re t u r q n uic k ly .
i . e .
, R r
e p e s e n t at i e v .
C HA P V I M A RR I A G E O F N AN A K
. .
-
.
I said , V e ry w e ll
wh at e v e r y o u s h al l t e l l me to do th at
, Gur fi ji ,
I will d o .
”
T h e n t h e y al l w e n t t o T alw an d i T h e Gu rii g av e .
’
me no i n fo r matio n o f wh a t too k pl ac e th e r e I do n ot k n ow wh a t
o y s t h e G u ru e x e r i e n c e d in T a lw an d i o r h ow h e p ass e d h is ti me
°
p , .
h e n t h e G u r a h avi n g co m e f ro m T alw an d i s e ttl e d in S u l t an p u r

, ,
an d wh e n h e c ame h e w e n t an d v is it e d h is s i s t e r N an ak i
, ,
J ai ram al s o T h e n M ataOh o n i al s o c am e an d f e l l at th e f e e t o f
.
”
h e r sis t e r in l aw o n t hi s Bibi N anaki s ai d B e h appy a n d k i s s e d
- -
, ,
t h e f o re h e ad o f M at a Cho ni an d h av in g pr e s s e d h e r to h e r n e c k , , ,
s e at e d h e r by h e r s e lf Th e n n e xt d ay Ga r ii N anak c am e an d
.
,
s at in th e s to r e an d M at a Cho n i w e n t to h e r p a r e n t s ho u s e ’
,
M al a c ame and f e tch e d h e r th e n G a r ii N ana k c ame an d b e gan

’
t o c ar r y o n t h e b u s i n e s s o f t h e s tor e A s K ahi h ad s a id s o
’
.
,
M al a fo u n d t o b e th e c as e an d N an a k w e n t o n b e h av i n g j u s t as ,
h e u s e d to do an d u s e d to s how littl e lo v e fo r h is w if e o n thi s

, ,
M ét a Oh o n i b e c am e an n oy e d an d v e x e d for th e G u r11 s ho w e d n o
’
c a r e to p l e as e h e r a n d t h e G u r ir n e v e r s po k e to h e r an d two ’
mo n th s p as s e d wi tho u t h is g oi n g to h is ho u s e W h e n M al ac am e to .
s e e h is d au gh t er th e n t h e d au g h t e r s ai d to M al a O fath e r w h e r e
“
, ,
h av e y ou g i v e n m e (in ma rri ag e ) Thi s m an o n ly fe e d s (poor ) p e opl e ,
an d h as n o c a r e f o r h is fa mily
”
Th e n M al a w e n t to J a ir am .
,
an d e n t e ri n g i n to word s wi th h im s ai d
-
Y o u h av e drow n e d m e an d , ,
-
my d au gh t e r
”
a n d h e s a id to ,
N an ak 0 y o u I wh e r e w e r e y o u ,
“ .
bo r n y o u w e r e w r itt e n in m y f at e th e r e for e I h av e g o t y o u (as ,
a s o n ia - Th e n t h e G u r a N anak s ai d n oth i n g in r e p ly an d ,
b e i n g gr e atly v e x e d h e (M al a) g o t u p a n d w e n t aw ay,
Th e n h e .
s e nt for M at a Cho n i an d s h e c am e to t h e h o u s e of t h e Gur fi

,
a n d t h e y ( th e p ar e n t s of M a t a Ch o n i ) c ame an d q u arr e l l e d with

h im an d a lw ay s m ad e it a h abit ( to do s o )
,
Oh an d o r an i w a s .
th e n am e of t h e m oth e r in l aw of Gu r ii N an ak an d t h e d a u ht e r
’
g
- -
u s e d to w e e p m u c h w h e n with h e r ; an d s h e ( t h e m oth e r in l aw )
,
- -
b e c ame g r e atly e n r ag e d an d b e i n g an g ry b e g an to fi g ht with

.
,
N an aki an d to s ay -
W h at w o n d e rfu l co mman d s ar e th e s e y o u
,
h av e b e gu n to i s s u e H av e y o u n o f e ar of Go d ? W h y do y o u
n o t bri n g yo ur b r ot h e r to o rd e r ? W ill y o u n o t loo k aft e r yo u r
s i s t e r in l aw a n d w il l n ot t h e s i s t e r s h u s b an d (J a ir am ) e xp l ai n
’
- -
to th e s i s t e r s b roth e r ( N an ak ) P W h at h as co m e i n to yo u r
’
h e art s ? T h e n B ib i N an ak i s aid L i s t e n O a un t ! if I ad
”
,
“
,
n
mo n i s h my b roth e r wh a t s h all I s ay to h im ? M y b roth e r is n o t a

,
th i e f no r an a d u lt e r e r n o r a g am bl e r n o r do e s h e co mm it e v i l
, , ,
a ct s an d wh a t e v e r h e e ar n s h e c an do a s h e li k e s w ith it
,
Y ou ,
.
m ay co m p l ain if yo u r d au gh t e r s ho u l d r e m a i n na k e d 0 1 h u n g ry 1
b u t i f w h e n s h e is w e l l an d h appy w i th p l e n ty to e at an d dri n k
, , ,
o u ab u s e u s th e n y o u c an ( do s o ) y o u k n ow ( b e s t ) I wi l l not
y .
,
d is g rac e my mo ut h by s ay i ng any thi n g to y o u A s r e gar d s .
j e w e l s sh e h as j e w e l s as mu ch as ar e r e q uir e d an d wit h r e gar d

, , ,
1 68 H I S TO RY o r T HE S I KHS .
to cl o th e s s h e h as cl oth e s s u ffici e n t an d a s r e gard s food s h e s u ff e r s

, , ,
n o h u n g e r ; a n d I a l w ay s r e c e i v e h e r w ith w e lco m e an d I n e v e r ,
s p e ak t o h e r w i tho u t u s i n g t h e r e s p e c tf u l t i tl e o f ‘
B h ab b i -
t e r —in l a w ) b u t if y o u s h a l l u n j u s tly an d u n pro v o k e d b l m e

(s is -
, ,
a
m e a n d th e s o n o f a K h a ttr i th e n w h a t c a n w e d o P D o as y o u ,
pl e a s w w il l s ay n oth i n g to y o u Y o u t al k n o n s e n s e
e
,
e Th e n . .
C h a n d o ani b e c a m e s il e n t a n d d e p rt e d an d co u l d s ay n othi n g
r ,
a
,
a n d b e i n g a h a m e d w e n t aw ay
,
s T h e n s h e w e n t to h e r d au g h t e r
,
.
an d s ai d L i s t e n 0 d au g h t e r S u l ak h n i ! ( th e n am e s h e w as
,
“
, .
c all e d by in h e r m o t h e r s ho u s e w as S u l a k h n i ) yo u r s i s t e r in l aw ’
- -
h as s h a m e d m e an d I co u l d g i v e h e r n o an s w e r B e hold
,
.
,
da u g h t e r ! d o y o u a l s o s oft e a l ittl e an d h e q u i e t T h e n S u l ak h n i ”
n
,
.
r e pl i e d M oth e r I d o n o t r e m ai n h u n g v or in w an t of cloth e s ;
“
,
r
,
as t o j e w e l s cl ot h e s food a n d d ri n k I h a v e a l l I w a n t Th
”
, ( en ,
.
t h e m oth e r s ai d ) D au g h t e r i f y o u h av e a l l th e n w h y d o y o u
“
, ,
b l am e an d ab u s e th e s o n o f a K h a ttri Th e n M at a Ch o n i s a i d .
,
M o th e r w h a t s h al l I d o ? h e do e s n o t l o v e m e at al l an d h e
, ,
d o e n o t s p e a k k i n d ly to m e
s w h a t s h a l l I d o ? To w h o m s h a l l
I t e l l m y t al e Th e n Ch an do r an i aga i n c am e to Bib i N an ak i ,
an d o n a rri v al b e gan to s ay 0 N an aki ! I s po k e ag a i n to “

, , ,
y o u r broth e r s w i fe S u l ak h ni ; o n w hi ch s h e b e g an to s ay
’
, ,
0 m oth r I d o n o t r e m ai n h u n g ry or in w an t of cloth e s I h a v e
e
,
l ot s o f j e w e l s a n d cl th e s b u t h e n e v e r s p e a k s k i n d ly to m e an d h e
o , ,
n e v e r lo v e s m e w h a t s h a l l I d o Th e n B i bi N ama k i r e pli e d
, ,
O m y au n t Ch a n d o an i ! do y o u li s t e n ,
m y s i s t e r in l aw 8
r ,
-
’
m an n e r is v e ry h a rd an d e x a cti n g an d if I s e n d for h e r , ,
s o me ti m e s s he co m e s an d s o m e ti m e s s h e do e s n o t co m e ; a n d .
h o w d o e s s h e co m e ? S h e co m e s o n fi r e a s a r e d h o t i ro n ; b u t
th e n e v e n I d o n o t l e t i t co m e i n to m y m i n d th a t s h e 1 5 yo u n g e r
,
th an I b u t I s ay M ay y o u b e h ap py W e l l ! as s h e w a s b e troth e d
.
‘
, .
t h ro u g h m y i n s tr u m e n t a li ty an d i s t h e d au g h t e r o f a r e s p e ct abl e
K h a t tri p e rh a p s s h e w il l g a i n e xp e ri e n c e I w il l n o t p u t h e r
,
”
u n d e r an ob li atio n s ; th as b e e n n o q u arr e l b t
1 82 1 83
y g e h e w e en us i e .
I b e n Ch an d o an i s a id Tr u e d a u g h t e r N an aki t h e r e is n o
‘ “
r , , ,
w an t of an yth i n g b u t y o u yo u r s e lf m u s t k n o w th a t t h e d e s i r e
, ,
of w o m e n s ho u l d b e f u l fill e d Th e n B ib i N an ak i s ai d Tr u e .
, ,
my a u n t
, yo u s p eak tr u ly an d s h e a l s o s p e ak s tr u ly ,
p e rh a p s G od m ay m ak e thi n gs t u r n o u t ri g h t ; do y o u co m fort
yo u r d au g h t e r an d e xpl ai n (th e m att e r ) to h e r 0 m y au n t !
, .
y o u m u s t w e l l k n o w W h e t h ei I am t ak i n g m y b i o th e r s p art ’
.
W e ll au n t ! do y o u n o w go ho m e 3 if G o d w ill th e n I wi l l g i v e ,
182
L e B y gi in g h e r a d ic e
. v v .
18 3
L it
“
o in in g
. J
t og e t h e r
’
T h e s ig n i c at io n o f t h is s e n t e n c e is , t h at if
. fi
l
t w o p ie c e s o f c o t h a r e j o i n e d t o g e t h e r , t h e r e s t i 1 8 s o m e e ry s m a d i is io n ll v ll v
f
l e t b e t we e n th e m ; b u t B
ib i N an ak i s ay s , t h e r e h as b e e n n o o in in g t oge t h e r j
b e t w e e n u s , f o r w e ar e , an d a way s h a e b e e n , o n e l v .
C HAP . VL— M A RR I A G E O F N XN A K .
my s i s t e r in l a w m u ch co m fort
- -
Th e n Ch an do r an i w e n t h o m e
. .
O n e d ay G u r a N an a k c a m e to s e e J air am, an d h e a l s o s aw Bib i

N an ak i .Th e n B ib i N an ak i s ai d God h as b e e n v e ry m e rcif ul
“
,
- ~
to u s t o day , in th a t yo u h a v e g i v e n u s a s i g ht of yo u r s e lf ”
.
G u r 11 N an a k r e pli e d , O B ibi , I am yo u r s l a v e , y o u ar e m y e l d e r
’
Th e n t h e B ibi s a i d , O broth e r ! in ag e I am g r e at e r , b u t n o t
”
in a ctio n s ; bro th e r , h e is t h e g r e a t e r , who is g r e at e r in a ctio n s .
T h e G u r 11 r e pl i e d , O B ibi , God h a s r e v e a l e d th i s to y o u G o d
’
‘
h as b e e n k i n d to y o u Th e n t h e Bibi s ai d O br o th e r ! I s h al l
.
r e ga r d Go d as b e i n g k i n d to m e , w h e n y o u w il l d o a s s ay I .
T h e n G u r fi N an ak , b e i n g pl e as e d , s a i d , S p e a k , B ibi , I w ill d o
“
w h a t y o u s ay , y o u a r e m y e l d e r s i s t e r s p e a k th e n , a n d w h a t e v e r
”
o u s h all s a w ith yo r m o u th , I w il l d o T h n Bib i N an ak i
y y u .e
s a id , O b roth e r I am m a d e g r e a tly a s h am e d , b e c au s e y o u
“
n e ve r i v a n pl r t m i t r in l aw , an d S ir , w h e n w e
g e
y e as u e o
y s s e - -
bri n g i n to o u r o w n f am i ly t h e d au g ht e r of o u r r e s p e ct a b l e
b roth e rh o o d , th e n i f th e y a r e n o t m a d e h a ppy , o n e s u ffe r s g r e a t
s h am e th e r e fro m Y o u a r e a hol y m an , d o y o u r e fl e ct in yo u r
.
m i n d , an d d o as I h a v e s a i d Th e n B ab a N an ak s ai d , O B ibi !
.
is s h e in w an t of an yth i n g S he s ai d , B roth e r , w h y s h o u ld
.
s h e b e in W an t , w h e n , by God s i ft s h e h as e v e ry thi n g ; b u t t h e
’
g ,
co m fort r e c e i v e d fro m w ord s is g r e at e r th an e v e ry thi n g e l s e
an d e v e n i f o n e h as n othi n g e l s e , s til l o n e m u s t r e c e i v e th e
co m fort of k i n d w or d s , an d th i s t h e n a t u r e of w o m e n m o s t
c e rt ai n ly d e m a n d s ”
Th e n t h e B ab a s a i d , O Bi b i d o y o u t ak e
.
co m fort in yo u r m i n d in thi s m att e r ; I w i l l d o W h a t y o u s ay

an d n o w d o o u l e a v e o ff t h e m e n tio n o f thi s , a n d s p e a k of s o m e
y
thi n g e l s e ”
T h e n B ibi N amak i s a i d , O broth e r ! thi s is t h e
.
I
m att e r th a t is in m y m i n d , t h a t m ay b e h ol d yo u r o ff s pri n g an d
c a rry th e m ab o u t in m y l ap Th e n G u r u N an a k s a id ,
.
“
V e ry w e l l , Bi bi th a t w h ich y o u d e s i r e , i t w ill c e rt ai n ly b e
d on e . Th e n h av i n g s ai d thi s , h e s e t o ff, an d di d as N an ak i
h ad a s k e d , an d b e gan to s ho w aff e ct io n to h is w ife .
1 70 HIS T O RY or T HE s u ms .
CH A P T E R VI I .
T h e D iscou r s e wit h Pan d a t S ci mci .
s ame P a nd at s a i d , Co m e M al a, l e t u s s e e w h e r e N an ak is
“
M al a s ai d , S i r h e l i ve s m u ch in t h e g r a v e y ar d s
“ ”
M al a an d .
s ame both c am e to N an ak N an ak W as th e n s e a t e d in a g r av e
.
P
y a rd s ama an dat s ai d, O Nan ak , wh at di s g u i s e is t h i s w h i c h
.
y ou h v m d h at fooli s h d e e d s ar e th e s e y o u ar e
1 84
a e a s s u e ? an d w
d oi n g C
o me ! an d s e t yo u r s e lf to s o m e wo r k ”
I t w as th e n th e .
s p ri n e as o n (b as an t ) , an d th e r e c a me into G ur l i N a n ak s m i n d
’
g s
a v e r s e in t h e B as an t B a
g .
The k i ng is a child , th e city is h a lf b u ilt an d is in lo v e

with t h e fi v e wic k e d o n e s .
Th e r e ar e t w o m oth e r s , an d two fath e r s , who a r e sa i n ,

y g .
P an d at co n s id e r t h i s
,
.
0 holy s ai n t s g i v e m e s u ch a n u n d e r s t an d i ng by w h ich I
, ,
m ay obt a i n m y Go d ( s o u l s
’
T h e m e an i n g is ; t h e body is a h alf b u ilt city t h e m i n d is ,
t h e yo u n g k i n g l u s t an g e r av ari c e lo v e an d p r id e ar e t he
, , , ,
fi v e e v i l th i ng s t h e t w o m oth e r s ar e th e e y e s th e two fath e r s

ar e t h e e a r s an d th e y e v e n in s e e i n g an d h e ari n ar e lo n in
, , g g g ,
for w orl dl th i n gs y .
Th e n ag a i n M al a t h e fath e r in l a w s ai d I f thi s fi r e ( of
,
“ - -
, ,
th e lo v e of G o d) h as b e e n s e t al i gh t in y o u th e n why h a v e y o u ,
g i v e n b irth to ch i l dr en and th e n b e i ng d i s tr e s s e d for s ak e n

, , ,
the m T h e n G u r li N an ak r e cit e d an oth e r v e r s e ;

? ” ’
W ith i n t h e r e is a fi r e an d t h e fo r e s t is p u tti n g fo r th it s
,
fr e s h l e av e s t h e s e a is t h e b ody ;
T h e s u n an d m oo n ar e both withi n t h e body ; b u t y ou h av e
”
n o t obt ai n e d th i s k n owl e d g e .
T h e m e an i n g of it is t h e fi r e with i n o n e is d e s ir e an d t h e ,
for e s t ( for k e e pi n g u p th e fi r e ) ar e on e s s o n s d au gh t e r s w i v e s
-
’
, , ,
w e a lth an d m e an s of s u b s i s t e n c e Y o u O s am a P an d at a r e th e .
, ,
k u r m an d j aw ai ” 5
Th e l i g ht o f t h e m oo n is t h e h e art bu t
.
,
t h e m oo n s hi n e w i l l o n ly c as t its li g ht ab ro a d wh e n a p e rf e c t ,
G ur a is fo u n d .
‘
84
Li t . R aw .
‘
95
K urm is a d aug h t e r f ath e r
’
s , an d J aw ai a s on -in -l aw .
C HAP . VI L — D I S C O U R S E W I T H P A N DA T SA MA .
P
s ama an d at s aid , O N an ak ! do y ou l i v e in yo u r ho u s e ,
b u t at t h e s ame ti m e , b ot h r e me m b e r Go d an d e m p l oy yo u r s e l f
in ( th e d u ti e s of ) yo u r o w n v oc a tio n , for God t ak e s c ar e of al l .
Th e n N an ak r e ci t e d a third v e r s e
“
L oo k on h im as a wor s h ipp e r of God , wh o r e g ard s al l
(fri e n d s an d fo e s ) as one
R e ga rd thi s ,
as H is c u s to m th at ,
He po s s e s s e s the pow e r of
”
for gi v e n e s s .
Th e m e an i n g of i t is th a t R am t a k e s c a r e of al l b u t H is
, ,
k i n dn e s s is e s p e ci ally s h ow n o n tho s e w h o s ho w lo v e an d p a ti e n c e
, ,
an d h e to w ho m H e h as g i v e n th e s e q u ali ti e s His k i n d n e s s is
, ,
p artic u l arly s ho w n to h im M i l a s ai d To d ay h e h as b e co m e
. 1 ,
-
,
”
m ad an d w il l n o t l i s t e n to t h e s ayi n g of a n y o n e
,
Th e n .
Pan d at S am a as k e d W ill y o u li s t e n to W h a t an y o n e wi l l s ay
,
T h e n G u r a N an ak r e ci t e d t h e fi n al v e r s e
(A l as th at ) h e w h o is m y co m p an io n w il l n o t l i s t e n to
, ,
m e a n d o n ly d e s ir e s s o m e th i n g to e a t ;
,
N anak t h e s l av e of s l a v e s s ay s
, S o m e ti m e s i t i s pl e as e d
,
“
,
”
s o m e ti m e s an g ry .
T h e m e an in g of i t is t hi s th at t h e to n g u e o b e y s t h e
,
s ayi n g o f n o o n e ; i t u tt e r s bot h pr a i s e an d r e pro ach ; it

( d e s ir e s b u t ) kn ow s n o t wh at is fi t to e at a n d w h a t is n o t ;
i t S p e a k s both bitt e rly an d s w e e tly an d w ith i t o n e h as , ,
co n t i n u al ly to r e m ai n ; ( N an a k co n ti nu e d ) L i s t e n 0 S am a “
,
P an d at ! I f Go d b e m e rci fu l th e n thi s e v il to n g u e e v i l d e e d s
, , ,
an d e v il pl e as u r e s w il l all b e r e m o v e d O n h e a ri ng thi s t h e
”
.
,
P an d at S am a w as co mfort e d .
1 72 H I S T O RY or TH E S IKHS .
C H A P T ER VI I I .
Th e d is c o u r s e w ith N a wab D a u l a t Kh an .
Th e n M al a Cho n a t h e f ath e r in l aw of G u r a N an ak w e n t
,
-
to t h e N a w ab an d c o m pl a i n e d N a w ab D au l a t K h an d i s a i d .
, , ,
O Y ar K h an ! w h o is t h i s a n d o f w ho m d o e s h e co m p l a i n
Y ar K h an a s k e d M al a w h o a e y o u an d of w ho m do y o u r
co m pl ai ? M u l a e p l ie d I am t h e f at l e i ih l a w O f N an ak
n
”
1 ,
i -
,
a n d I c o m pl a i n a a i s t N an a k K ”
th e s t 0 1 e k e e p e 1,
g Y a r h a n
tT
n .
s a i d to t h N a w ab N w ab ! p e a c e b e to y o u ! thi s 1 5 t h e f ath r
e
,
a e
in l a w of N an ak an d h e h a s a co m pl a i n t a gai n s t N an a k
-
, The .
N a w ab s a i d Y ar K h an b ri n g h im b e f o r e m e ,
Y ar K h an .
”
h r o u g h t M al a b e fo r e h im a n d th e N a w ab a s k e d M al a ,
W ell ,
“
w h a t c o m pl ai n t h a v e y o u a g a i n s t N an a k M al a p e ti tio n e d ,
N a w ab p e c e b e to y o u th e s e v e n h u n d r e d an d s ixty r u p e e s w hi ch
,
a
,
r e m ai n e d o v e r s rpl u s to N an a k I pr ay th a t th e y m ay b e g i v e n to
u ,
N an a k s f am ily T h e N a w ab s a i d O M u l a l b u t N a n a k s ay s
’ 1 86 ”
,
.
,
.
g i v e th e m to b e g ar s
g A g a i n M al a s ai d N a w ab p e ace b e ,
“
,
to y o u ! N an ak I S s o m e w h t m a d J h e n th e N w ab s a i d
a . T hey
'
1
,
c e rt a i n ly h a v e a ri g ht to t h e m l e t N an a k b e m a d e o v e r t o a
M u ll a Th e n a M u ll aw e n t an d b e gan to u s e h is c h a r m s o n
.
t h e G u r ii N an ak b u t Gu ru N an a k s a t b e for h im qu it e a b s orb
’
e
,
e d in tho u g ht an d w h e n h e b e g a n to p u t t h e b u r n t rol l o f c an dl e
,
wic k to th e n o s e of N an ak t h e n t h e G u r 11 s aid ,
’
S TA N Z A .
H e wh o s e fi e l d 1 5 s poi lt th e r e I S n o occ as io n f 0 1 (h is h av
, ,
in g) a t h 1 e s h 1 n g fl oor ;
A l as for th e ir l i v e s w h o w rit e th e n am e of G o d ( o n p ap e r )
, ,
an d s e l l i t ( as a ch a r m )
T h e n th e M ii l a b e gan to s ay W h o ar e y o u t e l l m e yo u r
’
n am e T h e n th e G u r 11 u tt e r e d th e s e v e r s e s in t h e M ar a R ag
’
S o m e c al l m e an e v i l s pi rit s o m e s ay I a m a d e v i l ; ,
S o m e s ay I am a m an b u t I am s i m pl e N an a k ;
'
B u t N an a k th e in s an e h a s b e co m e m ad (o n ly in lo v e for )
, ,
h is G o d .
And n ow he k n ow s n o one b u t Go d .
13 5
By f am il y , wi fe is m e an t .
OH A P . VI I I .
—
D I S C O UR S E W I T H N A W AB D A U L A T K H AN . 1 73
P AU S E .
T h e y l oo k on me as m ad, b e c au s e l a m m a d in fe ar ( of
H im )
Th e r e is o n ly o n e L ord I do n o t k n o w an y oth e r b u t H im .
T h e y l oo k o n m e as m ad b e c a u s e I am a l w ay s d oi ng t h e ,
w or k of Th a t O n e ;
I r e co g n i z e t h e c o m m an d of my L ord an d loo k o n n o n e oth e r ,
b u t H i m as w i s e
T h e y l oo k 0 11 m e as m ad b e c a u s e m y L ord h as b e co m e d e a r ,
to m e
T h e y l oo k o n m e a s w i ck e d an d a ll t h e r e s t of t h e w orld ,
as
g o od .
”
T h e M al a w as co m fort e d a n d b e g an to p r a i s e h im s ayi n g , , ,
N aw ab p e a c e b e t o y o u N an a k is n o t m a d h h a s m e t w ith
,
e
s ome s ai n t ; h e is in h is s e n s s Th e N a w ab s a i d C al l e .
”
,
“
J ai am 1 J air am c a m e a n d p ai d h is r e s p e ct
.
( T h e N aw ab s .
as k e d) O J ai am ! w h at s h a ll I d o w e c an n ot k e e p N an ak s
i
’
m o n e y a n d N an ak s ay s ‘
i v e i t to l e h
’
, g g g a s ; is f atl e
,
in l aw h as 1 1 i i -
c o m pl a i n e d agai n s t h im n d t h e M al a h a s s aid N an a k i s in h is ,
a ,
‘
s ense s ; t h e e f o e as y o u s h a l l s ay s o I s h a l l ac t
1 1 J ai am w a s ,
. r
g r e a tly a fr a i d f N a n a k a n d th e roe for e r e m a i n e d s ,

il e n t T h e .
N a w ab as k e d O J a i am ! w h y d o y o u n o t g i v e an a n s w e r ?
,
r
”
H e ga v e r ep l y O N a w ab p e a c e b e to y u y o u k n o w e v e ry
, ,
o
thi n g w h a t s h a l l I s y in r e ply ? T h e n t h e N aw ab s a i d O a
,
J a ii am ! h is f a m i ly c tain l y h a s a j s t i g h t to it J ai am s a i d
”
e i u l . i
,
O N a w ab p e a c e b e to y o u ! N a a k h i m s e lf is a l s o pr e s e n t
,
n
,
a n d h as n o t
g o n e an
y di t a nc e o ff T h e N a w ab s ai d
s S e nd .
”
,
“
f o N an ak
r S o m e o n e w e n t to c al l N an ak b u t N an k w o l d
.
”
,
a u
n ot c om e Th e m a n r e t u r n e d a d w h n h e c a m e b a c k s ai d
. He,
n e ,
w i ll n o t c o m e T h e N a w ab D a u l t K h an b e c o m i n g a n g ry
”
. a , ,
s id G o s e iz an d b ri n g h im Th e n s o m e p e r s o n s w e n t a n d ”
a , ,
e ,
.
t l d h im O N an a k ! t h e N a w ab i s v e ry an g ry N an ak th e n
”
o ,
.
ro s an d go t u p a n d c am e an d p ai d h is r e s p e c t s to t h e N a w ab
e
,
.
T h e N a w ab b e i n g v e ry a n g ry a s k e d O N an a k w h y w ould ,
L
,
n o t co m e N an ak ai d i t e n N aw a b h e n I w a yo u r
“
y o u w s ,
s ,
s
s e r v a t th e n I u s e d
n t o c o m e ; n o w I a m n o t yo u r s e r v a n t ; I am
T h e n t h e N a w ab s ai d I f s uc h b e
” “
n o w th e s e an t o f G o d 1 v .
,
yo u r m i n d th e n c o m e a l o g w it h m e a n d s ay y o u r p i ay e r s for n ,
Th e n N an ak a i d C o m e a l n g S i w h at
, ,
i t is F ri d a y t o d ay -
.
”
s ,
o
,
r
,
e ry pr o p r T N n co p an y w i th
”
y o u sa
y is v h e n th e a w ab e i m ,
N n ak a n d t h e K az i n d m any
a 1 87
o th e r r e s p e ct ab l e p e o p l e
a ,
13 7
L it . H ow c an th ey b e c ou n te d P
1 74 H I S T O RY or T H E s u ms .
w e n t an d c ame an d s too d in th e J u ma M aSJ i t ; th e n al l th e p e opl e 1 83

,
w h o w e r e in th e J u m a M as p t b e g a n to s ay B e hold 1 to d ay N an ak , ,
h as j oi n e d thi s s e ct T h i s w as n oi s e d ab ro ad am o n g al l t h e H in
.
d as ; an d J ai r am b e i n g gr e a tly g ri e v e d r e t u r n e d h ome
,
W hen , .
N anak i s aw th a t h e r h u s b an d w as v e ry s ad th a t d ay sh e ro s e ,
an d
g o t u p an d s aid to h im S i r wh at is th e r e as o n th at y o u ar e
,
s o s ad to d ay Z J air am s ai d H e ar O b e lo v e d o f G o d ! wh at thy
?”
-
, ,
b roth e r N an ak h as do n e to day h e w e n t with th e N aw ab to t h e -
J u m a M as p t to s ay h is pr ay e r s a n d i t h as b e e n n oi s e d abro ad ,
am o n g al l t h e Hi n d u s an d M u h am mad an s of thi s c ity th at ,
N an ak h as to day b e co m e a M u s al man th e n why s h o u l d n ot

,
-
, ,
I b e s ad T h e n N an ak i s ai d J u s t y o u g e t u p an d e at yo u r
“
,
food an d d o n o t h av e an y an xi e ty o n acco u n t of N an ak b u t
, ,
r e m ai n h appy at h e art O m y h u s b an d N an ak is my b roth e r

an d G od is his k e e p e r an d n o o n e c an loo k o n h im wi t h an e v i l
,
”
e e ;
y th e r e for e do y o u j ust
g e,
t u
p an d e a t yo u r food They .
w e r e th u s co n v e r s i n g wh e n a n ci s e w as h e ard N ow J air am h ad .
l e ft N idh a Br ah man as a s py N idh aB r ah m an a l s o ar ri v e d s oo n .
aft e r an d c am e an d bl e s s e d J air a m s ayi n g O m y cli e n t 1 89

,
al l , ,
”
is w e ll y o u n e e d h av e n o a n xi e ti e s Th e n J air am an d N an aki .
b oth b e gan to as k S ay 0 N idh a B r ah man how did it e n d

, ,
N id h a S aid ,
S ir I w as n o t i n s id e b u t I h e ard fro m th e mou th ,
o f t h e M u s al m ans th at w h e n t h e N aw ab s aid h is pr ay e r s
, , ,
N an ak s tood u p th e n th e N aw ab s aid to N an ak O N an ak y o u ,
c am e to s ay pr ay e r s th e n w h y do y o u n o t s ay yo u r pr ay e r s ? ’
T h e n N an ak s aid W ith who m w as I t o s ay my p r ay e r s

,
Th e n t h e N aw ab S aid Y o u co u ld s ay yo u r pr ay e r s w i t h me , .
G u r 11 N an ak s a id Y o u h ad g o n e to K and ah ar to b uy h or s e s
‘
’
with w ho m co u l d I s ay my pr ay e r s Th e n D au l at K h an s ai d ,
O N an ak w h y do y o u s ay s u ch f al s e th i ngs wh e n I am s t an d
, ,
in g h e r e N an ak s a i d Lis t e n 0 K h an ! yo u r b ody w as , ,
s t an di n g h e r e b u t th at which s ay s th e pr ay e r s h ad g o n e t o K an
, , ,
d ah ar to b u y ho r s e s T h e n t h e K aj i s aid S e e N aw ab p e ac e , ,
b e to y o u ! wh at li e s thi s Hi n d u t e ll s T h e N aw ab s aid K aj i l ,
N an ak s po k e tr u e at t h e ti m e I w as b e n d i n g m y h e ad in ,
pr ay e r m y m i n d h ad go n e to K an d ah ar to b u y hor s e s T h e n t h e
, .
’
K aj i b g an to w h i s p e r s ay i n g L i s t e n K h an I h ad n o t go n e any
e , , ,
wh e r e w hy co u ld h e n o t s ay his pr ay e r s with m e T h e N aw ab
‘
s aid , N an ak y o u co u ld h av e s ai d y o u r pr ay e r s with t h e K aj i
,
N an ak s aid 0 N aw ah ! t h e K aj i h ad g o n e to h is ho me to loo k
,
aft e r h is colt l e s t t h e col t s ho u ld h av e fall e n i n to a p it On ’

.
,
th i s th e y both w e r e s ati s fi e d B h ai I h a v e j u s t h e ard th i s

, .
,
1 33
qu M os J u m a M as p t
e or
B ah m
.
J ij m a (f m in in e j ijm a i) is t h e c l i
13 9
n e n e nt of a r an , b ar b e r , & c , i e . . .
p e rs on on wh c s t o m t h y h av
os e a l e g al
u e e r igh t .
an d w h o m u s t p ay t h e m a f e e ,
w h t h e r h e e m p l oy t h e m o an y n e e l s e
e r o .
C H A P V I I I — D I S GO U RS E
. . wrr n M W AB D A U L AT K H XN .
1 75
an d co m e h e r e . T h e n B ibi N anak i s a id Br ah m an Pwh e r e ,
h av e yo u l e ft my broth e r N anak ? N id h a s aid

”
”
, O my ,
( fe m a l e ) cli e nt I l e ft h im th e r e Th e n J air a m b e g an
. to
q uarr e l with N idh a s ayi n g I f y o u h ad r e m ai n e d th e r e N an ak
, , ,
wo u ld h av e co m e o u t an d y ou w o u l d h av e m e t w ith h im
, .
T h e n N idh a s aid S ir ! h e w as in th e M as jit b u t al l t h e pe o

,
l e h ad d e p a rt e d an d go ne to th e i r ho m e s ; I did n o t s e e h im
p ,
n or d o I k n ow w h e r e h e w e n t to T h e n N anak i co m forte d
.
J air am an d b e g an to s ay S ir I do y o u n o t h av e an y
“
”
an xi e ty abo u t h im N an ak wi ll co m e i mme di at e ly J us t th e n .
,
N an ak c ame an d e n t e r e d t h e ho u s e of J a ir am an d T u l s an , ,
t h e m aid c all e d o u t fro m b e lo w

,
Yo u r broth e r h as co m e 0
.
,
m i s tr e s s l Th e n B ibi N an aki was g r e atly d e l i g h t e d an d s ai d

1 90
,
“
S ir did I n o t say th at G od w as Nan ak s H e l p e r an d th at n o ’
,
o n e w as abl e to l oo k at N an ak with an e v i l e y e ? J air am was ”
g r e atly pl e ase d an d b e g an to s ay W if e ! y ou i n d e e d h av e
,
“
g r e at
faith in him h e th e n b e gan to as k N an ak s ayi n g S ay b roth e r , ,
N an ak w h at ar e t h e circ u m s t an c e s of th e o cc u rr e n c e w e w e r e
g r e atly al a r m e d ; d o y o u t e l l u s yo u r o w n s tory Th en Na n ak .
”
s aid O broth e r ia l aw ! l e t i t b e l e t t h e p as t h e p as t Th e n
- -
”
.
, ,
ag ai n ,
J airam s aid B roth e r N an ak
,
if an y o ne s h al l as k m e
abo u t thi s w h at s h a l l I s ay
,
th e r e is n o r e l i an c e to b e pl ac e d o n
wh at o n e h e ar s fro m p e opl e b u t w h a t I s h all h e a r fro m yo u , ,
th at (I k n o w ) wil l b e a corr e ct ac co un t Th e n G u r il N an ak .
’
s a id ,
Broth e r in l aw l D au l at K h an b e gan to s ay h is pr ay e r s an d
- -
th e K aj i al s o to s ay h is b u t I r e m ai n e d s t an di n g o n o n e s id e .
W h e n t h e N aw ab h ad fi n i s h e d h is pr ay e r s th e n h e b e g an to s ay ,
to me O N an ak why ( thi s ) ! I tho u g h t y o u c am e to s ay yo u r

,
‘
p r ay e r s th e n w h y di d y o u n o t s ay yo u r pr ay e r s I r e pl i e d .
T h e fo r e h e a d h e k n oc k e d on t h e g ro u n d th e h e art h e r ai s e d
,
to h e av e n ;
h o ul of ) D au l at K h a n Pa th a u (had g o n e ) to K an d a
( B u t t e s , ,
h ar to b u y h or s e s
’
.
T h e N aw ab s ai d I do n ot u n d e r s t an d at al l (wh at y ou m e an
,
,
w h e n ) y o u s ay I h ad g o n e to K an d ah ar to b uy h or s e s
, an d w ith
w ho m s ho u l d y o u s ay yo u r pr ay e r s Th e n t h e K aj i s aid ‘S e e ’
.
,
0 K h an ! w h at l i e s t his H in d fi te ll s T h e n t h e K han s ai d K aj i
’
.
, ,
t h e H i n d a s p e ak s tr u th at t h at ti m e wh e n I b e n t m h e d my
y a ,
h e art h ad g o n e to K an d ah ar afte r hor s e s T h e n agai n t h e K aj i .
’
s aid ,
‘
S ir y o u h ad p e rha p s g o n e a ft e r th e hor s e s b ut I h ad n o t
, , , ,
g o n e a n ywh e r e c o u l d h e n o t h a v e p r ay e d with me Th e n I s aid

‘
to t h e K aj i .K aj i t ho u w as t in t h e Masj it in ( thy ) co u rty ar d
,
a pit w as d u
g wh il e b ow i n g d o w n o n th e gr o u n d ( thy ) s p i r i t ,
‘ Li t F r m b c am f r
90
. o on e e e ou .
1 76 H I S T ORY or T HE s u ms .
was ith ( thy ) col t T h e n t h e N aw ab s a i d : N ana k w h a t i s th i s

w .
’ ‘
,
u h a v e s aid I s a id K h K j i o r b ro t ’
y o O an ! th e a 8 h s e h a d u
g h
forth a col t an d 1 11 h is c o u i ty a i d is a p it ; w h e n th e K aj i w a s
m ak i n g h is b o w h is s pi rit w as d w e ll i n g o n t l ie col t ( t h i n k i n g th at )
,
“
, ,
p e rh a p s t h e c l t m i g h t fa l l i n t o t h e pit a n d b e k il l e d th i s is
u
w h at I s a i d O K h an ,
Th e n D a u l a t K h an l au ghi n g b e g an t o
sa
y,
‘
W h y K a j i w h a t is N an a k s ayi n g S p e a k tr u ly I T h e
K aj i r e pli e d O K h an i t i s i n d e e d s o
,
‘
I h e N a w ab s a i d
,
‘
i a .
’ '
V an ak I S a p e i f e c t d e v ot e e n o w w e c an s ay n othi n g to h im Th e n t h e
”
, .
N a w ab s a i d ‘
,
N an a k w e d o n o t w i s h to k e e p yo u r m o n e y b ut as
, ,
yo u r fa th e r in —l aw h as co m pl ai n e d an d r e q u e s t e d th at w e s ho u l d
-
,
n ot
g i v e i t to b e g a r s s ay n o w to w h o m s h all w e
g , g i v e th e m o n e y ? ,
’
Th e n I s ai d to t h e N aw ab I h a v e a l r e a d y tol d y o u ( my w i s h e s ) ,
t h e r e s t y o c a n d e ci d e
u Th e n t h e N a w ab s a id L i s t e n N an a k !
.
’
, ,
I w ill g i v e h alf t h e m o n e y to yo u r f a mily an d h al f I w ill g i v e i n to ,
yo u r o w n h an d s to g i v e t o b e gg a r s T h e n I s a i d I k n o w n othi n g .
’
,
a bo u t i t b u t y o u kn o w b e s t I h av e n o w co me a ft e r h a v i n g ’
,
.
,
s ai d t h e s e w ord s N o w b r o th r in l a w yo u r h e a rt m ay e ith e r
.
,
e - -
,
t ak e i t w e l l or ba d Th e n J ir am s a id
. O broth r ! h at e v e r
a
,
e v1
”
y o u m ay h av d o n e w a s g oo d T h e n agai n N an aki s ai d Si r ! “
e ,
.
,
d o y o u n o t y e t b e l i e v e g e t u p an d e at y o u r food ”
T he n .
J ai am s a i d
i O w i fe ! y o u ar e N an a k s s is te 1 a n d th e r e for e
,
“ ’
, ,
y o u a re s o m e w h at p a ti a l to h im I w a s s
1 u s pi cio us w i thout .
c au s e P r a i s e d b e G o d ! P a i s e d b e G ur u N an a k an d pr ai s e d b e r ,
o u al s o w h o m e h is s is t e 1 a n d pr a i s e d a littl e b e I al s o th at
y , ,
I a mm arri e d to y o u
,
”
Th e n J a ir am N an ak a n d I ( B al a) at e
.
, ,
s ome fo o d W e w e r e s e a t e d e ati n g w h e n M al a a rri v e d an d

.
, ,
Ch an d o r an i w h o w as t h e m oth e r in l a w of N an ak a l s o c am e w ith
,
- -
,
h im . B e for e ( thi s ) M u l a an d s am a P n d at h a d b e e n q u ar r e l
,
a
,
l i n g a b u t N ana k b u t w h e n Ch an d o r am t h e m ot h e r in l aw of
o .
, ,
-
N an ak c am e a n d s a w N an a k s h e fl as h e d a s t h e l i gh t n i n g fl a s h e s
, , ,
and b e
g an to s ay
“
L i s te n , 0 N an ak did y o u m a rry fo t,
h i s r
r e as o n t h a t y o u s ho u l d h av e a f am i ly a d l e a v e th e m On n
thi s N an ak r cite d a v e r s e in th e M ar a R ag
e .
W h e n th e f at h e r an d m oth e r j oi n to ge t h e r t h e b od y it ,
for m e d
B u t God d e cr e e s wh at is to h a pp e n to th at ( body )
H e d e cr e e s it s w e a l th it s g l ory a n d g r e at n e s s , ,
B u t it ( th e body ) b e i n g t ak e n u p w i th t h e lo v e o f t h e w o r l d
, ,
d e s tr o y s th a t for m
O f ooli s h h e art ! wh y ar e y o u s o fill e d with p rid e ?

( K n o w ) th at
y o u will h a v e to d e p art w h e n i t is
y ou L or d s ,
r
’
W il l .
C H A P V I I I D I S CO U R S E W I T H
. .
-
N KW KB D A U L AT K HaN .
1 77
PA U S E .
E s ch e w t h e w orld
’
s j oy s ,
an d th e n you wil l e as ily obt ai n
tr u e j oy s
W e mu s t al l l e av e th i s ho u s e fo r n o n e c an s t ay h e r e
,
.
(I t w o u l d b e ri ght ) to s p e n d p art an d to s av e p ar t
, ,
I f (w e k n e w th at ) w e s h o u ld r e t u r n aga i n to th e w orl d .
W hil s t in t h e world w e a d or n o u r bod i e s an d w e ar s il k

, , ,
A n d i s su e m an y co mm an d s
l Ve h av e h an d s o m e b e d s an d s l e e p p e a c e f u l ly ;
B u t w h y do w e w e e p w h e n abo u t to die
,
Thi s ho u s e ( of th e wo rld ) is a w h irlpoo l O Broth e r ,
Ou r s i n s ar e as s to n e s wh ich c an n ot s w i m th e r e i n
,
B u t m ak e a bo a t of t h e f e a r ( of God ) an d s e at yo u r s o u l ,
th e r e o n .
N an ak s ay s (God ) r e v e al s (th i s m att e r ) to a fe w o n ly .
Th e n Chan do r an i w e n t o n ch atti n g M al a d id n o t ag a i n .
g i v e u p h is d au g ht e r L akh m i D as w as a t th at ti m e a b aby in
.
a r m s a n d S iri C h an d w as abo u t fo u r y e ar s an d thr e e q u a rt e r s

,
-
ol d .
fi N an a k 1t w .
a nd
G ur
an d h u l d e rs
b e ad s o .
pp r c w as
h e a e a an e ,
his ) umo r m
K l a lth ou g h h e “ as
er th an a a ,
t h e su m! of $ 10
aln w e
,
e a r
o u c an no t t
b
ou ) y
y1 c is h an I h e is as my s i l ve r .
old e r t ,
m K“! “63
in th e Ra
.
u tt e r a c
n e to t h ese v e rse s
fath e r “ h 00 o
d : t h ou my be. a s
fo r
C al l tr u t h my an do .
a n
its p a s i o n s s .
fi h
'
L “ t “ 9
.
Li te n
s L al ii t o th e s e g o od
,
’
, q u a liti e s ; but, as al l p e opl e ar e

bo u n d in ch ai n s ,
Ho w c ant h e y t e l l w h a t a r e g oo d q u a l iti e s
A ff e cti o n for G o d is m y b roth e r a n d l o v e of , t he t r ue G o d
is m y s on
Pti e n c e h as b e c o m e m y d au gh t e r an d in s uch I am
a ,
a b s orb e d .
F orb e ar an c e is m y co m p an io n a n d p r u d e n c e is my d i s ci pl e ,
Cal l th e s e m y f a m ily w h o a l w ay s r e m a i n w i t h m e , .
T h e o n e S u p r e m e B e i n g is m y L o rd a n d H e i t is wh o , ,
c re ate d me .
I f N an ak l e ft H im a n d b e c a m e att ach e d t o s o m e o n e e l s e
, ,
”
h e w o u l d b e p u t to p ai n .
Th e n a ga i n L al u s a i d B roth e r K al a h e w i l l n o t m i n d ,
m e ; d o y o u try a n d t a k e h im o n c e to t h Kai a n d th e n y o u a l s o e
,
”
w il l h a v e n o f u r th e r d o u b t s K al u s a i d I Ve l l s o n N an ak .
, , ,
”
d o y o u co m e to t h e R é i Th e n G a r ii N an ak s ai d Ve ry w e l l
’
.
, ,
S ir co m e al o g A t th a t ti me t h e R a1 w as s e at e d 0 1 a b e d s t e a d
,
n .
, 1
a ltho u gh h is b o d y h a d b e co m e o l d s til l a s s o o as t h e R ai s a w , n
N an a k h e c o m m e n c e d to ri s e b u t N an a k i m m e d i at e ly w e n t and
,
h e ld h im d o w n to t h e b e d a n d pl ac e d h is h a n d s o n t h e f e e t o f ,
t h e R ai ; th e n t h e B ar s a i d A l a s O holy d e v o t e e ! y o u h a v e “
, ,
co m m itt e d a g r e t ty r an n y l h ad c a ll e d th e e to d o w or s h i p a t th y
a .
”
fe e t ; th o u h as t m ad e m e a g r e a t s i n n e r Th e n G a r fi N an a k .
s ai d O R ai y o u a r e m y e ld e r ; I a m yo u r s e r v a n t The n
“ ”
.
,
ag ai n t h e R ai s ai d O h oly d e v o t e e ; d o o u for gi v e m a n d
“
,
y e
,
”
a s k G o d to fo r g i v e m e Th e n G u r ii N an a k s a id l iai y o u w e r e
’
.
,
at o n c e fo r g i v e n Th e n th e R ai s a i d O ho l y d e v ot e e d o y o u
”
.
s ho w s o m e of yo u r k i n d n e s s to m e Th e n G u ii N an ak s ai d ’
. r
T h e n t h e Ha n s a i d O
,
”
W h e r e I ( g o ) th e r e y o u (w il l g o ) a l s o
1 99 “
, ,
holy d e v o t e e ! my d e s i r e w il l th e n b e f u lfi l l e d w h e n y o u s h all h av e ,
p l a c e d yo u r f e e t 0 11 m y h e a d W h e n t h e l ia h a d m u ch im IO r
p
. r
e d ( h im ) th e n G u r l i N an a k c a m e a n d s a t o n t h e b e d a nd t h
,
'
, e
R ai p l a c e d h is h e a d a t h is fe e t a n d w a s s a ti s fi e d T h e n a g ai n ,
.
t h e R ai s aid G o U m a id a an d c al l S u d h a B r ah man
, , T he n ,
U m aid a c a ll e d S u d h a Br ah m a n S u d h a B r ah m a n c am e a n d .
, ,
bl e s s i n g h im s ai d ,
R ai ! m ay y o u r e m ai n h a ppy
, Th e n t h e . .
R ai s ai d S u d h a! b ri n g s o m e co ok i n g v s s e l s fr o m y o u r h o u s e
,
e
,
a n d m a k e a f e a s t a n d f e e d t h e h oly d v ot e e b e fo r e m e T hen ”
e
, .
t h e R ai a s k e d O h oly d e v ot e e w h a t f o o d w ill y o u e a t
, Th e n
G u r ii N an ak s a id l i ai w h a t G od s n d s th a t I e a t (T h e B en s aid )
’
e ,
, ,
1 93
Le . We ar e as o n e .
H I S T OR Y O F T H E S I K II S .
OH A F T ER IX .
T h e d is c o u r s e w i th R a t B u l h ar .
Then
Gu 1 11 N an ak a n d w e t w o (M ai d an a an d B al a) , s e tti n g
’
o ut f 1 0 m E mn ab ad a i r1 \e d in s e v e n d ay s a t T a l w an d i
, Th e n .
t h e R a i w a s i n for m e d th at B al a an d M ar d an a h a d b r o u g h t G u r a
L
N an ak K al a an d ah i an d t h e A m m an B ibi w e r e al l t hr e e s e at
’
e d t o g e th e r Th e y h e ard th a t th e i r s o n N an a k h ad co m e , b u t
.
di d n ot k n o w ) w h e r e h e w as (Th e y s aid ) H e w il l b e a t t h e w e l l
( ”
.
of Ch an d r ab h an , S an d h ii Ch an d r ab h an w as t h e n a m e of th e
’
f a th e r of B al a t h e th r e e w e n t t h e r e to g e th e r Th e y w e n t to s e e .
,
b u t w h e n th e y loo k e d th e y w e r e s u rpri s e d at
,
1 91
t h e a pp e a r an c e o f
G u r il N an ak it w as as fol lo w s : h e h a d a cloth a bo u t a y a rd o r
’
t w o l o n g o v e r h is h e ad an d s ho u ld e r s a n d a s h e e t o v e r h im an d
, , ,
h e a l s o h ad a n oth e r cloth ro u n d h is w a i s t K al a o n s e e i n g th i s .
,
h is app e a r an c e w as g r e atly e n r a ge d N o w L al i V e d i w a s cl e v e r
’
i
,
.
, ,
e r th an K a l a a lth o u g h h e w as h is j u n ior i n y e ar s Th e n L ahi

, .
’
s ai d,
B roth e r K al a w e a r e t h e s o n s of S io R am V e d i a n d w e , ,
ar e th e o ff s p 1 in g of on e an d t h e s a m e B an a s i (m oth e r ) r
t h e i e f o r e y o u r s h am e nd m i n e a r e o n e : d o y o u th e r e f o r e
a
t ak e h im to th e l i a Th e n K al u b e c am e s i le n t O n thi s L am
i .
,
s ai d,
0 boy N an a k I a m yo u r u n cl e an d th e r e is v e ry l ittl e ,
diffe r e n c e in y e a r s b e t w e e n yo u r ( f ath e r ) a n d m e ; if y o u w il l n o t
m i n d my broth e r K al a at l e as t m i n d yo u r ( m oth e r ) A m m an Bibi
, , ,
a n d m e : th e e 1 is n o d i ff e r e n c e b e t w e e n a fath e r a n d u n cl e do
ou o h om e T h e n G u ru N an a k s a i d To d a I h a v e cho s e n
y g y
-
.
,
o n e abo d e (th a t of G o d ) an d h a v e l e ft th e m an y ho u s e s (o f th e
worl d ) ; o n th i s h is m oth e r f e l l at h is f e e t Th e n L al a s a i d O
'
.
,
s o n N an a k o u a r e a h oly m a n an d m e rcy b e co m e s t h e h oly

y ,
w e ll thi s is yo u r m otl e
,
a n d I am yo r u n cl e
1 1 ,
an d m
y b o t h e ru
,
i ,
K ah i is v o u r f at h e s e e m y b r o th e is m y co m p a n io n (in as k i n g
'
,
1 ,
i
o u c a n n t t h e e f o xe n o w m ak e an y e x c u s e m
y o u
) y; o r o r e o v e 1 as
h e 1 8 ol d e 1 th an I h e S as m y f at h e 1
,
I T h e n G u r u I an ak gav e .
u tt e r an c e to th e s e v e r s e s in t h e R a m K al i R ag .
C all p ati e n t e n d ur an ce m y m oth e r an d co n t e n tm e n t my ,
fath e r ;
C a l l tr u th m y u n cl e for w i th th e s e my h e art h as co n q u e r e d
,
its p a s s io n s .
19 ‘
L t t. Wh at w as .
C H AP . ix .
— n 1 s c o u as s w rr n R M BU L H S R . 1 79
Li t e ns L ain t o th e s e g ood
, , q u ali ti e s ; b u t, a s al l p e opl e are
bo u n d in ch ai n s ,
How th e y t e l l w h a t ar e g oo d q u al iti e s
c an
A ff e ctio n for G o d is m y broth e r a nd l o v e of , th e tr u e God

is m y s on
Pti e n c e h as b e co m e m y d au gh t e r an d in s uch I am
a ,
a b s orb e d .
F orb e ar an c e is m y co m p an io n an d p r u d e n c e is m y d i s c i ple ,
Cal l th e s e m y f a m ily w h o a l w ay s r e m a i n w i t h m e , .
T h e o n e S u p r e m e B e i n g is m y L o r d a n d H e it is w h o , ,
cr e a t e d m e .
I f N an ak l e ft H im an d b e c am e a tt ach e d to s o m e o n e e l s e , ,
h e w o u l d b e p u t to p ai n
”
.
Th e n ag a i n L am s a i d Broth e r K al a h e w il l n o t m i n d ,
m e ; d o y o u try a n d t a k e h im o n c e to t h Kai a n d th e n y o u a l s o e
,
”
w i l l h a v e 1 0 f u rth e r do u bt s K al li a i d I Ve l l s o n N an a k ‘
1 . s , , ,
”
d o y o u co m e to t h e R ai Th e n G u ru N an ak s ai d Ve ry w e ll
.
, ,
S i r c o n i e a l o g A t t h a t ti me t h e R a} w as s e a t e d o n a b e d s t e ad
,
n .
,
a l tho u gh h is b o d y h ad b e c o m e o l d s til l a s s oo as t h e B ai s a w , n
N an a k h e c o m m e n c e d to ri s e b u t N an a k i m m e d i at e ly w e n t an d
,
h e l d h im d o w n to t h e b e d a d pl ac e d h is h a n d s 0 t h e f e e t o f ,
n 11
t h e R ai ; th e n th e K m s a i d A l a s O h oly d e v o t e e ! o u h a v e “
y , ,
c o m m itt e d a g r e t tyr a nn y I h ad c all e d th e e to d o w or s h ip a t th y

a .
fe e t ; tho u h as t m ad e m e a g r e a t s i n n e r Th e n G u r i N an a k .
” ’
s aid O R ai l y o u a r e m y e l d e r ; I a m yo u r s e r v an t The n ”
, .
a g ai n t h e R a s ai d O h o ly d e v o t e e ; d o o u for gi v e m a n d
“
i ,
y e
,
a s k G o d to fo r g i v e m e Th e n G a r i N an a k s a i d l iai y o u w e r e
’
. i
,
at o n c e for g i v e n Th e n th e [tai s n d O holy d e v ot e e d o y o u

”
. z
s ho w s o m e of yo u r k i n d n e s s to m e T h e n G n ii N an ak s a i d
’
. r
,
W h e r e I ( g o ) th e r e y o u (w il l g o ) a l s o
”
,
1 93
T h e th e B l i s ai d O n a
,
“
holy d e v ot e e ! m y d e s ir e w il l th e nb e f u lfi ll e d w h e n y o u h all h a v e , s
pl a c e d yo u r f e t 0 1 m y h e a d e t e n t h e ita h d m u c h i m l o r
1
p
. i a
e d ( h im ) th e n G u ii N an ak c a m e a n d s at 0 t h e b e d an d t h
,
r
'
11
, e
R ai p l ac e d h is h e a d a t h is fe e t a n d w as s ati fi d T h e n a g ai n ,
s e .
t h e R ai s aid G o U m a id a an d c al l S u d h a B r ah ma n
, , T he n ,
U m aid a c a ll e d S u d h a Br ah m a n S ud h a B r ah m a n c am e a n d .
, ,
bl e s s i n g h im s i d R ai l m a y y o u r e m ai n h a p py
,
a , T he n th .
e
s ai d S u dh a! bri n g s o m e coo k i n g v s s e l s f m y o u r h s e
,
e ro ou
,
a n d m a k e a f e a s t a n d f e e d t h e h o ly d v ot e e b e f o r e
, T he n e
t h e R ai as k e d O h o ly d e v ot e w h at f o d w ill y o u a t ? T h e n
,
e o e
”
G u r il N an ak s a i d l iai w h a t G od s n d s th a t I e a t (T h e R ai s aid )
’
, ,
e ,
”2 I . e . We a r e as o n e .
1 80 H I S T ORY or T II E su ms .
N o ! h oly s ai n t I a s k e d for s o m e oth e r r e as o n a n d i f y o u w il l

”
co m m an d th e n I w ill h av e a g o at k il l e d Th e n G ur ii N an a k s ai d
,
.
’
Thi s is n o t th e pl a c e for co mm an di n g ; w h at e v e r y o u s h al l s e n d ,
t h a t w ill b e w e ll T h e n th e l l ai s ai d Oo m o U m a id a k ill a go at
”
.
, ,
ind pr e p a r e i t ; b e q u i c k Th e n S udh a Br ah m an b ro u g h t
”
t h e v e s s e l s a n d s ai d ,
I h av e bro u g h t t h e v e s s e l s
,
T h e n the .
R ai s a i d V e ry w e l l S u dh a d o y o u fir s t m” ak e s o m e thi n g s w e e t
, , , ,
a n d t h e n w e w il l h a v e s o m e th i n g s al t e d Th e n G ur fi N an ak
u tt e r e d t h e s e v e r s e s in t h e M a r a R ag
Th e s w e e t s ar e H is s e cr e t s t h e s alt e d t h i n g s t h e hop e of , ,
g a i n i n g H im an d t h e ,
sour foo d t h e p e rf e ct co n t e m p l a tio n of ,
H im,
And h e, wh o e at s
ch food th at m an is holy su , .
PAU S E .
O R ai l food of th i s k i nd is n e c e s s a ry and ,
let e v e ryth i ng
e se l go
G i v e m e t h e fr u it s of e n j oyi n g t r u e g l a d n e s s fro m e ati ng ,
which I m ay b e s ati s fi e d .
T h e tr e e of th e Tr u e G u r ii root an d br an ch e s h as bro ug h t
’
, ,
forth fr u it do y ou co l l e ct th at foo d an d e at it
, ,
T h e N am e of Go d is a s n e ct ar an d th e to n g u e is as s we e t ,
h o n e y an d h e w ill dri n k of i t to w ho m God g i v e s it

, ,
T h e s i g h t of t h e e v e r l as ti n g F or m i s t h e m o s t p e rf e ct
( for m ) an d h e who obt ai n s th at Go d r e m ai n s in h is h e art
, , .
N an ak s ay s H e who e n j oy s t h e t as t e of th e I n corpo r e al
‘
,
O n e w ill t as t e m u ch j oy ;
,
A l l oth e r t as t e s w ill a pp e ar i n s ipi d to h im wh o is t ak e n u p ,
w ith t h e Tr u e N am e
’
.
T h e n ag a i n t h e R 3 1 a s k e d W e l l K al li h o w is i t Then
, ,
L al u s aid to K al li Broth e r it is n o t yo u r b u s i n e s s to s p e ak
, ,
”
.
Th e n ( h is m oth e r ) A mm an B ib i p u lli ng h e r s h e e t o v e r h e r fac e , ,
s e iz e d t h e R a i s f e e t an d s ai d R ai I h a v e n o oth e r pl ac e o f
’
, , ,
co m pl ai n t b u t to y o u ; O R ai l i f y o u thi n k i t b e s t k e e p N anak ,
w ith y o u Th e n t h e R ai s aid O holy d e v ot e e ! yo u r m oth e r

”
.
,
is v e ry s o rro w f u l I c an n ot h o w e v e r s ay an yth i n g to y ou Th e n
”
.
G u r ii N an ak s ai d R ai w h at e v e r y o u h av e g o t to s ay th a t s ay
’
, , ,
f e arl e s s ly ”
Th e n t h e Km s aid D o y ou r e mai n h e r e an d p u r s u e
.
,
“
,
a g ric u l t u r e I wi l l g iv e y o u s o m e S e r van t s (to h e l p y o u ) an d y o u

”
s h al l h a v e n o l an d t ax to Th G N anak s po k e thi s '
a e n
p y u r ii
-
.
v e r s e in t h e S c r ath B ag ;
Th e m i n d is t h e plo u gh m an o n e s d e e d s ar e t h e h u s b an d ry ;
’
,
s h am e is th e w at e r an d t h e b ody is t h e fi e ld ;
,
C HAP . lx .
— D I S C OU RS E W IT H RM BU L H AR .
18 1
Th e t ak i n g of G o d s N am e is t h e s e e d co n t e n t me n t is th e’
,
dr ag for l e v e l li n g h u m ili ty is t h e w atch m an

,
M y f ait h is l ik e t h e s oil n e c e s s ary to m ak e t h e s e e d g ro w

*
, ,
an d tho s e p e opl e w h o a c t th u s ar e v e ry fort u n at e

1 93
, ,
O fooli s h man b e n o t fas c mat e d wi th th e lo v e of thi s world

Th i s l o v e for th e worl d h as f as ci n at e d th e world ; a f e w o n l y
u n d e r s t a n d its ( f al s e n e s s ) .
Th e n L alfi s aid P e rh ap s h e wi s h e s t o k e e p a s hop ; if s o l e t

, ,
h i m s e t u p a s hop T h e n ag ai n Gu r fi N an ak r e cit e d thi s
.
,
-
s t an z a -
e
M ak e yo u r p as s i n g l i fe yo u r s hop an d m ak e th e Tr u e N am e ,
yo ur m e rch an di s e ;
M ak e th e r e c iti n g a n d t h e thi n k i n g of t h e N ame o f Go d
yo u r r ow o f p ot s a n d p u t i t in th e m
1 9*
,
Tr affi c w ith th e holy t ak e profit ( fro m th e ir a d v i c e ) an d b e , ,

”
e as y at h e a rt .
Th e n ag ai n L al ti s ai d to th e R a O It”al I i f h is m i nd is s e t
’
],
o n tr av e ll i n th e n l e t h im tr a ffi c in h or s e s Th e n ag ai n G u ru
g ,
.
N an ak r e cit e d a th i r d s t anz a
L i s t e n to th e S as tr as an d m ak e th e m yo u r m e rch an di s e ,
an d t ak e abo u t fo r s al e th e hor s e s of:Tr u th ;
M ak e goo d w ord s y o u r c as h an d d o n o t p u t thi s o ff til l ,
to m orro w
-
Go to G od s co u n try ( wi th yo u r h or s e s ) for th e r e y o u w il l
’
,
”
e t an ab od e o f joy
g .
Th e n ag ai n K al a s ai d Tak e s e r v ic e wit h s o me o n e Th e n ,
“
.
a ai n G u r fi N a n a k r e cit e d t h e l as t s t an z a
g
P l aci n g m y m i n d o n G o d is m y s e r v i c e ; r e g ardi n g H is
Nam e m y g ood w or k s ;
,
E s ch e w e v i l d e e d s q u ic k ly an d th e n y o u w il l b e pr ai s e d ,
-
O N an ak d o y o u e v e ”r r e me m b e r G od s N am e an d yo u r j oy ’
wil l b e i n cr e as e d fo u r fol d -
.
Th e n agai n th e T m s a i d O holy d e v o t e e d o y o u co mm an d
i
,
”
s o m e thi n g w h i c h w e m ay ag r e e to
,
Th e n G u r fi N an ak r e cit e d .
a v e r s e in t h e S ar a n g l a g; t
I w ill co mm an d s o m e th i n g w hi h m ay G o d gr an t !
“
,
c
” 3 L it . f
h o u s e s , am i ie s l .
1 94
Le . Th e -
v
e s s e s , in l
w h ic h m e r c h an d i s e 18 Ch S p l ay c d , an d which w e
ar r an ge d in r ow s .
H I S T QY OF T HE S I KHS .
N o ! h oly s ai n t I a s k e d f c s o m e oth e r r e as o n a n d i f y o u w i l l
co mm an d th e n I w i ll h av e ago at k il l e d Th e n Gu r ii N an a k s aid
,
”
.
’
Thi s is n o t th e pl a c e for c a m an din g ; w h at e v e r y o u s h al l s e n d ,
th a t w ill b e w e l l T h e n th eB ai s aid Co m e U m aid a k ill a g o a t

.
, ,
an d pr e p a r e it ; b e q u i c k Th e n S u dh a B r ah m an b ro u g h t
”
t h e v e s s e l s an d s ai d ,
I h ae bro u g h t t h e v e s s e l s
,
T h e n th e .
R ai s ai d V e ry w e ll S u d h do y o u fir s t m ak e s o me th i n g s w e e t
, , .
,
a n d th e n w e w il l h av e s o mth i n g s alt e d Th e n Gur fi N an ak

u tt e r e d t h e s e v e r s e s in t h e I ar ii R a
’
g
Th e s w e e t s ar e H is so r e t s t h e s alt e d t h i n g s t h e hop e o f , ,
a i n i n g H im a n d t h e 8 0 11 1 foo d t h e p e rf e ct c o n t e m p l atio n of
g , ,
H im,
A nd h e , wh o t
e a s s u c lf o o d, th at man is holy .
PA U S E .
O R ai l food of th i s 1n d is ne c e s s ary ,
an d le t e v e r yth i ng
l
e se g o
Gi v e m e th e fr u i t s o f an joy in g t r u e g l a d n e ss fro m e ati ng ,
whic h I m ay b e s a ti s fi e d .
T h e tr e e of th e Tr u e (u n i root an d b r an ch e s h as b r o u h t
g , ,
for th fr u it do y ou co ll e ct l at foo d an d e at it
, ,
T h e N a m e of Go d is 9 n e ct ar an d th e t o n g u e is as s w e e t ,
h o n e y an d h e w i l l dri n k 0 i t to w ho m God g i v e s i t
, ,
T h e s i g h t of t h e e s r l as t in g F or m is th e m o s t e rf e ct
p
( for m) an d h e who o b t air th a t G o d r e m ai n s in h is h e art
, , .
N an ak s ay s H e w h ce njoy s th e t as t e of t h e I n co r p or e al
‘
,
O n e wil l t as t e m u ch j oy
,
A l l oth e r t as t e s w il l rpp e ar i n s ipi d to h im wh o is t ak e n u

p ,
with t h e Tr u e N ame .
’
T h e n ag a i n t h e R ai sk e d W e l l K al l i how is i t ? Then , ,
L ah i s ai d t o K al li B r o t e r i t is n o t yo u r b u s i n e s s to s p e ak ”
'
, , .
T h e n ( h is m oth e r ) A m m o B i h i p u ll i ng h e r s h e e t o v e r h e r fac e ,
,
s e iz e d t h e R a i s f e e t a mha id R ai I h a v e n o oth e r pl ac e o f
’
, , ,
co m pl a i n t b u t to y o u ; O tai i f y o u thi n k i t b e s t k e e p N anak ,

”
w ith y o u Th e n t h e R : s id O holy d e v ot e e ! yo u r m oth e r
. a
,
is v e ry s o r r w f u l I c ano t h o w e v e r s ay a n yth i n g to y o u Th e n
o .
”
G u r ii N an a k s ai d R a n h ate v e r y o u h a v e go t to s a th
’
, ,
y a t s
Th e n t h e It s aid D o y o u r e ma i n h e r e an d
,
”
f e arl e s s l y . .
, ,
ag ric u l t u r e I w ill g i v e o n s o m e s e r va n t s (to h e l p y o r

”
s h al l h a v e n o l a n d t ax t o p ay Th e n G u r ii N am l ’
-
.
v e r s e in t h e S o r ath R a;
Th e m i n d is t h e p l ag h man o n e s d e‘ ,
’
s h am e is t h e w a t e r a n d l e b ody is t h e
,
C HA P . ]X .
— D I S C O U RS E WPH R AI BU L H AR .
Th e t a k i n g of G o d s N am e is t h s e e d co n t e n t me n t is t h e
’
,
d r ag for l e v e l li n g h u m i li ty is t h e w ae h m an
,
M y f ai t h is l i k e th e s oil n e c e s sr y t o m ak e t h e s e e d g ro w
, ,
an d tho s e p e opl e w h o ac t th u s ai v e ry fort u n a t e

1 93
, ,
O fooli s h m an b e n o t fas c in at e w ith th e l o v e o f thi s world

Th i s lo v e for th e worl d h as f as mate d th e world ; a f e w o n ly
u n d e r s t an d its ( f al se n e s s ) .
Th e n L ahi s aid P e rh ap s h e W h e s to k e e p a s hop ; if s o l e t

’
, ,
h im s e t u p a s h op T h e n ag aii Gu r ti N an ak r e cit e d thi s
’
s t an z a
M ak e yo u r p as s i n g l ife yo u r s hp an d m ak e th e T r u e N am e
,
yo ur me r ch an di s e ;
M ak e th e r e c iti n g a n d t h e t h ik in g of t h e N am e of Go d
yo u r r o w o f p ot s an d p u t it in th e n;
1 94
,
Tr affi c w ith th e h oly t ak e p r o fi ( fro m th e ir a d v ic e ) an d b e

, ,
”
e as v at h e a rt .
Th e n agai n L al li s ai d to th e R ai O R ai I it h is m i n d is s e t
’ '
”
o n tr a v e ll i n th e n l e t h im tr a ffi c in o r s e s T h e n ag ai n G u ru
g,
.
N an ak r e c i t e d a th i rd s t anz a
L i s t e n to S as tr as an d m ale th e m yo u r m e rch an d i s e
th e .
,
an d t ak e abo u t fo r s al e th e hor s e s of r u th ;
M ak e goo d w o rd s y o u r c as h n d d o n o t p u t thi s o ff til l

,
to m orro w
-
Go to God s co u n try ( wi th y o u h or s e s ) for th e r e y o u w il l

’
,
”
e t an ab od e o f j oy
g .
K al ii s ai Tak e s e r c e w it h s o m e o n e Th e n
’
s t az a
n: s e r v i c e ; r e g ardi n g H is
v ou w ill bepr ai s e d.
am e , an d yo u r j oy
l
Th e n agai n th e R ai
s o m e thi n g wh i ch w e r
,
a v e r s e in t h e s ar an g T
H I S TORY or r un su ms .
L e t m e j oi n m y h an d s ( in su ppli c atio n ) to H im , o ve r W h om
n o n e h a s an y pow e r
0 R 8 1 ! H e is s uc h a M as t e r th at th e obt ai n i n g th e l i k e o f
,
H im is n ot to b e h ad
‘
Ne s ho u l d d o th o s e thi n s w h ich ar e pl e as i n g t o H im
g ,
n othi n
“ is do m an d c o m m an d a va il g ( b e for e H im) ; l e t h i m,
l
wh o w i s h e s to pro v e th i s try it ,
.
S aik h s M as h aiks ,
t h e h oly th e s ai n t s of al l th e fat e is
, , ,
writt e n ( by Go d )
Te n i n c ar n atio n s h av e t ak e n pl ac e an d th e y h a v e r u l e d ( in ,
thi s w orld )
I n t h e e n d th e y al l w e r e l a id in t h e d u s t b u t obt ai n e d n o
, ,
thi n g ,
Tho u g h th e y w e r e v e r y m i g h ty m e n w a r rior s a nd br av e , ,
.
N an ak s ay s D o y o u b e hol d th e m a l l h o w th e y h av e
‘
, ,
b e co m e m ix e d w i t h t h e d u s t
Th e n agai n t h e R at aid O hol y S ai n t ! d o y o u b e co m e a
s
,
d i s trib u t e r of food I w il l m ak e o v e r to y o u ( th e l a n d r o u n d )
th r e e w e ll s ( for t h e e xp e n s e s th e r e of ) ; y o u s h al l h av e n o t ax e s
”
to p ay an d y o u s h al l r e m a i n s e at e d fe e di n g h oly b e g g ar s
, ,
.
Th e n G u r ii N an ak r e cit e d thi s v e r s e in t h e A s a R ag
’
“
Th e r e is b u t on e k i tch e n th at of God an d th e r e is n o n e , ,
oth e r
N o oth e r k itch e n wi l l l as t o r r e ma i n for e v e r in t h e world .
0 R ai B u lh ar ! l i s t e n to my re q ue s t I h av e
, a p e titio n to
m ak e ;
Th e r e T r u e C r e ator who h as for m e d al l cr e at e d thi ng s
is one ,
H e is t h e Pit if u l an d Bo u n tifu l a n d H e g i v e s ord e r to al l thi n gs ;

-
H e is w e althy e n o u gh t o g i ve to al l an d H e t ak e s c a r e of al l ,
H e h a s g i v e n u s l ife s o u l body w e al th pl e as u r e s an d j oy s
, , , ,
O f o n e s s e l f o n e c an g e t n oth i n g al l is d e cr e e d by G o d ;
’
, ,
T h e h e a d of al l is T h e On e ( God ) an d t h e holy an d s ai n t s ar e ,
b u t h e l pl e s s cr e at u r e s
N an ak s ay s ( F ro m H im ) al l b e g an d God is H e who g i v e s , ,
t o al l .
’
Th e n th e R ai s a i d O holy d e v ot e e do w h at e v e r y o u wi s h
, .
W h n s o m e d ay s h ad p as s e d th e n G u ru N an a k s ai d
e , O Bh ai 132515 ,
.
a n d M ard a n a ! l e t u s g o fro m h e r e
”
Th e n w e s aid O G u ra .
, ,
CHAP . l -
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”
y o ur pl e as u r e 1 8 l aw to u s I n t h e y e a r 1 5 5 8 o n t h e n i n th of t h e
.
,
d ar k h al f of t h e m o n th P0 11 0 11 a Th u r s d ay G u r u N an ak pr e p ar ,
e d to d e p a r t fro m T al w an d i T h e n t h e B ai e e i v e d i n f o r m atio n
. r c
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th at N an ak th e d e v o t e e w as agai n abo u t to de p ai t an d K al u an d
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L al u w e n t w e e pi n g to t h e R ai Th e n th e R ai s e n t H mai d a to g o .
an d g i v e h is r e s p e ct s t o N an a k t h e d e v ot e e a n d to s a y S i r give , , , ,
m e a s i gh t of y o u 1 s e l f A s H ma id a w as t h e s e v a n t of t h e R a i
. 1
,
h e w e n t an d s aid to N an ak O h oly d e v ot e e ! T h e R ai b e g s an d
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e ar n e s tly b e s e e ch e s y o u to g i v e a s i h t of yo u r s e lf to h im
g .
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, ,
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. 1 ,
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o
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a O R ai i t 1 s n o t in m y p o w e r to s top h e i e
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wh e r e v e 1 th e C1 e at 0 1 pl a c e s m e th e r e I m u s t s top T h e n t h e R ai ,
.
b e g an to m k e m u ch e n t i e aty b u t Gu 11 N an a k d e part e d fro m

a ,
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th e r e ; a s t h e R a 1 s aw h e w as n o t g oi n g to s top h e aga n s ai d O , 0
i ,
“
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holy d e v o te e ! d o you co mm an d m e s o m e thi n g N o w G u ru .
N an ak s ai d ,
I h av e o n ly o n e who w il l l i s t e n t o m y c o m ,
m an d ; d o y o u n o w gi v e m e y o u r l e av e to g o T h e n th e R ai
s a id To pl e as e y o u is i n c u m b e n t o n m e N o w G u r u N an ak
“
,
.
w h e n o n ly t h e l as t w atch o f th e n i g ht r e m ai n e d an d it w as t o w ai d s ,
d aw n w e n t f 0 th to b at h e a s h e b e g an t o l oo k a1 o u n d h e
,
1 ,
fo u n d 1 9 n o w e ll at w o 1 k ; th e n thi s s p e e ch i s s u e d fro m t h e
5
m o u th o f t h e G u r1 A l as ! th e r e is n o t an k h e r e e ith e r (f o r m e
’
“
1
to b ath e in t e n th R ai h e a r d of thi s s p e e c h an d t h e m e n
e
,
t io n f th e t an k i s s u d fro m t h e m o u th of t h e hol y d e v ot e e
o e
(he , ,
t h e R ai s a i d ) I am m a d e h a p py I wil l m ak e a t an k h e r an d
“
,
e
,
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c all i t af te r t h e n m e of th e holy d e v o t e e
a Th e n G u u N an a k . 1
and I (B al a ) an d M r d an a t h e m u s ici an a l s o w e thr e e Bh ai s

a
, ,
e n Bh ai I a
, ,
e n t to t h e h o u s e of L a
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pl e as e d an d s aid S o n s I a m g r e atly pl e as e d in th at y o u
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h av e s h o w n y o u s e l v e s t o m e
1 .
,
L it B e h l d ! w h at h l d b e
1 95
r o s ou 86 0 .
H I S TORY O F T HE S I K HS .
C H A P TE R X .
idol ) S alt y R am
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T h e D is c our s e re
gar d in
g (tfie .
Th e n t h e S ri G u r a aft e r h av i n g w an d e r e d a bo u t c ame to
, ,
R amtir t h man y p e opl e h ad co m e th e r e f o r th e b athi n g f a i r of

t h e 1 4 th of Ch e t T h e n th e S ri Gu r a s aw th a t a B r ah m an h av
.
,
in g b ath e d w as s t an di n g b e for e an i m ag e o f S alig R am an d h ad

, ,
m ad e a m ar k of h o n o u r 0 11 its for e h e a d an d w as d oi n g o b e i s an c e ,
to i t ; h e h ad o n a d ho ti an d h is h ai r w as ti e d in a kn ot o n h is
,
h e ad an d e h h a d o n h is body e t e l v e a r k s
t h w m “
a nd w as ,
w or s h ippi n g it (t h e an d w as m a k i n
g m u ch ado b e for e th e
p e opl e in h is wors hip W h e n h e b e gan to t u r n h is r o s ary an d
.
, ,
s h u tti n g h is e y e s to r e fl e ct o n t h e g o d ,
t h e n th e S r i G u r a s a i d , ,
0 h oly s a i n t an d d e ity th u s s h u tti n g yo u r e y e s of who m ar e y o u ,

thi n k i n g ? ”
H e s aid S ir I a m doi n g s e r v ic e to S alig R am
, ,
”
.
H e ( N an a k ) agai n s a i d O s a i n t thi s i m age is pl ac e d ri g h t b e for e ,
o u b u t w h e n y o u s h u t yo u r e y e s an d r e fl e ct of w ho m a r e
y ou
y , ,
t hi n k i n g Th e Br ah m an s aid O holy d e v ot e e in m y m e dit ,
a t io n al l thr e e world s a r e s e e n by m e H e (N an ak ) as k e d
1 97
.
, ,,
I s e v e rythi ng th a t is t ak i n g pl a c e in t h e thr e e world s s e e n by

, ,
”
y ou Th e n th e B r a h m an s ai d Y e s S ir I s e e e v e rythi n
g , ,
.
W h e n th e Br ah m an u tt e r e d thi s th e S ri G u r u s ai d q u i e tly to a ,
”
S i k h G o an d lift al l th e i m age s of S al ig R am fro m b e for e h im
,
.
Th e n t h e S i k h q u i e tly lift e d al l t h e i m ag e s of S al ig R am fro m

b e for e h im W h e n t h e Br ah m an op e n e d h is e y e s th e n h e b e
.
,
h e l d th at h is g o d w as n o t b e for e h im a n d h e b e gan to w e e p , .
T h e n N an ak as k e d W h at is i t , 0 holy s ai n t an d ,
d e ity W h at is thi s th at h as h app e n e d 1? W h y a r e y o u

”
w e e pi n g ? H e s ai d S ir s o m e o n e h as t a k e n m y g od
,
f ro m b e for e m e ( N an ak s ai d ) L i s t e n s ai n t ! wh e n y o u w e r e
.
,
m e dit ati n g y o u s aw al l thr e e wor l d s loo k a n d s e e wh e r e i t is

’
.
,
T h e n th e B r ah man tol d h im h is r e a l tr u e (s t at e ) an d s aid S ir , ,
I for t h e s ak e of my s to m ach t e l l l i e s an d u s i n g d e c e ptio n

, , , , ,
th e r e by g e t a f e w m or s e l s t o e at ; O holy d e v o t e e by m e an s of ‘
thi s im ag e I g e t m y s u b s i s t e n c e ; th e r e for e for th e s ak e o f S ri

, ,
”
Gob i n d m ak e w ho e v e r h as t ak e n it r e s tor e it to m e t e n th e
,
.
B r ah m an b e c am e v e ry h u m bl e an d b e gan to b e s e e c h i mplori n g ly , ,
1 96
Le . On th e f o r e h e ad , t ip s of b oth e ar s , on l
t h e t e m p e ab o e b o t h e ar s , v
t h r o at , on th e ar m s l
b e o w t h e e b ow , o n t h e l w r is t s , o n t h e b r e as t , an d o n t h e
b ac k , b e l ow t h e n ap e o f t h e n e c k .
‘9 7 I l l v l l ow
. e. Th e w or d , t h e w or d ab o e , an d t h e w o r d b e .
C H AP . X .
- D I S C O U R S E R E GAR D I N G T H E 1 110 1. s a me . 1 85
th e n t h e S ri G u r a too k co m p as s io n o n him an d s aid to th at ,
B r ah m an O h oly d e ity an d s a i n t do y o u l e av e o fi t e lli n g li e s

'
, ,
a n d g i v e u p thi s h abi t o f t e lli n g l i e s for t h e s ak e of ge tti n g a

l i v e lihood ; God w ill s o m e how g i v e y o u food th e r e for e d o n o t ,
”
t e l l l i e s b u t m e dit at e o n th e n am e of R am with a p u r e h e art .
Th e n t h e B r ah man s aid ; I f y o u w ill h av e co m p as s io n o n m e “

,
th e n I wil l n ot t e l l li e s b ut S i r I c an n ot ge t m y food wi th o u t ,
t e ll i n g l i e s ”
Th e n t h e S ri G u r a N an ak s a id O s ain t ! why
.
,
“
do y o u t e l l l i e s ? Y o u s ay th at w h e n y o u s h u t yo u r e y e s an d
m e dit at e th e th r e e worl d s a pp e a r m an if e s t to y o u b u t h av e y o u
,
an
y i n for ma tio n a t al l of t h e w e a lth a n d good s whi ch ar e b u ri e d ,
,
b e h i n d yo u r b ac k j u s t wh e r e y o u a r e s e at e d , Th e n t h e B r ah
m an s aid S ir how c an I k n o w it
, ,
Th e n th e S r i G u r fi s aid ,
O s a i n t ! do y o u ge t u p an d d ig t h e e a rth Th e n t h e Br ah .
m an d u g th e e arth a n d b e h e ld a n d fo u n d m u ch w e alth ,
Th e n .
t h e B r ah m n o n s e e i n g t h e w e alth w as m u ch as to n i s h e d an d
a
, , ,
c am e a n d fe l l in ob e i s an c e a t t h e f e e t of t h e S r i G u r a Th e n .
t h e S ri G u ru l au ghi n g a t h im s po k e an d g av e u tt e r an c e to th i s
, ,
v e r s e in t h e D h an as r i R ag ;
I t (th e id o l ) h as n o p ow e r o v e r d e ath or an y po w e r o v e r ti m e , ,
n o r h as i t an y t ru e pow e r
T h e pl ac e (of f ai th ) is d e s troy e d by i t an d t h e w orl d is r u i n e d ,
by it an d p e opl e ar e by it m ad e m i s e r abl e
,
.
I n th i s K al i a g e th e n am e of R am is t h e o n l y goo d th i n g
,
.
B ut y o u w h o s h u t y o u r e y e s an d h old yo u r n o s e d o i t to
, ,
”
d e c e i v e t h e worl d .
T h e m e an i n g of th i s is th a t B ab a N an ak s a i d O s ai nt !,
.
thi s i m ag e of s to n e w hic h y o u w or s h ip h as n o po w e r o v e r , ,
d e ath o r to k e e p y o u fro m dyi n g n o i f y u d o n o t wor

, r
,
o
s hi p i t to k i l l y o u I s th e r e an y p rofi t in w or s h ippi n g it bu t 0
‘
.
, ,
s a i n t th i s th at y o u s h u t yo u r e y e s a n d hold yo u r n o s e for t h e
, ,
s ak e of d e c e i v i n g t h e w orld is a s n a r e a n d d e l u s io n a n d w ill , , ,
o n e d a y s e iz e yo u r o w n thro a t ; tr u e s l v atio n an d p ar d o n is th a t
1 98
,
a
w hich is obt a i n e d fro m r e m e m b e ri n g t h e n a m e of R am ; an d in

thi s th e K al i age t h e n am e of R am is t h e o n e g ood th i ng t h e r e
, , ,
for e r e m e m b e r h im L i s t e n s ai n t ! w h a t e v e r holy m an s h al l.
,
m e di t at e o n t h e n am e of R am w it h p u r e h e a r t h e w il l ob t ai n ,
s a l v atio n u n l e s s w e r e m e m b e r t h e N a m e of G o d a l l oth e r s e r v ic e ,
a n d w or s hip v i s iti n t h e holy pl a c e s o n t h e G au g e s an d pil ri m

g , g ,
ag e s th e y a r e worth l e s s a ct s fo r th e y a r e
,
n ly m ad e to t h e t e m pl e s
,
o
th e m s e l v e s an d a r e al l as w i n d I n t h e K al i ag e w ho e v e r w i s h e s
, ,
for s al v atio n mu s t m e dit a t e o n th e Tr u e G u r 1 w ith p e rfe ct h e a rt ’
1
,
a n d h e wil l th e n b e s a v e d L i s t e n 0 holy s ai n t a n d d e ity th a t .
,
‘
99
I W ill b i g it w p i h m t y
. e .
, r n s o n un s en on ou .
18 6 H I S T OR Y or THE su ms .
w hi ch y o u w or s h i p is al l f a l s e h oo d an d d e c e i t ; l e av e i t o ff .
Th e n th e Br ah m an a ga i n p e titio n e d 0 g r e at k i n g T hi s w e al th
, ,
w hich y o u poi n t e d o u t to m e b e hi n d m y b ac k d id y o u p u t i t ,
th e r e or di d y o u g e t an y o ne e l s e to p u t i t th e r e ? How d id y ou
,
k n o w abo u t i t T e ll m e e x actly a bo u t i t Th e n t h e S ri G u r ti
’
s aid ,
L i s t e n s ai n t,
.
V R E SE .
i z e yo u r n o s e with yo u r h an d an d s e e t h e th re e
Y ou se ,
w orld s
B u t y o u c an n ot s e e anythi n g th a t is b e hi n d y o u th i s is
a w o n d e rf u l th i n
g .
T h e m e an i n g is t h at th e lord (N an ak ) s aid
,
O s ai n t ! y ou ,
s ai d th at w h e n y o u s h u t yo u r e y e s an d m e di t t e d y o u s aw t h e a
,
th r e e w orl d s b u t y o u h ad n o i n for m atio n of thi s w e al th w hi c h

, ,
”
w as b e h i n d yo u r b ac k ? W h y d id y o u t e ll s u ch l i e s ? Th e n
t h e B r ah m an s a i d S i r ! i f I h ad b e e n tr u thf u l th e n I w o u l d
“
, ,
h a v e s e e n i t b u t I a m f al s e an d m y d e e d s ar e al s o f al s e th e r e
,
for e b o w co u l d I s e e i t ? T h e n t h e S ri G u r as aid O s ai n t ! e v e ry
”
,
t h in g is s e e n by tr u e h e art s b u t n othi n g is s e e n by t h e fal s e

,
li s t e n O h oly s ai n t an d d e ity ! al l th e w e alth t h e r e is in t h e

, ,
w orl d is al l b u ri e d in t h e e arth n o o n e h a s co n s u m e d it n o r h as
, ,
an y o n e u s e d it u p to cl oth e h i m s e lf t h e w e al th of t h e fo u r a ge s is
a l l coll e ct e d an d b u ri e d in i t W e e at food w e d ri n k w at e r an d
.
,
w e w e a r clo th e s ; 11 0 o n e e at s g old n o r do e s a n y o n e e at s i l v e r n o r
, ,
do e s an y o n e e at copp e r ; th i s c u s to m is pr e val e n t in t h e world an d ,
is its r e g u l a r u s ag e li s t e n O holy s ai n t an d d e i ty ! A ll wh o ar e
,
t h e s e r v an t s of God th e y s how k i n d n e s s to oth e r s an d c ar e n o t
, ,
for w e alth an d th e i r s i g h t is l i k e th at o f God (th e y c an s e e ,
e v e rythi n g ) th e y do n o t s e e l i k e me n tr u e s a i n t s c an s e e e v e ry
th i n g ; li s t e n s ai n t w h y do y o u t e l l a l ie an d s ay th a t w h e n y o u
, ,
s h u t yo u r e ye s s e e th e th r e e w orl d s e t c a n n ot s e e t h e
y ou, y ,
w e alth w hich is pl a c e d b e hi n d y o u th o s e w h o ar e t h e tr u e
,
s ai n t s of Go d th e y c an s e e e v e ry th i n g
,
.
X L— A BO U T T H E s ar i S O H I L X .
C H A PT E R X I .
Co n ve r s a t io n a bo u t th e j ir ti S o/
ail ad
il g
No w on e d ay , t h e S r i G u r i i o rl d h a d n o ia ’
s aw t h at th e w
f o r m a ti o n a s to w h at t hi n g s w e r e be i n g d o n e in it or th at a t t h e , ,
T h r e s hol d o f th e G r e a t G o d t h e r e is c o n s i d e r ati o n p ai d to t h e,
a c ts o n e d o e s a n d t h a t a r e gi s t e is k e pt o f goo d a n d e v i l d e e d s
,
r
in G od s Thr e s h o l d a n d t h a t for s in p u n i s h me n t is a llott e d an d

'
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r e w ard to v i r t u e ( Th e n h e s a id ) Bh ai B al a th e w orl d is e n
.
,
t i e l y e n g a g e d in s in Th e n S i B ab a N ana k s aid 0 g r e at
”
r . r
,
G o d ! a c c o r d i n g a s Tho u h as t g i v e n m e u n d e r s t a n d i n g o I ,
s
s p e a k ; b e yo n d th a t is in Thy p o we r Th e n t h e S ri G u r ti
” ’
B ab a N an a k d id ob e i s an c e a n d h a v i n g d o n e h is o b e i s an c e
, .
,
s t ood b e for e t h e C r a t or a n d b e g a n to r e cit e

,
,
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,
20 0
t h e D h a n as r i R ag .
l h e e a rth a n d s k v a r e T h v l a t e t h e i
1
s u n an d m oo n ar e
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.
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20 1
t h e for e s t s a r e T hy fl o w e r s ,
0 God
O f e a r r e m o v i n g G o d W h a t s ort of h y m n s h al l I s i n g ?
-
T hy hy m n ( w h at is i t l i k e
T h e u n e n d i n g s o u n d s of H e a v e n ar e Thy m u s i c a l in s tr u
m e n ts
T ho u s a n d a e Th i n e e y e s b u t y e t Tho u h as t 11 0 e y e
r ,
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‘
99
. ( r t i is a c e r e m ony f
in a d o a t io n o f t h e g o d s , b y m o in g b u n
per or m e d r v r
l l l r
i ng a m p s c ir c u a r y o u n d t h e h e a d o f th e i m age , o r b e o e i t , a c c o m p an ie d . f r
w it h b o is t e r o u s m u s ic a n d r in g in g o f b e s ll .
l x
S e b i a is s in g in g p r a c t is e d b y e o r c is t s in p a is e o f t h e p e s o n e o c is e d r r x r ,
r r
T h e c i c u m s t a n c e s , u n d e w h ic h t h is h y m n w as u t t e re d , m u s t b e b o n e r
in m in d , t o a d u e u n d e r s t an d in g t h e r e o f
A p r ie s t h a d b e g u n t o p e r o r m fi r t i f
N
.
t o h is g o d , b u t , a s an ak h a d n o n e o f t h e e q u is it e s n e c e s s a y a t s u c h a c e r e r r .
f v
m o ny h e t h e r e o r e g a e ut t e r an c e t o t h e s e e r s e s
. v .
20 1
O r b r u s h m ad e o f h a ir , o r t h e t a i e at h e s o f t h e p e a o w g e n e a y , t o lf r f l r ll
v
d r i e o ff fl
ie s w it h I t is c o n s id e r e d a b a d g e o f h o n o u r
. T h e p a t e , am s ,
p . l l
p e arls , p a c e d asl ff
o e r i n g s & c , ar e a l l n e c e s s ar y
,
e . u is it e s o f t h e c e e mo n
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.
l
T h e s e a r e al l p a c e d a o u n d a t t h e t im e o f p e o m a n c e .
1 88 H I S T O RY or T H E s u ms .
Tho u s an d ar e Thy fi n e f e e t b u t ye t no t o n e o f Thy f e e t ,
is d e v oid o f fr ag r an c e .
T ho u s an d i n d e e d ar e Thy fr agranc e s an d I am ab s orb e d

, , ,
in Thy wo n d e rf u l wo r k s
Th e s pl e n do u r th at is in e v e ry th i n g th a t s pl e n do u r is
, ,
Th i n e ! an d fro m it s b e am s li g h t is di ff us e d to al l , .
By me an s of a G u r ii Thy k n owl e d g e is ob t ai n e d ; th a t ’
is a p rop e r hy mn w h ich is pl e as i ng t o Th e e , .
M y m i n d d e s ir e s th e d u s t o f Th y l ot u s l i k e f e e t 0 H ar i -
,
an d n i g h t an d d ay m y h e a rt thir s t s for it (Thy , ,

N am e )
G iv e th e w at e r of co m pas s io n to N an ak wh o is Thy ,
m
S ar an gj an d gr an t th at h e m ay obt ai n a l o n g i n g fo r
” 903
Thy N am e .
T h e m e an i n g is T h e s k y an d t h e e arth th e s e two orb s a r e , ,

Thy pl at e 0 L ord an d th e s t ar s ar e t h e p e a rl s in Thy pl a t e
,
a n d t h e s u n an d t h e m oo n a r e Thy l i g ht th e s c e n t s o f t h e e a rth
ar e T h i n e in c e n s e O L or d ! an d t h e w i n d is T hy c h aii ri a n d al l
,
’
t h e for e s t s o f t h e e arth ar e Thy flow e r s ; a l l l i v i n g cr e a t u r e s i n

th e worl d th at h av e m o u th s an d e y e s th e li gh t w hich is i n
, , ,
t ho s e e y e s is Thy li g h t an d fro m Thy li g h t o n ly do th e y

, , , ,
o bt a i n li gh t ; an d in al l t h e in n u m e r a bl e fo r m s (in t h e w orl d )
20 2 ll l ll
T h i s s m a b ir d , a s o c a e d t h e p ap p ih a, is s aid t o h a e a h o e i n i t s h e ad , v l
t h r o u gh w h ic h it d r in k s an d s at is e s it s t h ir s t fi
I t is c o m m o n y b e ie e d t o c r y . l l v
v l l
e r y o u d y f o r t h e r ain s t o c o m m e n c e , as i t r e m ain s t h ir s t y f o r t e n m o n t h s in
l
t h e y e ar , a n d o n y o b t ain s w at e r , t o a e iat e i t s t h ir s t , d u r in g t h e r ain s ll v .
20 3
f ll l
T h e o o w in g t r an s at io n o f t h e s e in e s i s g i e n b y D r T r u m p p i n h is l v
G
.
I
Ad i r a n t h , p age 1 9 , b u t t h in k h e h as , in h is t r an s at io n , m is s e d s o m e o f t h e l
l
p r in c ip a p o i n t s I t r e m ain s w it h t h e r e a d e r t o d e c id e w h ic h is b e s t
. .
T h e d is h is m ad e o f t h e s k y , t h e s u n a n d m o o n ar e m ad e t h e am p s , t h e l
o r b s o f s t ar s ar e , s o t o s ay , t h e p e ar s l .
r
T h e w in d is in c e n s e g in d i n g , t h e w in d s w in g s t h e fl y b u s h , t h e w h o e
- , -
r l
l
b o om in g w o o d is t h e a me (o f t h e am p s ) fl l .
PA U S E .
Wh at an ll
i u m in a t io n is m ad e In th e re gio n of e x is t e n c e (w o r l d ) t h e r e is no
( su c h ) ll
i u m in at io n (m ad e ) t o t h e e . Th e ke tt le -
d r um s o u n d s an u n b e a t e n
s ou n d .
T h o u s an d s ar e t h y e y e s , an d y e t t h o u h as t n o e y e t h o u s an d s ar e t h y
f
o r m s an d ( y e t ) t h o u h as t n o t o n e
T h ou s an d s ar e t h y p u r e e e t , a n d (y e t ) n ot on ef o o t is w it h o u t o d o u f r
t h o u s an d s ar e t h y o d ou r s , t h u s w a k e s t t h o u , e n c h an t in g o n e l O
l
I n al l ( c r e at u r e s ) is igh t , h e is t h e ig h t r o m h is ig h t , ig h t is m ad e l . F l l
i n al l
G
.
B y t h e t e s tim o n y o f t h e u u th e
r igh t b e c o m e s m an i e s t l
w h a t is p e as in g f l
t o h im , t h at b e c o m e s an A r t i (i u m in at io n ) ll .
l f
M y m in d is o n g in g a t e r t h e n e c t ar o f t h e o t u s o f t h e o o t o f ar i, d ai y l f H l
I am t h ir s t in g a t e r i t f .
Gv r
i e w at e o f m e r c y t o t h e d e e
”
an ak , b y w h ic h d w e in g m ay b e m ad e rN ll
i n T h y n am e .
C H AP X I . .
— A B OUT THE AR TE S OH I L a .
189
Thy for m alo n e is pr e s e n t Tho u s an d ar e Thy p u r e f e e t an d

.
,
a l l t h e h e a v e n ly m u s ici a n s an d d e i ti e s m e di t at e o n ly o n Thy
h o n o u r ; an d a ll t h e u n co u n t abl e ho s t s o f h e a v e n ly m u s i ci an s ,
g od s m e n s ai n t s a r e al l f a s ci n a t e d w ith Thy d oi n s ; n o n e c an
, , , g
fi n d t h e e n d of o n e s i n g l e a c t of Th i n e n o r c an an y o n e pr ai s e
,
Th e e ; th e n h o w L ord c an I s i n g T h e e a hy m n 0 M o s t M i g hty
,
L or d th e li g ht w hich is in al l m an k i n d it is th e (r e fl e cti on of
, ,
th e ) F a c e o f Th e e th e Gr e a t G o d
, an d t h e li g ht of Th e e th e ,
g r e a t G o d is d i ff us e d in e v e ry h e a rt ; by Thy
,
l i g h t e v e rythi n
g ,
obt a i n s li ght ; t h e lot u s li k e f e e t of H ari th e y ar e t h e lot u s

-
,
fl o w e r an d th e d u s t off th e m is m y h e a rt ; th e d u s t of Thy fe e t
, ,
w h ic h is c all e d M a k r an d fo r i t m y h e ar t g r e atly lo n g s
’
, In .
t h e s am e w ay as t h e b u m bl e b e e g r e a tly lo n g s for t h e lot u s

-
flo w e r s o do e s m y h e art e ag e rly d e s ir e t h e lot u s l i ke f e e t o f th e

,
-
r e a t L or d ; an d d a a n d ni h t th i s is m d e s i r b u t wh t i
g y g y , e ; a s
th at (d e s ir e ) l i k e I n th e s am e way as th e r ai n bi rd cr i e s d ay an d
,
n i h t for t h e cl o u d s an d r a i n s o my h e a rt al s o th i r s ti n g aft e r
g , ,
t h e n am e of th e G r e at L ord cri e s o u t fo r Th e e O holy an d

,
.
G r e at L or d do T ho u h av e co mp as s io n on m e an d g i v e m e to ,
d ri n k t h e w at e r of Thy n am e ”
.
1 90 H I S T ORY or TH E s u ms .
CH A P T ER X I I .
The dis c ou r s e in S ang l ri w ith R dj d S iv N t tth . .
G a I N an a k w e n t to t h e l a n d o f S a n gl aD ip to t h e ci ty of R aj a
’
S iv N ath , t h e k i n g o f th a t p l a c e S i v N ath h ad s u ch p o w e r , th a t
w h o e v e r a s k e d for a s o n , to h im h e g av e a s o n a n d if a n
y on e
a s k e d fo r r ai n , th e n h e g av e r a i n h e w a s a w or k e r of m i r a cl e s ,
b u t w h e n G u r ii N an ak w e n t a n d s e a t e d hi m s e l f th e r e , th e n h e
’
l o s t h is po w e r of w or k i n g m ir a cl e s , a n d if a n y o n e a s k e d an y
t h i n g, th e y d i d n o t g e t i t Th e n t h e k i n g w as as to n i s h e d , an d .
s aid to h is mi n iste r, O a r as R am w h a t is thi s th a t h as h ap P

p e n e d ? H a s an y o n e in m y ci ty co m m itt e d s o m e s in Th e n
P a r as R a m r e pl i e d , 0 K i n g ! n o o n e h as c o m m i tt e d a s in , b u t a
c e rt ai n w an d e ri n g d e v ot e e h a s arri v e d in y o u r city , a n d h e h as
t w o d i s cipl e s w ith h im , an d thi s is w h a t h as t ak e n pl a c e ( in c o n
T h e k i n g s ai d , O P ar as R am , e n q u i r e ab o u t th e m ”
.
P
Th e n a r as R am , h av i n g p r e p a r e d s o m e go i d foo d , t o o k i t an d i
w e n t an d pl ac e d i t b e for e G ur a N an a k Th e n G u r ii N an ak s a i d, ’
W h a t is i t, Bh ai Th e n th e m i n i s t e r , a r as R a1n , r e p li e d , P -
O h oly s a i n t ! thi s is s o m e foo d, w h ich t h e ki n g S i v N ath h as

s e n t yo u Th e n Gu r II N an a k u tt e r e d th i s v e r s e in t h e M ar a R ag
” ’
d e li c aci e s an d d ai n ti e s of thi s food ar e 111 an y b u t it s

Th e -
,
s w e e t t as t e is bitt e r p oi s o n .
R e g ar d h im o n ly a s g o od o n w ho m G od s h o w s H is c o m ,
”
p as s io n .
P a r as R am too k b a c k th e foo d an d w e n t a n d s ai d to t h e ,
b ug 0 k i n g ! h e will n o t e a t t h e foo d
“
Th e n th e k i n g .
O P ar as R am w h a t thi n g is h e a t r affi c k e r in
,
s ai d ,
Th e n
P ar as R am s ai d S ir ! I c an n ot t e l l b u t if y o u s h al l ord e th e n
,
r,
, ,
”
I wil l g e t s o m e f a i ri e s an d t ak e th e m to h im Th e n t h e k i n g
,
.
s aid ,
O P ar a s R am ! w h a t y o u h a v e s aid is j u s t t h e thi n g
“
.
T h e n P a r as R am g o t s o m e fai ri e s an d bro u g ht t h e m an d c am e , ,
an d m a d e th e m s t an d b e for e h im (an d as k e d ) W h at d o y ou ,
“
w an t ( N an ak r e pl i e d ) P a r as R am l i s t e n to m y w ord s ” “
, .
Th e n aga i n G u r a N an a k r e cit e d t h i s s t an z a
Th e s e a r e l e av e s fil l d w ith poi o n b u t th e y h av e b e e n
205
e s ,
”
p l ac e d in an d s m e ar e d w i t h su ar
g
, ,
.
20 4
I Wh t d h w t an
N a k m p r t h b t if l w m t l v d y t h t l t h g h
. e .
,
a oe s e
20 5 na co a es e e au u o en o ea e s , an sa s a a ou
th y h
e b av e m d t l k w t d
een a w ll el t h d d f l v ly f m
o oo s ee an ar e e c o e an o o e or ,
th i h
e r t w e ar v il t h i p p w t i m
s e re e , as h rt f r m t h l v f
e r ur os e as o W n a an s
’
ea o e o e o
G od , an d t h u s t o d e s t r o y h is l if e .
C H AP X I I — D I S C O U R S E W I T H
. . Ra m s iv N AT E .
191
T h e y h av e e xtr e me ly l o v e ly for ms b u t th e y r u i n a m an ,
.
T h e n ag a i n P a r as R am w e n t to t h e k i n g an d s aid H e w ill ,
n o t t ak e t h e fairi e s a l s o T h e k i n g s a id P ar as R am i t is th e “
.
, ,
cold s e as o n t ak e s o m e fi n e cl o th e s to h im
,
”
Th e n P a r a s R am .
too k s o m e fi n e cl oth e s an d c am e an d pl a c e d th e m b e for e G u r a ,
N an ak Th e n G u r fi N an ak r e cit e d a thir d s t an z a
.
B odily cl oth e s ar e fal s e h oo d ; fro m s e e i n g th e m b e n o t

“
,
d e ce i ve d ,
F or gold s il v e r w e alth an d ri c h e s ar e t h e root of h e ll

, ,
.
Th e n P a r as R am t h e m i n i s t e r s ai d T e l l m e y o u r d e s ir e
, ,
.
T h e n G u r ii N an ak r e ci t e d a fo u r th s t an z a
’
Ca rry o n yo u r r u l e b u t ( k n o w ) th at yo u r po w e r of w or k ,
in g m i r acl e s is a f a l s e h o o d
O b e y th e co m m an d s of G o d an d th e n p ati e n c e w il l s p ri n g u p .
”
in yo u r h e a rt .
Th e n P ar as R am w e n t to t h e k i n g a nd s a id 0 ki ng he ,
,
s p e ak s o f s o m th i n q u i t e di ff e r e n t ; h e ri d i c ul e s o u r p o we r of
g e
y
wor k i n g m i ra c l e s .
”
T h e k i n g w a s i n t e l li g e n t 90 7
a nd w e n t hi m s e lf t o G u r fi ,
N an a k a n d j o i n i n g h is h an d s s too d b e for e G u ru N an ak T h e n
, ,
.
G u r il N an ak r e cit e d t h e l as t s t n z a
’
L i s t e n 0 R aj a S i v N at h i f y o u r u nd e r s t an di n g an d s e n s e s
,
.
a r e r i g ht
N an ak s a y s R e m o v e t h e v e i l (of i g n or an c e ) fro m yo u r h e art

, ,
a n d th e n i l l b co r t of r v t ”
yo u w e m e t h e s e v an s e a n s
90 8
R aj a S i v N ath s e iz e d t h e fe e t of G u r a N an a k a n d b e g a n to ,
sa
y,
S“
i r d o
y o u b e s t o w s a l v a tio n o n m e T h e n G u i N an a k . r i
’
w a s g r e a tly pl e a s e d w i th t h e k i n g O n h e a ri n g thi s circ u m s t an c e .

,
G u r l i A n g a d b e c a m e o v e rj oy e d w i t h e c s t a s y ; an d G a r fi A n g d
’
r e m ai n e d in th a t s am e s t t e for t we n ty —s e v e n w a tch e s an d s u ch a
,
e c s t a s y c am e o v e r h im th a t n o o n e c a n pr o p e rly d e s cri b e th at
,
s t at e . A ft e r th at w h e n G u r a An gad op e n e d h is y e s an d c am e
,
e
”
to hi m s l f th e n h e s ai d
e
,
S p ak o n Bh ai B al a Th e n B al a ,
“
e ,
.
b e g an to r e p e at m or e (as follo w s ) fo r A n gad to w ri t e Th e n R aj a —
S iv N ath to o k U n r fi N an k t o h is p al a c e a n d b e g an to a s k a S ir ! , ,
”
w h a t is yo u r n am e ? a r e y o u a d e v ot e e ? Th e n G u u N an ak r
r e cit e d thi s v e r s e in th e M ar a R ag ; i
H e is a J o g i w h o is a lto g e th e r joi n e d to th e s potl e s s N am e

,
of God fo r th e n n o s p e c k (of e v il ) w il l c li n g to h im .
“
L it T h e b ir t h o f a m an
N
. .
20 7
T h is i s b r o u g h t in , t o s h o w w h at t h e v
e r se , r e c it e d by an ak , e e rfr s to .
90 9
. v
L e a. d e o t e e o f G o d o r a h u m b e s e l rv an t , w ho doe s s e rv
ic e t o al l .
H I S T ORY O F T HE S I K H S .
Th e L ord
is h is fri e n d , an d a lw ay s r e mai ns with h im h e
w il l e s c ap e fro m (al l f u t u r e ) , bi rth s a n d d e ath s ;
0 G o d w h at i s Thy n am e ? an d wh a t Thy c as t e ?
W h e n t h e m i n d c al l s ( God ) i n s id e its p al ac e , it as k s cl e ar
” 90 9
q u e s tio ns (fro m H im)
Th e n agai n t h e k i n g as k e d S ir ! ar e y ou a B r ah man ? ,
“ ”
G u r fi N an ak r e pl i e d w ith an oth e r s t an z a
H e is a B r ah m an w h o m e d it at e s o n th e S u pr e me B e i ng an d
, ,
offe r s (in pl ac e of fl o w e r s ) pr ai s e to God ;
,
H e h as o n ly o n e N a m e H e is th e o n ly o n e God an d in th e , ,
thr e e world s H e is th e o n e L i ght ”
.
Th e n ag a i n th e R aj a as k e d S i r ar e y o u a K h attr i ,
G u ra N an a k r e pli e d w ith a th ird s t an z a ;

“
Thi s h e art is th e s c al e t h e to n g u e is t h e s c al e b e am ; wit h ,
th e m u n c e as i n g ly w e i g h (u tt e r ) H is n am e
, ,
Th e s h op s ar e al l o n e an d o v e r t h e m th e r e is o n e s hop ,
k e e p e r an d th e tr a d e r s ar e al l of o ne k i n d
,
Th e tr u e G u r a s av e s o n e fro m bot h h e ad s 21 0
an d h e w il l ,
u n d e r s t an d thi s w h o h as t h e o n e hop e (of God abo v e )

,
an d in h is h e art th e r e w i l l b e n o d o u bt,
He who d e po s it s H is s o n gs (in h is h e art ) wil l d i s p e l al l fe ars

, , ,
”
an d d ay an d n i h t a l w ay s s e r v e H im
g .
A gai n th e R aj a as k e d S ir ! ar e y ou a Ganr akh ,

T hen
t h e G u r a N an ak r e s po n d e d w ith th e s t an z a of co m pl e tio n
A b o v e ar e th e h e av e n s an d abo v e th e h e av e n s is Gau r ak h , ,
an d H is u n r e ach abl e for m d w e ll s th e r e ;
F ro m th e word s of th e G u r a s tr an ge r s an d r e l ati v e s 21 2 ,
a pp e a r al l a s o n e b u t N an ak is an U d as i (d e v ot e e )
Th e n K i n g S iv N ath b e c am e a d i s cipl e of G ur a N an a k an d ,
b e g an to m e dit at e o n t h e I n corpor e al On e an d c au s e d t h e p e opl e ,
of h is city al s o to m e di t at e o n H im I n th at pl ac e Gu r fi N an ak .
,
co m p o s e d t h e P ar an S an gl i an d in it h e wrot e o n e h u n dr e d an d ,
thi rt e e n ch apt e r s G u ra N an ak r e mai n e d wit h k i n g S i v N ath f o r

.
t w o y e ar s an d fi v e m o n th s W h e n h e w as ab o u t to d e p art th e n
.
,
th e k i n g s aid O G u r a do y o u r e main h e r e Th e n G u r il N an ak
, ,
”
.
’
r e pl i e d ,
Bh ai S i v N ath it is im p e r ati v e fo r m e to d e p art T h e .
R aj ad i d ob e i s an c e to h im an d G u ra N an ak s ai d M ay G o d
, ,
“
”
t ak e c ar e of y o u (B e for e d e p arti n g) h e ( N an ak ) s e at e d th e
.
,
k i n g on th e th ro n e .
2 09
Th i i i s f s t t h k i g h vi g
n re e re n ce ll d N a k i id h i p al
o e n a n ca e na ns e s ac e ,
an d a s k in g h im h is n am e , & c
B
.
2 10
Le . e in g b o r n an d d y in g .
2“
. f
L e A g o d , r o m g au ( e ar t h )
”
an d r ak h (p r e s e r ve r ) .
2 12
L it T h o s e o f t h e h ou s e
. .
C H AP . x1 1 1 .
-
n 1 s c o u as n WI TH M Li N M I T T H a .
CH A P T E R XI I I .
T h e d is c o u r s e w ith M icin M it th ci - . .
Th e n p r o c e e d in g o n h e an i e d at t h e v i ll ag e of M i an M itth a
,
v
a n d a l i h t e d in h i 1 d e 11 I ian M itth a w as h d i ci l
t p e of
1
s 0 1e s
g
S ah i A b d u l R ah m an F i s t o f al l m e e t i n g t o k pl a c e b e t w e n
. r ,
a o e
t h e S i G u r u a n d A b d u l R ah m an
i S ah i A b d u l R a h m an c a m e .
and s at in t h e g a1 d e n ; l\ I ar d an a w a s a l r e a d y s e a t e d t l1 e 1 e ,
a n d th e r e n a g e d 1 1 m u c h co n v e r s a tio n w ith e ac h o th e r
r 1 The n .
S ah i A bd u l R ah m an s a id O N an a k to d ay y o u h a v e m ad e
,
“
,
m e v e 1 y h a py an d y o u h av e s h o w n g e at k i n d n e s s t o m e S i r
p ,
1
,
o u h a v e g i v e n m e a s i g h t of y o u r s e lf and fro m t h e si ht of
g
y ”
, ,
o u 1 h a v e b e e n m u ch h e l pe d Th en a f t e r th i s S a h i A b d ul
y ,
.
, ,
R ah m an 1 e t 11 1 11 e d to h is ho u s e an d a s h e w as goi n g a l o n g
1
, , ,
m e t M i an M i t th a w h o w as h is d i s c i p l e ; h e b e g an to s ay
,
O S ahi ,
”
o u t o d ay s e e m hi g h ly pl e a s e d T h en S a h i A b d ul R ah m a
y n
-
.
, ,
s ai d I h av e to d ay m e t w i th o n e o f G od s b e l o v e d o n e s an d
“ ’
-
, ,
fro m s e e i n g h im I h av e b e e n v e ry m u c h p l e as e c
,
Th e n M i an
M it th a s ai d
'
) Vh a t is h is n a m e ? I s h e a H in d ii 0 1 a
“ ’
s
, ,
M u s al m an S ah i A bd u l R ah m an 1 e p l ie d H e i s a Hi n du a n d ,
“
,
h is n am e is N an ak d o yo u al s o g o a n d ge t a s i g h t of h im ;
,
th e n y o u a l s o w i l l obt a i n p 1 o fi t (th e 1 e f 1 0 m )
, ,
W h e n M i a1i .
M i tth a c am e to v i s i t h im a t th a t ti m e M a r d an a w as s i n g i n g
ai
,
a v e rs e in t h e S i ri l l ag i d thi s 1 3 w h a t w a s b e i n
g u tt e 1 e d by
t h e m o u th o f M a r d an a ;
I f I s h o u l d b e co m e a b ird a n d s h o u l d fly an d g o to a ,
h un d e d h e av e n s 1
,
A n d in fl y in sh ou l d l e t m ys e l f be o see n b y n o n e an d
, g , ,
s ho u l d n e ith e r e at n o r th in k a n y thi n g ,
S til l I co u l d n o t fi n d o u t Thy W 0 1 th 1
H o w far th e n s h al l 1 e xto l T h y n a m e .
O n h e a ri n g thi s M i an M itth a s u ffe e d l o s s 1 1 1 h is s toc k ( o f

o ,
i
f aith ) ; h e h a d go n e for p rofi t b u t h e s u ffe r e d l o s s th e r e i n , .
”
l h e n th e s a i n t a s k e d \ I n d id y o u s e e h im ? He
r 1
,
1 .1
r e pl i e d 0 r e v e 1 e 1 d s ai n t p e ac e b e o n th e e h ow co u l d I v i s it
“
1
h im ? Th e r e th e y t al k l io t h in g b u t w h at is p ro fan e
, ,
Th e n .
t h e ch i e f s aid S p e a k an d l e t m e h e a r w h at profan e thi ng

“
,
th e y w e r e s ayi n g th e r T h e n t h e M l an s ai d e
“
. Th e y w e r e
”
,
th e 1 e u tt e ri n g th i s v e i s e
1 94 n i s r o nv o r T H E s m u s .
I f I s ho u l d b e co m e
‘
a b ird an d s h o u l d fly an d go t o a
h u n dr e d h e av e n s ,
A n d in fl yi n g s ho u ld b e s e e n by n o n e an d s ho u ld n e ith e r
, , ,
e at n o r d ri n k a n yth i n
g ,
S till I co u l d n o t fi n d o u t Thy worth

, ,
H o w far th e n s h a l l I e xto l Thy n am e
N ow l i s t e n O s ai n t ! in o u r r e c k o n i n g th e r e ar e in al l ,
fo u rt e e n h e a v e n s ; w a s it n o t g r e at p rof an ity wh e n h e ,
t al k d of a h u n d r e d h e av e n s P N o w S i r h o w c an th e r e b e
e , ,
a h u n dr e d h e av e n s w h e n th e r e ar e b u t fo u rt e e n h e av e n s in al l
, ,
s e v e n b e lo w an d s e v e n abo v e T h e n t h e s ai n t s a id Y o u h av e
m ad e a m i s t ak e : ) Vl y ? (b e c a u s e ) a ltho u g h w e h a v e o n l y in
i ,
for m atio n of fo u rt e e n h e av e n s s til l h e k n ow s of a h u n d r e d

,
h e av e n s an d th e r e for e h e s ay s S til l I co u l d n o t fi n d o u t T hy
,
worth a n d h o w f ar th e n s h al l I e xtol T hy n am e N o w d o y o u
,
c o m e w ith m e an d I w il l h a v e yo u r fau l t for g i v e n ”

Th e n .
S ahi A b d u l R a h m an b ro u g ht M i an M itth a to t h e S ri G u r fi an d ,
c am e an d f e l l at h is f e e t an d m ak i n g h im fold h is h an d s
‘
to g e th e r p e titio n e d s ayi n g
,
O B aba ! for g i v e th e f au lt o f
,
th i s m an for t h e s ak e of yo u r l o v e for Go d
,
Th e n t h e S ri .
”
G u r a s ai d O S ahi I h a v e n o t e v e n s e e n thi s p e r s o n
, , Th e n .
S ahi A bd u l R ah m an s a id O B ab a h e w e n t aw ay d i s app oi n t e d
,
in h is i n t e n tio n for th e L or d s s ak e for g i v e h im h is f au l t f or

’
, ,
h e is g r e atly in e rr o r Th e n h e (N an ak ) s ai d A s h is i n t e n tio n
.
,
( w a s ) ,
s o w il l b e t h e a cco m pl i s h m e n t o f h is wor k for a s o n e do e s ,
”
s o o n e obt a i n s . Th e n S ah i A b d u l R ah m an s a id S i r h e is s til l , ,
unde r a c u r s e ; for G od s s a k e for g i v e h im h is f au l t ; h e is

’
a
g r e at s i n n e r b u t h e
,
d e s ir e s to co m e u n d e r yo u r p rot e ct io n
”
th e n c as t yo u r k i n d g l an c e o n h im Th e n h e a ga i n f e l l at t h e
.
f e e t of th e S ri G u r a B ab a o n wh i ch h e ( N an a k ) s ai d : O
,
“
”
M ar d an a pl ay th e r e b e c
,
Th e n h e r e ci t e d th i s v e r s e
.
I f m y y e ar s w e r e u n co u n t abl e an d I l i v e d o n wi n d and ,
w at e r
I f I l i v e d in a c av e wh e r e I co u l d s e e n e ith e r s u n n or
,
m oo n an d [ h ad n o t roo m to s l e e p e v e n in m y
,
d r e am s ,
S ti ll I co u l d n o t fi n d o u t T hy worth h o w f a r th e n s h al l I ,
e xtol Thy n am e ?
T h e T r u e God l i v e s e v e r fi x e d in H is O w n pl a c e ;
[ h a v e h e a rd H is word an d t e l l it (to o th e r s ) b u t H e c an , ,
if H e w ill s h o w k i n d n e s s
, .
C HA P X I I I . .
- n Is c ou as n W I TH 1 11 m M I T THa .
1 95
i
P AU SE .
IVe r e I to co n ti n u ally gi v e m y b o d y to b e s aw n in pi e c e s ,
an d w e r e I to g i v e it to b e g ro u n d in t h e m il l
A n d w e r e I to b u r n my body in th e fi r e ; an d w e r e I
to b e t u r n e d i n to as h e s
S till I co u l d n o t fin d o u t Thy w orth h o w far th e n s h al l ,
I e xto l Th y n am e
W e r e I t o b e co m e a b ird an d fl y an d g o to a h u n dr e d ,
h e av e n s ;
A n d in fl yi n g s h o u ld b e s e e n by n o n e an d s ho u l d n e ith e r
'
, , ,
e at n o r d ri n k an
y th i n
g ,
S till I co u l d n o t fi n d o u t T h y w orth h o w f ar th e n s h all

, ,
I e xtol Thy n am e
N an ak s ay s H ad I th o u s an d s of m au n d s of p ap e r w ith
, ,
Thy n am e writt e n th e r e o n a n d w e r e to r e ad it al l ,
A n d if m y in k s h o u l d n e v e r co m e to an e n d an d I co u ld ,
o o n w riti n g li k e t h e w i n d
g ,
S ti l l I co u l d n o t fi n d o u t Thy w orth how f ar th e n s h al l ,
I e xtol Thy n am e
T h e Tr u e God l i v e s e v e r fi x e d in H is o w n pl a c e
” 21 3 ’
.
B ut w h e n thi s v e r s e w as fi n i s h e d an d t h e w ro n g i m pr e s ,
s io n s o f M i an M itth a w e r e s till n o t e ff a c e d th e n t h e S ri G u r a ,
213 Dr . T r u m p p in h is Ad i Gr an t h , p ag e 2 2 , g i ve s th e f ll o w i
o ng t r an s l at i on of
th e s e line s
(I f my) l if (b e ) c r o e s c o e s if w in d d i k i g (b e m y )
e r , r r rit
, r n n n ou ur e
n e it h e r m o n n
.
I f (d w ll i g ) i a c av I d
e n n t se e so no
( f ) I h av e e o or un , i
n p l a
o f o d e am in g (
ce dr) sl
r p i g an ee n .
Y e t T h y v al e i n o t f n d o t (b y m )
u s h o w g e at s h all I c all T h y n am
ou u e , r e .
PAU S E .
T r ue is t h e F r l
o m e s s in h is o w n p ac e l .
H av in g h e ar d , h e ar d t h e w o r d ( o n e ) t e s it ll if i t p l e as e s (t o an y ) , he
l o n g s f o r it .
( If ) I ll
b e ki e d an d c u t (in fp ie c e s ) e p e at e d y , if r l Ib e g r o u n d on r
t h e g in d in g
s t on e .
( If ) I b e b u r n e d wi th fi r e , ( if ) I r
b e e d u c e d t o as h e s ( m i e d w it h as h e s
) x
Y e t T hy v l
a u e is n o t f
o u nd o u t (b y m e ) , h o w g r e at s h a l l ca Thy I ll
n am e
If v I
( ) h a in g b e c o m e a b ir d r o am ab ou t a n d g o t o a h u n d r e d h e a e n s v .
( If I
) d o n o t c o m e in t o t h e s ig h t o f an y o n e , n o r d o d r in k a n d e at an
y
t h i n o0 1
.
f
Y e t T h y v al u e is n o t o u n d o u t (b y m e ) , h o w g r e a t s h a T h y n am e ll I ll
N
ca
O v
an ak ! if h a in g r e ad , r e a d a p a p e r c o n s is t in g o f a h u n d e d th o u s an d r
m au n d s c o n s id e r at io n , (a n id e a o f h im ) b e m ad e .
If
( ) t h e in k d o n o t r u n s h o r t , (if ) t h e w in d m o e t h e p e n v .
v l f
Y e t T h y a u e is n o t o u n d o u t h o w g e at s h a ca T h y n ame r ll I ll
1 96 H I S T O RY or T II E s um s .
m ad e i t pl a i n t o h is m i n d A t l e n g th o n e d ay , M ia n M i tth a o h
.
t ain e d li ght o n t h e m att e r , an d th e n h e s aid N an a k is a g oo d

“
,
d e v ot e e , b u t i f I s h a l l s e e h im a g a i n , I w il l s q u e e z e h im as t h e
j u ic e is s q u e e z e d o u t o f a l im o ”
Th e n t h e S ri G u r u a l s o s ai d
.
O M ar d an a, w h a t d o e s S e k h M itth a s ay T h e n M ar dan a
s ai d . H e is thy m u s i c a l i n s tr u m e n t , a n d a s y o u pl ay 0 11 h im ,
so h e s oun ds
”
. Th e n N an a k s ai d O M ar d an a, i f I s h all s e e
M i an M itth a, t h e n I w i l l pr e s s h im a s th e y pr e s s s u g a r c an e
”
-
.
Th e n M inn M itth a s ai d , C
o m e a n d l e t 11 s go an d v i s it
N an ak l h e n h is d i s cipl e s p e titio n e d S ir, y o u h a v e b e for e thi s
'
.
co m m an d e d th a t , i f y o u s h al l s e e N a n a k a gai n , th e n y o u wil l
”
s q u e e z e h im , a s t h e j u i c e is s qu e e z e d o u t of a l e m o n T hen .
M i an M i t th aa l s o r e pl i e d , A n an s w e r al s o h as co m e t o m e fro m
th e r e , v ia , I f I s h al l s e e M i a n M i tth a ag ai n , th e n I w i l l p r e s s
h im o u t, a s th e y pr e s s o u t s u g a r c an e Th e n M i an M i tth a c am e to
-
.
v i s it h im , an d th e y m e t F ir s t o f al l M i an M itth ar e cit e d th i s s t an z a ;
.
F ir s t (in ho n o u r ) is th e N am e of G o d th e n th a t of th e ,
proph e t H is m e s s e n ge 1
I f N an a k s h al l a cc e pt th e K al i m a th e n h e w i ll b e
,
a cc e pt e d at H is T h 1 e s h o l d .
Th e n th e S ri G u ru B ab a N an a k s aid ,
O M i an is th e r e n o t pl ac e for a n y o n e e l s e a t H is door ?
,
.
S u r e ly al l w h o r e mai n th e r e ar e t r e at e d a li k e
, ,
.
Th e n ag ai n S e k h M i t th a s ai d ,
Can a l am p b u r n w itho u t oil ?

Th e n t h e S r i G u ru g av e r e ply ,
S t u d y th e K u r én an d al l boo k s ,
A n d pl a c e t h e w i c k of th e f e a r of G o d in th i s h e art o f
y ou rs ,
A n d th e n w itho u t oil
,
0 11 r l a m p w il l b u r n b ri h tly
,
1
g ;
G e t thi s li ght an d t h e n y o u w il l obt a i n y o u r L o r d
'
, .
I f H is w ord s t a k e e ff e ct o n th i s yo u r h e art .
Th e n (y o u w i l l loo k o n ) th i s w orl d as tr an s i e n t 91 4
I f v o u s h al l do H im s e r v i c e in th i s w orl d ,
Th e n y o u w ill obt ai n an a bod e in H is T h 1 e s h ol d ;

N an ak s y s a
‘ m
S ch an o n e f e ai l e s s l y w il l g o to H e av e n
u
,
an d pr a i s e H im ;
’
W e ll e v e n i f y o u h av e n o t a n yth i n g th e n o ff e x wh at
, ,
’
you c an .
2“
L N, C o m in
g an d g o in g .
2 1° t S w in g in g ab ou t h is ar m s .
CHAP . xi i 1 .
—
D i s c o uu s n W ITH M I TT HX .
197
Th e n t h e S e k h p e titio n e d W h y s h o u l d n o t tho s e w h o ar e
, ,
l it e r at e b e a cc e pt e d by G o d a n d w h e r e ar e th a t K u r an a n d
,
tho s e boo k s S i r fro m s t u dyi n g w h ich o n e m ay b e co m e p e 1 f e c t

, , ,
'
an d who ar e tho s e d e v ot e e s w h o a r e fi t fo r th at door A n d w h at

f as t is th a t fro m pr ac ti s i n g w hich o n e s h e ar t c an b e e s t ab
, ,
’
l is h e d ? A n d w h a t pr ay e r s ar e tho s e b y t h e off e ri n g of wh ich , ,
G o d w il l s ho w hi m s e l f S i r Th e n t h e S ri G u ru s ai d M ar
, .
d an a p l ay t h e r e b e c an d h e r e c it e d th e s e v e r s e s in t h e M aru
, ,
”
21 6
B ag .
O ye r v an t s of God H e is p u r e a n d b e yo n d o u r r e ach ;
se
F o r e g o t h e th o u g h t s a n d bu s i n e s s of th e w orld ;
B e co m e th e d u s t of t h e f e e t of b e g g a r s a n d tr av e ll e r s
F o r s u ch d e v ot e e s a r e a cc e pt e d at H is d oor .
M ak e tr u th yo u r p r ay e r an d f a ith , yo u r c arp e t fo r
, ,
p r ayi n g o n ;
S u b d u e yo u r d e s i r e s a n d g i v e u p yo u r A s a ;
,
21 7 '
L oo k o n t h e body a s yo u r m o s q u e an d th e m i n d as yo u r ,
p ri e s t
A n d t ak e fo r yo u r cr e e d th a t God is p u r e an d h oly ;
( )
2 D O
g ood a n d m a k e
,
i t yo u r s h a r a a n d s h a ri a t ;
91 8
L oo k o n g i v i n g u p t h e w orld an d s e arch i n g for G o d as t h e ,
tr u e ro a d (t a r ik a t )
O A bd u l I loo k o n co n q u e ri ng yo u r h e a rt as tr u e k n owl e d g e ,
(m ar if at)
Th e n y o u w l i l obt ai n th e tr u th (h ak ika t) , an d
y ou wil l ne ve r
a
g ai n d ie .
L oo k po n t h e s t u d y o f
u Go d w i th yo u r h e a rt as your
K u r an an d oth e r boo k s
A nd k e e p t h e t e n (f e m al e ) or gan s fro m w ic k e d n e s s ;
C o n tro l t h e fi ve m al e (p as s i o n s ) by f a ith ,
T h e n yo u r al m s an d p ati e n c e w il l b e a c c e p t e d .
L e t l o v e to m an k i n d b e yo u r ll l ak k a an d l e t y o u r ,
fas ti n g b e t h e h u m bli n g yo u r s e l f in t h e d u s t ;
L e t H e a v e n b e yo u r s pi rit u al g u i d e a n d a c t accor d i n g to its ,
co mm an d s 3
L oo k o n t h e s e r v ic e of Go d as y o u r Huri s li g h t an d p e r , ,
.
f u m e s an d m a k e th e p u e G o d v o u r pl a c e (of s h e l t e r )
,
r , .
16
I t m u s t b e b o r n e in m in d t h at , i n t h e o l o w i n g f l ve rse s, v a r io u s M m m ad an
uh a
lr l
t e c h n ic a e ig io u s t e r m s a r e m ad e u s e o f , a n d an a k e N x pl a in s w h a t e a c h r e a y is ll .
A s t ic k o n w h ic h t h e h e a d is p ac e d , w h e n p l r ay in g .
”8 M u h amm ad a n C
od e o f L a w .
1 98 H ISTORY OF TH E S IKHS .
R e g ar d ob t ai n i n g t h e tr u th as yo u r j u d g e (Kay ) an d ,
p u rifyi n g yo u r h e art as yo u r pil g ri m (H éji) ,
M ak e l e av i n g o ff e v i l de e d s yo u r p ri e s t ( t l 151 ) an d t h e ,
pr ai s i n g of God yo u r d e v ot e e (d ar v e s h ) .
A t al l ti m e s an d a t al l s e as o n s r e m e m b e r yo u r Cr e ator
, ,
in yo u r h e art 0 M u l l a
,
M ak e yo u r ro s ary of r e m e m b r an c e t h e s u bd u i n g o f th e
,
t e n fe m al e (or gan s )
M a k e h u m il ity yo u r t r ad itio ns (s u n n at) thi s is yo u r c h i e f
d u ty .
R e gar d al l th e s e th i n gs in yo u r h e a rt as thi n g s of fact

A n d r e g ar d a f am ily 0 b roth e r a s a l to ge th e r a s o u r c e of
, ,
t ro u b l e
S ai n t s ch i e f s an d n ob l e s all w il l v ani s h
, ,
O n e pl ac e o n ly will r e m ai n v i a t h e door of God

, , .
L e t yo u r fir s t (or m or n i n g ) pr ay e r b e H is p r ai s e yo u r
s e co n d p ati e n c e
,
Yo u r third h u m i lity yo u r fo u rth al m s

, ,
Yo u r fifth k e e pi ng t h e fi v e (m al e or gan s ) in on e pl ac e ;
,
Th e s e w i l l b e al l s u fii e ie n t for y o u at th e fi ve ti m e s (of
p r ay e r ) .
M ak e r e g ar di n g God as al l in al l y o u r r e li g io us
, ,
d u ty ( m ad iph a o r w azifa)
A n d m ak e t h e for s ak i n g of yo u r e v i l n at u r e th e wa t e r p o t ,
f or abl u tio n (k 1i ga) of yo u r h an d s

’
K n ow th at Go d is o ne an d m ak e th i s yo u r c al l to pr ay e r
,
F or (tho s e w h o s o do ) ar e t r u ly gr e at an d h appy
, .
M ak e wh at is tr u e an d l awf u l yo u r food
( 1 ,
“ a s h aw ay t h e in fi r m it ie s o f y o u r h e art in th e r i v e r (of t h e
r
n am e of God )
H e who ob e y s t h e Tr u e s ai n t (God ) h e wil l dw e l l in

, ,
p ar adi s e
A n d h e wi l l h av e n o f e ar of e ith e r A z r ai l or h e l l .
( R e m e m b e r ) t h e Cr e ator of yo u r body an d r e ar d
g ,
faith as yo u r wif e
R e gard b e l i e f in G o d as y o u r pl e as u r e a nd j oy
R e mo v e fro m yo u r s e lf yo u r i m p u riti e s and b e p u r e an d , ,
r e gar d thi s as yo u r H ad is ;
C H AP . x i i 1 — D 1 s c ou as n
. WI T H M IAN M I TT H A .
A n d ma k e b e l i e f in th e u n ch an g e ab l e F or m t h e t u rb an ,
( d as t ar ) for yo u r h e ad .
Th e y ar e tr u e M u s al m an s w h o a r e g e n t l e h e art e d , ,
A n d wh o w as h a w ay t h e i m p u riti e s o f th e i r h e ar t s ;
A n d w h o do n o t appro ach t h e d e s ir e s of t h e w orl d .
S u ch ar e p u r e r an d cl e an e r th an fl o w e r s s il k an d gh i , .
13 .A n d tho s e who p rofe s s th e lo v e of God (th e y do s o) fro m ,
t h e k i n d n e s s of H is k i n d l o v e
A n d th at m an w i l l b e tr u ly a br av e m a n
B e h e a S e k h M a s aikh or K aj i , , ,
O r b e h e a s e r van t of Go d H is e y e is on th e m al l ,
.
14 . A ll p o w e r b e lo n g s to t h e A l l po w e rf u l an d al l thi ng s -
,
proc e e d fro m t h e A ll bo u n tif u l -
H is pr ai s e an d lo v e ar e bo u n dl e s s an d H e is t h e A ll c o m ,
-
p as s io n at e ;
V e rily t h e tr u e r u l e b e lo n g s to th e T r u e Go d
N an ak s ay s W h o u n d e r s t an d s th i s h e w il l obt ai n r e l e as e
‘
, ,
a n d r e ach H e a v e n .
Th e n on h e ari n g th e s e v e r s e s M i an M itth a s aid

,
“
T hi s o n e , ,
”
N am e th at y o u pr ai s e s o w h at is t h at o n e N am e i
,
T h e n th e
,
'
S ri G u ru s ai d O M ien w h o is a bl e to s e t forth t h e g lory of t h e

, ,
p r ai s e o f th at On e N am e ? Th e n M i an M itth a s ai d
”
Sir I be
k i n d an d e xpl ai n Th e n t h e S ri G u ru s e izi n g M i an M itth a by
.
”
,
t h e ar m too k h im as i d e
,
T h e n t h e S ri G u ru s a i d 0 S i r ! 0
.
, ,
Sir Th e n a ft e r h is s ayi n g thi s t h e s e c o n d M i an M itth a w a s

?1 9
,
t u r n e d i n to as h e s an d S e k h M i tth ab e h e l d th at it w a s t u r n e d i n to
,
a h an d fu l of as h e s Th e n ag ai n a v oic e w as h e a r d an d it g o t
.
, , ,
n thi s S e k h M itth a c a m e an d k i s s e d h is (N a n ak s f e et
’
u
p . O , ) .
Th e n th e S r i G u ru h av i n g p as s e d i n to t h e ho u s e of obli v io n
, ,
t r an c e ) r e ci t e d t h e fol lo w i n g in t h e Til an g R ag
,
T h y lo v e is s ho w n to tho s e w h o a t t e n d o n Th e e
‘
A n d th o s e w h o w a it n o t o n T h e e th e y r e m a i n w itho u t T hy ,
lo v e ;
T h e f aith fu l ar e Thy fri e n d s
T h e di s b e l i e v i n g ar e Thi n e e n e m i e s ;
I n fi d e lity is a g r e at s in
A n d an g e r is u n l aw f u l
C ar n al d e s i r e is t h e d e v il ;
219 I t is s aid t h at Na n ak , by w ay of e x h ib it i
h is m ir ac u
ng l ou s p owe r s ,
pr x ac t l ik e n e s t h e M ien , an d s h e w e d it t o h im
o d u c e d an e s of .
20 0 u rs r o uv o r T U E s u ms .
A n d prid e is i n fi d e li ty
T h e u n b e l i e v i n g is i m p u r e ;
A n d t h e ge n tl e a t h e a rt is p u r e ;
\Vis d o m is g e n tl e n e s s ;
A n d tho s e , w h o a r e w itho u t w orld ly d e s ir e s , a r e s ai n t s ;
Tho s e , w h o h av e n o t f a i th , a r e d i s ho n o u r e d
T h e u n g r at e f u l is m ad e as h am e d
Tr u th is H e a v e n
F al s e hood is H e l l
V i ol e n c e is Tyr an n y
A n d H is pr a i s e is tr u e a bl u tio n
T h e c a ll i n g to pr ay e r is H is v oic e ;
T h e f t is a v a ric e
W hor e d o m is i m p u ri ty ;
P a ti e n c e is h u m i l ity
A n d i m p a ti e n c e is fo rbi d d e n
Tho s e , w h o a r e o n t h e r ig h t r o a d , h a v e S pi rit ua l t e ach e r s
A n d t h o s e , w h o a r e o u t of t h e ro ad , ar e w i t ho u t a s pirit u a l
.
t e a ch e r
T h e h o n e s t m an is t h e fri e n d of God ;
A n d t h e di s ho n s t m an is of 11 0 w orth ;
e
T h e s w ord is fo r br a v e m e n ,
A n d j u s tic e is fo r k i n g s ;
H e w h o w e i g h th e s e thi n g s an d u n d e r s t an d s th e m
,
s
,
”
H im N an ak w il l c a l l w i s e
,
.
T h e n P i r M itth a 0 11 h e a r i n g thi s c a m e an d s e iz e d h is f e e t
, , ,
s ai d ,
S i r ! y o u ar e s o m e s ain t of G o d ; b e for e I v ain l y
,
w a n d e r e d a bo u t e rr n g ; do y o u fo i v ”
i r
g e m e . T h en h e w as
pl e as e d w ith M i an M itth a an d al l t h e d o u b t s o f M ien M i tth a

,
we re remove d .
C H AP . X IV .
— D I S C OU RS E W I TH T H E S I D H S , OR B I N D H S A I N TS . 2 01
CH A P T E R X I V .
H in d ic
'
Th e d is cou r s e w ith t h e S id h e , or
'
i
s a n ts .
Th e n t h e S ri G u ru N an a k ro s e an d d e p art e d fro m th e r e a n d , ,
a s h e l oo k e d a bo u t h e s a w m an y S id h s s e at e d 0 11 t h e ro ad
,
T h e S ri .
G u ru h ail e d th e m s ay i n g M y r e s p e ct s 0 S id h s l T h e n G o r ak h
'
, , ,
”
s a id Ou r r e s p e ct s to t h e fi r s t B e i n g co m e 0 N an ak th o u ,
d e v o te e T h e n ag a i n G o r ak h a s k e d in a g e n tl e to n e W h a t is ,
“
th e co v e r o f th i s e a 1 t h ? an d wh at is t h e k e y of H e a v e n 1? h o w
m an y s t a r s a e th e r e in t h e h e av e n s
i I n t h e K a l i A ge h ow ,
m an y god s a r e th e 1 e 0 m an an d
,
in h o w m a n y s tr e a m s d o e s
th e r ai n f al l l h e G u ru r e pl i e d Th e h e a v e n s ?20
a bo u t
“
ar e ,
fo u r fi n ge r s br e ad th a n d th e r e ar e t w o ci rcl e s of s t a r s in th e
,
h e a v e n s in th e K a l i A g e th e g od s a r e v e ry m an y 0 m an a n d
, ,
th e r ai n f a ll s i n n i n e s t e an1 s T h e n a g a i n t h e S idh s c al l e d
1 .
,
t h e an ge l of d e r th an d h e d e a th 1 e a d thi s v e l s e
, , ,
I w il l k il l th e e s t an di n g I wil l k il l th e e s itti n g ; I wi l l ,
k il l th e e s l e e pi n g
I n t h e fo u r ag e s m y g r e a t n e t h as b e e n S pr e ad th e n s o n
, , , ,
w h e r e w il l y o u 1 e m ain .
T h e n t h e S r i G u 1 u r e cit e d th i s s t an z a
I f I am aw ak e in m y lo v e to G o d s tan d i n g a w a k e s itti n g , , ,
a n d aw a k e s l e e pi n
g
, ,
A n d r e m a i n a p ar t fro m t h e f o u r a g e s th e n I s h a l l be t h e ,
s o n of m y F a th e r (G o d ) an d s h al l b e s f e fro m y o u
”
, ,
a .
(Th e n d eath s aid ) ;

I f I s h al l m a k e al l t h e e a tl 1 i n to a c au ld ro n a n d s p i e ad 1
m y s e l f 1 11 a ll d ir e ctio n s ,
A n d i t I s h a l l t u 1 n t h e f o u r ag e s i n to f ue l th e n w h e r e w il l ,
v o u r bo dy b e ? ”
Th e n t h e S r i G u r u B ab a N an ak r e pl i e d ;
I w i l l s u bd u e m y 0 g i n s a n d l o t 1 u e of s p e e ch an d
1
c
.
,
l e a c h a bo v e t h e e a t h 1
'
I w i ll b e co m e w i d e r an d h i g h e r t h an t h e h e av e n s
2 9“
l l 1 e h e a1 e n s a i e ( c m p m e d b y
'
N
i r a k t o t h e m o u t h t h e 1 1 1 0 ( i1 c l e s ( f t 1 3 1 5 t o
a
th e e y e s , t h e m in t o t h e b o d y , t h e n in e s t i e e m s b e in
g t h e t w o ( ar e , t w o e 1 e s
t 11 o n o s t 1 il s m o u t h , t h e e i c a n o i e x u e t ir n e n d t h e m e m b e i o f
.
g e n e 1 t io n h .
20 2 H I S T ORY or THE su ms .
My
or gan s an d to n gu e s h al l al l b e with t h e on e Go d ;
N an ak s ay s By th e s e m e an s I wi l l e s c ap e fro m d e ath
, , .
Th e n d e ath b e i n g d i s tr e s s e d s aid
, S ir I am u n d e r yo u r , ,
“
co mm and Th e S ri G uru th e n co m fort e d d e ath

.
( s ay i n
g) ,
V e s s ns .
W h at matt e r s it i f thi s body s h o u ld n o t d ie

, ,
O r if i t s h o u l d li v e in do u b t for h u n d r e d s of y e ar s ;
O ne s age m ay i n cr e as e b u t in t h e e n d o n e s bo dy mu s t
’
, ,
’
f al l i nt o t h e h an d s of d e ath
W h e n d e ath co m e s wh e r e wi l l y o u go ,
I n t h e s e a e arth a n d air d e ath a n d God h av e r u l e

, , .
W h e n d e ath co m e s wh e r e to wil l y o u fl e e ? ,
W h a t world is i t to which y o u w il l g o an d fl e e ?
,
T h e fo u rt e e n h e a v e n s a r e in th e p ow e r of d e at h ,
W h e r e th e n wil l y o u g o and fl e e fro m d e a th ?

R am an d t h e M u h am m ad a n P roph e t both w e r e s u bj e c te d
to d e ath .
0 N an ak d e a th m u s t b e acc e pt e d by y o u .
I t w il l of i t s e lf c o me an d wil l of it s e l f c arry y o u off

, , ,
.
W h e n d e ath co m e s it will c a rry y o u Off a s it wi s h e s

,
I f y o u r e fl e ct w e ll y o u wil l k n ow t h at y ou m u s t d ie 221
,
.
‘
N an ak s ay s W h e r e v e r y o u loo k th e r e it ( d e ath ) is
, ,
s t an di n g .
T h e n o n h e ari n g thi s v e r s e d e a th b e c am e s ati s fi e d an d

, , , ,
b e i n g co m fort e d too k h is d e p a rt u r e Th e n t h e S id h s cro s s e d

,
.
t h e s e a T h e n th e s e word s w e r e s ai d ( by N an ak )
. O M ar d an a
”
l e t u s cro s s th e s e a al s o Th e n th e S r i G u ru a l s o h av i n g
.
,
c ro s s e d t h e s e a p a i d h is ,
r e s p e ct s to t h e S idh s Th e n th e .
S id h s s aid Ou r r e s p e ct s to th e fi r s t B e i n g Th e n th e
“
.
,
S idh s s aid K n o w e s t t h e n a city w hich h as t e n door s ? 0 Tr u e

,
G u ru ! m e di t at e an d t e ll u s th e tr u th of thi s ; do y o u m e dit at e
on Go d an d b e h appy an d j oyf u l fi r s t l ay yo u r s e lf w as t e th e n ,
”
m ak e y o u r s e l f p op u lo u s Th e n t h e S r i G u r u r e pl i e d Th e r e is
.
a city ( t h e body ) whi ch h as t e n d oor s

,
S p e a k 0 tr u e G u ru f o r .
,
thi s is th e tr u e e xpl an atio n of th i s ; y e s d o y o u m e dit at e al s o an d ,
b e h appy an d joyf u l fi r s t l ay yo u r s e l f w as t e a n d th e n b e pop u l

, ,
ous .
”
Th e n t h e S id h s s aid O man l h a ve v o u al s o t ak e n (to
,
2 21
F
ir s t c o n q u e r y o u r e v il p ass ion s , an d th e n y ou wi ll b e b l e s s e d w it h D ivin s
l
k n ow e d ge t o in t e r p r e t t h is .
C H A P X IV D I S CO UR S E W I T H
. .
— THE mum , o n 11 1 1111 11 S A I N TS .
20 3
yo u r s e lf) a G u ru Th e n th e S ri G u ru r e pli e d D o y o u r e cit e s o m e ,
of y o u r v e r s e s an d I w i ll choo s e h im as m y G u ru fro m w ho s e s o n gs
, ,
I ob t ai n co n fi d e n c e ”
Th e n t h e S id h s s aid
. W e will r e ci t e ,
“
s o me v e rs e s d o y o u li s t e n a n d wh o s e s o e v e r s v e r s e s g i v e y o u
’
”
co n fid e n c e m ak e h im yo u r G u ru
, T h e n t h e S ri G u r fi s al d .
,
”
S ir s ! r e cit e s o me v e r s e s F ir s t of al l I s u r N ath s aid
.
, ,
H e is a
g rh i
i 222
w h o h as h is m e m b e r s u n d e r co n trol an d ,
who p e rfor m s a d or atio n d e v otio n ab s ti n e n c e an d a l m s

, , ,
A n d w h o loo k s 0 11 h is bo dy as to b e e m ploy e d in ch arity

an d doi n g g ood
S u ch a gir h i is p u r e a s t h e wat e r of th e G an g e s
'
I s h u r s ay s th a t t h e Tr u e F o r m ,
I n t h e fir s t e l e m e n t (God ) h a s n e ith e r m ar k s n or for m ,

.
T h e s e co n d who s po k e w as Go r akh h e s aid

, , ,
H e is an aw adh fiti 223

w h o p u ri fi e s h i m s e lf fro m e v i l d e e d s ,
A n d e a t s th e food of a l m s an d affl ictio n ,
A n d w h o b e g s at t h e door s of h is o w n body (by th i n k i n g 0 11 ,
t h e N am e of G o d )
S u ch an a w a d h uti w il l as c e n d to t h e r e gio n of S hi v (h e av e n ) .
G o r ak h s ay s th a t th e Tr u e F or m
,
I n th e fir s t e l e m e n t ( G o d ) h a s n e ith e r m ar k s n o r for m , .
Th e th ird w h o s po k e w as G op i Oh an d h e s ai d
, ,
H e is an U d as if w h o r e m a i n s r e al ly s a d at h e art
“
,
A n d w h o h av i n g w ith dr aw n h is tho ug ht s fro m al l a bo v e

, ,
a n d b e lo w l i v e s o n ly (w ith God )
, ,
A n d h e wh o c an m a k e h is s u n an d m oo n
,
O f s u ch an U d as i t h e body wi ll n e v e r d ie .
Gop i Oh a n d s ay s th a t th e Tr u e F or m , .
I n t h e fi r s t e l e m e n t (Go d ) h a s n e ith e r m ar k s n o r fo r m , .
T h e fo u r th w h o s po k e ( w as ) Oh ar p a t h e s aid
, ,
H e is a Pakh an di 23
$ 26
wh o w as h e s h is body (in t h e N am e of
,
God ) ,
A n d b u r n s th e h e at of h is b o dy (an g e r ) thro u g h t h e N ame

of G o d ,
f
A k in d o f a k i — s e e g o s s ar yr l .
” 3 A k in d o f d e o t e e — s e e v
g o s s ar y l .
2“
v
A k i n d o f d e o t e e — s e e g o s s ar y l .
”5 B
y s u n a n d m o o n , a n g e r an d p at ie n c e ar e imp ie d , l as th e s un is r e g ar d e d
as h o t , an d t h e m o o n as c o d l .
f
” 6 A s e c t o f ak ir s — s e e
g os s a y l r .
20 4 H I S TO R Y o r T HE S IKHS .
A n d , in h is l p e ve n
s ee ,
do e s not
g iv e w ay to h is l us t s ;
F or s u ch a
’
th e r e is n o g e tti ng
l akh an d i . . ol d n o r d e a th .
Ch ar p a t s ay s th a t th e Tr u e F or m
, ,
I n t h e fi r s t e l e m e n t (God ) h as n e ith e r m ar k s n o r for m

, .
Th e n t h e S i d h e s a id O b oy h av e y o u a l s o m ad e any
, ,
v e rs e s T h e n t h e S r i G u ru r e pl i e d I f y ou s h all co m m an d , ,
”
th e n I al s o w i l l r e c it e s o m e v e r s e s Th e n t h e S id h s s a id D o
.
,
”
o u al s o r e cit e s o m e v e r s e s Th e n t h e S ri G u ru s a id
y .
,
How s h al l th e e v i l (in m an ) d ie an d h ow s h a l l o n e ,
a rr an e o n e s l if e
’
g
W h a t ( pro fi t ) d o e s o n e ge t fro m pi e rci n g o n e s e ar s
’
O ne n am e o n ly is T r u e a n d I m p e ri s h abl e .
W h at oth e r n a m e is th e r e fro m w h i c h th e r e r e mai ns any

,
h o no u r
”
I f y o u w i s h to m ak e s u n s h i n e an d s h ad e 7 as o n e ,
Th en N anak s ay s T ak e t h e N am e of God
,
.
’
0 s o n s ! a l tho ug h y o u p r a cti s e t h e s ix k i n d s of d e v o tio n

Y o u wil l n e ith e r 9 28
b e a S an s ér i n o r an A w ad hfi t
T ho s e w h o k e e p th e i r tho u gh t s o n th e I n corpor e al On e ,
) h y s h o u l d th e y g o abo u t b e gg i n g
V
N an ak s ay s th at t h e Tr u e F or m
,
I n th e fir s t e l e m e n t ( G o d ) h as n e ith e r m ar k s no r for m
, .
Th e n t h e S id h s s aid 0 b oy ! y o u u n d e r s too d wh a t w e
,
”
s a id b u t w e d o n o t u n d e r s t an d w h a t y o u h a v e s ai d
,
Th e n t h e .
S ri G u ru N an ak s a i d E a ch of y o u S idh s h a s s ix f au l t s a n d
, , , ,
B h ar a th r i h as n i n e f a u lts T h e n B h ar at h r i w as t e rrifi e d an d
”
.
b e g an to w e e p On thi s M ae h h an dar N at h hit h im o n t h e h e a d

.
,
w ith h is d e e r s k i n an d s i d,
O B h ar ath r i w h y a” e y o u w e e p
a
, ,
r
in g ? He s ay s th a t w e a l s o h a ve e ach s ix f a u l t s T h e S id h s .
s ai d
, 0 b oy l wh a t s ix f au l t s h a v e w e Th e n th e S r i G ur u
r e pli e d ,
H e wh o loo k s o n poi s o n an d n e ct ar as o n e
, ,
H is wor ds ar e a cc e pt e d a t Go d s Thr e s hold

’
I t e l l y ou O S idh s ! y ou ar e E pic u r e s b u t ar e n ot do e r s o f
, ,
goo d
F ir s t y o u g o fort h to g e t s o m e thi n g to e at
, ,
A n d i f y o u g e t food to e at, th e n ar e y o u g r at e fu l
,
2 27
A n g e r an d p at ie n c e .
29 8
E n u m e r at e d b y an ak N a l it tl e l owe r d own .
C H A P X IV D I S CO U R S E W I T H
. .
— S I D H S , OR H IN D II S A
‘
I N TS .
20 5
S e c mj d, w h e n t h i r s t ffli ct s y o u y o u g o forth a n d g e t w a t e r ;
a
,
T h i rd w h e nt h e
, c l d to u ch e s y o u y ou g o forth an d w i s h fo r
o ,
s un s h i n e ;
F o u rth w h e n y o u ar e m uch v e x e d by th e s u n s r ay s y u
,
’
,
o
g o fo rth a n d w i s h for s h ad e
F ifth w h e n S l e e p o v e rt ak e s y o u th e n y o u go forth an d s l e e p ;
, ,
S ix th y ou ar e m u c h g i v e n to m e d i t ati on
,
B u t y o u a r e E pi c u r e s a n d a e n o t lo v e r s o f G od
,
r .
Th e n agai n th e S id h s as k e d O N an ak w h a t f au lt s h as
, , ,
B h a r at h r i Th e n thi s s p e e ch w as u tt e r d by N an a k S ix o f e
,
t h e f a u lt s co m m o n to al l y o u h a v e h e a r d an d t h e oth e r th r e e
, , ,
a r e th e s e
F i r s t th at a t n i ght h e pl ay s 0 11 a g u it a r ;
, ,
S e c o n d th a t in th e d ay h e pl ay s at c h au p ar 229 a n d m ak e s
, , ,
u s e l e s s m e di t atio n
T hi rd h e dri nk s w i n e an d h e e at s ro as t m e at s
,
-
A n d do e s n o t fix h is th o u ght s 0 11 tr u e m e d it a tio n
H e who is a tr u e N ath ‘
230
is fr e e fro m al l th e s e t h i n gs
, , .
Th e n t h e S id h s h av i n g s e at e d t h e ms e l v e s o n ch a rio ts m ad e
,
o f th e i r d e e r s k i n s too k th e ir d e p ar tu r e an d cro s s e d t h e s e a
, .
l
A g am e p l ay e d w it h o n g d ic e .
930
r
A t e r m o f e s p e c t am o n g t h e s e f ak irs .
20 6 H I S T ORY or T HE S IKHS .
CH A P T ER XV .
Tire d is c o u r s e w ith th e w ar s /
zi
pp e r s o f Gov in d .
Th e S ri G u ru B ab a N an ak too k h is d e p a r t u r e to A j u d h ia ,
a co u n try in t h e e a s t a n d th e r e h e m e t w i th s o m e w or s h ipp e r s
,
”
of G o v i n d w h o s a i d O B ab a R am R am Th e n th e S r i , ,
S tt R am! co m e S ir s an d s e a t
.
, ,
G u ru B ab a N an ak r e pl i e d ,
a
,
-
,
yo u r s e l v e s Th e n th e y h av i n g m a d e an ob e i s an c e s a t d ow n
”
.
, , , .
A ft e r h av i n g r e s t e d a w hil e th e y s aid 0 S ri G u ru W e o ff e r
, ,
o u r s e l v e s as a s acrific e to y o u an d w e h av e o n e r e q u e s t to m ak e ,
of y o u ”
H e r e pl i e d
. W h a t e v e r y o u h a v e in yo u r m i n d
,
“
,
th at s ay o u t ”
T h e n t ho s e w or s hi pp e r s of G o v in d s a id
. Si r ! ,
s om e p e rfor m al ms an d c h a rity s o m e off e r s acrifi c e s an d o h

l a t io n s ; s o m e p e rfor m pil g ri m ag e s an d v i s i t to m b s o n t h e b an k s ,
of t h e ri v e r G an ge s s o m e p e rfor m d e v otio n by s t an di n g in w at e r
oth e r s p ay th e i r h o m ag e s e at e d in fi r e 23 1
an d oth e r s
g i v e m u ch
p ai n to th e i r bod i e s ; d o th e s e thi n g s obt a i n s a l va tio n o r d o ,

th e y n o t Th e n t h e S r i G u ru r e p e at e d thi s s o n g in th e
B h a i ro n R ag ;
A l tho ug h o n e m ay mak e g r e at fe as t s o ff e r s acri fi c e s d o , ,
a l ms d e v otio n
,
a n d wo r s hip ,
s u ff e r bodily p ai n a n d co n ti n u ally
, ,
e n d u r e h ard s hi p
S til l n o n e will ob t ai n s a l v atio n b u t by th e N am e of Go d ; ,
th e y obt a i n s al v a tio n wh o l e ar n t h e N am e of Go d fro m t h e m o u th

,
o f H is G u ru ;
W itho u t th e N am e o f God t h e b e i n g bor n i n to t h e wo rl d is ,
use l e s s
A l l e l s e th a t o n e e at s is p oi s o n ; al l e l s e th a t o ne s ay s is
poi s o n .
0 m an with o u t t h e N am e of God t h e b e i n g b or n an d dyi n g ,
is a lto g e th e r fr u itl e s s .
T h e m e an i n g is B ab a N anak s ai d ,
M an a ltho u g h o n e o ffe r ,
s acri fi c e s an d m a k e g r e at f e a s t s
,
a n d p e rfor m p il g ri m ag e s a n d , ,
b e a J o g i or S a n ié s i or a B r ah ma ch ari an d a l t ho u g h o n e g o ,
n ak e d an d h av e o n e s h e a d s a w e d a ltho u g h o n e w an d e r a l l ro u n d
’
, ,
t h e w orld a n d al tho u g h o n e s ho w a l l w or s hi p a n d ch ari ty a n d

, ,
23 ‘
T h e fi r e is p ace d l f c orn e r s o f th e p l of
‘
at th e our ac e w o r s h ip , an d the
d e v o t e e s it s in t h e m id s t .
C HAP . xv .
_
m s oo nus n W ITH T HE W OR S H I PP E R S or G O VI N D .
20 7
a l tho u g h o n e o ffe r lo n g pr a y e r s an d al tho u gh o n e p u ri fy o n e s ,

’
body s till u n l e s s o n e r e m e m b e r s t h e N am e of G o d h e W l ll n e v e r b e
, ,
s av e d H e w il l b e s av e d w h e n h e ob t ai n s T h e Tr u e G u ru an d
. , ,
with p u rity of h e art r e me m b r s H is n am e th e n wil l h e obt ai n s al

,
e
v atio n M e n ar e bor n i n to th i s w orl d th a t th e y s h o u l d r e m e m b e r

.
H is N a m e a n d i f o n e r e m e m b e r H is n a m e th e n o n e s lif e w ill b e ,
’
fr u itfu l oth e r w i s e o n e s l i fe is w as t e d a n d w i tho u t t h e r e m e m

,
’
.
br an c e of t h e N am e of th e Gr e at God m an l i v e s o n n au gh t b ut ,
poi s o n an d h e S p e ak s n othi n g b u t poi s o n ; an d t h e o n ly adv an

,
t age obt a i n e d fro m th i s (poi s o n) e v i l s p e a k i n g is th a t m an s p e n d s

, , ,
h is ti m e in w an d e ri n g ab o u t L i s t e n 0 br e th r e n o f G o d .
,
th e s e th i n gs ar e i n d e e d s o Th e n tho s e w o r s hi pp e r s of Go v i n d
.
s a id ,
0 S ri G u ru ! w e s crifi c e o u r s e l v e s to y o u a ag a i n w e
as k ,
s o me r e ad boo k s s o m e s t u dy t h e Pur an s s o m e p e r for m
, ,
S an dh ia a t th e th r e e ti m e s w ill th e s e obt ai n s a l v a tio n or wil l , ,
th e y n o t ? Th e n th e S ri G u ru B ab a N an ak s aid
”
,
A ltho u gh o n e r e ad boo k s an d s t u dy r e li g io n an d g r am m ar , , ,
a n d al tho u g h o n e do S an dh ia a t t h e th r e e ti m e s
H o w 0 m a n ! is s a l v a tio n to b e g o t e xc e pt thro u g h th e
, ,
i n s tr u ctio n of t h e G u ru ; witho u t t h e N am e of God w e m u s t b e ,
c apti v e s in t h e worl d s s n ar e s a n d d ie ’
, .
Th e m e an i n g is L i s t e n 0 broth e r s of G o d ! i f o n e
,
“
,
s h o u l d r e ad t h e fo u r V e d as an d s t u dy t h e s ix S as tr as an d , ,
p e r u s e t h e n i ne g r am m a r s a n d p e rfor m S an dh i a at t h e th r e e ,
ti m e s an d s ho u l d r e a d t h e e i gh t e e n P u r au s s til l o n e c an n ot b e
, ,
s av e d o n e w i ll b e s av e d wh e n o n e obt a i n s a tr u e G u ru an d, , ,
”
w ith p u ri ty of h e a r t r e m e m b e r s t h e N am e of G o d P
, Th e n t h e
wor s hip p e r s of Go v i n d a g ai n a s k e d 0 S ri G u ru w e h av e o n e .
m or e r e q u e s t ; b e h o ld S i r ! s o m e for e goi g th e i r s t at e o f ,
n
G r ih as t b e co m e A t its an d g o o n pil g ri m ag e s ; wil l t h e s e

, ,
obt ai n s a l v a tio n or w i l l th e y n o t ,
T h e B ab a r e pli e d ,
S ho u l d o n e h av e th e d e v ot e e s rod an d b e g g i n g d i s h w e a r ’
,
a t u ft o f h a ir k e e p a h an d k e rch i e f o n th e s ho u l d e r
, an d w e a r a ,
d hoti an d g o o n pi l g ri m ag e an d m ak e t h e circ u i t o f t e m pl e s
, ,
W i th o u t t h e N a m e of God p ati e n c e w il l n o t b e obt ai n e d , ,
an d th o s e o n ly w h o m e di t at e o n th e n am e o f B ar i wi ll h e l an d e d
, ,
th at s i d ”
e .
T h e m e an i n g is L i s t e n 0 broth e r s w or s hipp e r s o f Go d al , ,
th o u g h o n e m ay t ak e th e d e v otio n al s t aff an d b e ggar s di s h in '
o n e s h a n d a n d w e a r th e t u ft of h ai r an d h an d k e rchi e f an d b e
’
,
,
cl oth e d in a d h o t i a n d p u t t h e m ar k s o n o n e s for e h e ad an d m ay
,
’
,
l e a v e o n e s ho m e an d g o o n pil g ri m ag e an d m ay tr a v e l al l ro u n d
’
t h e w orl d s till o n e c a n n ot b e s a v e d th e r e by
, L i s t e n 0 bro th e r s .
, ,
wor s hipp e r s of God ! h e w il l b e s av e d w h o obt ai n s a tr u e G u r u an d , , ,

H I S T O R Yl OF THE S l KlI S .
w ith p u ri ty of h e a rt r e me m b e r s th e N a m e o f God
, A g a i n th e .
w or s h i pp e r s of G o v i n d e n q u ir e d B aba ! s o m e l e t th e ir h ai r ,
g ro w v e ry l o n g i n k n ot s s o m e b e s m e r th e m s e l v e s wi th as h e s
, a
,
o th e r s r e m ai n q u i t e n ak e d w i l l th e s e h e s av e d o r w ill th e y n o t ,
T h e S i G u ru r e pl i e d
r
Tho u g h o n e w e a r lo n g h ai r o n o n e s h e ad an d p u t as h e s o n ’
,
o n e 8 body an d
go n a k e d an d W i tho u t cl o th e s
0
, ,
S till w itho u t t h e N am e o f G o d p a ti e n c e w ill n o t b e ob t ai n e d

, ,
fo r s u ch a n o n e o n ly b e g s fo r t h e s ak e o f r ti fyi h i w i h
g a n
g s s es .
Th e m e an i n g is L i s t e n m e n broth e r s of G o d I fro m w e ari ng

, ,
l o n g h ai r w h a t g ood is t h e r e ? a n d i f o n e b e s m e a r o n e s e l f wi th
,
as h e s W h a t t h e n an d i f o n e o n ak e d w h t h do if
,
g a a s o n e ne ,
o n e r e m a i n w itho u t a r m e n t s a n d d o w o s h ip w h at t h e n ? A s
g ,
r
,
l o n g a s o n e d o e s n o t ob t ai n t h e tr u e G u r i i a n d w i th p u ri t y o f '
, ,
h e a rt do e s n o t r e m e m b e r t h e N am e of Go d s o l o n g o n e c a n n ot
, ,
b e s av e d TVh a t g oo d is th e r e in b e gg i n g f o r t h e s ak e o f f u l fil
.
in g o n e s d e s ir e s ? G o d is n o t o b t ai n e d by b e co m i n a be r
’
g gg a .
Th e n t h e s e w or s hi pp e r s of Go v i n d s a id ‘ Ve e n t ir e ly s a cri ,
fi c e o u r s e l v e s to th e e w il l th e s e h e s av e d by a n y m e an s o r
n o t ? a n d i f t h e s e a r e to obt ai n u n io n w it h t h e r t G o d h o w is
'
g e a
i t to b e go t ? pl e as e t e l l u s thi s m att e r T h e n G u r u N anak

s ai d ,
“
A l l th e an i m al s an d i n s e c t s of t h e w at e r an d e arth an d s ky ,
wh e r e ve r th e y b e in al l a r t Tho u ( O Go d 1)
,
O G u r t h a v e m e rcy an d do th o u pr e s e r v e ni e ; N an ak h a v
’
i,
,
s h a k e n w e ll T h ct r i h to d ri k of ”
in
g y n e a w s e s n it , .
M e an i n g L i s t e n 0 m e n I al l th e an i m al s w h i c h l i v e in th e
“
, ,
w at e r s an d o n t h e e arth t h e H oly n am e of G od abid e s w i th t h e

,
l if e of th e m al l an d H e l iv e s w i th e a ch a n i m al ; an d H e o n ly
, , ,
c a n t a k e co u n t of Hi m s e l f an d a s H e l iv e s w ith al l a n i m a l s
, so ,
H e a l s o t a k e s c a r e of th e m s o al s o d o e s H e gi v e s a l vatio n b u t ,
o n ly by m e an s of a G u ru a n d w i tho u t a G u ru n o n e c an b e s av
ed . 0 bro t h e r s ! w or h i p p e r s of G o d I in m y p a th (of r e li g io n )
s
th i s is l ai d d w n H e H i m s e l f o n l y c an t ak e co u n t of Hi m s e l f
o . .
Th e n t h e w or s hipp e r s of G o v i n d g o t u p an d f e l l at t h e fe e t of t h e ,
G u r u an d b e ga n to d o s il e n t a d or a ti o n to t h e G u ru Th e n t h e
,
.
w or s hi pp e r s o f G o v i n d s a id O G u ru w e h a v e co m ( to pl ac e
, ,
e
o u r s e l v e s ) u n d e r thy prot e ctio n Th e n t h e G u ru B ab a N anak .
s ai d D o y o u a l w ay s r e m e m b e r t h e N a m e of th e g r e at God an d
“
,
t h e tr u e G u rii w ill pro s p e r y o u

’
A ft e r w rd s a di s co r s e to ok pl ac e w i th s o m e o th e r w or s h ip
a
,
u
p e r s o f Go v i n d w h o s ai d O B aba ! Ram R ain an d t h e S i G u l fi

, ,
r
’
”
B ab a N an ak r e pli e d Co m e S ir s l S att Ha m 1 an d s e a t yo u r s e l v e s
,
.
“Th e n th e y h ad r e s t e d a w hil e th e n tho s e w o r s h ipp e r s o f Go v i nd ,

C H AP XV . .
— D I S CO U R S E W I T H THE W OR S H I PP E R S or G O VI N D .
20 9
sa id 0 S ri G u r ii w e h av e a q u e s tio n to as k i f y o u w i l l a llow
,
’
u s th e n w e wi ll as k it T h n ( th e G u r l i ) s a i d A s k w h a t e v e r '
, . e
m ay co m e i n t o yo u r m i n d s T h e n t h e s e w or s h i pp e r s of .
G o v i n d s aid O G u r u th at m ay a or w o rl d ly d e s i r e wh ich
, , ,
c au s e s o n e to do e v i l an d g o o d an d w i s h fo w e al th d o e s it d o s o ,
r ,
of i t s e lf o r do e s an y o n e c au s e i t s o to d o
,
T h e n t he S ri G u ru
r e cit e d thi s v e r s e in th e B ih i w al R ag ’
W h a t o n e s h e art s ay s th at o n e do e s ;
’
F ro m th e m i n d i s s u e e v i l a n d g o d ; ,
o
Th e i toxic ati o n of w orl d ly d e s ir e n e v e r is s ati s fi e d

n
O n e c a n o n l y b e s ati s fi e d a n d s av e d w h e n o n e s m i n d lo v e s
’
,
the True On e .
F ro m b e h o l d in g on e s bo dy w e al th an d fam ily o n e b e co m e s
’
’
, ,
p ro u d
B u t e xc e pt t h e N am e of God n othi n g w ill go w ith u s
, ,
.
T h e m e an in g i N o o n e s ay s to thi s (m ay é ) th at i t s h o u ld
s
,
“
,
do t hi s e v il or th a t i t s ho u l d d o th a t goo d b u t ri s i n g u p it act s
, , , ,
a ft e r it s own wi ll I f t h e m i n d b e i m b u e d w it h t h e w i n e
.
o f w orl d ly d e i r e i t w il l n e v e r b e s ati fi e d th e r e w ith an d e ve n

s
,
s ,
i f in a w ay o n e s w orl d ly d e s ir e s ho u l d b e s a ti s fi e d t h e n d ay a n d
, ,
’
, ,
n i g h t a ft r bt a i n i n g i t s d e ir e s
,
e o it (m ay a) cri e s A l a s ! A l as
s
, ,
n o n e h as e v e r s a ti s fi e d m a y a n o h as i t m a d a ny o n e e l s e s ati s ,
r e
fi e d ; b u t w h n t h e l o v o f G o d a ri s e s in t h e h e a rt th e n o n ly w il l
e e ,
on eb e s av e d Thi s s al vatio n c a n n o t b e o b t ai n e d e x c e p t thro u g h

.
t h e lo v e of G o d ; w h e n o n e ob t a i n s a s u ffici e n cy th e r e of t i e t h e .
l o v e o f G o d) t h e n o n ly is o n e s a v e d ; e xc e pt t h e g r e a t G o d o n e
, ,
h a s n o oth e r h e l p e r ; n othi n g e v e r c a m e w i th u s (i n t t hi s w orld ) o

,
an d n oth i n w il l o w ith u s n d th a t w h i ch w i ll b e t h e co m p a n i o n
g g ; a ,
o f o u r s o u l w i ll b e t h e N a m e of G o d Th e n t h e s e w or s h ipp e r s
”
.
,
of G o v i n d s aid 0 S ri G u ru ! al l l i v i n g cr e a t u r e s of t h e w o rl d
,
l o n g e ag e rly for m ay a th at b y s o m e m e an s t h e y m ay obt ai n it , , ,
an d t h e w orld s ay s I f I obt a i n m ay a th e n I w il l p e rf o r m s o m e
‘
, ,
g o od d e e d s a n d a l m s b u t w itho u t m ay a n o thi n g c a n b e e ff e ct e d
’
.
, ,
Th e n th e S ri G u ru aid L i s t e n broth e r s ! follo w e r s of God ;

“
s , ,
Tho s e wh o i n d ul g e in t h e p l e as u r e s d e s i r e s an d j oy s of
“
,
th e i r h e art s ,
O th e r p e opl e wil l t ak e th e i r w e alth an d th e ir b od i e s W ill b e ,
t u r n e d i n to as h e s ;
D u s t th e y ar e an d to d u s t wil l th e y r e t u r n an d b e s pr e ad
, ,
a bro ad
A n d o n e s i m p u ri ti e s c an n o t b e r e m o v e d e xc e p t th ro u gh t h e
’
,
”
N am e of Go d .
21 0 H I S T O RY o r T H E s i xn s .
m e an i n g f w h ic h is r u l e th e y Th o
“
The o ; se w ho h e ar ,
e n j oy the pl e a s u r e s o f r u l e a n d o b t a i n j y fro m w orl dly ,

o
d e s i r e (m ay a) ; th e y c l l e ct w e al th a n d fil l g r e a t tr e a s u ri e s ; b u t
o
n e i th e r t h e j oy s o f w e a l t h n o w orldly d e s i r e w ill go w ith r
th e m b u t th e i r b o d y w il l b e t u r n e d i n to as h e s a d th e i r w e alth
, ,
n
o th e r s w il l t a k e po s s e s s i o n o f ; t h e n f W h a t u s e w il l t h e pl e as u r e s ,
o
o f ma y a an d rich e s an d fa m i ly b e to h im ? H is w e al th oth e r s ,
wil l s p e n d a ft e r h im an d tho s e s i n s w h i ch h e co m m i tt e d f r t h e
, . o
s a k e of r i c h e s w il l th e n g o al o n g w ith h im ; a n d tho s e s i n s
,
w ill a ft e r w a rd s s e iz e h im a n d c as t h im i n to h e l l w h a t u s e w il l
,
w e al th an d th e pl e as u r e s f w e a l th an d h is f am ily b e to h im t h e n ?
,
o ,
an d t h e pl e a s u r e s of s in o f w h a t a v ai l w il l th e y b e ? , O n e h as n o
fri e n d b u t t h e N am e o f t h e G r e a t Go d an d e xc e pt th ro u g h H is , ,
N am e o n e s i m p riti e s c an n ot b e r e m o v e d ; w h e n o n e acq u ir e s
’
u
(t h e j oy of ) H is N am e t h e n o n e s i m p u ri ti e s w i l l d e p a r t an d
’
, ,
t h e n o n e w ill b e s a v e d A ga i n t h e s e w or s h ipp e r s of G o v i
.
‘
s a id 0 S r i G u r t w h e n th i s s o u l u n d e r g o e s tr a n s m i g r tio n th e n
’
,
i a
, .
h o w d o e s it u n d e r g o tr an s m i g r a ti o n ? an d i f o n e w i s h to a v oi d i t ,
th e n how c an o n e a v oi d it Th e n t h e S ri G a r ii r e pli e d ’
F ro m li s t e n i n g to m u s i c an d s o n g s o u n d s an d t u n e s a n d , ,
th e b e a ti n g of c as t a n e t s ,
?”
T h e th r e e q u a liti e s r e c e i v e life in t h e b o dy an d d ie an d ,
ar e r e m o v e d fro m i t
D ual ity is fol ly an d t h e p ai n s (of it ) c an n ot b e r e m o v e d

, .
T he s e o n ly w h o r e c e i v e th ro u g h t h e G u ru s m o u th t h e
’
, , ,
”
h s io of His pr a i s e s w il l b e s a v e d
p y ,
.
T h e m e an i n g is W h e n o n e u n d e r g o e s tr an s m i g r a tio n o n e
, ,
u n d e r g o e s i t fro m o n e s o w n d oi n g ; w h e n o n e pl ay s t h e t u n e
’
s
an d b e a t s ti m e a n d pl ay s t h e ,
ti m b r e l fo t h e s i n g e r th e n t h e r
,
d a n c e r o n h e ari n g t h e s o u n d of t h e i n s tr u m e n t d n c e s ; s o al s o
, ,
a
in tr an s m i g r a tio n th a t w h i c h t a k e s pl a c e i t th u s t ak e s pl ac e
, , .
T he u l m aki n an r a v a ri c e prid e s e lf aff e ctio n a n d l u s t it s

so
g g e -
, , , , ,
m u s ic a l i n s tr u m e n t s u n d e r g o e s tr an s m i g r tio n o n a cco u n t o f
,
a
tho s e thr e e q u al i t i e s M e n ar e co n ti n u a lly b e i n g b o r n a n d d ie

.
,
an d t h e s o u l o f m an is r e m o v e d fro m o n e m an an d
go e s to an
oth e r a nd i f o n c e h e is s e p a r a t e d fro m h is s o u l th e n to o b tai n i t
, ,
a ai n is v e ry d iffi c u lt ; d u l ity s e p a r a t e s m a n fr o m h is s o u l ; i t is
g a
folly an d is a s ic k n e s s th a t att a c ks m an an d t h e o n ly p h y s io for

, ,
th i s d i s e a s e is God s N a m e ; a n d w h e n thi s body s h a l l s i n g t h e

’
”
p r ai s e s of G o d th e n i t w i l l b e fr e e d fro m tr an s m i g r a ti o n
,
Th e n .
a a i n t h e s e wor s hipp e r of o v i n d s ai d O G u ru ! o “
g G s s m e ar e ,
23 2
R aj o , l ve
o of ru e l t am m o , co v e t ou s n e s s s at e , p a t ie n c e .
C HA P . xv .
-
ni s c o u u s s W T I H T HE WO R S H I PP E R S or e ovmo .
21 1
ca ll e d
V a is n u s , s o m e b e l o n g to t h e ai n s , s om e a r e T a
pp a s s is , J
s o me are B r i h m a c h a r is , s o m e ar e w o r s h ip p e i s , s o m e a r e
. o gi s J
a n d S a n n ias is ; s o m e a r e w i s e a n d v irt u o u s n o w a m o n s t th e s e
g ,
w ho i s th e b e s t Th e n t h e G u i i i B a b a i e p l ie d '
Tho u g h o n e w e a r a cl e n d hot i an d t h e m ar k s o f ho n or
“
a
,
o n t h e for e h e ad a n d a ro s a ry ro u n d o n e s n e c k
’
, ,
I f an g e r b e w ithi n th e s e m a r k s a r e a ll tho s e of j u g g l e r s ; ,
.
S u ch a n o n e f or g e ts G o d s N am e an d d ri n k s th e W i n e of ’
,
w o rl d ly d s i r e e ,
A n d e x c e pt by t h e w or s h ipp e r s o f G o d j o y c an n o t b
, , e
obt ai n e d .
”
T h e m e a n i n g is L i s te n b ro th e r s w r s hip p e r s o f G o v i n d !
, ,
o
Th e s e a al l f r m s of j u gg l e ry ; an d a s w h e n a j u g gl e r a s s u m e s
re o ,
v a ri o u s p rt s s til l w h a t e v e r h e a c t s h e is s til l k n o w n s o al s o
a
, , , ,
thi s w e a ri n g of a d h o ti n e c k l a c e a n d m a k s of h o n o u r is a , ,
r
n i im ic v o i V a is n
r r e s e m b l i n g ju g g l e y a n d if n e al lo w s
'
o
,
'
r , o
an g e a v a ri c e
i pri d e s e lfi s h a ff c t i o n a n d l u s t co n ti n u ally t o
, ,
e , ,
e in a ii in o n e s h e a t
,
i i th e n l t w i ll e s u l t f o m th i n m iC y of
i ,
V 1 2i
-
i i s i i i
V a is n o ? A n d u n l e s n e p e f m m s s i n c e r e w or s hi p t o t h e T r u e s o r
”
G o d o e is n o w e s l ip p e
,
n T h e n t h e s e w r hipp e r s o f G o v i n d
i i r . o s
s ai d 0 S ri G u ru in thi s pr e s e n t K al i ag e m a y p o pl e t a k e
'
n e
, , ,
G u s t th e m e l v e an d a lli
g th e m s e l v e s S i k h ( d i s ci pl e s )
’
i ii o s s c n s
, , ,
ad
p t
o a Gu u o f t he i w n i b ut t h e d o not w a l k af t e ithe o y i
t e ac h i n g a d f a s hi n o f t h e G u u n it h e t h e y tu n aw ay th e i r
o r ,
rz r r
f c e f o m t h e G u ru s t e ac h in g s ; w h a t w i ll b e th e i s t t e
a s r
’
Th r a e
S ri G u ii r e pl i e d r
'
L i t b r th e r s f oll w e r s o f Go d T h a e pi g ( l o g
s eu
- o
,
o ev r
‘
s , s ,
d o n ke y s ,
C at s fl a s I v il e m e a n n d bas e
,
e .
,
a
T h e y w h o t u r n th e i r fa c e s fro m th e i r G u r i w il l b e t an s mi
,
'
i, r
g r at d i n t
e s u c h for m s o ,
A nd be b n d w i t h f e tt e r s w h e n t h e y u n d e r g o tr an s m i r a
ou
g ,
Th e m e a n i n g is , L i s t e n br o th e r s , fol l o w e r s o f G o d th o s e
w h o s h a ll t u i u t h e ir f a c e s f r o m t h e i r G li i u , t h y w i ll i e t u i n a n d e
i
w ill b e tr a n s m i g r a t e d a s pi g s , a n d b a s e c i e a t u i e s , a n d a s c r e w s
a n d as fl e a s T h e n ag a i n th e w o r s h i p p e r s o f G o v i n d e n q u ir e d ,
0 G u r u , s u c h w il l i n d e e d b e t h e s t; i re o f t h o s e w h o t u i n a w a y
fr o m t h e i r G u r u , b u t t h o s e w h o a r e s i n e e m t o t h e i r G u i u , w h a t
r e w a r d w il l t h e y o bt a i n T h e S i i G u i ii r e pli e d ,
’
F ro m t h e e r v ic e o f t h e s G uru, the y ob ta i n th e best o f

th i n g s to b e d e s i r e d ,
21 2 HI S T O RY o r T H E s nc n s .
F or ,
h e y a l w ay s c a rry in th e i r h e art s th e N am e of God
as t ,
th e y will b e p u r e ,
A n d a t th e tr u e D oor of G o d th e r e wil l b e n o q u e s tio n i n g ,
th e m
A n d th o s e w h o ob e y H is co m m an d s th e y w ill b e a cc e pt e d ,
a t H is D oo r .
Th e m e a n i n g of whi c h is th at th e S r i G ur ii s a id L i s te n ’
broth e r s follo w e r s of G o d th e y w h o s e r v e th e i r G o d th e i r
, ,
l i v i n g w i ll b e m o s t profit abl e Th e n am e of Go d is a p r e c i o u s
.
s to n e , a n d o u r u t m o s t d e s i r e a n d i t w i ll f al l i n to th e h an d s of
,
s u ch s o u l s as th e s e an d th o s e , w h o do s e r vic e to G o d th e i r ,
h e a rt s n e v e r r e m a i n obli v io u s of H is N am e ; an d i n as mu ch a s
Go d s k i n d n e s s h as b e e n s h o w n on th e m n o q u e s tio n s w il l b e
’
,
u t to th e m at t h e T r u e Th r e s hol d a s to w h o th e y a r e an d wh e r e
p , ,
t h e y m a y b e g oi n g an d s u ch
, S i k h s wil l b e r e c e i v e d i n t o th e
Tr u e Thr e s hold w ith m u ch r e joici n g ; an d th e i r s o u l s w i l l a ft e r
w ard s o b t a i n pr a i s e i a t h e tr u e r e c k o n i n g h o d s e L i s t e n b ro .
th e r e f o llow e r of R am ! th e y w i l l b e f u l ly a cc e pt e d a t t h at
,
s
Th r e s hold w h o ob y th e co m m an d s of th e i r G o d
,
e
”
.
A gai n th e w or s h i pp e r s of Go v i n d e n q u i r e d 0 S i G u r fi
, ,
r
i f o n e wi s h to k n ow t h e Tr u e G o d th e n n ow c an o n e k n ow ,
H im Th e G u r u B ab a r e pl i e d
H e wil l obt a i n th e Tr u e G u ru an d k n o w H im ,
TVh o is c o n s t an t in His s e r v ic e an d ob e y s H is co m m a n d s ,
A n d i f o n e ob e y H is co m m an d s th e n o n e w il l d w e l l in t h e ,
Tr u e T h r e s h ol d
A n d d e a th a n d s e co n d d e ath w ill th ro u g h H is pow e r al l b e .
,
”
d e s troy e d .
T h e m e an i n g: of w hich is th a t t h e t e ac h e r s ai d L i s t e n
“
,
b r o th e r s foll o w e r s of R am o n e w il l th e n k n o w t h e T r u e God
, ,
w h e n o n e obt ai n s t h e T r u G u ru a n d o n e loo k s b u p a i n a n d
e ,
pl e as u r e as o n e th e n o n e w ill b e f u l ly bl e s s e d in t h e Tr u e P l a c e
,
( H e a v e n ) an d o n e w i l l g o an d d w e l l in t h e Tr u e Th r e s h ol d ; a n d ,
by s i n gi n g t h e pr ai s e s of Go d h e w i ll b e d e l i v e r e d fro m t r an s m i
,
”
g r a tio n . Th e n ag ai n t h e s e w o r s hipp e r s of Go v i n d e n q u ir e d 0
, ,
S ri G u ru ! th o s e w h o a e gi1 h as t e if th e y w i s h to s e r v e G o d
r
-
in th a t s t at e of g ir h as t th e n lz o w c an th e y d o s o
, Th e n t h e
S ri G u ru r e pl i e d L i s t e n broth e r s fol low e r s of R am
, ,
H e m u s t b e an A ti t a n d mu s t r e g ard al l as ( d o n e ) for H im ;
H e m u s t g i v e h is b ody a n d s o u l to H im W ho s e th e y a r e ; ,
Th e n h e w i l l n o t u n d e r g o tr an s m i g r atio n
N an ak s p e aks tr u ly H e w ill b e ab s orb e d in th e Tr u th
, .
’
C HA P . X V .
—
D I S CO U R S E W I T H THE w o ns n i r r nns o r e ov m n 2 13 .
T h e m e an i n g is th a t t h e t e ach e r s a i d , L
i s t e n broth e r s , w o r
s h ipp e r s o f R am o n e s ho u l d l iv e i n th i s s t a t e o f ir h a s t in t h e
g
s am e w a
y as a n i d l e A ti t li v e s in an y city ; for , t h e fi r s t d ay th a t
h e c o m e s th e r e , h e k n o w s t h a t h e h a s n oth i n g in th a t city , an d
th a t o n e thi ng o n ly is h is , v ia , G o d , a n d t h e f am i l i e s an d p e opl e
of th a t pl ac e ar e s tr an g e r s to h im, a n d th at , in th a t city , h e is
al s o a s tr an e r , a n d th a t h e h as n o hop e s e xc e pt fro m t h e one
g
G r e a t God , a n d th at h is h op e s m u s t all b e fix e d o n th at G r e at
G o d ; an d if an y o n e s h al l g i v e h im a m o r s e l to e at , for G o d s
’
s a k e , t h e n h e e at s , oth e r w i s e h e wo u ld r a th e r die ; an d i f, in t h e
s am e w ay a s th at s t i a n e i A ti t k n o w s , s ig n in g h
'
e i f e c tl e
g p y i
s e l f ( to G o d s \ il l
)
’
th at h eV h as n
, othi n
g i n th a t c it v , an d th a t t h e
G i e a t G o d o n l v i s h is a ll w e al s o k n o w o u r s e l v e s ( t o b e s t i an ge r s ) ,
th e n w e s h al l b e tr u e w o rs h ip p ei s in t h a t g ii h as t s t at e ; an d
w hen we th u s k n o w o u r s e l v e s th e n w e s h al l h a v e n othi n g e xc e pt
G o d an d g i v e u p o u r m i n d s b od i e s w e alth an d e v e ry t liin g f o r
, ,
, , ,
G o d 8 s ak e th e n s h al l w e n o lo n g e r u n d e r g o tr an s m i g r a tio n
, ,
b t s h a l l b e r e l e as e d fro m th a t s t at e
u T h e n t h e w or s hipp e r s
.
o f Go vi nd ot u a nd co m m e nce d to f a l l a t h is f e e t a n d s a id
g p , ,
Pr a i s e d b e t h e n 0 h o l y S i r ! ,
T ak e u s u n de i yo u i f e e t an d g i v e ,
u s i n s t i n ctio n h oly S i Th e n (N an ak ) s ai d D o you g i v e “

,
i ,
up y oui s e lve s e n ti r e l y to i e m e m b e r in t h e N ain e of G o d an d

g ,
th e n t h e G r e a t G o d w i ll b l e s s y o u A tt e i n a rd s t h e S 1 1 G u r ii
’
r e cit e d thi s v e r s e
T h e tr u e i n an l i v e s in t h e Tr u e Thr e s h old o f t h e Tr u e God .
N an ak t h e s e r v an t ( o f Go d ) s ay s W h e n o n e ob tai n s th e
,
‘
,
Tr u e G u r ii o n e w ill b e r e l i e v e d fro m u n d e r g o m g tr an s
’
m i g r atio n .
T h e n th e y al l b e c am e t h e di s cipl e s of t h e B ab a .
2 14 H ST I O RY o r T HE e ns .
C H A P T ER XV I .
T h e d is c o u r s e w it h th e D e m on K a u n d a .
H a i n g s e at e d th e
v th e th r o e h e de p ai t e dR a ia93 3
on n
,
to A s a ap N ah i h i e w as th e ho u s e of J h a n d a th e c arp e n t e r
i
,
“ e ,
o n an i s l an d in t h e s e a A t th at ti m e M a i d ama f e l l i n t o .
,
s ulky m o d ; b u t G ui i N an a k w an t e d h im m u ch to ’
a o i -
a cc o m p an y h im n as a i d I w i l l not n ow “
( o n t h e e b e c ) M a da i . i
,
”
g o o n f m th e
g i v e m e l e av e t o d e pa t
i , Th e n t h e G u ru N a n ak i .
r e pl i e d O M a i da n a i th e 1 e m e m an y d e m o n s b e for e y o u o n
“
,
”
t h e ro ad d o y o u c m e a l o n g w i th m e
.
o B u t M ar d an a r e m ai n e d .
fi r m i n h is r e fu s a l (to g o o n ) Th e n G u ru N an ak s aid to m e Bh ai ,
B al al d o y o u s p e ak t o h im f o r m y s p e ak i n g i s of n o u s e , .
”
Th e n I ( Bal a) s ai d to M a r d an a O M ar d an a! t h e G u ru N an a k
, ,
”
is an i n c ar n ati o n of G o d ; d o y o u u n d e r s t a n d t hi s ? B u t as a ,
d e m o n h ad e iz e d h im M a r d an a w o u l d n o t l i s t e n to a nyth i n g
s
, ,
a l tho u h we sp oke m u ch to h im an d l e ft t h e G u ru
g ,
N ana k W h e n M ar d an a h a d g o n e th e n a ft e r w a r d s t h e G u ru
. ,
, , ,
as k e d m e Bh ai B al a w h a t s h al l w d o
,
Th e n I s ai d to t h e e
G u ru N an a k C o m e S i r an d d o w h at e v e r pl e as e s o u Th e n
, , ,
”
v .
G u r u N an a k v e l l t an d s t ay e d in a for e s t a n d w o u ld n o t g o o n
X
‘
, .
W h e n t w o w atch e s h ad p as s e d th e n G u u i N an ak s aid Bh ai ’
“
, ,
B a l a a d e m o n h as s e iz e d M a d én a an d I S tryi n g h im in a fl y
,
i
,
n I s aid t o S ri G u ru S i i l
” “
p a n . T h e t h e l et h im f y h im , i ,
l e t h im e a t h im f O i h e w o u l d n o t li s t e n to w h a t y o u s a i d ; w h a t
Cai a n ythi n g s ai d by y o u t u r n o u t w ro n g ? D id
,
c an w e d o ? i
o u n o t w a r n h im t h a t t h e r e w e r e d e m o n s ( o n t h e ro a d b e for e
y
h im ) b u t h e w as d e t e i m i i e d to f a l l i n t o ( t h e h an d s of ) th o s e
,
i
de m on s T h e n G u r u N a n ak ro s e an d go t u p a n d s ai d Bh ai ,
“
B al al I c a n n t b u t f e e l s h am e a s 1 bro u g h t h im w ith m e a n d h e
o
, ,
”
w as o f at use torem e T h e n aga i n I a s k e d t h e G i n S i r I
g .
, ,
l i
,
h o w f a r off is h e G u ru N anak r e pli e d B h ai B al a h e is , ,
n ine fro m h e r e Th e n I s a i d S ir ! h e w il l h a v e
“ ” “
k ossf .
,
e at e n h im u p b e for e w e c an g e t th e r e
, Th e n G u ru N an a k s e iz e d
m y h an d an d a lt h o u g h t h e t w i n k l i n g of a n e y e is n o t m u ch
, ,
e v e n t h a t d id n o t e l ap s e b e for e w e h a d g o n e fro m th i s s pot ,
t o th a t ( n arri v a l ) G u ru N an k l au h e d
'
o
g
, (a t M a rd an a) a n d a
, ,
l au g hi n g s a id W h at is i t M a rd an a
, , M a rd an a w a s as h am e d , .
23 3
Ra S iv m N
at h , a s r e at e d a t t h e e n d l of a v
p r e io u s d is c o u r s e .
34
A f
k o s s v ar ie s r o m o n e t o t w o m i e s l .
CH A P . X vl .
-
D I S C O U RS E WI T H T HE D EM O N KA U N D A . 2 15
Th e n G u ru N an ak s ai d Bh ai B el a ! thi s fryi n g p a w h i c h is
,
-
n
,
b e i n g h e a t e d is b e i n g h e a t e d t o f y M a r d an a i b u t co m e l e t
, . r n , .
u s h i d e o u rs e l v s (a n d s e e th e
e ,
T h e n I s ai d to t h e G u ru
N an ak S i r ! th e n o u r c o m i n g w ill b e of n o m or e u s e th an i f w e
,
h a d n o t co m e i f t h e d e m o n s h al l fry a d e a t h im th e n w h at n
,
profit w il l w e g e t I f o u a r e goi n g to d o a n ythi n g d o it

? y
”
,
.
T h e n ag ai n t h S ri G u ru r e p li e d J u s t ( w a i t a n d ) b e h ol d “
e ,
B h a i B al a! t h e w o n d e r s an d p e rfor m a n c e s f t h e C r e t o r a n d
,
’
o a ,
w h a t th e C r e a t w il l d A t th a t t i me M a r d an a w as
”
se e o r o .
,
s tan d i n u th e n t h o d e m o n s e iz e d h im a n d thr e w h im a n ri ly
g p ; g
i n to t h e f ryi n g p an t h e fry i n g pa b e c a m e a s col d s t h e fr o s t
- — n a
in t h e m o n t h of P0 1 ( D e c e mb e r ) 1 T h e d e m o n w as q u it e
a s to n i s h e d w h e n t h e fi r e u n d e r n e ath w e n t o u t Th e n G u ru .
N a n ak p r e s e n t e d a n d s ho w e d hi m s e l f a n d t h e d e m o n s a i d , ,
0 ! w h o a re y o u ? s p e ak tr u ly for w h e n y o u c a m e m y fry i n g , ,
a n b e c a m e q it e c o l d a n d ch l l e d ; s p e a k t r u ly
”
p u i w h a re
y ou? ,
o
Th e n G u ru N an ak l a u g hi n g s ai d ,
O d e m o n K au n d a ! e a t
, ,
”
aw a y ; w l v d o i o u n o t e a t h im ? w h y h a v e y o u l e f t o ff ? T h en
y
th e d e m o s ai d H o w do y o u kn o w m y n am e n d w hen ce
?
n a
,
h a v e y o u s p run g s p e a k tr u ly Th e n G u ru N an ak r e cit e d th i s
s on in th e M a ui R a
g g
T h e e gg of d o u b t w as bro k e n an d m y m i n d w as il l u m i ,
n a t e d (w ith t h e k n o w l e d g e of G o d ) ;
T h e f e tt e r s w e r e r e m o v e d fr o m m y f e e t a n d t h e G u ru n u ,
f a t e n e d m y h an d s ;
s
0 S ir I I h a v e b e co m e fr e e fr o m f u t u r e birth a n d d e a th ,
Y o u r h e a t e d fryi n g p a n w a s cool e d b e c a u s e m y G u ru h a s t a u g ht
-
,
m e t h e N a m e o f G o d a n d I h a v e obt a i n e d cool n e s s
,
( p ati e n c e )
P AU S E .
F ro m t h e ti m e th a t I e n t e r e d t h e s oci e ty o f th e holy s i n c e ,
th e n t h e A n ge l of D e ath h as n o p o w e r o v e r m e ;
A s H e (G o d ) w h o b o u n d m e g a ve m e r e l e a s e th e n w h at
, , ,
c an th e P o lic e O ffi c e r (y o u K au n d a) s ay , ,
I h av e l e ft b e hi n d t h e l o a d of e v il ac tio n s a n d th e y h av e ,
n o po w e r o v e r m e
I h a v e r e a ch e d t h e oppo s i t e s hor e o f t e O c e an
h 23 5
an d ,
G o d h as bl e s s e d m e g r e atly
M y ho m e is tr u th m y r e s ti n g pl ac e is tr u th an d I a m
,
-
,
a dor n e d w it h tr u th ;
M y w e alth is tr u th m y m e rc h a n d iz e is tr u th an d I ( Nanak )
, ,
h av e obt ai n e d th e s e thi n g s .
”
935
I hav l ft e e t h e w or d l .
21 6 H I S T ORY or T H E s u ms .
Th e n t h e d e m o n K au n da f e ll at th e f e e t of G ur u N an ak a n d
co u l d n o t ge t u p an d s aid ,
S i r I h av e co mm itt e d v e ry g r e a t
,
s in s ; d o o u a s k for i v e n e s s for m e an d h av e m e f or g i v e n by
y g ,
”
s ome m e an s o r oth e r ? Th e n G u ru N an a k s aid 0 d e m on “
,
K au n d a M a r d an a t h e M i r as i is yo u r G u ril i f y o u w i l l li s t e n ,
’
”
to w h a t h e s h a ll s ay y o u w il l b e s av e d ,
T h e d e m o n K au n da .
”
r e p l i e d S ir I will a c c e pt an y o n e who m y o u n am e T h e n G u ru
, ,
.
“
”
N an ak l au g h e d an d s aid How is i t Bh ai B al a? Th e n I ,
“
, ,
(B a l e) j oi n e d m y h an d s b e for e t h e G u ru an d s ai d I t is al l
,
.
”
yo u r k i n d n e s s an d y o u k n o w be s t w h a t to d o
,
Th e n G u ru .
N an ak s a id t o K au n d a S ay Bh ai K a u n d a w h at e v e r y o u h a v e
, , ,
t o s ay
”
. Th e n K au n d a s ai d O G u ru ! if y o u g i v e m e t h e ,
“
o r d e r th e n I wil l b u y s o m e foo d an d i f yo u s h al l e at (it) th e n

, , , ,
m y j o y w i l l b e f u lfille d ”
Th e n G u r u N an ak s aid K a u n d a l
.
,
bri n g s o m e thi n g for M ard an a to e a t ; M a rd an a h as e t e n n oth i n g a

”
f o r m an y d ay s T h e d e m o n K au n d a S e t o ff to th e for e s t a n d
.
w e n t a n d bro u g h t s u ch l o v e ly fr u i t s th a t w e al l th r e e w e r ,
e
p l e as e d an d w h e n h e h ad bro u h t th e m h e pl a c e d th e m be fo r e
, g ,
th e G u ru Th e n G u ru N an a k s a i d Co m e Bh ai M a rd an a an d
.
, , ,
e at . M ard an a s aid I h a v e e t e n al l ( I w an t ) ; do y o u s h o w
,
“
a
”
m e k i nd n e s s ( I r e gr e t th a t ) I d id n ot l i s t e n to yo u r co m m an d s .
T h e n G u ru N an a k s ai d O Ma r d an a ! I a m g r e a tl y pl e as e d
,
“
with y o u ; d o y o u m ak e m e h appy a n d e a t th e fr u it T h e n M ar .
”
”
d an as ai d 0 S i r ! g i v e m e w h at e v e r m ay b e m y s h ar e
,
Th e n .
”
G u ru N an ak s aid O B h ai B al é d i vid e i t i n to thr e e p o rtio n s
, ,
.
I ( B al e) d i v id e d i t i n to t hr e e s h ar e s a n d g a v e o n e to M a rd an a , ,
an d too k o n e m y s e l f an d I a v e o n e to t h e G u ru T h e n ( N an ak )
g , .
,
s aid to u s B h ai B al a an d M ar d an a! e at th e fo o d
, .
a n d th e n w e be
g an to e a t ; b u t G u ru N an a k g a v e t h e s h a r e ,
which w as b e for e h i m s e l f to t h e d e m o n K a un d a K au n d a m ad e n o
,
.
obj e ctio n wh at e v e r bu t i m m e di a t e ly p u t i t t o h is m o u th I m
,
—
.
m e di a t e ly o n t h e food to u chi n g h is m o th
, K a u n d s br a i n u
,
zi
’
ob t a i n e d t h e l i ght (of t h e k n o w l e d ge of G o d ) an d K au n d a s for m ’
a l s o b e c am e ch an g e d W h e n I a n d M a rd a n a l oo k e d o n h im
.
,
w e s aw th at h e h a d ob t ai n e d V i ctory a t o n c e ( w itho u t ,
y l a bo u r ) Th e n G u ru N an ak s id Bh ai B al a ! b e h ol d “
an . a ,
,
t he wo n d e r s an d p e rfor m a n c e s of t h e C r e a tor A ft e r thi s I

” “
a s k e d th e G ur u ; W h y ar e w e s o g r e a tly as to n i s h ed Th e n
“
G u r u N an ak s aid . Bh ai B el a t h e Cr e ator in th a t h e b ro u g h t u s
, , ,
i n to th i s w orld b ro u g h t u s for th i s v e ry p u rpo s e th a t w e s ho u l d

, ,
”
al w ay s w a tch t h e Cr e ator s w o n d e rf u l a ct s a n d doi n s Th
’
en
g .
,
I ( B al e) s ai d O Gu ru y e s S ir I w h a t e v e r G o d bri n g s f orth
, , , ,
th a t w e b e hol d G u r u N an ak r e m ai n e d fo r s e v e n d ay s
.
with th e d e m o n K au n d a On th e s e v e n th d ay o n h is d e p ar .
,
t u r e h av i n g s e at e d K au nd a o n t h e th ro n e h e wi s h e d h im f ar e
, ,
CH A P T E R X V I I .
Th e d is cou r s e w it h S ii l tdn H a m id Kar i m .
T h e n t h e S ri G u r ri s a id Bh ai B al a c o m e o n an d l e t u s al s o
’
, ,
s h ow S u l t an H a m i d K ar i n t h e ro a d (of r e l i g io n ) for h e is a g r e a t
’
i ,
t y r a nt .
”
T h e n w e w e n t t h e r e an d p r e s e n t e d o u r s e l v e s S u lt an .
H am id K a fi n w as t h e k i n g of R um T h e r e w a s a g r e at K ar un
-
i .
,
w h o l iv e d for m e rly in th e t i m e o f t h e g r e at M o s e s t h e p roph e t

“
a n d th a t K ar il u an d H ar i i n w e r e broth e r s N o w thi s S u l tan H a m id

' ’
K ar
’
i i n w a s a
g r e a t tyr n t a n d h ad d e v as t a t e d
a a l l t h e co u n try of R um
,
to it s u t m o s t b o u n d s Th e n (N an ak ) s aid . Bh ai B al a a n d
M a rd an a l e t u s m o ve o n an d l e t u s v i s i t thi s k i ng I ( B al e)
, , .
s a id ,
S ir m ay it b e w e l l ! p e rh ap s fro m yo u r v i s it h is s tat e m ay
, , ,
b e b e tt e r e d
‘ oth e r wi s e h e w il l b e d e s troy e d j u s t as t h e fi r s t ,
K ar e n w as ”
T h e n th e S r i G u ii an d M a rd an a an d I (B el a)
'
r
,
,
.
w e al l t h r e e w e n t an d p r e s e n t e d o u r s e l v e s a t t h e c o u rt of S u lt an
H am i d K aru n N o w t h e for m e r K ar i m h av i n g robb e d th e
. ,
w hol e co u n try of K i m h ad coll e ct e d forty s tor e h o u s e s of

‘
tr e as u r e b u t thi s H am i d K ar ii n h ad am as s e d forty fi v e s tor e

,
’
-
h o u s e s of tr e as u r e T h e S r i G u ru a nd M a rd an a be g a n to e u
.
q u ir e w h e r e t h e co u r t o f t h e k i n g w as T h e doo r k e e p e r s r e pli e d .
-
,
Thi s is i t S ir s a n d h e h a s c l l e ct e d forty fi v e s tor e ho u s e s of

,
o -
tr e as u r e ”
.
Th e n t h e S r i G u ru e n qu ir e d D o e s h e ad m i n i s t e r -
'
-
,
“
”
j u s tic e a n d do e s h e g i v e an y thi ng in a l m s ?
,
Th o s e d oor
k e e p e r s r e pl i e d S ir s ! h e is a v e ry g r e at tyr an n i c al k i n g an d
, , ,
al o n g wi t h thi s is a g r e a t m i s e r an d g i v e s n othi n g in
,
al m s ; h e ,
”
is e v e n a g r e a t e r tyr an t th an t h e fi r s t K ar il u Th e n t h e S r i
’
G u ru s ai d O d oor k e e p e r ! h o w h as h e col l e ct e d al l thi s

‘
-
, ,
d oor k e e p e r r e pli e d S i r ! h e is s u ch a
”
w e alth ? Th e -
,
tyr an t th at w h e r e v e r in h is k i n g d o m h e h e ar s of th e r e b e i n g an y
, ,
s i l v e r or gol d c o in he n e v e r l e t s i t g o w h e th e r i t
,
b e lo n g t o r ich ,
or poor On e d ay thi s H am id K ar i i n s aid to h is m i n i s t e r I s th e r e

. ,
‘ '
a yn s il v e r s til l l e ft a n y w h e r e T h e m i n i s t e r r e pli e d Th e r e is ,
n o n e l e f t an y w h e r e T h e n t h e m i n i t e r s aid O n e of t h e k i n g s
’ ’
s
.
,
s e r v an t g irl s is v e ry pr e tty Th e n t h e k i n g s ai d to h im T a k e an d ’
.
,
s e a t h e r in t h e K ih b a K h an a B az a a r a n d it an y o n e w il l g i v e o n e
'
a ,
r u p e e for h e r l e t h im h av e l i e r Th e r e w as a c e rt ai n s o n of a ’
.
,
m e rch an t w h o ( h e ard th i s a n d ) w e n t a n d tol d h is m oth e r th at th e ,
k i n g w as s e l li n g h is s l av e g irl an d th at i f s h e w o u l d g i v e h im o n e ,
rupee t h e n h e w o u l d b e a bl e to p ii c h a s e h e r H is m oth e r i .
,
r e pli e d O s o n wh e re ar e t h e r e an y r u p e e s l e ft in th e k i n g do m
,
H STI O RY O I“ T H E S I K H S .
f S ul tau H a m i d K er ti n ? I k n o w b u t o f o n e r u p e e , w hi ch is
'
b u ri e d in t h e m o u th o f yo u r f a t h e r T h e m e rch a n t s s o n w e n t
’ ’
.
an d op e n e d h is f at h e r s g r a v e , a n d t o o k t h e r u p e e a n d w e n t to th e
’
K aih b a K l i an a a n d b o u g h t t he s lav e
g irl f or on e r upe e -
.
T h e n t h e foot s o l d i e r , w h o w as in ch a r g e , s ai d ( to t h e m i n i s
te r) , H e r e is a r u p e e , S i r T h e n t h e k i n g i n q u i r e d , W h o
’
.
b o u ght h e r H e r e pli e d , ‘
S i r ! a m e rch a n t s s o n b o u g h t h e r
’ ’
.
T h e n t h e k i n g s ai d , S e iz e a n d bri ng h im T h e n th e y w e n t a n d
seized bro u ght t h e m e rch an t s s o n T h e k i n g s a i d , S i r ,’
an d .
w h e r e d id y o u g e t th i s r u p e e fro m T h e m e rch an t s s o n r e
? ’ ’
pli e d , S ir , thi s o n e r u p e e w as pl ac e d in m y fa th e r s m o u th , a n d
’
b u ri e d w ith h im in h is g r a v e T h e n t h e k i n g g a v e o rd e r s ,
’
.
th a t w h e r e v e r in h is k i n g d o m th e r e w e r e a n y g r a v e s , th e y w e r e
a l l to b e op e n e d a n d loo k e d i n t o ( for a n y m o n e y ) On t hi s, a g r e e .
a bly to t h e k i n g s co m m a n d , al l th e g r av e s w e r e op e n e d , b u t n o
’
m o n e y w a s fo u n d in a n y o f th e m H e is a v e r y tyr a n n i c a l k i n g
. .
Th e n N an a k s a i d “
H e is a g r e a t s i n n e r ; h e w i l l r e c e i v e a
.
v e ry s e v e r e p u n i s h m e n t at G o d s Thr e s hol d
’
urs e s b e o n h is . C
a cc u m u l a ti o n s w o e ! th a t h e s h o u l d li v e T h e e art h w as pl e as e d
(to s w al low u p ) t h e f o r m e r K ar il u , b u t n o pl a c e wo u l d e v e r ag r e e
’
”
(t o s wa l lo w
p ) thi s o n e
u Th e n aga i n h e s aid to t h d oo r k e e p e r s
. e -
.
D o y o u g o a n d g i v e th i s m e s s a ge fr o m m e to S u l t an K a ii n an d
’
r
,
sa
y th t a d e v ot e e is s t an d i n g a t h is
a
g t e an d r e q u e s t s a n i n t e r v i e w
a , .
Th e n t h e d o o r k e e p e r s w e n t an d g av e thi s m e s s ag e a n d s a i d
-
, ,
S ir ! 0 gr e a t k i n g ! a d e v ot e e h as co m e to y o u r g a t e a n d s ay s , ,
G i v e m e an i n t e r v i e w T h e k i n g o n h e ari n g thi s c a m e o u t ;
.
’
, ,
a t th t ti m e t h e S i G r u w a s coll e c t i n g l ittl e pi e c e s of til e

a r u The .
k i n g c a m e an d g r e e t e d h im an d s a i d O holy d e v ot e e ! w h at w il l ,
o u d o w ith th e s e pi e c e s of ti l e T h e n N an a k s a id I w i ll t ak e
y ”
,
th e s e pi e c e s of til e to t h e Thr e s hol d of G o d A gai n t h e k i n g .

,
s a id S i r y ou w i ll n o t b e abl e to t ak e th e s e pi e c e s of til e th e r e
“
w it h y o u fo r w h e n y o u d ie th e y w i l l r e m ai n h e r e Th e n ”
, , ,
.
(N an a k ) s aid O S u l t an H am i d K ar ii n th e n n e ith e r w il l t h e s e ’
forty fi v e s tor e ho u s e s of tr e a s u r e s w hi ch y o u h av e coll e c t e d by

-
,
tyr an n y g o w i th y o u L i s t e n n o w ; th e r e w a s a g r e a t e r K ar ii n th an
,
.
ou w h o a cc u m u l a t e d fort y s tor e ho u s e s of tr e a s u r e b y tyr an n y b u t

y , ,
h d id n o t t k e th e m w ith h im ; th e n w h y h a v e y o u coll e ct e d a l l
e a
,
th e s e s tor e s Th e n S u lt an H am i d K a ii n r e pl i e d S i r c an n ot
r
’
, ,
thi s tr e as u r e b e t ak e n a l o n g w ith m e by s o m e m e an s ? Th e n
N an a k s a i d 0 k i n g H am i d K ar ii n ! thi s w e al t h w il l o n ly g o
,
“
al o n ith o u i f y o u s h al l spend a l ms n Go d s N am e ’
g w y ,
i t in i ,
o t h e r w i s e i t w ill r e m i n h e r e a n d a noth e r w i ll b e co m e t h e in h e r i
a
,
tor of thi s tr e as u r e ; h e w i l l fi r s t s e iz e o n al l yo u r W e alt h a n d

yo u r co u n try an d w ill aft e r w ar d s a rr an g e fo r yo u r g r a v e a n d
,
coffi n B e hol d th e r e w a s a g r e at e r K ar ii n th an yo u r s e lf ; h e
.
, ,
col l e ct e d forty s tor e h o u s e s o f tr e as u r e thro u gh tyr an n y ; an d

C HA P . xv 1 1 .
— D 1 s e o u as e w rr n SULI
' ‘
AN H A M IJ) M ans .
2 19
t ho s e s t o r e h o u s e w e r e o g r e a t th a t o n e e d r e ach e d to t h e
s s ,
n
fo u n d a ti o n s o f t h e e a rth w h e n h is tr e s u r e s a n d a m i e s in
'
a r
cr e a s e d t h e n h b e a m e v y p r o u d a t t h e s i g ht f h i ar m y an d
e c e r . o s
w e a lth ; h e r e g a r d e d n e it h e r t h e L r d n o
,
d id h e t a k e h e e d to o ,
r
an y o n e e l s e and be a n t o p r o cl a i m hi m s e l f s a Lo rd n d God ;
g ,
a a
h e b g a n t o g r e a tl y t o r m e n t t h e p o r p o pl e a n d t o p p t a te s ch
e o e ,
e r e r u
t y r n i ie
a ith at o n e d ay a v o ic e c am e f o m th Thr e s hol d of
s, , ,
r e
‘
G o d to t h e gr e a t M o s e s O M o s e s th o u p O ph e t ! g o a n d ad , ,
r
i n o is l
n K ar im n d s ay O K ar ii n d o u g i v a w ay a t e n th par t
i ,
a ,
’
,
y o e
of th e s e f o rty s t r e h o u s e s a n d d i s tri b u t th m a s a l m s in G o d s
o , ,
e e
’
N am Ka d id n t b e y t h e or d r a n d th r e e t i m e s t h e a d
’ '
e r ii ii o o e , ,
.
,
m o n iti o n w a s r e p a t e d t h r o u g h M o e s ayi 0 K ar fi n ! d o y o u ‘
e
g s s, n ,
v e a l t tl e a t a l l e v e n t s a s a l m s in G o d s N an c ;
’ ’
i b K
’
g i ut a i n i r i
w o u l d n o t o b y thi s co m m a d e i t h e r f o K a ii n h a d b e c o m e v e ry
’
e n r r
,
pro u d f o f o m s e e i g h is v a s t w e a lth a n d r m y h e p a i d n o h e d
,
r, r n a , e
t o a n y o n e ; a n d t h r e e ti m s h e t u r n e d f o m t h e co m m a n d o f G o d e r .
T h e n M e s p e tit io n e d a t G o d s T h r e s hol d s ay n g O A l n ig l tl y
os
’
,
i , i i
Go d ! 1 h av fo u r ti m e s c o m m an d e d h im in T h y n a m e b u t h
e
,
e
w il l n o t o b e y Th e n t h e e a rth w as r d e r e d fr o m G o d s T h r s ’
. o , e
h ol d to g o an d s e iz e a
,
K ,
n t e iso
h d b y e r y h s fe e t an d s w al
b i 23 6 r ii
’
, e , ,
lo w l i u
p
i w i t
nih l l h is t r e as u r e Th e n t h e e a rth s e i z e d K a ii n
a . r
,
a s h e w as a s l e e p o n h is b e d j u s t a s h e w as b y h is f e e t a n d e w al , , ,
l o we d h im u p w ith h is tr e as u r s T h u s th at K ar i i w a s d e s t oy e d e .
'
u r
a n d h as d e p art e d til l t h e j u d g m e n t d a y 0 K e r ti n H m i d ! t h e . a
e r th
a s w a ll o w d h im u p b e u s e h e w a s a g r a t ty r an t a d a
e ,
ca e n
m i s e r ; a d th a t K a ii n h a d an o t h e r bro th e r c all e d H a n w h o
'
n r r ii
, ,
o b y e d t h e c m m a n d o t ti o d a n d b l o n e d t o t h e s e c t of M o s e s
'
e o
g an d ,
e
M o s a ft e r w ar d s o n h is b c o m i g fi m in h is b e l i f b e s t o w e d o n
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,
h im t h e t itl e of proph e t Y o u b e l o n g to th e r e li g io n of M a h a m .
m ad t h e c h s e n
, nd
y e t y o u h o w m u ch t y r a n y o n t h e co u try
o ,
a s n n ,
a d d e v s t at
n i t t o o w h e r e r y o u c a n fi n d t h e tr a c e o f a s i n g l e
a e ,
ve
p i c e e v e n D o y u t u r n fr o m thi yo u r tyr a n n y oth r w i s e k n o w

. o s
,
e
th a t t h e tr e a s u r e o bt ai n e d by y o u r ty r n n y w i l l n o t g o w i t h y o u a
do y u h e fo th t u r n fr o m th i s t y a n n y
o nc e r Th e n Ka i n H a m i d r . r i
’
r e p li e d T h i s m y m i d w as d ro w n e d in w orl d l d e s i r e s n y
w h a t is pa s t i p as t ; b u t d o o u p u t m e n t h ri g h t w ay f o r “
s y o e
t h e f u t u r e S ir ! a n d g i v e m e s u c h a d v i c e th a t fr m h e a ri n g i t
, ,
o
,
m y h e a r t m ay b e s o f t e n e d a n d I m ay b e a tr u e ( w a l k r ) o n , e
Go d s r o a T h e n th S r i B ab a r e c it e d t h i s c o d e o f a d v ic e
’
r e ,
for S u l t an K ei r un i n t h e R ag Ti l a n g
I s r M U H A L A ( o r G U iu i )
’
'
. .
"
I f Go d g i v e t h e e the po w e r t h e n do th a t w h i ch s h al l i v
,
g e
th e e a g o o d n a m e
i . e . D r ag h im d o w n .
H I S T OR Y OF T H E S I KH S
'
Vh at e v e r y o u
-
see in t h e rth wil l al l v an i s h
ea
W e alth wil l n o t l as t a lth o u gh o n e h a v e co u n tl e s s ( rich e s )

,
T ho s e w h o po s s e s s m ill io n s wil l n o t r e m ai n n o r wil l tho s e

, , , ,
who h av e th o u s an d s r e m ai n ;
,
‘ Ve al t h is o n e s to s p e n d an d to u s e
’
I f o n e g i v e s an d d i s trib u t e s t h e n h e w i ll pl e as e God ;
,
I f h e h av e it ( w e al th ) l e t h im n o t s tor e i t or s p e n d i t on
, ,
h i m s e l f o n ly
An d d o y o u k n ow for c e r ta i n in yo u r h e a rt th at o n e w h o ,
s o act s w il l g o t o H e a v e n ;
,
S h ow h u mil itv b e for e God an d m an if e s t n o t prid e

, ,
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,
l as t ;
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Th e y w il l al l b e t u r n e d i n to d u s t an d th e y wil l l as t n o
,
ti m e ;
T h o s e who a r e t ak e n u p with worldly occ u p atio n s s a v
, ,
‘
Th i s co u n try is m i n e
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‘
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, ,
th i n e n o r m i n e
S e e h o w m a n y hav e p as s e d a w ay in s p it e o f a ll th e i r g lory
an d po m p
B u t On e o n ly w i l l r e m ai n t h e o n e Tr u e Go d ;
,
‘
A lo n e w e c am e i n to th i s w orl d an d a lo n e w e wil l d e p art

,
( fro m i t )
A n d a t th e ti m e of o u r d e p a rt u r e n on e of th e s e thi n g s wil l
, ,
co m e of u s e
W h e n y o u sh al l b e as k ed fo r yo u r a c c o u n t t h e n w h at ,
a n s w e r w i ll i v
y o u
g e?
‘
Y o u w il l c ry , A l a s al as an d y ou w i ll b e as s i gn e d
p un i s h m e n t
( W h e n ) y o u e x e rci s e tyr an n y a n d v iol e n c e o n th e e a rth ,
Y o u b u t cr e a t e a n u pro ar ag ain s t yo u r o w n s o u l
I f y o u ac c u mu l at e w e a l t h an d s p e n d i t ( vai n ly ) ,
A n d s p e n d it o n yo u r dr e s s an d w a s t e i t fool i s h ly ,
I n t h e e n d y o u wi l l r e g r e t a nd s ay A l as al as 1 ‘ ’
A n d wh e n y o u g o t o G od s Thr e s h ol d y o u wi l l r e c e i v e a
’
h e av y p u n i s h m e n t
C H AP . xv n .
-
D 1 s c o u as n W ITH S UL ‘
T AN H A M TD K S R IJ N .
2 21
Cu r s e s w il l b e h e ap e d o n y o u an d o n yo u r ri ch e s
I f thro u gh tr e ach e ry y o u h av e d e v as t a t e d a n d s poil e d t h e
,
.
w o rld
Th o s e wh o dri n k w i ne a n d e a t ro as t m e a t s
, ,
B e h old l 0 p e opl e l a r e th e y w h o wil l b e r u i n e d ;

H e W h o s e s e r v an t y o u ar e H e h as g i v e n y o u al l
, , ,
B u t fro m a v aric e fo r t h e w orld y ou h av e fo rg o tt e n y o u r

, ,
L o rd
Y o u h a v e n o t do n e H im s e r v i c e n o r h av e y o u k e pt yo u r
,
fai th ;
A n d th e w or l d cri e s o u t th a t y o u h av e n o t r u l e d ( it j u s tly )
Y o u r e m a i n s e at e d in yo u r p al ac e
Y o u s port with yo u r wi v e s a n d p e rf u me yo u r s e lf w ith s c e n t s ;
Yo u n e ith e r as k n o r k n o w w h at is t a k i ng pl ac e o u t s id e ;
A n d w h e th e r t h e l aw l e s s ar e k i lli n g y o u r poor s u bj e ct s .
Y o u d e pop u l at e pop u l at e d p al ac e s a n d d o n o t r e pop u l at e

”
-
,
th e m ;
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, ,
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W hil s t y o u r p o o r s u b j e ct s d ie by tho u s an d s ;
Th e y c al l y o u th e r ul e r b u t y o u d o n o t r u l e j u s tly ;
,
Y o u ar e m ad w i th t h e w orld a n d w a n d e r abo u t d r u n k w ith it

,
Y o u rob t h e co u n try an d cloth e a n d f e e d y o u r s e l f ;

,
B u t th e fi r e of h e l l w il l k ill an d b u r n y o u u p ;
D o n o t l o o k o n w ith prid e 0 th e n m a d On e of t h e worl d !
,
Thi s ( world ) w il l n o t l as t fo r e v e r ; s o d o n o t th i n k s o
,
.
I t w il l n o t b e l o n g b e for e y o u w il l tr av e l fro m thi s w orl d

A n d wh o s e th e n w ill b e yo u r w e al th an d w ho s e yo u r f a m ily,
A ft e r a f e w d ay s y o u m u s t d e p art th e r e for e l i s t e n t o s o me
,
a d v ic e ( fro m m e )
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,
B u t t ak e c ar e t h t y o u b e n o t a s h am e d ( h e r e aft e r ) an d With
a
,
th i s obj e ct (in v i e w ) m ak e y o u r s e l f a g o o d n am e ;
,
B e w a r e l e s t y o u d e p art w e ari n g t h e g ar me n t of c ur s e s
,
( of yo u r p e opl e )
I f y o u s h al l b e n e g l i g e n t th e n y o u w ill b e d e s t r oy e d
,
A n d n e i th e r s o n s n o r d au g h t e r s w il l b e o f h e l p
HI S T O RY OF T HE S IKHS
Re p e n t and be n ot no w so tyr a n n i c al
O th e r m se ,
e ve n in t h e g r av e , th e fi r e of h e l l w il l c o ns u m e
yo u
I
lh e 1 e h av e b e e n M a s a1k h s p o p h e t s k n gs an d l o rd s
l
7 1
, 1
,
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, ,
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u
;
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O Q P"
an i m al s
B u t all o f th e in h av e be e n t u r n e d i n to d u s t an d n o e n o w , n
s k a ft e r th e 1 r n a m e s
a e ve n
O n e acc u m u l at e d fo rty s t o r e h o u s e s b u t lo s t h is f ai th ,
B h ol d O K aru n
e
, h o w h e w a s d e s t roy e d ;
D o y o u n o t k n o w th a t thi s is a t r a n s it o ry abod e ;
B e hol d w ith yo u r o w n e y e s a n d e e th i s w orl d is e v e r m o v s ,

'
in g On ;
0 se r v an t ! do yo u ne v e r fo r g e t y o u r se rvi c e
A n d do not lo s e (y o u r l i fe ) in pl a v mg , an d dru nke n ne s s ,

an d n e li
g g e nce
Y o u h av e n o t y e t r e p e n te d ,
a ltho u g h y ou h a v e co mm i tt d e
m an y s i n s
N an a k d o e s o b e i s an c to th e e a n d s y s e a
M ay G o d d e l i v e r y o u fro m s u ch a s t a t e
W h e n t h e S ri G ru h a d fi n i s h e d t h i s c o d e o f ad v i c e th e n
u
,
S u lt a n H am i d r e m a i n e d a s t o n i s h e d a n d b e c o m i n g oft e n e d in , ,
s
h e a rt s ai d ,
S ir ! I h a v e b e e
,
e n ti r e ly d 0 w e d in
“
th ( c ar e s n 1 11 e
o f th ) w orl d ; w h t w i ll b e m y s t at e a t t h e Th r e s h ol d o f t h e
e a
L or d ( N an ak ) s id R e p e n t r e p e n t f o G o d s s ak e H e :1 .
“
,
r
’ ”
s a id 0 S ri B a b a ! fro m h e m in g y o u r a d v ic I h a e b e e n g e a t l y
,
“
e
,
i 1
t e rrifi e d w h a t w il l b e m y s t at e ? Th e n N a n a k s a i d O S u l ta
”
.
,
n
H am i d K aru T h e lo v e of G o d do e n o t l ie in w or d s ; a n d G o d
n s
is n o t pl e as e d w ith w o rd s o n l y so lon
g as y o u d o n o t b co m e e
s i n c e r e in
y u 1 s e r v i c e to G o d s l o n g y o u
o e s c a p e w il l b e v e ry o 1
d ffi c u l t ; a n d
i k n o w thi s t h a t t h e fri e n d s h i p o f th e w orl d will ,
b e o f n o u s e to y o u T h e w o rl d is a f e n d f o t h e s a k e of
. 1 1 r
e a ti n a n d d i k in o nl y as lo n i t C t s o m e thi n t o g
g g i a n n
g e g s a
e a t s o l o ng w i l l i t b e y o u r f i e n d an d w h e n e 1 i t c an n o t t
, g e 1 ,
ve
(a n y thi n g ) to e at th e i t w i ll t n i n to y o u e m y s u ch 1 s t h e
,
n u1 1 ne
co nd u ct f t h e w e l d ; b e th e y y o u r o w n f am ily o b e t h e y
o i ,
r
s t ran e rs fri e n d s fo p l e as u e s a k e o n ly b u t n o n a ’
g al l a r e ,
r 1 s e 1e
h ie n d s i n t o u b l e ; a n d f 0 t h i s 1 e a s o n t h e w orl d s f ie 11 d s h ip
’
1 ,
1 1
,
93 7
_
T h e m e an in g o f t h is is , t h at t h e y h ad s u c h p o w e r o e r b ir d s v
an d oth e r an i m a l s , t h a t t h e y o b e y e d t h e ir c o m m a n d s a n d s p r e a d a s h a d o w ,
o v er th e m .
C HA P . xv1 1 .
— n 1 s c o n as n w rr n S U L T AN HA M ID K AR nN . 223
profit s o n e n othi n g ; t h f ri e n d s hip o f G o d is f a r b e tt e r th an e
t h e fri n d s hi p o f t h e w orl d Th e n S u lt an H a m i d s ai d I ” “
e .
,
c an n ot g e t m an s fri e n d s h i p e v e n th e n h o w s h a ll I a cq u ir e
’
,
t h e fri e n d s hi p o f G o d ? Th e n t h e S ri G u ru B ab a r e c i t e d th e s e
”
v e r s e s in t h e R ag Til an g ;
l sr M U HA L A ( o n G U B n) .
0 fri e n d s fri e n d s hi p of G o d
! th e is su ch a fri e n d s h i p t h at
y o u m u s t l o v e H im ( a b o v e al l ) ,
A n d ob e y t h e co m m a n d s of v o u r L o rd , an d ac t a cc o r d i n g
to H is w o r d .
P AU SE .
On e o n ly k n o w w h at is t h e fri e n d s hi p (o f G o d ) , w h e n
c an
o n e l e a n s it a t t h e f o t of th e G u u
r o r ,
A n d h u m bl i n g n e s s e l f f a ll s p r o s tr a t e a t th e d o o r o f o n e s
’ ’
o
, ,
L o rd
H is fri e n d s h ip w i ll o t b e di ffi c l t to ( ob t a i n ) if w e h u m bl e n u
,
o u r s e l v e s b e for e H im .
N an ak s ay s H e w h o h a s n t u n d e r t o d H is c o mm an d s
, , o s o ,
h as s p e n t h is l i f e u s e l e s ly s .
’
W h e n t h S i ( 1 1 B ab a h a d r e i t e d thi s v e r s e t h e n th e
e r 11 1 1 c
,
k i n g c a m e a n d f e l l a t h i fe e t a n d s a i d S i r ! a s y o u s h a l l c o m s .
,
m an d ,
so v e ril w il l T a c t y T h e n f ein ak s ai d R e l e a s e al l .
” “
t h e pri s o n r s in y o u r k i n d o m
e an d w h t v r th i f th i r
g a n
g s o e s , ,
e e
y o u h a v e t ak n r e t u r n t h e m to th e m : t h
e , y o u w il l o bt a i n e n
pro s p e ri t y in b oth w o rl d I n fu t u r s h o w c o m p a s s io n o n t h e
s . e ,
p e er,
an d t h en y ou w il l bt a i n i n t e l li g e n c o f t h e r ad of o e e
”
Go d . S u l t an H am i d K aru n s ai d V e y w e ll S i r ! I w ill d o s o ”
,
“
i
,
fro m lo v e f o y o H e th e n r e l ea s e d a l l t h e p ri s o n e r s
r u .
in h is k i n g d o m a n d r e t r n e d t h e m t h ir b e l
,
i
g n g s ; an d u e on
,
aft e r t h a t h e n v e r o p
, p e s e d an y p o o r m a n
e S u l t an H am i d t h e n
1 s .
b e g n t o d s r v ic t G d a n d e s ta b l i h e d h o u s s f o r f e e d
a o e e o o , s e
i n g t h e p oo r in l l h is pr o v i n c e s a n d a s f a as t h
.
a ki g dom o f , ,
r e n
11 111 e xt e n d e d al l d w e l t h a p p il v o
11 , ac c o u n t f t h e S i G r 11 s ,
n o r 11
’ ’
( ad v i c ) e .T he ki g aid N o w t h r o u g h y o u r m e an s I h av e
n s
,
“
, ,
hop e s o f o b t i i n g G e a n A d th ki n g b e c a m h is d i s ci pl e
r .
”
n e e .
Th e n a gai n t h e G u ru s a i d, O S lt an H a m i d t h o e w h o h a v e ,
u s
a ppl i e d th m s e l v e to Go d s ( w rk ) d to d H i s e r v i c e Go d
’
e s o an o s ,
ord er s a l l t h e i r a ff a i r s w e l l a n d b e d s lo v is s h o w n 0 t h e m ,
e 11 .
Th e n S u l t an H a m i d K é un i d S i r ! I h v e b ta i n d G d r sa
,
a o e o
”
t h ro u g h y o u r k i n d n e s s A g a i n ( N an ak) s ai d O S u lt an H am id
.
“
H I S T OR Y O F T HE S IKHS .
K a r nu l G od
’
l o v e h as b e e n v e ry q ui c k ly m an i fe s t e d o n y o u
s ,
oth e r w i s e y o u wo u l d h av e b e e n d e s tr o y e d l i k e th e g r e at
.
K a u u ! b u t y o u h a m q u i c k l y l e a r n t H im an d h av e t u r n e d t o
r
,
Go d
”
T h e n ag a i n S a l t m H am id s ai d S ii I h a v e fo u n d h im
’
“
thro u gh yo u r k i n d n e s s 1 110 t h e k i n g made h im s e v e n ob e i~

. z ,
”
,
11
o n w hi ch (N an ak ) s ai d M ay G o d pro s p e r y o u ! n o w I
“
anc e s , ,
”
am
g oi n
g to d e p a rt . T h e n S u l t an H am i d s ai d , S ir ! w h en
s h al l I s e e o u a ai n N a n a k s a id Y o u c an k e e p m e e v e r in
y g ” ,
s i g ht in yo u r h e ar t ,
an d th e n th e S ri G u ru d e p art e d th e n c e
.
CH . xv i i i .
— D 1 s c o r ns n W I T H PAN DAT CHA T TAR M s
. B AN KRS I .
225
XV II I
C HA PT E R .
T h e dis co u r s e with Pa n d a t O/z a tt ar d cis B an cor s i

’
Th e n t h e S ri G u r u co n ti n u e d h is w an d e ri ng s an d c ame an d ,
s at in t h e m a r k e t pl a c e of B a n a r as Th e r e w a s a P an d at o f .
B an ar as by n am e Ch at ta d as w h o h a d co me th r e to b ath e o n
,
r , e
s e e in t h e a rb of t h S ri G u ru h e s at do w n a n d s aid
g g e , ,
O w o r s hipp e r y o u h a v e n o S eli g R ain w ith y o u ; an d y o u
,
h av e n o t t h e m a r k of G op i Ch an d an ; a n d y o u h av e n o t t h e n e c k
l ac e o f b as il ar e y o u an A ti t o r a Bh aga t T o w h at r e li g io n do
”
o u b e lo n g ? Th e n t h e S ri G u ru s ai d M a r d an a s o u n d t h e
y , ,
”
re be c . Th e n M a r d an a s o u nd e d t h e r e b e c an d N anak r e cit e d ,
thi s s t an z a in t h e B as an t R ag ;
l sr M U H A L A ( o n G u ru?)
Br ah man ! d o w or s h ip to ( G o d for H e is ) S él ig R am
O , ,
a n d m ak e g ood d e e ds yo u r b as il n e c k l ac e
F as t e n th e ch ai n of r e p e titio n of t h e N am e of Go d o n yo u r
s e lf an d s a, y
‘
0 co m,
p a s s io n a t e On e
,
s how m e co m p as s io n .
’
Wh y do y o u i rri g at e b arr e n s oil an d w as t e yo u r life ,
A m u d w al l wil l f a ll w h y p u t pl as t e r o n it
,
T h e P a n d a t s ai d O wor s hipp e r ! d o y o u c all th e s e thi n gs

i rri g ati n g b a rr e n s oil (th e n s ay ) w h at a r e tho s e th i ng s whic h
o u c a l l w a t e ri n g g oo d s oil ? an d by w hich o n e m a
y obt a i n t h e
y
g r e at G o d Th. e n t h e G u ru r e cit e d t h e s e co n d s t an z a ;
”
M ak e th e s e t w o l u s t an d an g e r yo u r h o e ; a n d w ith th e m
, ,
d ig t h e e a rth (of yo u r bo d y ) 0 b roth e r !
T h e m or e y o u d ig it t h e m or e j oy y o u wil l ob t ai n for thi s

, ,
”
w il l n e v e r b e u s e l e s s l abo u r .
A g ai n t h e P a n d at e n q u i r e d O w or s hipp e r ! h o w wil l t h e
,
s o u l b r in forth w itho ut b e i n g irri g a t e d ? a n d h o w c a n t h e

g g ar
d e n e r k n o w th a t i t (th e j o y o f h a v i n g G o d ) is h is o w n ? Th e n
t h e S ri G u ru r e ci t e d t h e thi rd s t an z a ; .
M ak e yo u r h a n d y o u r P e r s i a n w h e e l t h e s tri n g of yo u r
, ,
ro s a ry t h e b u c k e t s an d rop e an d yo k e yo u r m i n d th e r e to ;
, ,
I rri g a t e yo u r bo d y w i th th e w at e r o f i m m or t al ity an d fill it s ,
b e d s an d th e n i t will b e co me th e tr ue gard e n e r s
,
’
2 26 . H I S T ORY or T H E s u ms .
Th e n P an dat s ai d
th e Y o u a r e a v e ry h oly m an S ir
, ,
M y u n de r s tan m g is i mp u r e it s in lo v e l i k e a b ag a la w i th its
d i 9 38
, ,
”
c ar n al d e s 1 r e s T h e n ag a i n t h e G u ru r e cit e d th e fo u rth s t an z a
.
b agal a c an b e ch an ge d i n to a g oo s e if Tho u wil l e s t it

A ,
0 co m p as s io n at e O n e !
N an ak th e s e r v an t o f s e r v an t s s e e k s T hy prot e ctio n ; do
, ,
T h o u s h ow pity o n h im 0 Tho u m e rcif u l On e ,
T h e n aga i n t h e P an d a t s a i d Y o u ar e a wo r s hipp e r o f t h e ,
g r e a t G o d S ir ! th e r e for e b e s to w s o m e of ( yo u r ) p u rity o n
,
thi s
”
pl ac e an d t ak e s o m e b e n e fi t fro m it S ir !
,
?39
Th e n (N anak ) ,
s ai d IVh a t b e n e fit s h as i t Th e n t h e P an d at r e pl i e d Th e
“
,
b e n e fi t to b e d e ri v e d h e r e is t h e ob t ai n i n g of l e ar n i n g an d fro m
r e adi n g h e r e o n e is mu c h bl e s s e d a n d a ft e r t h at W h e r e v e r y ou
, , ,
s h a l l s it th e r e t h e w orl d w il l r e s p e ct y o u an d fro m s t u dyi n g

, ,
”
( S a n s k rit ) h e r e
y o u w i l l b e co m e a ,
ch i e f o f d e v ot e e s T h e n t h e .
S ri G u r u B ab a r e cit e d a n o th e r v e r s e ;
T h e k i n g is a ch ild t h e c ity is h al f b u ilt an d is in l o v e
, ,
with th e fi v e w ic k e d o n e s
T h e r e ar e t w o m oth e r s an d t w o f ath e r s wh o ar e s ayi n g , ,
P a n dat co n s id e r thi s
O i t g i v e m e s u c h an u n d e r s t an di n g b y wh ic h
h oly sa n s, ,
I may obt ai n m y ( God ) s o u l s lord ’

.
W ith i n th e r e is a fi r e an d th e for e s t is p utti n g f o rt h its f r e s h

, ,
l e av e s th e s e a i s th e body ;
,
T h e s u n an d m oo n a r e both withi n th e body bu t y o u h av e

n o t obt ai n e d thi s k n owl e d g e .
L oo k o n h im as a wor s hipp e r of G od wh o r e gar d s al l (f r i e n d s ,
an d fo e s ) as o n e
R e ga rd th i s a s H is c u s to m th at H e po s s e s se s th e pow e r o f
, ,
for g i ve n e ss
( A l a s th at ) h e who is m y co m p an io n wil l n ot l i s te n to m e
, , ,
an d o n ly d e s i r e s s o m th i n g to e a t
N an ak th e s l a v e of s l a v e s s ay s S o m e ti m e s i t is pl e as e d
, ,
s o m e ti m e s an g ry
240
233
l
T h e b ag a a is s aid t o s t an d o n o n e l e g , s o as t o b e r e ad y t o p u t d o w n t h e
o t h e r a t o n c e t o c at c h a fi s h W r
h a t is h e e m e an t is , t h at as t h e b ag a a is e e o n
. l v r
l vr
t h e o o k o u t f o r fi s h , s o w as h e e e o n t h e w at c h t o g r at i y h is p as s io n s f .
2” L e ar n s o m e S an s k r it ,
Le .
“
as
”
B an ar as is r e n o w ne d as a g r e at l
p ac e f or
l e ar n in g S an s k r it an d a c u ir in g k n o w q l e d ge .
“ 0
T h e se v e rs e s ha ve al re ad y oc cu r e dr in t h e s e v e nth
’
d is c o ur s e .
CH . xv i i 1 .
— D rs c o u as n W I T H P A N D A T C HA T TAR D AS , B A N AR s I .
227
P
T h e an d a t , o n h e a ri n g th e s e v e r s e s , m ad e an ob e i s an c e a n d
s aid , I te ac h t h e w o rld , I h a v e a l s o l e a r n t s o m e th i ng m y s e l f ;
“
S i r p r ay g i ve m e s e in e bl e s s i n g al s o in G od s N am e
’ ”
Th e n th e .
S r i G u ru s aid , O s ai n t ! wh at h av e y o u r e ad an d wh at is t h e
“
fi i s t l e s s o n y o u t e a ch y o u 1 p u pil s th e n t h e S ri G u r u u tt e r e d
t h e fol lo w i n g l i n e s l n t h e R am K al i R a g .
T h e g1 e at God ( On ) b e p i ais e d !
T h e g r e a t God cr e at e d B r a h m a ;
T h e g r e atG o d is H e w h o cr e at e d m e
T h e g r e atGo d m a d e m e to tr a v e l th i s world
Th e g r e at God a l s o for m e d t h e ( fo u r ) V e d a s
By s i n g i n g t h e g r e at God s pr ai s e s o n e obt ai n s s al v atio n ;
’
By th e g r e at God th e w or s h ipp e r s of God obtai n d e l i v e r an c e ;

,
Co n s id e r t h e m e an i n g of t h e l e tt e r s 0 ii ,
F o r t h e l e tt e r s 0 n ar e th e root ( of h appi n e s s ) in t h e th r e e
wo rld s .
L i s t e n Ban d h a! an d s e e wh at u s e l e s s m att e r s y o u writ e

abo u t ;
I n f u t u r e w rit e God s N ame an d l e ar n fro m yo ur G u r u

’
, ,
”
a b o u t G op al a .
Th e n th e P an d at o n h e a ri ng i t f e ll a t h is fe e t as k i ng
, , ,
for prot e c tio n : an d h e r e c e i v e d i n s tr u ctio n a nd w as c all e d a ,
S i k h an d b e gan to m e dit at e on t h e G u ru
,
.
CH . xv m — D 1 s o o u s s s
. W I T H P A N D AT HA T TA R D KS , B A N AR s I .
22 7
The P an d a t
h e ari n g th e s e v e r m m ad e an ob e i s an c e an d
,
on ,
s aid I t e ach t h e w orl d I h a v e al s o e ar n t s o m e th i n g m y s e l f ;

“
, ,
”
S i r p r ay g i v e m e s o m e bl e s s i n g al s o i G od s N am e Th e n th e’
.
S r i G u ru s aid O s ai n t ! wh at h a v e yu r e ad an d w h at is t h e
,
fir s t l e s s o n y o u t e ach y o u r p u pil s i e n t h e S ri G u r u u tt e r e d
t h e fol lo w i n g l i n e s in th e R am K al i R s .
T h e gr e at Go d ( On ) b e p r ai s e d
Th e g r e a t Go d c r e at e d B r a h m a
T h e g r e a t G o d is H e w h o c r e at e dn e
T h e g r e at Go d m a d e m e to t r av e Lh is worl d
T h e g r e a t G o d a l s o fo r m e d t h e ( f or ) V e d as
By s i n gin g th e g r e at God s p r ai s e o n e ob t ai n s s al v atio n ;
’
By th e g r e at G od t h e w o r s h ipp e r s f God obt ai n d e l i v e r an c e ;

,
Co n s i d e r t h e m e an i n g o f t h e l e tt e 1 o ii ,
F o r t h e l e tt e r s 0 n ar e th e root (o h appin e s s ) in t h e t h r e e
w o rl d s .
L i s t e n P an d h a! an d s e e w h at u al e ss m att e r s yo u w r it e
a bo u t ;
I n f u t u r e w rit e Go d s N ame an l e arn fro m yo ur G ur u

,
’
,
”
a b o u t G op al a .
Th e n th e P an d at o n h e a ri n g it fe l l a t h is fe e t as k i n g
, , ,
fo r p r o t e c t i o n : an d h e r e c e i v e d in s tl c t io n a nd w as c a ll e d a ,
S i k h an d b e gan t o m e dit at e o n t h e G ui
, .
2 28 H I S T ORY or T II E s um s .
C H A PTE R X I X .
T h e d is c o u r s e w i th K d l t t .
Then S ri B ab a b e co m i n g d i s tr e s s e d d e p art e d f1 o m
th e , ,
S ul tan p m and aft e ,

1 2 y e ar s (w a n d e ri n g s ) r e t u r n e d to t h e
,
r
l an d of t h e Paujab A t fi 1 s t (o n h is 1 e t u n ) h e c am e a n d s topp e d
. 1 ,
in a d e s e i t pl ac e abo u t t w o k o s s f 1 o m T a l w an d i
,
A ft e r .
th e y b a d 1 e s t e d awhil e M a 1 d au a m ade r e q u e s t ; S ay O k i n g, ,
i f I h av e y o u 1 p e m is s ion to go a n d g e t i n for m atio n o f

1
,
t h e p e opl e of my f a m ily an d s e e wh e th e 1 th e y a r e ali v e o r ,
d ead ”
.T h e n t h e S 1 i G 11 r 11 l au g h e d an d s a id O M a1 d ana ! ’
,
“
if s u ch b e y ou 1 d e s i e th e n go an d v i s i t th e m ; an d g o al s o to
1
,
K al u s ho u s e b u t r e t u r n i m m e di at e ly ; b u t niin d y o u d o n o t
’
,
m e n tio n m y n am e th e r e Th e n M a r d an a f e l l a t h is fe e t an d
”
.
, ,
aft e r to u ch i n g h is f e e t w n t e d to h is o w n ho m e b u t B al a an d
'
e
,
t h e G u ru N an ak r e m ai n e d s e at e d th e r e Th e n im m e di at e ly on .
,
M a rd an a s a rri v al th e r e a g r e a t m an y pe opl e col l e ct e d a n d c am e

,
an d s e iz e d h is f e t ; a n d a l l b e g a n to s ay M a rd an a th e D am “
e , , ,
fro m a lw ay s 1 e m ain in g w ith N an ak 11 0 W app e a r s a g ood m an ,

.
H e i s f ai 1 ais e d ab ov e ( i s ) p e opl e of t h e world T he r e for e l e t

1 ,
.
tho s e th at ar e co m e f al l at h is fe e t
,
”
Th e n M ard an a h av i n g
,
.
,
v i s it e d h is o w n h o m e s e t off to r e t u r n an d h av i n g co m e to t h e
, , ,
ho u s e of K al a w e n t an d s e at e d hi m s e l f in t h e co u rty a rd Th e n
,
.
t h e m oth e r of t h e S ri B ab a ro s e an d e m br a c e d h im ro u n d th e n e c k ,
an d b e gan to w e e p an d l am e n t s ay i n g O Mard an a! g i v e u s “
, , ,
”
s o m e n e w s as to w h e r e N an a k is M an y p e opl e coll e ct e d in .
t h e co m po u n d M a r dan a th e n s ai d to th e m Bro t h e r s wh e n .
w e w e r e at S u l t an p u r t h e n w e w e r e o n e ; b u t I c an g i v e 11 0
,
a ft e r n e w s of h im Th e n M ard an a h av i n g s a t th e r e aw h il e
”
.
, ,
r o s e a n d d e p art e d ; o n w h i c h t h e m oth e r s ai d ( to t h e p e opl e ) .
“
Thi s th a t M ar d an a d e p art e d s o q u ic k ly fro m t h e co u rty ard
,
is n o t d e v oi d ( of s u s pi cio n ) I b e l i e v e th a t N an ak is w ith h im .
T h e n t h e m oth e r of t h e S n B ab a i mm e d i at e ly 0 s e an d s tood 1
u an d t a k i n s om e cl oth n d s w e e t me ats fol l o w ed an d

p , g , es a ,
c au g ht u M ar d i n a0 11 t h e r o ad a n d b e an to s ay O M a da n a!
p z
g ”
, ,
1
d o y ou by s o m e m e an s c au s e m e to s e e N an ak agai n
,
On,
.
th i s M ar d an a r e m ai n e d s il e n t Th e n t h e m oth e 1 an d M a1 d an a
, .
b oth to ge th e i w e n t o n a n d h av i n g p 1 o c e e d e d t w o k o s s c am e to
, , ,
w h e r e t h e S 1 i G u ru w as s e at e d W h e n t h e S 1 i G u 1 11 s aw th at
’
h is m oth e r w as co m e th e n h e 1 0 s e an d f e l l a t h e 1 fe e t an d o n
, ,
C HA P . X IX — . D I S C OU R S E W I T H m m .
229
thi s ,
oth e r b e g an to w e e p g r e atly Th e n t h e m oth e r too k
th e m .
t h e G u ru i n to h e a ms
r an d k i ssi n
g h is for e h e ad
r
(
s aid I , , , ,
g i v e m y se l f a s a s a crifi c e t o
y ou O m y s on ! an d w h at e v e r , ,
pl ac e s y o u h a v e v i s it e d t o th e m al s o I s a c ri fic e my s e l f O m y , ,
s on o u h a v e g r e a tly r e j ic e d m e to d a i n th a t u h av e s h ow n
y y y o o -
,
”
yo u r s e l f to m e Th e n t h e S ri B ab a fro m l o v e for h is m o t h e r
.
, ,
b e gan al s o to w e e p an d l am e n t s ayi ng O M ard an a s o u n d t h e , ,
reb e cf
’
T h e n M ar d an a s o u n d e d th e reb e c ,
an d N an ak r e cit e d th e s e
ve rs es 1 11 t h e IVa d ah an s R aCe
M y s t at e (in l o n g i n g for T h e e O Go d ) is th a t o f th e t ak e r ,
o f 1 n t o x 1 c at1 n g d r u g s w h e n h e c an n ot ge t tho s e i n tox ic ati ng

,
d r u g s an d as t h at of fi s h e s w h e n th e y c an n ot g e t w a t e r
,
A n d h e w h o is a b s orb e d with h is L ord h e is s ati s fi e d with

, , ,
e v e ryth i n g ( a n d s ay s ) ,
I will go an d s acrific e m y s e l f an d c u t my s e l f in to p i e c e s for ,
t h e s ak e of my L or d s N a m e
,
’
.
P AU SE .
The L ord is t h at m o s t fr u it fu l Tr e e ,
th e na me of w h ich
is I mm ort al ity
A n d h e wh o d ri n k s th e r e of b e co m e s s ati s fi e d an d to H im
, , ,
w il l I s acrific e m y s e lf ;
H e c an n ot b e s e e n by m e a ltho u g h H e l i v e s with al l ,
How w ill o n e s thi r s t b e all ay e d if o n e o n ly p u t o n e s h e ad

’
,
’
o n a hi g h w al l ( in t h e m idd l e of t h e t an k o u t of r e ach of
,
t h e w at e r ) .
N an ak is T h y s al e s man (b am a u ) Tho u ar t m y c apit al i s t

an d a l l m y s toc k ;
A l l dOU t W ill b e r e m o v e d fro m m y m i n d wh e n I S h al l ,
co n t i n u al ly r e m e m b e r Thy pr ai s e ”
.
T h e n ag ai n t h e m ot h e r pro d u ci n g th e s w e e t m e at s and
, , ,
clo th e s p l ac e d th e m b e for e h im an d s a i d O m y ch ild d o y o u

, , ,
”
e a t th e s e ( N an ak s ai d )
. I am q u it e f u ll T h e n th e m oth e r , .
s a id ,
W h a t h a v e y o u e a t e n to s a t i s fy y o u
“
T h e n th e S r i
”
G u ru s ai d M ard an a s o u n d th e r e b e c
,
“
Th e n M a r d an as o u n d
, .
e d t h e r e b e c an d N an ak r e cit e d th e s e v e r s e s in t h e S iri R a ;
2 1 1
,
g
9 47
Th f ll w i g te o l ti f th v r i g i b y D r T m p p ;
o n r an s a fi di
on o ese e se s s ve n ru sce
‘
G r t h p g 24
.
an ,
a e
A ll j i w t b y m i d i g (t h
u c e s ar e s m ) ( ll ee) d by h r i g (it )
n n e na e ,
a ar e s e as o n e ea n .
The ac id ( j u ic e s ) wi ll go o ff by u t t e r in g (t h e na m e ) w it h t he m on th , b y t h e
s ou n d they ar e m ad e S p ic e s .
On w h o m h e l o ok s in m e r c y , to h im t h e t h ir ty -
s ix k in d s of f o od ar e o ne
s u b s t an c e .
23 0 H I S T ORY O F T HE S I KHS .
A l l my d e l ic a ci e s an d s w e e s t ar e ob e yi ng Go d , an d my
s al t e d di s h e s a r e
l i s t e n i ng H is N ame ; to
M y a cid s an d s o u r r e l i s h e s ar e u tt e ri n g H is N ame an d th e ,
s u bd u i n m p a s s io n s ar e m s p ic e s
g y y
M y f aith in H im a lo n e is fo r m e t h e thirty S ix g r e a t v i an d s -
of lif e an d tho s e o n wh o m He loo k s w it h k i n d n e s s (obt ai n

,
th e m) ;
0 M oth e r ! al l oth e r food s tho ug h p l e a s in g t o o n e s s e lf p r o
’
, ,
d u c e p ai n ,
A n d ar e s u ch th at th o s e w h o e at th e m t h e i r bod ie s ar e ,
”
t r o u bl e d an d m an y s o r r ow s ari s e in th e i r m i n d s
,
.
T h e n again t h e m oth e r s a id O son ! t ak e off th is l o ng ,
c o at an d p u t on th e s e n e w c l oth e s
,
.
T h e n t h e S ri G u ru r e cit e d thi s s e co n d v e r s e ;
My r e d c l oth e s ar e t h e b e i n g dy e d wit h (H is l o v e ) an d my ,
whit e ga r me n t s t r u t h an d al m s ,
My b l u e (g a r m e n t ) is th e w as h in g a way o f t h e bl ac k n e s s
(o f my h e ar t) an d my co at is t h e alw ay s me ditati n g o n ,
Him
My w ai s t b an d - is p ati e n c e ; my w e alt h an d yo u t h ar e H is
N am e
PAUS E .
Of at h e r ! is a p o o
oth e rf
e s re o od r pl a u .
B y t h e e at in g o f w h ic h , t h e b o d y is p ain e d an d d is o d e r r u e s in t h e m in d r l .
l r
(2 ) R e d c ot h in g is a r e d h e a t ; w h it e n e s s (o f c o t h e s ) , t u th u n e s s an d l r f l
d o n at io n
Bl
.
u e n e s s a n d b ac k n e s s ( o f l l
c o t h e s ) , w ic k e d ac t io n s ; p u t t in g o n c o t h e s
,
l
m e d it at io n o n t h e e e t ( o f B ar i) f .
T h e w ais t b an d is m ad e o f c on t e n t m e n t , w e a t h an d y o u t h is t h y n am e l
PAU
.
S E .
Of at h e r o t h e r c o t h in g
is a p o o r p e as ur el l .
B y t h e p u t t in g o n o f w h ic h t h e b o d y is p ain e d an d d is or d e r r u e s in t h e min d l
~
.
v ’
l
( 3 ) T o h a e a k n o w e d g e o f a h or s e s s ad d e , o f a g o d e n b ac k s t r ap , t h is l l
i s t h y w ay .
v
Qu i e r arr o w , b o w , s w or d b e t ar e t h e c on s t it u e n t p a ts o f ir t u e (w it h
-
l r v
th e e 3
l r r
A m u s ic a in s t u me n t , a s p e a , ap p e a ing p u b ic y w it h h o n ou , (t h is ) is r l l r
t h y b u s in e s s , 0 m y c as t e
PAUS E .
Of ! o t h e r m o u n t in g is a p o or
at h e r e sur e pl a .
B y w h ic h m o u n t in g , t h e b o d y is p ai n e d a n d d is or d e r u e s in t h e m in d r l .
(4 ) M y h o u s e an d m an s io n is t h e d e ig h t in (t h y ) n am e , t h y (m e r c i l f ul )
l
o ok m y am i y f l .
T h at is ( t h y ) o r d e , w h ic h w i r ll
p e as e t h e e , ( t h o u g h t h e r e b e ) o t h e rl ve ry
l
b ou n d e s s t a k l
N
.
0 an ak t h e t r u e k in g d o e s n o t as k n o r d e ib e at e l r
PAU
.
S E .
Of at h e r o t h e r s l e e p in g is p o or p e as u r e
a l .
B y w hi c h l
s e ep, th e b o dy is p ain e d an d d is or d e r l
ru es in t h e mind .
C HA P X I X D I S C O U R S E W I T H K AL U
. .
-
.
0 m oth e r oth e r cloth e s th o u gh pl i t o one lf

’
al l ,
e as n
g s se ,
prod u c e p ai n ,
A n d ar e s u ch th at tho s e w h o w e a r th e m th e i r b odi es ar e ,
tro u bl e d an d g r e a t s orro w a ri s e s in th e ir m i n d s
,
”
.
Th e n K al aal s o r e c e i v e d i n for m atio n an d m o u n ti n g h is hor s e , ,
c am e th e r e an d t h e S ri G u ru o n s e e i n g h im w e n t a n d f e l l at
, ,
h is f ath e r s f e e t an d m ad e h is ob e i s an c e to h im Th e n K al li al s o
’
.
,
b e g an to w e e p an d s aid O N an a k ! do y o u m o u n t t h i s hor s e
, ,
a n d co m e h o m e ? Th e n t h e S ri G u ru s a id O f ath e r ! t h i s
” “
,
”
h or s e is o f n o u s e to m e Th e n K al li s ai d . 0 s o u l do y o u ,
“
”
g i v e u p th e s e d e e d s of s i m pl e to n s T h e n t h e S ri G u ru r e cit e d
'
t h e th ird v e r s e
M y h or s e s ad d l e an d g ol d e n tr ap p i n g s a r e to l e ar n Thy
, ,
w ay
My q u i v e r arrow s b o w an d s p e ar ar e to r u n an d s e iz e
, ,
Thy e xc e ll e n ci e s
M y m u s ic al i n s tr u m e n t s an d l an c e s ar e th e b e i n g r e c e i v e d
with ho n o u r by T h e e an d T hy m e rcy is my c as t e ,
O my L o rd an y thi n g e l s e o n e m o u n t s th o ug h pl e a s i n g to ,
o n e s s e lf p ro d u c e s p ai n
’
, ,
A n d is s u ch th at tho s e wh o m o u n t th e r e o n th e ir bo d i e s ar e ,
tro u b l e d an d gr e at s orrow a r i s e s in th e i r m i n d s
,
”
.
P AU SE .
Th e n ag ai n K al li s aid S on d o y o u co m e ho m e fo r a
,
s h or t wh il e w e h av e n o w g o t a ( d e t a ch e d ) h o u s e q u it e a p ar t ,
( fro m e v e ryo ne) do y o u co m e a n d s e e ( yo u r fam i ly ) a t al l e v e n t s ,
fo r y o u h av e r e t u r n e d a ft e r a l o n g w hil e yo u r f a m i ly ar e t h e r e ;
do y ou co m e an d s e e th e m an d r e m a i n a f e w d ay s an d i f y o u
, ,
wi s h i t th e n y o u m ay g o aw ay again
,
T h e S r i G u ru r e cit e d .
”
th e fo u rth v e r s e
Th e j oy s of Thy n a m e a r e m y ho u s e ,an d m y f a m ily ar e Thy
m e rci fu l loo k s
Thy co m m an d s (to m y f amily ) ar e tho s e th i n g s whic h p l e as e
Th e e ; an d t o s ay m o r e is u s e l e s s ;
N an ak S ay s Tho u ar t t h e Tr u e K i n g th e r e i s n o n e e d for
, ,
Th e e to as k or s e e k co u n s e l ’
O m y L or d a ll oth e r S l e e p tho ug h p l e as i n g to o n e s s e l f
, ,
’
prod u c e s p ai n ,
A n d is s u ch th a t th o s e w h o s l e e p th at s l e e p th e ir b odi e s
, ,
a r e tro u bl e d a n d
g r e at s orro w a ri s e s in th e i r m i n d
, .
Th e n agai n t h e S ri G u ru B ab a s ai d O fa th e r ! (e xc u s e ,
“
m e ) fro m co m i ng t o y o u j u s t n o w b u t I will (c e rt ai n ly ) co m e ,
an d v i s i t y o u b u t d o y o u n o w l i s t e n to m y r e q u e s t for to d ay -
,
H I S T OR Y O F THE S IKHS .
”
f o r my h e art is s ad
. Th e n o n t hi s , th e m o th c r s aid , S on l
h ow c an m y m i n d b e co m fort e d fo r t w e l v e y e ar s , y o u h av e k e pt
m e s o r ro w i n g ; n o w th a t y o u h av e r e t u r n e d , w h y wil l y o u n o t
O
co m e to yo u r ho m e to d ay ? , m y s o n ! h o w c an m y m i n d b e
-
m a d e h appy ?
”
T h e n t h e S ri G u ru s ai d ,
“
0 m oth e r , w h e n
”
I g i v e m y pro m i s e , yo u r m i n d s ho u l d b e s a ti s fie d T he n .
t h e m oth e r r e m a i n e d s i l e n t A f te r ward s s h e s a id ,
. Li s te n
chi l d w h y h as yo u r h e art b e e n m ad e s ad o y o u t e l l m e at D
al l e v e n t s ; i f y o u d e s ir e i t , th e n I w il l m arry y o u a s e co n d ti m e
with g r e at po m p an d m u ch s pl e ndo u r , an d wit h m u c h m u s i c an d
S i n gi n g T h e n t h e S ri G u r u r e cit e d a v e r s e in t h e S ii h i
” ’
R ag
Li t
s e n, my r e s p e ct e d m oth e r an d p ar e n t th e N am e of Go d
o n ly p l e as e s m e
I wo n d e r a b o u t s ad wh e n t h e L ord Go d d oe s n o t co me i n to
,
m y tho u g h t s .
I f h e co m e n o t i n to m y tho u g h t s I w an d e r abo u t s ad ; ,
God o n ly s ati s fi e s m y s o u l ;
L i s t e n m y m ai d n c o p a o n is fill e d wi th lo v e (fo r God )
a d m n i gt 2 ‘
’
,
a n d m y yo u n g h e a rt is f u l l of (H is ) yo u th ;
A n d I c an n ot l i v e w i th o u t m y B e lo v e d (God ) for o n e i n s t a n t
or s e co n d an d s l e e p co m e s n o t to my e y e s (w itho u t H im )
, .
N an ak s ay s tr u ly L i s t e n m y m oth e r ! t h e N am e of Go d
, ,
o n ly pl e as e s m e .
’
L i s t e n m y m oth e r an d p ar e n t ! th e s ai n t s po s s e s s n othi ng
b ut th e N am e o f Go d
M y s o u l w as dar k ; t h e holy m e n a dor ne d i t in s u ch a way ,
t h a t i t alw ay s r e t u r n s to t h e holy .
I t r e t u r n s e v e r to th e holy ; t h e holy h av e n o w e alth b u t

t h e N am e of God
An d th e N am e of Go d is s u ch th at it wil l n e e r d i m i n i s h in
,
v
wo rth .
A l t h o u g h it m ay r ai n i t b e co m e s n o g r e e n e r an d i f th e
, , ,
s u n s h i n e w a x a h u n dr e d fol d i t n e v e r dri e s u p ;
,
W h e n o n e d e p a rt s o n e s e xc e s s i v e yo u th an d g r e a t l o v e li n e s s
,
’
wi ll n o t g o w ith o n e .
N an ak s ay s tr u ly ; L i s t e n m y m oth e r a n d d e ar e s t p ar e n t
, ,
t h e s a i n t s po s s e s s n oth i n g b u t t h e N am e o f God
’
.
L i s t e n m y r e s p e ct e d m o th e r an d p a r e n t ! thi s my h e art
,
w ill t e l l th e s e a t al e ;
“2
M y p as s io n s an d d e s ir e s .
C HAP . X IX n
—D I S COU R S E wir n K AL U .
My L or d God oft e n c ame i n to my m i n d an d was c o n not ,
t in u al l y f o r g ott e n th ro u g h n e g li g e n c e
I h av e fo r g ott e n H im th ro u g h n e g li ge nc e 0 moth e r b e c au s e ,
m y m i n d w as ab s orb e d in worl d li n e s s
E ve ry l i v i n g h e ad w i ll th e r e h a v e to g i v e an acco u n t w h e ,
th e r h e h av e do n e e v i l o r g oo d
M y w e dd i n g d ay is fi x e d an d a f e w d ay s o n ly r e mai n (to i t )
, ,
b u t m y h e art is s til l t e lli n g its t a l e of God
N anak s ay s tr u ly L i s t e n m y r e s p e ct e d m oth e r an d p a r e n t
,
,
H e is fo r gott e n by m e thro u g h n e g l i g e n c e
O my r p e ct e d m oth e r
es an d p ar e n t t h e w e ddi n g p arty ( i c . .
d e ath ) h as arri v e d ;
I am th e b rid e ; t h e a ng e l of d e ath is th e w e d di ng p ar ty ;
an d d e ath is th e b rid e g roo m ,
D ea th is '
su ch a b ride g r o o m , 0 m oth e r ! th at wh e n one

d e p art s , o n e c an s a
y n othi n g
Th e fi ve tt e n d an t s g to
ao
243
an o th e r ho m e an d th e h o us e
r e m ai n s q u it e e m pty
,
A n d h e w h o is to m ar ry m e he is t ak i n g me
, , a w ay ,
an d I
c ann ot s top him
N an ak s ay s tr u ly ! ‘
Lis te n , my m oth e r ! d e ath is my
b ri d e g roo m
A ft e r th i s K al il s ai d
, M y s o n I wil l m a rry y o u i n to s o me ,
g oo d f a m ily ; do y o u co m e alo n g h o m e Th e n in r e ply t h e ,

S r i G u ru s ai d O f ath e r d e a r ! th a t Co n tri v e r an d Cr e ato r o f
,
al l t h i n s is a B e i n
g g w h o n e v e r fo r g e t s ; w h at e v e r h e ord a i ns
”
th a t is r i g h t .
T h e n agai n t h e m oth e r s po k e
, O my s o n I d d
, ,
y o u n o w g e t u p an d co m e a lo n g w ith u s an d l e a v e o ff th e s e ,
a b s u rd w ay s h ow c an i t b e k n o w n wh e th e r w e s h al l e v e r m e e t
, i
a ai n or n o t ? Th e n t h e b r i G u r u r e c i t e d an oth e r v e r s e i n t h
‘
j t I
g e
M ar ti R ag ;
Th eord e r fo r m e is to t ak e the N am e o f my h us b and
( God ) in t h e e arly m or n i n g
The t e nt s , u m b r e ll a s , c an opi e s an d r e ady yo k e d ch ar iot s
a r e all w aiti ng r e a dy
Tho s e wh o m e d it a t e on T hy N ame th e y wil l obt ai n ho n o u r
2“
Lus t, an g e r , p r id e , co ve t o us n e s s an d w orl d l y l ove .
H I S TO R Y O F THE S I KHS .
F ath e r ! l a m an u n fort u n at e an d d e c e i v e d cr e at u r e fo r ,
I h av e n o t di s co v e r e d T hy N a me
Th i s my m i n d is bl i n d an d fil l e d wi th e rro r .
Th e pl e as u r e I e n j oy e d b ro u g h t forth p ai n an d th i s w as
, , ,
writt e n in my f at e m oth e r ,
M y j oy s ar e f e w m y tro u b l e s a re man y and my l if e h as

, ,
b e e n p as s e d in s orrow
H ow c an th e r e b e s e p ar atio n fo r th os e wh o ar e al r e ady
s e p ar at e an d wh at m e e ti n g f o r
,
tho s e wh o h a v e a l r e a d y
me t ?
I t b e h o ve s
to p r ai s e th at L o r d W h o h as man ife s t e d al l
us
,
t h e pl ay s ( o f t h e w orl d ) .
By o u r g ood fat e w e ob t ai n ( God ) an d th e s e o ur b odi e s

, ,
e n j oy p l e as u r e
By o u r e v i l d e s ti n y tho s e wh o ar e u n it e d s e p ar at e an d , , ,
e t Na n a k s ay s Th i s is oo d for t ’
y g une , .
Th e n ag a i n Kal li s po k e s ayi ng M y s on ! t ak e o ff th i s , ,
b e gg ar s co a t fro m off thy n e c k an d p u t on th e s e n e w cloth e s

’
, ,
a n d b a th e an d p u t o n th e di s ti n ct iv e m ar k o n t h y for e h e a d
,
l e av e
o ff tho s e w ay s an d d oi n g s o f d e v ot e e s a n d wa l k o n t h e s tr a i h t
g ,
r o ad
”
. Th e n th e S r i B ab a s ai d O f at h e r d e a r d o y o u k n ow ,
”
t h e m e an i n g of p r ai s i n g t h e g r e at God K al li s a i d I d o n o t .
,
”
k n o w w h at y ou ar e tal k i n g of Th e n th e S ri G u ru r e cit e d t hi s .
ve rs e
44
D r T r u m p p , in h is Adi G r an t h , p age 25 , t r an s l at e s these ve r s e s as
A b o dy ( b e s m e ar e d ) w it h k a n g ri , a d o r n e d w it h
(1 ) e we s , p e r ume
’
j l f of
l
a o e w o o d , t h e b r e at h (k e p t
-
a s t ) in t h e b o d y f .
x
T h e m ar k o f t h e s i ty e ig h t T ir t h as in t h e ac e , in t h is t h e r e is d is p
-
f l ay
l
o f it t e w is d o m l .
r r
I n t h at is w is d o m : p ais in g t h e t u e n am e , t h e ab o d e o f (al l ) e c e e n c e s x ll .
PAU S E .
0 F ! o t h e r w is d o m o t h e an d o t h e r
at h e r r
it b e p ac t is e d a h u n dr e d . If r
f l
t im e s , it is t h e a s e e fi o r t o f t h e a s e o n e s f l .
( 2 ) H e ( on e ) m a
y ap p y h im s e l lf
t o w o r s h ip , h e m ay b e c a e d a Pir , ll
t h e w h o e w o r d m ay l l
o c k t o h im fl .
f
H e m ay m ak e h is o w n n am e am o u s , h e m ay b e c o u n t e d am o n g s t t h e S id h e ,
W h e n h is (h o n o ur ) d o e s n o t a f ll
in t o ac c o u n t (b e o e G o d ) al l ( h is ) f r
w o r s h ip i s (b u t ) a w r e t c h e d t h in g .
l
( 3 ) T h o s e w h o ar e e s t ab is h e d b y t h e t r u e ur u, n ob o dy c an e ff ac e G .
W it h in t h e m is t h e ab o d e o f t h e n am e , b y t h e n am e t h e y w i b e c om e ll
m an i e s t , f
r
( B y w h o m ) t h e n am e is w o s h ip p e d , t h e n am e is m in de d , t h e y ar e a w ay s l
u n b r o k e n an d t r u e .
(4 ) W l
h e n d u s t i s m in g e d w it h d u s t , w h at w i b e c o m e o f t h e s o u ll l
l v
A l l c e e r n e s s e s ar e b u r n t w it h t h e b o d y it r is e s an d g o e s w e e p in g
N
.
O f r
an ak , t h e n am e b e in g o g o tt e n , wh at w i b e c om e (o f it ) , w h e n h aving ll
gon e t o t h e gat e (of G o d )
C HAP x1x . .
-
D i s c o u ns n W I T H K AL U .
My body is m ad e of K fi n g u my to n g u e o f j e w e l s th e , ,
b e a th o f m y b od y is of th e p e rf um e of A g ar
r .
M y for e h e ad is m a r k e d w ith t h e s i xty e i ght pl ac e s of

'
pil g ri m ag e i n s id e of w hich t h e u n d e r s t a n di n g d we l l s ;
,
A n d aft e r b e i n g p u ri fi e d I S i n g t h e p r a i s e s o f H im who s e
, , ,
N am e is tr u e ; H e is an o c e a n of e xc e ll e n ci e s
S ir , d e r s t an di n g of oth e r s m ay diffe r fro m t hi s
th e un
,
A n d a l tho u g h i t m ay b e e xpl ai n e d to th e m a h u n dr e d ti me s
,
t h e f al s e m an wil l cl i n g p e r s i s t e n tly to h is fal s e h ood "

,
P AU S E .
On thi s , idK al a ag a i n
M y s o n s o m e ar e S id h s s o m e
sa , ,
a r e P ir s an d t h e w h ol e w orl d k n ow s s u ch
, an d do e s w or s hi p to ,
th e m ; a n d th e i r food —ho u s e s ar e alw ay s op e n an d th e y f e e d ,
m an y p e op l e an d th e i r s t an di n g in t h e worl d is r e s p e ct a bl e
,
) Ve ll : wil l t h e w orl d obt a i n d e l i v e r

,
a n d th e y l i v e co m fort ably .
a n c e thro u h th e m or n o t Th e n th e S ri G u ru r e cit e d th e
g
s e co n d s t an z a
H e to w ho m p e opl e do s e r v ic e is c all e d a P i r an d th e
, , ,
w orl d al l l oo k o n h m as S i n c e r e i .
A n d an oth e r p u bli s h e s , an d mak e s k n ow n t o th e worl d th a t

h e is a S i d h ;
,
B ut i f th e ir ho n o u r b e n o t h e l d in acco un t by God al l th e i r ,
wor s h ip is u s e l e s s .
On thi s K alli ag a i n s aid Th e s e S id h s an d P ir s ar e th e y

,
“
w ho m th e w orl d loo k s o n as s u ch ti e h o n o u r a bl e
,
( ) b u t wh at is .
th a t by whi ch o n e m ay b e d e l i v e r e d an d by m e an s of whi ch o n e
, ,
w i ll b e h e ld in ho n o u r by t h e G r e a t G o d a n d by t h wo rl d
, e a t th e
s am e ti m e Th e n t h e S ri B ab a r e pl i e d
“
Tho s e of w ho m t h e tr u e G u ru h as app ro v e d th e m n o n e
c an d i s ho n o u r ;
,
I n w a r dly th e y h a v e t h e t r e as u r e o f H is N am e an d fro m
,
,
t ak i n g t h a t N am e th e y obt ai n g r e at fani e
,
,
H is Nam e th e y w or s hip H is N a m e th e y r e s p e c t , f o r it n e v e r
w i ll f ail a n d is a l w ay s t r u e
,
”
, .
On t h i s K all i a g a i n s a i d O N an ak w h at w il l b e th e s ta t e
, ,
at God s thr e s h ol d of tho s e w h o n e v e r
’
r e me m b e r H is N ame al l
th e i r l i v e s an d s p e n d al l th e i r ti m e in d o m g t h e w o rl d s b us i n e s s ?
,
’
”
Th e S ri G u ru r e cit e d t h e fo u rth s tan z a

;
Th e b as e w il l b e m ix e d w i th th e d us t th e ir lif e wil l
, an d
b e of n o pro fi t .
H I S T OR Y O F T HE S I KHS .
A ll th e i r cl e v e r n e s s w ill be b u r n t ( with th e i r b ody ) and

, ,
w e e pi n g th e y w ill d e p a rt ;
,
N an ak s ay s Th o s e wh o for g e t His N a me ( h e r e ) th e r e is
, ,
n o know i n w h t th i r t t wi ll b e w h e n th e y o to
g a e S a e , g
God s thr e s h ol d
’
.
0 F ath e r d e a r ! tho s e wh o for ge t H is N a m e h e r e h ow wi l l

,
th e y h e r e a ft e r obt a i n ad m i s s io n th e r e 1?
T h e n K al li s ai d I t is tr u e S ir th i s th i n g is i n d e e d s o
, ,
.
A ft e rw ar d s K al li ag ai n s aid Y o u ar e a v e ry h oly m an a n d
,
“
,
w e d id n o t k n ow it ; b u t t e l l m e m y s o n ! w h a t wil l b e o u r
,
”
s t at e for w e h av e n e v e r r e m e m b e r e d th e N a m e o f th e
, g r e at God.
T h e n th i s s p ee ch S lo w ly i s s u e d fro m th e S ri G u ru s m o u th’
,
”
0 f ath e r d e ar ! as s h al l b e m y s t at e s o S h al l b e yo u r s t at e
,
.
GII A P X X . .
— D I SC OURS E W I TH T H E PA N DA T S OF B A N X R AS .
23 7
CH A P T E R XX .
T h e d is c o u r s e w ith t h e Pan d a ts o f B a nd m s .
A ft e r thi s t h e B ab a w e n t to K as hi ( B an ar as ) an d th e
, ,
Pan d at s o f th a t pl ac e h e ar d th at N an ak w h o w a s tal k e d o f as a ,
g r e at d e v o te e h ad co m e th e r e ; ( s o th e y s aid )
, L e t us
g o an d ,
S e e h im Th e n th e Pan d at s c am e an d s e tti n g forth t h e r e p aid

.
, , ,
h im a v i s it an d as k e d h im thi s q u e s tio n
, O N an ak ! h o w is i t ,
th at al th o u g h w e a r e al w ay s r e ad i n g an d l i s t e n i n g to t h e V e d as
,
, ,
o u r pri d e c a n n ot b e s u bd u e d a n d w e c an n ot obt ai n p e ac e of ,
min d ? Th e n th e B ab a s aid Th e e v il of y o u r h e ar t s is n o t ,
r e m o v e d ; an d for th i s r e as o n it t ak e s n o e ff e ct Th e n t h e .
Pan d a s s aid
l Sir h o w s h l l w e ob t ai n p e ac e of m i n d ?
a ,
”
Th e n th e S ri B ab a r e ci t e d a v e r s e in t h e S iri R ag 9 45
l st s ta n z a .
Co v e to u s n e s s is t h e d o g ,
fal s e hood is th e s w e e p e r foo d ob ,
t aine d by ch e ati n g t h e c arr i o n ; ,
T h e de fa m i n g ( o th e r s ) is t h e e xcr e m e n t ; t a l e —b e a ri n g th e ,
fi e ; w r a th th e c h an d al g gt 6 ’
f
“
T h f ll w i g t e l ti f
o th o v i g iv n b y D r T mp p
r an s a on o ese e rse s s en ru
A di G
.
,
th p g 2 3
r an , a e .
(1 ) C v t i
o d g f l h
e d w p r f
ous n e s s d bt i d bys h ta o , a se oo a s ee e , oo o a ne c ea
g in , c ar r i o n .
A d f m ti ( i t i ri g p ) th r d ir t ; t l b
’
th
’
no er s e a a i g fi
on s s r n u an o e s a e - e ar n
, re ,
w r at h , a C an d a l .
E n j o y m e n t s , p r ais in g t h y s e lf th e s e ar e my w orks , 0 C r e at o r
PA U
,
S E
F
.
0 at h e r m ay ( s u c h t h in g s ) b e s p o k e n b y w h ic h h o n o u is o b t ain e d r .
x ll
T h o s e , w h o d o e c e e n t w o r k s , a r e c a e d e c e e n t a t t h e g at e o f G o d
( ) ,
ll x ll
t h o s e w h o d o l o w w o r k s , s it o u t s id e an d w e e p .
(2 ) ( T h e r e is ) t h e e n j o y m e n t o f g o d , t h e e n j o y m e n t o f s i e , t h e e n o y l lv r j
f
m e n t o f a a s c in at in g w o m an ( a n d ) o f t h e s c e n t o f s an d a w o o d l -
r j
.
( T h e e is ) t h e e n j o y m e n t o f a h o r s e , t h e e n j o y m e n t o f a b e d , t h e e n o y m e n t
o f a p a ac e l
s w e e t is t h e e n j o y m e n t o f m e a t .
’
j
S o m a n y ar e t h e e n o y m e n t s o f t h e b o d y ; h o w s h a t h e n am e d w e in t h is
( ) ll ll
b od y ?
( 3 ) T h a t s p e e c h is ac c e p t ab e , b y w h ic h s p e e c h , h o n o u is ob t ain e d l r
r Of l r
.
H w h o s p e ak s in s ip id t h i n g s , c o m e s t o g r ie ; h e a f
g ] e ar t !
.
, o o is h , i n o an t
g
l
Th o s e , w h o p e as e H im , ar e g o o d , w h a t w i t h e o t h e r s s a
y
ll
(4 ) T h e y h a e u n d e r s t an d in g , t h e y h a e h o n o u r , t h e y h a e W e a t h in t h e i
v v v l r
l ap , i n w h o s e h e ar t h e ( G o d ) i s c o n t a in e d .
) Vh at f o r p r a is in g t h e m is a n y o n e (e s e ) b e a u t i u ? l f l
O l f v
,
Y
I a n ak ! w i t h o u t (h i s )
.
g a n c e t h e y ar e n o t
s
o nd o f
n v
w
g i i ng , n o r o f th e
s v 1 )
n im e .
”6
0
l r r
0
A c h an d a I S a l o w , m e an p e s o n , a e s o n o f l ow c as t e an o u t c a
1
p , st .
23 8 HI S T O RY o n T HE s u ms .
E n j oyi n g m y s e l f pr ai s i n g ,
m y s e lf, th e s e ( al as ) ar e my wor k s ,
0 Cr e a to r !
F ath e r m ay th at b e sai d by y o u by w hich H is ho n o u r is
'
0 , ,
i n cr e as e d !
T h o s e w h o do g ood w ill b e d e e m e d g oo d at G o d s th r e s hold

, ,
’
tho s e w h o do e v il wi ll s it o u t s i d e an d w e e p
, , .
T h e r e is t h e e nj oy m e n t o f g ol d t h e e n j oy m e n t of s il v e r th e , ,
e n oy m e n t o f a f as ci n a t i n g wo m an a n d o f t h e s c e n t of
j ,
s an d a l wood -
.
Th e r e is t h e e nj o y m e n t of a h o r s e t h e e nj oy me n t of a b e d , ,
t h e e nj oy m e n t of a p al a c e ; th e r e is t h e e n j oy m e n t of
s w e e t m e at s .
B u t w h e n s u ch a r e t h e e n joy m e n t s of t h e body h o w c an H is
, ,
N am e r e m ai n th e r e ?
Th at s p e e ch is acc e ptab l e by w hich H is h o n o u r is i n cr e as e d ,
H e wh o s p e ak s e v i l s u ffe r s p a i n
, , h e a r O fooli s h igno r an t , ,
h e art
T ho s e who pl e as e H im ar e g ood an d n o o n e e l s e wil l b e
,
a bl e to s ay a n yth i n g to th e m
Th e y h av e u n d e r s t an d i n g ; th e y h av e ho n o u r ; th e y h av e
w e al th in t h e ir l ap in W ho s e h e a rt H e ( G o d) is obtai n e d ; ,
W h at n e e d to pr ai s e th e m ? o th e r pr a i s e is worth n oth i ng .
0 N an ak ( tho s e wh o ar e ) o u t s id e of H is g l an c e t h e y will
, ,
”
n e ith e r g i v e al m s n o r r e m e m b e r H is N am e,
.
T h e m e a n i n
g i s L i s t e
,
n 0 P a n d at s ,
t h e av ari c e w hic h is ,
( i n o n e s body )
’
i s as a d o g
,
f a l s e hoo d is a s w e e p e r an d
g e tti n g
f ood by d e c e ptio n is l i k e c a rrio n an d t h e c e n s u ri n

, g of oth e r s is
e xcr e m e n t a n
,g e r i s a fi r e a n d i s l i k e,
a m e a n wr e tch To e at .
g
oo d a n d b a d th i n g s a n d to ,
p r a i s e m y s e l f th i s i s w ri tt e n in m y
,
f at e ; H ow c an God s N am e th e n r e mai n in m y h e ar t ? an d u n til

’
I obt ain a t r u e co m p an io n til l th e n h o w c an m y h e ar t b e p u r e ?

, ,
0 S ir s ! w e s ho u l d o n ly s p e a k tho s e th i n
g s fro m u tt e ri n g whi c h ,
H is ho n o u r is e s t a bli s h e d Tho s e w. ho d o
g oo d d e e ds th e y wil l ,
be c a ll e d g
ood a t t h e T h r e s h old of g ood n e s s o f G o d ; an d tho s e
who co mm i t b as e a c tio n s th e y wi l l r e c e i v e p u n i s h m e n t an d will

,
r e ma in w e e p g
i n Th a t.
wh i ch i s c a l l e d t h e m i nd i t is e n s n ar e d ,
in t h e pl e a s u r e s of t h e body th e n h o w c
,
a n i t ob t a i n t h e pl e a s u r e
Go d
’
N m ? S o m lo for old s o m e lo n g f o r s i l v e r s o me
of s a e e n
g g , ,
l o n g for w o m e n an d o th e r s l o n g for t h e s m e l l of s an d a l woo d

,
-
o
s me l o n fo r h or s e s s o m e lo n g for fi n e b eds s o m e lo n
g to m a k e
g , ,
p al ac e s s o m e lo n g to e at s w e e t me at s s o m e lo n g to e a t me a t s ;
,
,
’
wh e n al l th e s e l o n g i n g s e xi s t in th e body th e n h o w c an Go d s ,
C H AP . xx .
— D 1 s c o u ns n WITH T H E PA N D A T S o r B A N AR A S .
23 9
N am e d w e ll in t h at b o d y ? F ro m s p e a k i n g g ood m an s ho n o u r ,
’
r e m ai n s b u t fro m s p e a k i n g e v il m an s h o n o u r d e p a rt s an d w e
, ,
’
s ho u ld l oo k o n t h e w or d o f t h e T r u e G u ru a s s w e e t ; an d of
s u ch ( p e r s o n s ) t h e u n d e r s t a n di n g a l s o is
,
n li h t e n e d a n d th e y
g e
,
t
a l s o h a v e g r e a t ho n o u r an d h is N a m e wh i c h is t h e tr u e w e a l th , ,
‘
is p o s s e s s e d by t ho s e in w h o s e h e a rt s t h e w ord s of th e G u ru
,
”
alw ay s d w e l l a n d th e y ar e H is
,
.
Th e n t h e Pan d at s s ai d O N an ak is th i s n o t tr u e t h at su c h ,
is t h e e xc e l l e n cy of thi s city of K as h i th at i t is writt e n in th e ,
Ve d as t h at w h a te v e r li v i n g thi n gs b e th e y s i n n e r s o r s ai n t s
, , ,
s h a l l q u it th e ir b odi e s in th i s c it y of K a sh i th e y wil l g o to th e ,
city of G o d a n d th e r e b e bl e s s e d ? Th e n t h e B ab a s ai d L i s t e n
.
”
,
“
Pan dats ! at th e ti m e of d e ath if n e r e a d th e i n c an t a tio n o f ,

o
S h i v a an d l oo k o n i t as t h e N am e R am of t h e Tr u e G u ru an d
, , , ,
a v oi c e co m e i n to t h e e ar of t h at c r e at u r e th e n t h a t b e i n g is ,
s av e d . L i s t e n 0 Pan d at s ! Th e N am e of Go d is s u ch th at in
, , ,
wh at e v e r pl a c e p e op l e s h a l l t ak e it th e y w i l l b e s a v e d S o
, ,
.
wh e n K a b ir d e p ar t e d fro m K as h i an d w e n t an d l i v e d in M ag ah ar ,
an d h oly s a g e s coll e c t e d th e r e h e obt a i n e d s al v a tio n th e r e al s o ;

,
,
an d th e o n l y g iv e r of s a l v a t i n is t h e N a m e of t h e r "
e at K i n g
'
o
g .
T h e n t h e Pan d at s e n q u ir e d an d s a id O N an a k ! Th e g r e a t K i n g ,
”
h s m an y N am e s bu t w h a t is th a t o n e p ar t ic u l a r N am e of t h e
a ,
”
g r e a t K i n g w hi ch g i v e s s al v a tio n Th e n t h e S r i Bab a r e pli e d
?
, ,
L i s t n 0 Pan d at s I th e r e a e v ario u s k i n d s o f bo at s o n ri v e r s to
e ,
r
,
co n v e y th e m to t h e O ppo s it e s hor e b u t o n e o n ly r e q u ir e s o n e ,
b e at by w hich to cro s s e v e r S o al s o al l t h e N am e s o f t h e g r e a t
.
,
K i n g c an g i v e s al v a tio n bu t w h at e v e r N am e o f G od o n e s s piri
, ,
’
t ua l t e ach e r t e a ch e s o n e abo u t th a t N am e is s u ffi ci e n t to g i v e,
”
h im h appi n e s s T h e n o n h e ari n g th e s e word s al l t h e Pan d at s
.
, ,
f e ll at h is f e e t an d h e g av e th e m i n s tr u ctio n abo u t Go d s Tr u e ’ ‘
i N am e .
,
E n j oyi n g m y s e l lp r ais in g m y s e l f, th e s e ( a l as ) ar e my wor k s ,
0 Cr e a to r !
0 F a th e r m ay h at b e s ai d by y o u by which H is ho n o u r is
, ,
i n c r e as e d
T h o s e wh o do go d w il l b e d e e m e d g o od at G o d s th re s h ol d
, ,
’
t h o s e wh o d re vil wi l l s it o u t s i d e an d w e e p
, ,
.
T h e r e is t h e e njym e n t of g ol d t h e e n j oy m e n t o f s i l v e r th e
, ,
e n j oy m e n t o ta f as ci n a t i n g w o m a n an d o f t h e s c e n t o f ,
s an d al wood - .
T h e r e is t h e e n jy m e n t o f a h o r s e t h e e n j oy me n t of a b e d , ,
t h e e nj o y m e r o f a p al a c e ; t h e r e is t h e e n j oy m e n t of
s w e e t m e ats .
B u t w h e n s u c h r e t h e e nj oy m e n ts of t h e body h o w c an H is
, ,
N am e r e m aiit h e r e ?
Th at s p e e ch is :n e p tab l e by w hi ch H is h o n o u r is i n cr e as e d
,
H e w h o S p e ak sav il s u ff e r s p a i n
,
h e a r O foo li s h i gn o r an t
, , ,
h e ar t
T h o s e w h o pl ese H im ar e g oo d and n o o n e e l s e w il l be
,
a bl e to s ay a r t h in g to th e m
Th e y h av e u nd s ta n d in g ; th e y h av e h o n o u r ; th e y h ave
r
w e al th in t h en l ap ; in who s e h e a rt H e ( G od ) is ob tai n e d ; ,
W h a t n e e d to pr i s e th e m ? oth e r pr a i s e is worth n oth i n g .
0 N an ak ( th o s wh o ar e ) o u t s id e of H is g l an c e th e y will
, ,
”
n e ith e r g i v e urn s n o r r e m e m b e r H is N am e
,
.
T h e m e an i n g is L i s te n , 0 Pa nd a ts ! th e av ari ce , w h i c h is
“
o body i d f l h d i w e e pe r an d tti
)
'
o a s e n
( in n e s , s a s o g a s e o s
g g
food b y d e c e ptio n is ke ca rr io n , an d t h e c e ns u ri ng o f o t h e r s is
e xcr e m e n t ,
a n g e r i sa fi r e ,
a n d is l i k e a m e a n w r e tc h T o
. e a t
g
oo d an d b a d t h i n g s a u d to p r a i s e m y s e l f , th i s is w r i t t e n in my
fat e ; H ow c an G o d N am e th e n r e mai n in my h ea rt ? an d u n t il
I o b tai n a t r u e e o m pn io u , til l t h e n , h o w c an my h e ar t be p u re ? .
l ho l d l k t h th i n s , f r o m u t te ri ng w h i c h
0 S ir s w e s u a y p s e a o s e g
H is h o n o u r is e s t a b l h e d T h o .s e w ho d o
g oo d d e e d s , th e y wil l
c l d o od t t b T h h ol d f ood s o f G o d ; an d t h os e
b e al e g a r e s o g n e s
who co m m i t b as e a c o n s , th e y w i ll r e c e i v e p u n i s h me n t an d wil l
r e mai n w e e pi n g TM w h ic h is c al l e d t h e m i n d , i t is e ns nar e d
.
pl r f a b dy th h w a n i t obt a i n t h e pl eas u re
in t h e e a s u e s o o ,
e n o c
o f God s
’
N m ? S lo n fo r g ol d s o m e l o n g f o r s i l v e r s o m e
a e or e g .
,
l o n g for w o m e n , a n oo t b e rs lo n g for t h e s me ll o f s a n d a l w oo d ; -
l o fo r h m l f fi n e b e d s , s o m e l o n g t o m ak
s o me o r
n g o r s e s s o e o n g
p al ac e s , s o m e lo ng t e a t s w e e t me at s , s o m e l o n g to e a t m e ats ; ’
wh e n al l th e s e l o n gi gs e xi s t in th e b o d y , t h e n ho w c an G od s
C HA P . xx — n1 s c o uas n
. W IT H T H E PN D A T S o r B A N AR A S .
239
N am e d w e l l in t h at b o dy F ro m s p e a n g g ood m an s ho n o u r
? ’
'
r e m a i n s b u t fro m s p e a k i n g e v il m an s i o n o u r d e p a rt s
’
. , an d w e
s h o u ld l oo k o n t h e w ord o f t h e T r u G u ru as s w e e t ; an d of
s u ch ( e r s o n s ) t h e u n d e r s t an di n g a l s o ; n li h t e n e d an d th e y
g e
p , ,
a l s o h a v e g r e at h o n o u r an d h is N am e vh ic h is t h e t r u e w e a lth
y ,
is p o s s e s s e d by t ho e in w h o s e h e a r t t h e w ord s of th e G u r u
s
,
”
a lw ay s d w e l l a n d th e y ar e H is
,
.
Th e n t h e Pan d at s s ai d O i an ah th i s n o t tru e t h at su ch
l
,
is t h e e x c e l l e n c y of thi s ci ty o f K as h i h at i t is writt e n in th e ,
V e d as t h at w h at e v e r li v i n g thi n gs b th e y s i n n e r s o r s ai n t s
, , ,
s h a l l q u i t th e i r b odi e s in th i s city of K i l l i th e y wil l g o to th e ,
c i ty of G o d a d th e r e b e bl e s s e d
,
n ?”
Th e t h e B ab a s a id L i s te n ,
“
Pan d at s ! a t t h e ti m e of d e a th i f n e e a d th e i n c an t atio n of , o
*
S h i v a an d l oo k on i t as t h e N am e R am o f t h e Tr u e G ur u an d
, , ,
a v oi c e co m e in to t h e e a r of t h a t c r e m r e th e n t h at b e i n g ,
s av e d . L i s t e n 0 Pan d at s ! Th e N am e i f Go d is s u c h th at in
, , ,
wh at e v e r pl a c e p e opl e s h a l l t a k e it t e y w i l l b e s av e d S o
, ,
.
wh e n K a b ir d e p a rt e d fro m K as h i an d w e t an d l i v e d in M ag ah ar ,
an d h oly s age s coll e c t e d th e r e h e o b tair d s al v a tio n th e r e al s o ;

,
"
an d t h e o n ly g i v e r o f s a l v a t i o n is t h e N ai e of t h e g r e a t K i n g .
”
T h e n t h e Pan d at s e n q u i r e d an d s aid O l an ak l Th e g r e a t K i n g ,
h s m an y N am e s bu t w h a t is th a t o n e p ar t ic u l ar N am e of t h e
a ,
”
g r e at K i n
g whi ch, g i v e s s a l v a ti o n ? T l n t h e S r i Bab a r e pli e d ,
L i s t e n 0 Pan d at s th e r e a e v ario u s k i ds o f bo at s on ri v e r s to
,
r
,
co n v e y th e m to t h e oppo s it e s hor e b u o n e o n ly r e q u ir e s o n e ,
bo at by w h ich to cro s s o v e r S o al s o al l h e N am e s o f t h e g r e a t
.
,
K i n g c an g i v e s al v a tio n b u t w h a t e v e r l\m e o f God o n e s s piri

, ,
’
t u al t e a ch e r t e ach e s o n e abo u t th a t N a e is s u ffi ci e n t to g i v e ,
”
h im h appi n e ss T h e n o n h e ari n g t h e s e wo r d s al l t h e Pan d ats
.
, ,
f e l l at h is f e e t an d h e g av e th e m in s t r mio n abo u t Go d s Tr ue ’
l N ame
‘
f .

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an d h av e t h e s ame p o w e r as , an d ar e s u b s tit u t e d f or, 719 , n y,

21 . Th e ﬁ r s t var i ati on em b r ac e s al l mas c u li n e s en di n g w i th

a as b al a c a l am ity d uaa b l es s ing an d is d e c li n e d as u n d e r

28 S o m e n ou n s ar e i n d e c li n abl e a s j okh o n d a nge r t ar an

ii) by h n i n g t h e ﬁ nal v o w e l a o f th e adj e c ti v e i n t o

( iii) by addi n g ai hit o r at t o t h e a dj e c ti v e , , , as c h at u r ,

w ad a g r e a t w a d iai g r e a tnes s ; u c h c h a h igh

S u p e r l a ti v e — This is the be s t wor d i h s arian gal l an t e

53 Th e R e l ati v e P r o n o u n s a r e jo, w h o, wh ic h , th a t, wha t ;

aj i b a, ih a, t ih a, an d aid s ar e . d e c li n e d li k e Chi tta (s e e ,

k is n ai, k i n an n a1 , J i s me , J i n b an n ai, & c , b u t n ai is o f t e n o m itt e d

f o r 1 s l m on w h a t d ay J ClJ C ll ELI f o r j it n a c h i r a s l o ng a t iine

but suc h w or ds ar e r e a lly a d ve rb s ,

H abit u a l (vi) F u t u r e Pr o b a bl e (vi i ) F u t u r e H abi t ua l (viii) P as t

(ix) P e r fe c t ( v) Pl u p e r f e c t ( xi) F u t u r e P as t ( v ii) F u t u r e

t h e t e n s e s ar e f o r m e d w ith t h e h e l p o f a u x ili a ri e s e ith e r f r o m

th e p r s e n t p ar tic ipl e is f o r m e d by a ddi n g d a t h e p as t by a d di n g

iii ; an d t h e f u t u r e p o t e n ti al by a ddi n g an e g g h al l d a s e n d ing , ,

89 T h e s u b s t an t i v e p arti c ipl e is s o c all e d , b e c a us e , w hil e

90 . The i n ﬁ n iti v e is f o r m e d by addi n g n ao r né t o th e r oo t ,

92 . The a ux ili a ri e s use d ar e th e d e f e c ti v e v e rb h an , a m .

P ri n c ip a l p a r t s P res e n t . p arti c ipl e h u n d a p as t p ar ti c ipl e

P as t p a rti c i pl e H o i a h o i a h avin g be c ome , , . D e c li n e d li k e

DE F INI T E P R E S EN T — I am e ais tin g .

1 . h un d as é h unde se h u n d ian s ién

h unde h onge h a n d ian h o n g ian

P re s e n t p ar ti c ipl e jzrn d a p as t p arti c ipl e ,

IMPE R A T IVE M OOD .

J a j ak e jaike goin g h aving go ne

S u b s t an ti v e p ar ti c ipl e goin g one th at goes or is to go , , ,

j irn d a h und a h i j zin d i h

FU T U R E PA S T I p r — oba b l y h av e , or sha l l h av e , gon e .

P r i n c i pal p art s P r e s e n t p ar ti c ip le , gh al l da. .

I NDE FINI T E — H v i . a ng s ent .

IND ICA T IVE M OOD .

gh al li a h ai, g b al l e h an gh al l i h ai, gh al l ian h an

SI N GU LAR AND P LU RAL .

INFINI T IVE M OOD T b t h i gb t .

g b al l e j zi n e g h al l izi aine j an ian

gh all ién J an d ién

SIN GULAR P LU RAL

m er i d h o w zm g e m ar id ién h o w éng ién

102 yll abl e w e

103 T h e s yll abl e .

ti m e s d r o p s t h e t e r m i n a ti o n n é n é & c e g T u s i n ac h c h h ian c h ijan

111 . In som e p art s of f o l l o w i n g p e c u li a ri

w hi c h e n a bl e th e m to e x p r e s s p o s s ibil ity i n c e pti o n , ,

tr an s iti o n c o m p l e ti o n & c e g W ei c h s ak n a to be a ble

p a rti c ipl e is r e p e at e d t h e m e an i ng is ditf e r e n t as U h

chir , tim e ; th e y a r e th e r e f o r e o f t e n c o n s tr u e d w i t h p r e p o s iti o n s ,

CON J UNC T I ONS .

1 20 . T h e f o ll ow i n g p r e p o s iti on s gov e r n t h e g e n iti v e c as e

1 22 T h e f o ll ow i n g p r e p o s iti o n s a re use d with th e a bl e .

E ka, o ne , (1 135, t h r ee, c h au ka, f ou r, p anJ a, we , c h h ak ka,

k o ri , b i b r a, W il l a, 5 0 p an j ah 1 0 0 s ai, s aikr é, s a u , h ajé r , s ah ,

D u dh i 1 1 t o 1 ; p a11 j d u w anj i 2 t o 3 ; p anj ot 1 i ac h o tr i

g ddh a p au 4 p au , p , tih a1 g d udh