PR I N C I PL E S

AN D P R A C TI C E
OF PLU M B I N G

By J . J . COS GR OV E

AUT H OR OF

S e w a g e P u r i fic a t i o n an d D i s pos a l

S a n i t a r y R e fr i g e r a t i o n and I c e M a ki n g

R o ck Ex c a v a t i n g an d B lasting

P u bl i s h e d by
T E C H N I C AL BO O K PU BL I S H I N G CO .

S C R A N TO N , P A .
 S tan d d ar S an i t ary H
f

C op yr h
ig t .

J o h n J os e ph C os gr o v e

T h i s -i E di ti on . Re vi s e d E . nlar ge d

an d R ew r it t e n Te n t h

DEC 1 2 2
’
 P R E FA C E

In p r e p r i n g t he m a n u s c r i pt for t h i s b ook the a u t hor s s ol e o b j e c t wa s

a ,
'

to s ys t e m at i z a n d r e d uc e t o a n e x a c t b a s i s
e t he p r i n c i p l e s wh i c h u n d e r l i e t he
,

p r a c t i c e o f p l u m b g The n e c e s s i t y for a c c u r a t e r u l e s a n d f or m ul a s i n s t e a d
in .
,

o f t he e m p i r i c a l m e t h o d s f o m e r l y e m p l o y e d r was o ft e n a n d f or c i bl y b r o ug h t
,

h om e t o t he a u t h o r wh e n d e s i g n i n g p l um b i n g i n s t a ll a t i o n s for l a r g e b u i l d i n g s .

The s c a r c i t y o f s c i e n t i fi c i n f o r m a t i on o n t h i s i m p or t a n t b r a n c h o f s a n i t a t i on
wa s q u i t e m a r k d N o b ook ha d e v e r b e e n p u bl i s h e d t h a t i n d i c a t e d t he b e s t
e .

k i d o f m a t e r i a l t o u s e fo r a g i v e n p ur p os e t h a t t ol d how wor k s h ou l d be
n ,

d s i g n d a n d i s t a ll e d t o be p e r f e c t l y s a n i t a r y a n d t h a t s h owe d how t o p r o
e e n ,

p t i on the a r i ou s p a r t s wi t h r e l a t i o n to the wh ol e s o t h a t a p l um b i n g s y s t e m
or v ,

d e s i g n e d a n d i n s t a l l e d a c c o r d i n g t o the t e x t wou l d g i v e p e r fe c t s e r v i c e .

R ul e s an d f or m u l a s
p op or t i on i n g hot a n d c ol d wa t e r s u pp l y p i p e s
for r

we r e e n t i r e l y l ac k i n g a n d n o l i t e r a t u r e wa s a v a i l a bl e t h a t wou l d b e o f a s s i s t
a n c e i n d e t e r mi n i n g t hi s m os t i m p or t a n t f e a t u r e o f a b u i l d i n g N e i t h e r c ou l d .

a ny t h i n g b e ha d t h a t wo u l d i n d i c a t e t he s i z e o f p i p i n g r e q u i r e d t o s u pp l y a

g i v e n n um be r o f fl u s h i n g v a l v e s fo r c l o s e ts n or t h a t m e n t i o n e d t he n u m e r o u s
,

o t h e r c o n d i ti o n s r e q u i r i n g c on s id ér a t i on wh e n d e s i g n i n g a p l u m b i n g i n s t a l l a t i on
‘

R eali zi ngt h i s the a u t h or g a t h e r e d m u c h v a l u a bl e d a t a a n d wo k e d out

, r

m a n y r u l e s a n d f or m u l a s f r o m hi s p r i v a t e p r ac t i c e an d t he g i s t o f t he r u l e s , ,

f or m ul a s a n d d a t a h a v e b e e n i n c or p or a t e d i n P r i n c i p l e s a n d P r a c t i c e of “

”
Pl u m b i n g wh e r e for the fi r s t t i m e t h e y we r e off e r e d t o the p u bl i c
, , .

In pl a nn n g i t he sc o pe o f t he b ook , i t wa s a ss u m e d that t he rea der knew

b u t l i t t l e o f t he s u b j e c t o f p l u m b i n g , a n d ha d n o s o ur c e o f i n f or m a t i on o u t s i d e
o f t he b o o k . W i t h t h i s p r e m i s e i n m i n d a n e ff o r t wa s m a d e t o p r e p a r e t he
s u b j e c t m a tt e r s o c l e ar l y a n d c on c i s e l y t h a t a p e r so n o f a v e r a g e i n t e l l i g e n c e ,

x
by f ol l owi n g the t e t , c ou l d d e s i g n a n d p r op ort i o n a n y p l um b i n g i n s t a ll a t i o n .

T ha t t hi s ob j e c t ha s i n a m e a s ur e b e en r e a l i z e d i s e v i de n c e d by the i n t e r e s t o f
a r c h i t e c t s , e n g i n e e r s a n d p l um b e r s i n t he a r t i c l e s wh e n t h e y fi r s t a p p e a r e d i n

s e r i a l f o r m i n M O D E R N S A N I TA TI O N , a n d b y t he l a r g e d o m e s t i c a n d f o r e i g n

v
a d a n c e s u b s c r i pt i o n fo r t he wo r i n b oo f or m k k .

It is t he f the a u t h o r a n d p u bl i s h e r s t o e e p P r i n c i p l e s a n d
i n t e n t i on o k ‘

k
P r a c t i c e o f Pl um b i n g t he s t a n d a r d wor on p l um b i n g a n d s a n i t a t i on a n d to .

k v
t h i s e n d t he b oo wi ll be s ub j e c t t o r e i s i o n wh e n f oun d n e c e s s a r y C r i t i c i s m .

o f t he s u b j e c t m a tt e r wi l l b e we l c o m e a s b y f a i r a n d i n t e l l i g e n t c o m me n t i t s
.

xa u el wi l l b e en han c ed .

J J Co s c n o v t
. .
 P R E FA CE T O S E C O ND E D I TI O N

A s e c on d e di t i on of Pr i n c i p l e s a n d P r a c t i c e of P l um b i n g hay i ng be ers
c a l l e d for , a c om p l e t e r e v i s i on o f t he wor k s e e m e d a d v i s a b l e t o t he a u t h or
:

S i n c e t he b oo k wa s fir s t p u bl i s h e d i t ha s b e e n a c c e pt e d a s t he s t a n d ar d wor k
,

on p l u m b i n g i n t h i s c oun t r y a n d a s s uc h i s us e d i n ov e r fif t y c o l l e g e s
, ,

u n i v e r s i t i e s a n d t r a d e sc h oo l s t h r ou g h ou t t he U n i t e d S t a t e s. S uc h a g en e r al
.

a c c e pt a n c e o f t he wor k p l a c e s u p on t he a ut h or t he r e s p on s i bi l i t y of k e e p i n g

t he b oo k t h or o u g h a n d c o m p l e t e i n e v e r y r e s p e c t a n d a s m a n y c ha n g e s h a v e
, ,

t a ke n p l a c e i n p l u m b i n g p r ac t i c e s i n c e t he or i g i n a l m a n u s c r i pt wa s wr t te n
l ,

a n d n um e r o u s q u e r i e s r ec e i v e d s i n c e t he b ook wa s p u b l i s h e d ,h a v e p oi n t e d ou t
wh e r e a dd i t i on a l m a tt e r c ou l d b e s u pp l i e d t he p r e se n t r e v i s i on wh i c h a m oun t s
, ,

t o a r e wr i t i n g o f t he b ook wa s d e c i d e d u p on t h a t n o m a tt e r o f v a l u e wo u l d
,

b e om i tt e d .

J J Cos c no v r
. .

Phi l a d e l p h i a , Pa .
, 1 91 4 .
 TA BL E O F CON T E N T S

CI I A I ’
I ER

The D ra i n a g e S ys t e m
The H o u s e S e we r
H ouse D ra i n

P r o p o r t i o i n g t he D r a i n a g e S y s t e m
n

De t a i l s o f the H o u s e D r a i n
S i p h on s a n d S i p h on a g e
S oi l W a s t e a d V e n t S t ac ks
,
n

E x a m p l e o f D r i n a g e S ys t e m
a

T r a p s a n d T r a pp i n g .

B l ow O ff T a n k s d R e fr i g e r a t or W a s t e s
-
an

Me c h a n i c a l D i s c h a r g e S y s t e m s
C ol d W a t e r S u pp l y
S o l v e n t P o we r o f W a t e r
H y d r os t a t i c s
F l ow o f W a t e r T h ou g h P i p e s r

M e a s ur m e n t o f W a t e r
e

W a t e r H a m m er
Wa ter S up pl y Pi pe s
C oc k s a n d V a l v e s
De t a i l s of W a t e r S u pp l y
P um p s a d P u m p i n g
n

Fi re Li n e s

P ur i fi c t i o n o f W a t e r s
a

S o ft e n i g o f W a t e r
n

S t e r i l i z i n g W t e r wi t h Ul t r a V i o l e t R a y s
a

P r e v e n t i n o f R us t i n g i n W a t e r P i p e s a n d
o T k
an s

H o t W a t e r S u pp l y

T a n k s fo r S t or i n g H ot W a t e r
I c e W a t e r S u pp l y
-

W a t e r S u pp l y for S ub ur b a n Pl a c e s
Pl um b i n g F i x t ur e s .

S wi m m i n g P oo l s .

A pp e n d i x e s
 P R I N CI P LE S A N D P R A CTI CE
OF P LU MB I N G

P A RT I
TH E D R A I N A GE S YS TE M

C HA P T E R I
GE NE R AL CON S T R U C TI ON

S a nit a tio n i n mo dern bu i lding i s gi ven f a r more co n

si d er a tio n th a n a t a n y tim e i n th e hi sto ry of a rchitectu re .

N ot only i s this tru e i n reg a rd to the i ncre a sed siz e o f

livi ng rooms the provi sion m a d e fo r light a n d a i r a n d the
, ,

i ntro d ucti o n of ventil a ti o n a n d he a ting systems bu t m ore ,

p a rti cul a rly i n the wonderful i mprovem e nts i n p lu mbi ng ,

both a s reg a rds th e dr a i n a ge systems the w a ter su pply a n d ,

the fixt u res .Th e i mprovem ents i n wo rkm a nship m a teri a ls ,

a n d the systems of i nst a ll a ti o n h a ve so ch a nged the ch a r

a cter of plumb i ng th a t new st a nd a rds of comp a ri so n a r e

- [

requi red to d ef ermi ne t he qu a lit y of wo rk For i nst a nce

, .
,

while forme rly pl umb ing fixtu res were hi d den i n i ll venti l -

a ted poo rly lighted out of the wa y pl a ces a n d u sed o nly a s

,
-

,
- - -

necess ities they n ow occupy a p rom i nent pl a ce i n the hous e

,

hold of the i ntelligent a n d h a ve b ecom e a lux u ry a s well a s

,

a necessity .

The i mprovements i n fixtu res consi st chi efly i n substitut

i ng e a rthenw a re a n d porcel a i n en a m e le d w a re fo r th e pl a in
i ron copp er a n d woo d fo r m erly used ; th e prohibitio n of a l l
,

mech a ni c a l closets with thei r l a rge foul i ng ch a mb e rs a n d

, ,

a dopti ng i nste a d closet b o wls with tr a ps comb i ned th a t a r e

vit reou s non corros ive a n d non a b so rb ent b oth i nsi de a n d
,
- -

outsi de ; the connecting of a l l w a ste p i pes from fixtu res

with a tr a p pl a ced a s close to th e fixtu re a s possible a n d , ,

not l e a st i n import a nce the setting of a l l fixtu res o pen i n

,
to keep the a i r withi n th e dr a i ns comp a r a tively p ure ; i m
provement in the sh a pes of fittings ; i ncre a sed weight a n d
bett er qu a litie s of p ipe us ed a n d bett er metho ds of j o i ning
,

the pi pes ; these a l l cont ribute thei r sh a re to the improve

ment of the system a s a whole
—
.

R es ults of b a cteri ologi c a l i nvestiga tio ns h a vi n g s hown

.
l

th a t more dis e a s e e nter s a b u i l d i n g t hr 0 ug h the w a ter s up

.

ply th a n fro m t he d r a i n a ge system ce r ta i n prec a utions a r e

,

t a ken t o minimize the d a nger from thi s sourc e The source .

of the w a ter supply i s s elected whe re there i s le a st d a nger

of cont a mi n a tion or i nfection a n d c a re i s t a ken to protect

,

the w a ter from polluti on while i n sto r a ge ; a lso a mple time

i s a llowed f o r sediment a ti on a n d sunlight t o remo ve b a cteri a
b efore the w a ter is deliver ed i nto the distributing m a i ns .

I n som e pl a ces the mu ni c i p a l s upply of w a ter i s filtered

through germ p roof filters b efo re it i s delivered t o the con
-

s umers . Wher e thi s i s not done s ep a r a te house filters m a y

be i nst a lled by co ns um ers f or thei r own protection .

E XA M PL E or A D RA I NAG E S Y S T E M —TO those who a r e

.

n ot f a mi li a r with plumb i ng there is som ething compli c a ted

,

a n d b ewi l deri ng a bo ut a n i nst a ll a tion

, whi ch would s ee m
,

to defy a n a lysi s Anything however whi ch i s b a sed on a

.
, ,

system i s simple when the system i s u nderstood ; a n d a s

,

plumbi ng work i s a l l done a ccording t o well defined pri nci

ples th e work is e a sy of comprehens ion t o those who u nder
,

st a n d the u nderlyi ng p ri nciples In this wo rk the eff ort

.

wi ll b e m a de t o r ob plumbi ng of i t s mystery a n d s o present ,

the expl a n a tion th a t a nyb o dy with a f a i r knowledge of

bu ildi ng c a n p roperly pl a n work I n do ing s o simple illus
. ,

t r a t i on s will b e use d a s simple i llustr a tions show the s ys

,

tem follo wed whi ch c a n t hen be a ppli ed to a n y ki nd or size

,

of i nst a ll a ti on while illustr a ti ons of l a rge compli c a ted i nst a l

,

l a t i on s woul d b e so clogge d with det a il a s t o b e bewilderi ng .

4 P r i n c i p l es and P r a c ti c e f P l um b i n g
o

I n the ill ustr a ti on Fi g 1 i s shown in broken p e r s p e c

, .
,

t ive the gener a l l a yout of a pl umb i ng syst em whi ch i nclu d es ,

the pri ncip a l elements of a n y a n d a l l systems The obj ect .

here is to show the v a ri ou s p a rts i n rel a tion to th e whol e .

The v a ri o us p a rts wi ll l a ter be ex a mined a n d describ ed in

det a i l
.

The dr a i n a ge system it will b e s een st a rts a t the p ublic

, ,

sewer i n the street . Th a t p o rti on of th e hori zont a l dr a i n

extendi ng to wi thin a sho rt dista nce o f the found a tion w a ll
of the b u il di ng is know n a s the hou se s ewer I ns i de of the .

found a tio n w a ll is a m a in dr a i n tr a p a n d a fresh a i r inlet

l e a ding to the a tmosphere outs i d e This tr a p a n d fresh a i r
.

i nlet it m ight b e well to mentio n a r e b etter omitted ; b ut a s

they a r e requi red by l a w i n some citi es they a r e here i n ,

c o r p or a t e d a s sho wi ng on e of the p ossible elements i n a

system of plumb i ng C onti nui ng from the fresh a i r i nlet

.

th ere is the m a i n hou s e dr a i n whi ch i s the hori zont a l sys

tem of p ip i ng i n th e b a sement or cell a r of a b u ilding .

The ho us e dr a i n a s i n the pres ent ex a mpl e m a y b e

, ,

ru n u nd er th e floo r m a y b e ru n a bove the floor o r sus

, ,

p ended from th e ceili ng overhe a d All th a t i s necess a ry i s

.

t o h a ve a positive f a ll tow a rds the s ewer a n d run th e p i pes ,

as direct a s circumst a nces will p er m it O therwi s e the .

designer c a n us e hi s own j u dgment a s to how the p ip e sh a ll

b e run a n d where it will b e loc a ted there bei ng n o p a r ,

t i c ul a r wa y or w a ys i n whi ch i t must b e done nor p a r ,

t i c ul a r pl a ces i n whi ch it must b e lo c a ted .

A floor dr a i n i s shown re a dy to dr a i n the cell a r floor .

Floor dr a i ns a r e n ot a dvis a ble o nly i n loc a ti ons where thei r

tr a p s will a lw a ys b e se a led with w a ter b ut is shown here ,

to in di c a te th e m a nner they a r e i nst a lled A r a i n l e a d er is .

shown a t th e re a r of the b u ilding L ike the m a i n hous e

.

dr a i n there is n o p a rt i cul a r wa y t o ru n a r a i n le a der so

,
,

long a s it i s ru n di rect a s poss ibl e a n d with a goo d f a ll

tow a rds the s ewer . At the roof or gutter the l e a der i s ,

shown connected with a fl exibl e connecti on Thi s i s n e c es .

s a ry t o t a ke u p the v a ri a tions of l ength du e to the creep

i ng of the le a der st a ck Co nnectio ns a r e sho wn t a ken off
.

the m a i n house dr a i n f or risi ng st a cks of soi l a n d w a ste

 Pr i n c i p l es an d Pr a c ti c e o f P lum b i n g 5

pi pe. H ere a g a i n the si mple i s th e right thi ng to do

, , A .

” “
Y fitti ng or T Y fitti ng wi th str a ight d irect ru n to the '

st a cks i s a lw a ys p refer a ble a ltho ugh a d r a i n ca n b e offset

,

a rou nd a n obst a cle when necess a ry provi de d there i s a lw a ys

,

a goo d dr a i n to the pip e .

I n th e verti c a l st a cks a r e sho wn three diff erent m etho ds

of runni ng li nes . To the re a r i s a w a ste st a ck fo r th e
kitchen si nk an d l a u ndry tr a ys whi ch b ecomes the vent ,

st a ck a bove the l evel of the fixtu res I n the m i d dle i s a

.

do uble li ne of w a ste p ipes fo r a co uple of l a v a to ri es loc a ted

o n d ifferent floors whi le to th e right i s a st a ck o f soi l p i pe
,

with a n a ccomp a nyi ng vent st a ck Thes e st a cks a r e a l l

.

shown run close to the w a ll a ltho ugh they m a y b e ru n a t

,

a n y conveni ent pl a ce close to a p a rt iti on b ut well a w a y from

the o utsi d e w a l l s ; co nce a l ed i n p a rtiti ons o r a n y other p a rt ,

of the bu i lding th e only consi d er a tio n b ei ng to keep them

,

a s mu ch out of the wa y a n d a s m u ch out of sight a s p oss ibl e .

I t wi ll b e noti ced th a t a l l of the verti c a l st a cks of so i l

a n d w a ste pi pes extend through the roof where they a r e

open to the a tmosphere It wi ll b e seen th erefo re th a t a i r

.
, ,

enteri ng the fresh a i r i nlet will keep flowi ng upw a rd

thro ugh the system of so il w a ste vent a n d le a der pip es s o ,

th a t th e dr a i n a i r within wi ll be thoroughly dil uted with

fresh a i r from outs i de It i s obvi ou s th a t pl a c i ng a tr a p
.

a t the foot o f a n y of thes e li nes woul d stop the ci rcul a ti on

through the li nes so tr a pp ed whi ch woul d b e very obj ecti on

,

a bl e
. For thi s re a son tr a ps a r e never u se d a t the foot of
a n y verti c a l li nes of pip e except r a i n le a ders when they

open close to d oo rs o r wi ndows .

If the m a i n d r a i n tr a p a n d fresh a i r i nl et were o m itted ,

th ere woul d still b e a ci rcul a ti o n of a i r thro ugh the system ,

but i n th a t c a s e the a i r would first p a ss thro ugh the publ i c

,

s ewers i n th e street thereby keepi ng the a i r with i n a s

,

freely di luted a s th a t i n the d r a i n a ge system .

The fo regoi ng shows a n d expl a i ns th e pri nci p a l ele

ments of a d r a in a ge system The system might b e l a rger
.
,

cont a i n more st a cks le a ders a n d b r a nches extend up

, ,

thro ugh a gre a ter number of stori es o r be mod i fied i n som e ,

wa y a s will be expl a i ned i n d et a i l fu rther on N o m a tter .

6 Pr i n ci p l es an d P ra c ti c e f P l um b i n g
o

how compl i c a ted the system m a y be however it ca n be , ,

divi ded up i nto the hous e dr a i n ; st a cks of so il w a ste a n d ,

vent p ip es ; a n d the fixtu re b r a nches from the st a cks ; a n d

thes e ca n b e l a i d out by rememb eri ng th e few fund a ment a l
requi rements f or the v a rious ele m ents .

R E QU I R E ME N T S or A P LU M B I NG S Y S T E M —Fi rst—A n .

a dequ a te s upply of w at er s u ffici ent i n volume a n d pressure

to fl ush a l l the fixtu res a t one a n d the s a me ti me .

S econd— Typ es of fixtu res th a t m a de of po rcel a in ar e ,

p orcel a i n en a mel or some other non a bsorbent m a teri a l a r e

-

s et O pen a n d loc a ted i n well lighted

, p roperly ventil a ted ,

rooms .

Thi rd— A system h a vi ng w a ste pip es l a rge enough t o

c a rry w a ste m a tter dis ch a rged into th em yet n ot s o
off a l l ,

l a rge a s n o t to b e self cle a ni ng -

.

Fou rth— A system of ventil a tion so pl a nned a s to prop

erly ventil a te every portio n of the dr a i n a ge system a n d
p rovi de relief i n t a ll b u ildi ngs f o r the he a ved up a i r i n soi l -

st a cks when a numb er of fixtures a r e i n us e at the s a me

tim e .

Fifth—A qu a lity o f p ipi ng th a t will neither corrode

e a si ly nor b e a ffected by su dden ch a nges of temper a ture ,

a n d the j oi nts o f whi ch c a n b e m a de a s strong a s the pi pes

themselves .

S ixth—A prop erly gr a d ed p erfectly , g as an d w a ter

tight syste m th a t will dis ch a rge by gr a vity .

S eventh—A system support ed thro ughout i t s e nti re

so

extent a n d so p rovi ded wi th swi ng j oi nts a n d flexible con

,

n e c t i on s a s t o t a ke up the shri nk a ges settlements a n d tem ,

p e r a t u r e ch a nges of the pip ing a n d building witho ut d a m

a g e to the fixt u res conn ections pipi ng o r buildings
, , .

E ighth— A system of i nst a ll a ti on th a t provi d es turns

a n d offsets of e a sy a ngles ; i n whi ch the br a n c h es a r e c on

n ec t e d so a s not to i nterrupt the flo w of s e wa g e i n the m a i n

'

a n d th a t provi des cle a n o uts a t su c h poi nts th a t the insi de

-

of th e dr a i n a ge system i s a ccessible througho ut i t s enti re

extent .
 P r i n c i p l es a nd P ra c ti c e o f P l u mbi ng 7

C HA P T E R II
TH E H O U S E S E W E R

P lu mbi ng systems fo r b u ild i ngs co nsist of the dr a i n a ge

system a n d the system of w a ter supply D r a i n a ge systems .

i nclu d e the ho use sewer hou se dr a i n so i l w a ste a n d vent

, ,

st a cks b r a n ch fi xt u r e connecti o ns a n d fixtu res

,
-
Also i n .

some c a ses the sub soi l dr a in a ge .

The hou se s ewer i s th a t po rt io n of the dr a i n a ge system

wh i ch extends from the street s ewer o r oth er pl a ce of s e w
a g e di spo s a l to a p o i nt not l ess th a n fiv e feet o utsi de the

fo u nd a ti on w a ll It receives th e dis ch a rge from the hous e

.

d r a i n r a i n le a d ers y a rd a n d a re a d r a i ns , a n d i n some c a s es
,

from the s ubso i l d r a i ns .

Ho us e sewers a r e gen er a lly m a de of ti l e p i p e a lthough ,

c a st i ron p ip e i s someti m es u sed

-
When constru cted of tile .

p i pe the pip e sho ul d b e str a ight cylin d ri c a l ; smooth free

, , ,

fro m cr a cks p erfectly bu rned a n d shoul d h a ve a goo d s a lt

, ,

gl a ze over the enti re i nner a n d o uter su rf a ces except the ,

i nsid e of hubs a n d the o utsi d e of th e spigot end Wh i ch ,

shoul d be l eft u ngl a z ed oth erwi s e cement will not a dhere

,

t o the p i pe a n d a n i mperfect j o i nt wi ll resu lt .

Ti le pipe i s m a de i n a l l st a nd a rd si zes correspo nding

to i ron pi pe sizes up to 3 6 i nches i n di a meter a n d a r e m a d e ,

i n sever a l different weights I n T a ble I a r e show n the

.

v a rio u s si zes weights a n d dim ensi ons of st a n d a rd weight

,

tile sewer pi pes The si zes dim ensions a n d wei ghts of

.
,

double stren g th tile s ewer p ipe c a n b e fou nd i n T a bl e I I .

O rdi n a rily ti le pi pes a r e m a d e i n lengths of 2 feet e a ch

, ,

from i nsi de of socket to end of p ip e so th a t e a ch length wi ll

l a y j u st 2 feet of pi pe S peci a l lengths of ti le a r e m a d e
.
,

however 3 feet long a n d th ese a r e b etter th a n the two fo ot

, ,
-

len g ths fo r sewer pu rposes a s they redu ce a lmost 5 0 p er ,

cent the numb er of j oi nts i n a s ewer

. .

D eep a n d wi de socket til e sewer p ipes a r e l i k wi s e m a de .

Th a t i s to s a y where a s i n o rd in a ry st a nd a rd 4 i nch sewer

,
-

pip e the d epth of t he h ub i s only i nches with a n a nnul a r ,

8 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

sp a ce o f i nch b etween the i nsi de of the hub a n d the out

side of the spigot i ns erted i n the hub i n the deep socket pipe , ,

the h ub s of 4 i nch p ip e a r e 2 inches deep with a S p a ce of

-

i nch b etween the i nsi de of the hub a n d the outs i de of the

pipe . Thi s gre a ter depth of hub a n d wi dth of sp a ce m a kes
possible a b etter j oi nt s o th a t deep wi d e socket til e pipes 3
feet i n l ength woul d b e the b est t o u s e where a w a ter tight
s ewer i s requi red The w ei ghts a n d dimensions of st a nd a rd
.

deep a n d wi de so cket pip es c a n b e found i n T a ble I I I while ,

the weights dimensi ons a n d depth of soc kets of double

, ,

st rength d eep a n d wi d e so cket p ip es c a n b e found i n

T a ble IV .

TA BL E I . D i m e n s i on s of S t a n d a r d S e we r P i p e

M ET H OD S or L AY I NG T I L E S E W ER —The us u a l metho d
of l a yi ng til e ho use sewers i s t o dig a trench fro m the street
sewer t o the ho us e th a t i s t o be connected gr a di ng the bot ,

t om t o a s ne a rly the requi red s lope a s possible a n d l a yi ng the

pipe on the bo tto m of the trenc h Where the gr a di ng is
.

i mperfectly done the pip e m ust b e blo cked up i n the l o w

,

spots t o the requ i red gr a de b efore the j oints a r e m a de .

Th e j o i nts a r e m a de by filli ng the hubs with mort a r m a de

of equ a l p a rts P o r tl a nd cement a n d s a nd When dr a i ns a r e .
 P r i n c i p l es and P r a c ti c e f
o P l u m bi n g 9

thu s i nst a lled th e b r a cings u nder the pip es a r e sel dom

,

s u fi i c i e n t to hol d the pip e i n position while th e trench i s

‘

bei ng filled co nsequ ently th e j oi nts a r e very a p t to b e

, ,

broken .

A goo d metho d of l a yi ng ti le pip e i s to so di g the trench

th a t the bottom will h a ve a prope r a n d u nifo rm gr a d e then , ,

by s coopi ng out where the hub s com e th e p ip e c a n b e l a i d ,

with a goo d be a ri ng its enti re length o n u nd i stu rb ed e a rth .

This method wh en p roperly c a rri ed o ut i s u nqu estio n a bly

, ,

the best known metho d of l a yi ng til e p i pe b ut gre a t c a re ,

m ust be t a ken i n diggi ng the trench so a s not to spoi l th e

he a r i n g for the p i p e by di ggi ng below the gr a d e .

TABL E II . D i m e n s i on s of D ou bl e S tre n g t h P i p e

A qu i ck m etho d o f l a yi ng tile pip e i s t o di g the trench

to th e p rop er gr a d e a n d bed a li ne of pl a nks firmly o n the
bottom ; then l a y the dr a i n o n the pl a nks By thi s m etho d .

the time of leveling e a ch length of p ip e i s s a ved a lso the ,

time exc a v a ti ng for the h ubs a n d if the pl a nks a r e properly

,

gr a d ed the dr a i n i s bo un d to h a ve a p ro per a n d uniform

,

f a ll
. S ome a uthoriti es a dvoc a te th e b eddi ng o f ti le pip e i n
s ix i nches of concrete but a s th e concrete wo ul d i ncre a s e the
,

cost of a tile d r a i n to more th a n th e cost of a n i ro n o n e i t ,

woul d b e b etter to i nst a ll a n i ron d r a i n i nste a d .

LE V E L I NG T I L E P I PE —The metho d u su a lly a dopted fo r

leveli ng tile pi pe is to p l a ce a n o rdi n a ry S pi rit level o n e a ch
length o f p ip e a s it i s l a i d a n d r a i se o r lower the free end o f
,
10 P ri n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e of P l u m bi n g

the pi pe until the level show s it t o be at the requ i red gr a de

-

The obj ecti o n t o thi s metho d i s th a t u nless the end of e a ch

length of pipe i s prop erly centered i n the p recedi ng hub e a ch
length might h a ve a goo d f a ll while the enti re d r a i n mi ght
b e level . A better wa y i s to level from the hubs of the p ip e .

When these a r e prop erly gr a ded a n d the spigot ends of e a ch

length of pip e blocked to the requ ire d height the entire ,

dr a i n wi ll h a ve a tru e a n d u n ifo rm f a ll .

A str a ight edge long enough t o re a ch at le a st four of

the h ubs s houl d b e us ed t o level dr a i ns A goo d str a ight .

edge for thi s p u r p ose c an b e m a d e by cutting a str a ight dry

p i ece of white pi ne s i x feet long a n d j o inti ng the edges p er
,

TAB L E I I I . We i g ht s and D i m e n s i on s of S t a n d a rd , D e e p
and W i d e S oc k e t s

f e c t l y str a ight an d
squ a re with the si des It s hould b e .

m a de a s mu ch wi der a t o n e end a s there will b e f a ll I n S I X

feet of the s ewer ; then by pl a cing the str a ight edge on the
,

t op of th e hubs with t he wi de end tow a rd the outlet the t o p ,

of the str a ight edge will b e level when the s e we r ha s the

i

requi red f a ll .

M ost ti le p ipes a r e w a rped a little i n bu rni ng s o th a t ,

the lengths a r e not p erf e ctly str a ight C a re shoul d b e .

t a ken therefore when l a yi ng a tile s e wer to s e e th a t the

, ,

bend i n crooked lengths i s pl a ced a t the si de a n d n ot a t the

t op or bottom where they woul d form a seri es of sh a llow
,

pools f or the retenti on of sew a ge .

 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

po u red full with hot a sph a lt Fo r m a ny purposes a sph a lt .

j oi nts a r e prefer a bl e t o cement j oi nts ; they a r e lighter ,

more flexible a n d n ot so likely t o b e b roken by a settlement

‘

of th e groun d o r by j a rring of the pi pe when the trench is

b e i ng filled .

T i le p ip e j oi nts c a n likewise b e m a de with L ea d i t e

a n d wi ll withst a nd a n i ntern a l p ressure of 5 t o 7 pou nds o r

more without l e a king Le a d i t e i s a le a d l ike m a teri a l whi ch

.
-

i s pou red while i n a molten conditi on into the hubs Unlike .

l e a d it exp a nds sli ghtly u pon cooling thereby filli ng a l l the

, ,

littl e c a vities a n d crevi ces of the hub a n d S pigot m a king ,

them tight witho ut c a lki ng -

All th a t i s necess a ry i n m a k
.

i ng a L e a d i t e j oi nt i s t o c a lk the hub first with o a kum then ,

pou r the L ea d i t e .

W H E R E T I L E S E W E R P I P E M A Y B E U S ED Tile pipe .
-

shoul d b e u sed f or hou se sewers only when a n a tu r a l b ed of

e a rth o r ro ck c a n b e obt a i ned t o l a y it on It shoul d not be .

us ed even then if i t i s exposed t o frost di sch a rges i nto a ,

c e S S p ool o r p a ss es n e a r a well
-
sp ri ng or other s ource of ,

w a ter s upply The c hi ef obj ection t o the u s e of tile pipe f o r

.

house s ewe rs i s the u ns a ti sf a ctory j oints b etween the

lengths .D u ring dry we a ther or i n loc a l iti es where the
gro u nd w a ter i s l ow sew a ge esc a pes from the sewer i nto the
,

e a rth a n d m ight we a r a ch a nnel to s ome ne a rby well c i s ,

n

tern or oth er source of w a ter s upply

, D uring wet we a ther .
,

o r i n loc a l iti e s where the ground w a ter is high w a ter enters ,

the s ewer through the j oi nts a conditi on th a t m ight prove ,

e x p e n s I v e I n c a se th e s ew a ge i s tre a ted a t a di spos a l

Another n o t u ncommon s o urce of trouble from le a ky

j oints a r e roots of trees th a t enter i n se a rch of w a ter a n d
i n cou rs e of time completely obstru ct the dr a in .

A L K A L I AN D A C I D W A S TE s —
P I PI N G FO R Altho ugh ti le .

p i pe a s a rule i s not s o desi r a b le a s c a st iron pi pe f or ho use

sewers a n d i s seldo m s a ti sf a cto ry for a m a i n hou se d r a i n
, ,

there a r e cond itions u nder whi ch it i s b etter th a n o rdi n a ry

soi l p ip e but not s o good a s high si li c a c a st iron pipe
,
- -
.

*
ll
A t G r i n n e , I o wa , t h e flo w of wa g e we t we a t h is f r om th to f ou
d
se In er r ee r
ti m es t he v l
o u m e of wa e r p u m p e t f r om t he c i t y we ll s N o p e r m a n en t wat e r
l vl d th v f r om fe e t
.

e e , s t ee p a g e a t ep s a r yi n g 1 0 to 40 .
 P r i n c i p l es an d P ra c ti c e of P l u m bi n g

I n chemi c a l works so d a wo rks pri nt wo rks pl a ti ng

, , ,

works a n d other i nd ustri es where i ron pi pe i s destroyed by

the a ci d tile pi pes will p rove the b etter m a teri a l when
,

prop erly l a i d I n s u ch c a ses the tile d r a i n m ight well b e

.

bedd ed i n concrete 6 i nches thi ck with 1 i nch o f cement ,

mort a r imm edi a tely su rrou n ding the pip e Where meces .

s a ry to ru n verti c a l pip es to v a ts o r overhe a d horizont a l ,

pi pes th e concrete c a n b e rei nfo rced a n d til e pi pes u sed

,
.

Thi s m a kes a costly i nst a ll a tio n a n d sho ul d the j oi nts ,

open the a ci ds wi ll a tt a ck the concrete whi ch then f a ils i n

, ,

ti me .The gl a ze o n tile pip e wi ll resi st mo st commerci a l

a ci ds but when the gl a z e i s go ne the bi scu it w a re fo rm i ng
, ,

the bo dy of th e pipe p roves less resi st a nt .

C A S T I R O N A C I D W A S T E S — S oi l pi p e a n d fitti ngs i n a l l
-

coi n m e r c i a l si zes of ord in a ry extr a he a vy c a st i ro n pip e a lso - -

a speci a l s ize i nches i n di a meter with a full li ne o f ,

so il pi pe fitti ngs a r e n ow m a d e fro m hi gh si li c a c a st i ron ,

-

,
-

whi ch wi ll resi st a l l commerci a l a ci ds b u t not sod a s o r ,

other a lk a l ies The high si li c a so il pip es a r e p ut o ut u nder

.
-

“ ”
tr a de n a mes like D u ri ron a n d a r e p ut together with le a d
,

c a lked j oi nts I nste a d of o a kum a sbestos m m i s u sed a s

.
,

a p a cki ng D u ri ron i s a n i ro n s ili ci de cont a in i ng a b out

.

S ili co n , 8 % C a rbon a n d 3 5 % M a ng a nese a n d pos

.
, .
,

sesses physi c a l p roperti es a s follows :

M l ti
e ng P oi n t a b ou t 2 300 F h a r .

S p e c i fi c Gr a v i t y
We i g h t per c u b i c i n c h 0 2 53 l bs .

H ar d n e s s ( S h o e S c l e r os c o p e )
r 49 to 5 1
C on t r a c t i on a ll owa n c e i n c a s t per ft .

C oeffi c i e n t o f e x p a n s i o n 0 0 00 1 5 6 5 p e r de g . F ah r .

C om p r e s s i on s t e n g t hr l bs .
per sq . in .

T e n s i l e s t re n gt h l bs .
pe r sq . in .

T r a n s v e r s e s t r e n g t h 1 000 l bs
. . . wi t h d e fle c t i on b e t we e n an d

D u ri ron i s a c a st met a l extrem ely h a rd a n d close ,

gr a ined I t shows a white fr a ctu r e a n d t a kes a h igh poli sh

. .

I t will not s often m a teri a lly no r lo s e its sh a pe a t a temper a

tu re a little below its melti ng po int a n d shows p r a cti c a lly ,

n o oxid a tion a t th i s temper a tu re .

14 P r i n ci p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P lu m b i n g

O wi ng to i t s extreme h a rdness high sili c a c a st i ro n ,

-

c a nnot b e m a chi ned with cutti ng tools b ut i s finished by ,

gri nding The high s ili c a p ipes now o n the m a rket cont a in
.
-

a s hi gh a s of si li c a When the p ercent a ge re a ches .

1 6 the pipes will be immu ne to a l l a ci ds

, R eport of a .

“ ”
G overnm ent test on D u ri ron c a n b e found i n T a ble V .

“ ”
D u ri ron si nks v a ts kettles a n d other a cid resisti ng , ,
-

cont a iners a r e a lso m a de .

TABL E V . R e p ort on C orro s i v e Te s t s o n D u r i r on

B y U S B u re a u of S ta d d s A p i l 2 4 1 92 0
n ar r

ld C C ) D u a t i o 1 2 0 D a ys
. .
, , .

Co o r r os i v T t
e es s (15
°
t o20 °
r n , .

W
l ti C m m
. .
r t
So an d on ce n t r a t i on
f n a t n t e
u on n
ht
n
m m
o s s
nh h
W
I

C
I i
p
by ei g a e i
g s g C e
c s
c g i
a
i s .

e . i
e s e a s g
.
r s
e
O W L W
r q r r o r o q e o
MS
i

A p S G G L P L

Sul p h ur i c a ci d
95
S ul p h ur i c ac i d 2
'

S ul p h ur i c a ci d 1 0 %
N i t r i c a ci d
N i t r i c a ci d 2 5 %
N i t r i c a c i d 1 0%
H y d ro chl or i c a ci d 2 5 %
H y dr ochl or i c a ci d
A ce t i c a ci d 99 %
Ph os p h or i c a ci d 87 %
Ph osp h or i c a ci d 2 5 %
Ph os p h or i c ac i d 1 0 %
x
O a li c a ci d 7 .

x
O a li c a c i d 2 1 % T
Al um 1 5 % cr ys t *

P i cr i c a ci d 9 1 % I
C o p p er sul p h a te 2 5 % cr ys t
Amm oni um C hl or i d e 2 7 %
Fe r r i c C hl or i d e 48%
Fe r r i c Chl ori d e 7
O l e i c a c i d , conhn l f

B r om in e , C P .

P yr oga ll i c a ci d 3 1 %

*
S at u r a t e d l
s o ut i on a t 20
°
C . S a t S ol
. . at 20
°
C .
I S a t S ol i n
. . et hy l alco h ol
Le a d ha s b een us ed to some extent f o r a ci d w a stes a lso ,

le a d li ned i ron pip es

-
L e a d i s su it a bl e for only a few a ci ds
. ,

however a n d there i s a we a k spot a t every j oi nt where the

,

continu ity of the le a d lini ng i s broken .

“
The comp a r a tive resi st a nce of D u ri ron a n d other
met a ls to v a ri ous a ci ds i s shown i n T a ble VI Thi s shows i n .
16 P r i n c i p l es and P r a c ti c e f P l u m bi n g
o

percent a ge the loss i n weight of the v a ri ou s m et a ls when

exposed t o s ulphuri c nitri c hydro chlori c an d a ceti c a ci ds , , .

Thes e fou r a r e the on es most commonly encou ntered in

l a bor a to ry wo rk s o i t would b e necess a ry f or a w a ste pi pe
,

from a l a bo r a tory si nk t o res i st a l l of them .

The v a rio us l e a d p i p e s a r e f a i rly s a tisf a ctory with

‘

s ulphu ri c a ci d b ut a r e v iolently a tt a cked by nitric a n d t o a

, ,

less ext ent by hydro chlo ri c a n d a ceti c a ci ds C opp er will .

n ot withst a nd a n y o f the a ci ds m entio ned a n d a lumi num ,

does only f a i rly well with a ceti c C a st iro n a n d wrought .

i ro n a r e not s o vi olently a tt a cked by a ceti c a ci d b ut a r e ,

dis solved i n a short time by the other a ci ds H igh sili c a .

-

pip e o n the other h a nd i s highly resi st a nt t o a l l the a ci ds

, ,

menti o ned .

F I B R E C O N D U I T FOR A C I D OR A L K AL I — High si li c a c a st .
-

i ro n wi ll not res i st a lk a li o r so d a w a stes There i s how .

,

ever a compos iti on fibre con du it m a d e by the Fib re Co n duit

,

C omp a ny O r a ngebu rg N ew Y ork whi ch wi ll r esist both

, , ,

a ci ds a n d a lk a li s The condu it wa s designed origi n a lly f o r

.

the constru cti on of u ndergro und el ectri c subw a y systems ,

but ha s b een fou nd a d a pted to the w a ste from sinks in

chem i c a l l a bo r a tori es P i pe a n d fitti ngs a r e p ut together
.

with s crew thre a ds by m e a ns of couplings a n d a n a ci d ,

a lk a li proof compo un d
-
A gro up O f those fitti ngs c a n b e .

s een i n Fig 2 . .

I R O N P I P E H O U S E S E W E R S — A h i ron pipe house s ewer .

p ossesses m a ny a dv a nt a ges over a tile pipe sewer It i s n ot .

s o e a si ly b roken by s ettlement of the e a rth ; the j oi nts a r e

p erfectly g a s a n d w a ter ti ght a n d c a n n ot b e b ro ken by

c a rel ess ness i n filli ng the trench ; the sewer i s not s o likely
t o b e a ffected by uphe a v a l s from frost ; it c a n s a fely b e l a i d
clos e t o wells cisterns or other so urces of w a ter supply i n
, ,

a n y ki nd o f s o il a n d it costs but a trifle mo re th a n the ti le

,

pip e sewer I ron pip e sewers sho uld b e constru cted o f c a st

.
‘

i ro n p ip e ; wrought i ron o r steel pipes a r e not suit a ble f or

thi s pu rpose owi ng to thei r comp a r a tively short life when
,

buri ed i n the e a rth *

.

*
S ee ap p en d i x for l en gth Of lif e Of c as t -
i r on and wr o u g ht p i pe w h en b ur i e d
in $ 0 11 .
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi ng 17

C a st i ron pip e s ewers m a y b e st a nd a rd o r extr a h e a v y

-

i n weight a n d either pl a i n o r co a ted

,
C o a ted p i pe i s .

covered both i nsi de a n d o ut wi th a p rotective co a ting of

pi tch o r a sph a lt a ppli ed hot ,
Thi s co a ting i s b enefici a l i n
.

m a ny w a ys — i t p rolongs th e life O f th e p i p e by p rotecti ng

i t from co nt a ct with the e a rth a n d sew a ge a n d red u ces th e ,

fri cti on a l res ist a nce by fo rmi ng a smooth s urf a ce At th e .

s a m e time th e co a ti ng helps to conce a l s a nd hol es a n d other

d efects fo r whi ch re a son th e p i p e i s b ett er i nst a lle d
,

u nco a ted .

Fi g 2 —F i b re F tti
i n g s f or A ci d A l k a l i Wa s t es

C a st i ron pip e should b e so und cyli ndri c a l smooth

-

, , ,

free from c r a cks s a nd holes o r oth er d efects of a u niform

, ,

thi ckness a n d of the a ver a ge wei ghts per li ne a l foot shown

i n T a ble V I I .

S t a nd a rdweight p ip e c a n b e m a d e tight when gre a t

c a re i s exerci sed i n cutti ng the pi p e a n d c a lki ng the j oi nts .

N evertheless i t sh oul d b e u sed only o n th e sm a lle r a n d l ess

,

import a nt O f i nst a ll a ti ons .

C st i ron fitt ings should conform i n a l l respects to

a -
all

requ irements O f thei r respective gr a des O f pi pe .

J oi nts of c st i ron pi pe m a y b e le a d c a lked

a -

, l ea di te
pou red le a d wool c a lked o r m a d e with rust j oints
, .
18 P r i n c i p l es and P r acti c e o f P l u m bi n g

LE A D C AL KED J O I N T S a r e m a de by c a lki ng a ri ng of
o a kum tightly i nto the hub O f a p i p e or fitti ng a n d th en ,

filli ng the h ub with molten l e a d The le a d contr a cts i n bulk .

o n cooli ng a n d must b e c a lked to exp a nd it a g a i nst pip e a n d

,

hub to m a ke a g a s a n d w a ter tight j oint Three qu a rters -

.
-

of a pound O f p ure soft pig l e a d fo r e a ch in ch i n di a meter of

th e p i p e 1 s fou nd su ffici ent f or e a ch j oi nt under ordi n a ry
conditi o ns ; however when a cut pi ece of p ip e i s b ei ng
,

c a lked a gre a ter depth O f le a d i s needed to comp ens a te f o r

,

the loss O f th e r i ng o n the spigot en d o f the p ipe Two .

oun ces o f o a kum a r e likewis e requi red for e a ch i nch in

di a meter O f the p ip e .

TABL E V II . S i ze s and We i g h ts of Ca s t Ir on P i p e s
-

Av We i g h t s L i n ea lF oot ,
ld
e r ag e p er
Inc i n g H ub s
d
u
I n si e D i am e t er
of P i p e
S t an d d
ar E xt ra H ea vy

R U ST J OI N T S use d i n the dr a i n a ge systems of

ar e

chemi c a l works wh ere the a ci ds woul d a ff ect le a d j oi nts ;

,

a lso they a r e used in c a s es where a li ne of pipe will b e s ub

j e ct e d t o s uch a r a nge i n temp er a ture th a t t he a ltern a te

exp a nsio n a n d contr a ctio n wou l d work le a d out of the j o i nts .

R ust j o i n t s a r e m a de by c a lki ng a ri ng O f o a kum i nto

the hub a n d filli ng th e hub with a m ixtu re comp os ed O f
,

F l ou r of s u l p h ur
S al -
a m m on i a c

I r on b or i n g s
When a slow setti ng rust mixture i s desi red 1 9 8 p a rts
-

of i ron chips a r e used i n pl a ce of 98 p a rts A prep a r a tion .

20 P r i n ci p l es an d Pr ac ti c e o f P lu m b i n g

C HA P T E R III
H OUS E DR AI N

D E F I N I T I O N O F A H O U S E D RA I N —A hou se dr a i n i s the
.

system of hori zont a l pip i ng i nsi de of the cell a r or b a sement

O f a bui ld i ng th a t extends t o a n d connects with the house
,

s ewer It receives the disch a rge O f sewa ge from a l l so i l

.

a n d w a ste li nes a n d sometimes r a in w a ter from r a i n le a d

,

e r s y a rd cell a r , a re a a n d s ub soi l dr a i ns
, ,
-
.

H ous e dr a i ns a r e gener a lly loc a ted below the cell a r or

b as ement floor wh ere they a r e enti rely o ut O f the wa y
, .

When p roperly i nst a lled with s uit a ble m a teri a ls

a n d with cl e a n o ut plugs ext endi ng fl ush with the
-

floo r there i s no O bj ecti on to thi s m etho d O f i h

,

s t a l l a t i on I n some buil di ngs

.

where the house dr a i n i s t o be

lo c a ted bel o w the flo or bri ck ,

du cts with remov a ble covers of

i ro n or stone a r e provi ded t o e n
Fi g 4
c as e I t
R ec es s d D i a g e
.

e ra n
F ttm g
I n bu i ld i ngs where the b a se
.

ment floo r i s b elow the level of th e street sewer ,

the hous e dr a i n i s O f necessity loc a ted abo ve the

cell a r flo or The only O bj ection t o thi s method
.

of inst a ll a tion i s the f a ct th a t the network of p ipes forming

the house dr a i n i nterferes with the he a d roo m of the cell a r .

M A T E R I AL S H O U S E D RA I N —When bu ri ed i n
FO R TH E .

the e a rth house dr a i ns S hould b e constru cted of c a st i ron

,
-

pipe .I n b u i ldi ngs over two stori es i n height they S hould

be m a de of extr a he a vy c a st i ron pipe ; i n sm a ll co tt a ges
-

st a nd a rd pipe m a y be used .

H ous e dr a ins lo c a ted i n ducts o r suspended a bove

floors m a y b e of wrought p ipe with speci a l c a st i ron r e -

cessed d r a in a ge fitti ngs whi ch present smooth conti nu ou s ,

i nner su rf a ces t o the flow O f sew a ge a s S hown i n Fig 4 , . .

The wr ought p i pe a n d c a st i ro n fitti ng S hould be co a ted

-

,
 P r i n c i p l es a nd P r a c ti c e o f P l um b i n g 21

with a s p h a lt S her a rd i zed

, o r g a lv a ni zed b oth i nsi d e a n d
,
*

o ut a n d the end s of a l l pip es th a t s crew i nto fitti ngs S hould

,

be re a med to remove th e b u rr formed by cutti ng Til o .

s ho uld be u sed i n the co nstru cti o n of a ho u se d r a i n o nly i n

the c a ses poi nted ou t i n th e p a r a gr a phs on ho us e sewers .

CON N ECTI ON S HOU S E TO to D RA I N S .

— C onnecti ons
hou se d r a ins shoul d b e m a d e wi th Y fitti ngs a s S hown a t a ,

i n Fig 5. .A Y fitti ng gives the br a nch b a n a ngle of fo rty

five d egrees a n d if i t i s t o b e ru n p a r a llel wi th th e m a i n
,
‘

d r a i n o r a t right a ngl es to i t th e ch a nge o f di recti o n c a n b e

,

effected by u si ng a one ei ghth b end c o r ( l -

A T fitti ng , .

s hou ld never b e u sed i n a n y p a rt O f a d r a in a ge system whi ch

Fi g 5
A d ap t ab i l i t y Fi tti
.

Of S oi l P i pe ngs

receives the di s ch a rge of sew a ge a lthough they m a y b e ,

u sed i n connecti on with the vent pi pes A T Y fitti ng e .

, ,

if m a d e with l a rge sweeping c u rve S O th a t i t i s a lmost equ a l

to a Y fitti ng a n d one eighth b end m a y b e u sed i n a n y p a rt
-

of th e dr a i n a ge system S ho rt cu rv e T Y fitti ngs however

.
, ,

should never be used i n a ho ri zont a l dr a i n a lthough they ,

m a y b e u sed on the verti c a l st a cks of soi l a n d w a ste pi pes .

The end of a l ong ho ri zont a l d r a i n wh ere i t tu rns u p to form

a so il o r w a ste st a ck m a y well termi n a te wi th a cle a n out -

plug in the end O f a Y fitti ng a s sh own i n Fi g 6 wi th the , .

,

br a nch of the Y fo rmi ng th e st a ck co nnection I f how .

,

‘
S he a d m g p
r r lz f p t t g m t l i x p l i ed
roc e s s or ro p pe d x
ec in e a s s e a n In a n i
22 P r i n ci p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P l u m bi n g
“

ever the horizont a l dr a i n is b ut a S ho rt b r a nch of the m a i n

,

dr a i n o r i s a r a i n le a d er a heel rest qu a rter bend sim il a r to

, , ,

F ig 7 with a r a di us of over three o r four times the

.
,

d i a m eter O f th e p ipe m a y b e used S a ddl e hub s shoul d .

never b e us ed for connecting t o a n y p a rt O f the dr a in a ge

system C h a nges i n the di rection O f horizont a l d r a i ns
.

S hould b e m a de a t a ngles of forty fi v e degrees or with l a rge -

r a di us qu a rter b ends .

C L E AN O U T FE R R U LE s —A cl e a n
-
.

O ut ferrul e i s a m et a lli c S leeve or

ferrul e c a lked i nto the hub of a

soil pip e or fitti ng a n d h a ving a ,

remov a ble plug whi ch c a n b e t a ken

o ut wh en necess a ry to g a i n a ccess

t o the i n s i d e o f th e dr a i n A .

cl e a n out ferrul e is shown i n

-

Fi g 8
. .

f
The bo dy O a cl e a n o t ferrule
u - F i g 6 .

Y F t tm g a d o —
E g hth B d l n ne l en
i s m a de of b r a ss or c a st i ron ; fi t - -

ti ngs of ei ther met a l m a y b e used a lthough c a st i ron cle a n ,

-

O ut ferrules a r e the b etter They a r e thi cker h e a vi er more

.
, ,

rigi d a n d e a si er to m a ke tight th a n
br a ss ferrules a n d not so e a sily ,

b ent o ut of sh a p e when b ei ng
c a lked The plug for cle a n o ut fer .
=

rul e s should b e of br a ss a t l e a st ,

o n e qu a rter i nch thi ck a n d the e n -

g a gi ng p a rts h a ve a t le a st S i x
st a nd a rd i ron pip e thre a ds ; a lso
they S hould h a ve a squ a re o r hex a
Fi e 7 gon a l nut a t le a st on e i nch high
L g S w p Qu a t e B d
.

,
on ee r r en
Wi t h H l Re t an d
ee one a n d o n e h a lf I nches I n
s
-

di a m eter so th a t the nut c a n b e firmly gripped by a wrench

,

when necess a ry to tighten or unscrew the plug .

Wh en cl e a n out p lugs a r e s et flush with the fl oor i n

-

ste a d of a nut the screw plug S hould h a ve a cou ntersunk

,

so cket .

C le a n o ut ferrules up to five i nches i n di a meter S hould

-

b e the f ull si ze of th e pip es a n d shoul d b e S O loc a ted i n a ,

 P r i n c i p l es a nd . P r a c ti c e o f P l um bi n g 23

system O f house d r a i ns th a t the i nteri o r of the enti re system ,

from the street sewer to the f a rthermost b r a nch wi ll b e ,

a cc ess ible A full S i zed cle a n o ut ferru le should b e c a lked

.
-

i n the en d o r b r a nch hub of a Y fitti ng

pl a ced i n the hous e d r a i n where it enters
the bu ildi ng a s shown i n Fi g 9 so i n c a s e .
,

of stopp a ge i n the house sewer a rod c a n

b e p ushed cle a r through the ho u se sewer
to th e street s ewer to d islodge the O bstru e
ti on. I n w a ste pi pes from kitchen o r
scullery S i nks o r other fixtu res i n whi ch
,

l a rge qu a ntiti es O f gre a se a r e empti ed ,

cle a n out ferrules shoul d b e provi ded

-

a bout every ten feet a long ho ri zo nt a l runs

through which to remove gre a se whi ch

C l a O u t Fe ul e n -
rr c
,

when chilled a dheres to th e S i des of the pip es to su ch a n

,

extent a s to someti m es completely clos e the bore C le a n .

m A ”In fer

S i r e s 75 m ”

H ouse D rai n

ou t ferrules S hou ld a lso b e p rovi ded i n a l l m a i n dr a i ns ,

y a r d a re a o r r a i n l e a d er tr a ps b ut a r e never requ i red i n

, ,

v e r t i c l e st a cks of

pip es B efore a .

cle a n o ut pl ug i s -

s crewed i nto i ts
ferrule the
thre a ds shoul d b e
l ub ri c a ted with
b g m i
gr a phite Thi s i s .

S pp t u f l l D i
o r s o r n
to p revent the
ll s o ra n

th re a ds from corro di ng a n d sti cki ng when the plug i s to b e

removed .
 P r i n ci p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P lu m bi n g

S U PP O R T S H O U S E D RA I N S — H 0 us e dr a i ns a bove the
FOR .

cell a r fi oor sho uld be firmly s upported throughout thei r

entire extent by res ts o r h a ngers sp a ced a bout ten feet a p a rt
a n d pl a ced ne a r the hubs a n d under br a nch fitti ngs f o r

r a isi ng li nes Wh en .

the hou se dr a i n i s
run clo se to the cel
l a r fl oor b ri ck pi ers ,

or p ipe rests a s
shown i n F ig 1 0 .
,

a r e gener a lly used ;

when ru n some d i s
t a nc e a bove the
Fi g 1 1 . floo r the dr a in m a y
, Fi g 1 2 ,

R i g i d P i pe H a g
,

n er
b e s e c ur e d 130 t he Pip B k et e rac

s i de w a l l by rigi d p ip e h a ngers si mil a r t o the ones S hown

i n F ig 1 1 o r by pi pe br a ckets s imil a r to the on e shown in
.
,

F ig 1 2 whi ch o ught to b e secured t o the m a sonry by me a ns

.
,

O f exp a nsi on bolts When ru n ne a r the ceili ng the dr a i n

.
,

S houl d b e suppo rted by i ron p ip e h a ngers f a stened t o the

be a ms overhe a d If i ron .

be a ms suppo rt th e ceiling
overhe a d h a ngers
, with
be a m cl a mps s imi l a r t o th a t
shown i n Fig 1 3 m a y be .

us ed If on the other
.
,

h a nd the buil di ng i s of
,

wo o den fi oo r constru ction ,

ha ngers with l a g s crews

S imil a r to th a t shown i n
F ig 1 4 m a y b e used P i pe
. .

hooks sho uld n ot b e use d to

s uppo rt the house dr a i n ,

b ec a us e they a r e not s uf A d j s t bl p i p u a e e
H f
“ 33 33 3 ;
g 1
fi c 1 e n t l y strong or rel i a ble .
3 1

I n rei nforced concrete co nstru ctio n sc re w sockets a r e ,

a tt a ched to the fo rms s o they wi ll b e c a st i n the concrete

a n d h a nger rods c a n b e screwed i nto them .

 P r i n c i p l es a nd P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g 25

M A I N D R A I N T RA P — A m a i n d r a i n tr a p i s s eldom i f ,

ever necess a ry i n pl umbi ng pr a cti ce fo r s a nit a ry re a so ns

, ,

a lthough they a r e l eg a lly n eces s a ry i n some ci ti es b ei ng ,

requ i red by thei r co d es Where fo r a n y re a son a tr a p i s

.

requ i red it should b e loc a ted i ns id e of the fo u nd a ti on w a ll

i n a n a ccessibl e positi on a n d a s close to th e w a l l a s p r a c t i
c a ble . The only fitti ng i nterveni ng b etween th e m a i n dr a i n
tr a p a n d the fou nd a ti o n w a ll S ho ul d b e a cl e a n o ut Y -
.

When there i s no cell a r u nder a bu il di ng the tr a p S ho ul d ,

b e pl a ce d o utsi de O f the fou nd a ti on w a ll b elow frost l evel

a n d a b ri ck m a nhol e bu i lt a rou n d i t to m a ke i t a c cess ibl e .

A m a i n d r a i n tr a p S hou l d h a ve two cl e a n out hubs a s -

shown i n Fi g 1 5 i n whi ch t o c a lk cle a n

.
,

O u t ferrules ; a n d these hub s S houl d never

b e u s ed f o r other pu rpos es M a i n dr a i n .

tr a ps S ho ul d b e set pe rfectly l evel with

reg a rd to thei r w a ter se a ls If the h eel .

O f a tr a p i s tipped u p the di p O f th e t r a p ,

wi ll not ret a i n suffici ent w a ter to form a n

Ma i ii
I
n T p ra
effective se a l ; a n d if the o utlet t o the tr a p
i s tipped up too m u ch w a ter wi ll b e ret a i ned i n the t r a p
,

a n d b a cked U p i nto the hous e dr a i n .

M a so n tr a ps fu ll S tr a ps three qu a rter S tr a ps h a lf
, ,
-

S tr a ps tr a ps withou t cle a n o uts o r with cle a n outs th a t

,
- -

a r e m a d e ti ght wi th p utty o r g a sket j oi nts ,

S hould never be u sed .

S E W E R A N D T I DE WA T E R T R A P S .
— S ome
street s ewers a r e so sm a ll th a t
w a ter overflows th e m a nhol es i n
th e street d uri ng excessive r a i n
sto rms . When a d r a i n a ge sys
tem i s connected to su ch a s ewer
it S houl d be p rovi ded with a
tid e w a ter tr a p a n d if a n y fixtu res i n
-

th e b ui lding a r e lo c a ted b elow the level ‘

of the street a qu i ck closing leve r ha n

,
-

dle g a te v a lve S i mi l a r to Fig 1 6 S ho ul d Fi g 1 6

a lso be p rovi ded to cu t O ff the w a ter i n Qu k C l s i g G t e V lv
.

ic o n a a e

c a s e the ti de w a ter v a lve le a ks When there a r e no fixtu res

.
26 P r i n c i p l es and P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

connected t o the dr a i n a ge system b elow th e level of th e

street th e ti de w a ter tr a p S ho uld b e loc a ted where the m a in
,

ho us e d r a i n enters the b ui ldi ng When however the cod e .

, ,

requ i res a m a i n dr a in tr a p the ti de w a ter tr a p o ugh t t o b e

,

loc a ted on the street si de O f the m a i n dr a i n tr a p However .

,

when fixtures a r e lo c a ted a t lower levels th a n the S tre et

su rf a ce they a l l S ho uld d is ch a rge i nto on e br a nch O f the
,

house dr a i n a n d the ti d e w a ter tr a p a n d qu ic k clo sing v a lve

,
-

should b e pl a ced on th a t br a n ch By thi s a rr a ngement O f .

the v a lve a n d ti de w a ter tr a p a l l fixtu res a bo ve the street

l evel c a n b e u sed duri ng over
flow peri ods without over
flowi ng the fixtures a t lower
levels a s wo ul d b e th e c a se if ,

the g a te v a lve a n d ti de w a ter

tr a p were pl a ced i n the m a i n
d f a i n o r ne a r the m a in dr a i n
tr a p A ti de w a ter o r b a ck .

w a ter tr a p ha s a lre a dy b een “

Fi g 1 7
shown an d in Fig 17 is
S e we r a d T i d
.

n Wa t T pe er ra
, .

S h o wn a combi n a tion hou se

dr a in a n d ti d e w a ter tr a p with the si de of the tr a p p a rtly

-

bro ken a w a y a n d a cover removed t o S how the i nteri or .

F L OO R D RA I N S —I n b reweri es st a bles w a sh rooms b ot

.
, , ,

tli ng est a blishm ents hotel kitchens or other pl a ces where

,

sufficient w a ter is pou red o r spl a shed on the flo or t o m a i n

ta i n the se a l of a tr a p floo r ,

dr a ins a r e p ermi ss ible A floo r .

dr a i n i s S hown i n Fig 1 8 Thes e . .

fixtu res S hould b e provi ded with

he a vy br a ss o r i ron remov a ble
str a iners a n d w a ter se a l a n d ,

wh en subj ect to ti de o r st o rm
w a ter floods a ti de w a ter tr a p
,
.

Floor dr a ins shoul d never b e Fi g 1 8 ,

F l oo D ai
used i n cell a rs or b a sements of r r n

b u il di ngs u nless th ey a r e p retty

su re t o b e kept se a led with w a ter ; even then they a r e O h
j e c t i on a b l e , a n d ,
if used shoul d be p rovi ded ,
with a ti de
 P r i n ci p l es an d Pr a c ti ce o f P lu m bi n g

C HA P T E R IV
P RO P O R TI ON I N G TH E DR AI N A GE S Y S T E M

VE L O C I T Y O F F L O W I N B RA I N S — S treet s ew e rs a n d long
house sewers sho uld be given suc h a n i nclin a tion th a t the
sew a ge wi ll h a ve a velocity O f from 1 8 0 t o 3 6 0 feet p er mi n
ute . With a velo city mu ch less th a n 1 8 0 feet p er mi nute ,

the w a ter will f a il t o c a rry a long the soli ds hel d i n s u s p e n

sion a n d with a gre a ter velo city th a n 3 6 0 feet per mi nute
, ,

the w a ter wi ll ru n a w a y from the more S lowly movi ng

soli ds The best velo city f o r s ew a ge i s a bout 2 70 feet per
.

minute a n d s ewer pip es should b e ru n at the p rop er i ncli n a

,

tion t o pro duce this vel ocity P ip es of sm a ll di a meter o ffer

.

gre a ter fri ction a l resi st a nce th a n those of l a rge di a meter ,

therefore they must b e given a gre a ter f a ll to pro du ce the

,

re qu i red velo city The p ro p er incli n a ti on f or dr a i ns of

.

a n y di a meter a n d length t o pro du ce a velocity O f 2 7 0 feet

p er mi nute c a n b e fou nd by the formul a :

,

1
wh e n f z z fal l i n fee t ,
l z l e n gt h of dr a i n in fee t , d z di a m e t e r of
10 d
pi pe i n i n c he s .

E XAM P L E — W h a t f a l l s h o u l d a 6 inch
-
dr a i n , 40 f e e t l on g h av e , to gi ve to

s e wa g e a v e l o c i t y O f 2 70 f e e t pe m n te
?
t he r i u

S O L U TI O N —I n t h i s c a s e 1 ,
fe e t d 6 ,
: i n c hes . Th f
e r e or e ,

40
66 fe e t or 8 i n c hes fa l l p e r 40 fe e t Of dr a i n .

10 X 6

E xpress ed in the form of a rule the foregoi ng formul a ,

re a ds :
R u l e—TO on e f oot of fa l l i n t he d r a i n a l l ow a l e n g t h O f ,

t en f ee t of p i p e f or ea c h i n c h i n t he d i a m e t er O f t he p i p e .

From the foregoi ng formul a a n d rule the gr a des t O be

given t o d ifferent s izes of pip e to prod uce a veloc ity O f 2 7 0
feet p er minute h a ve b een O bt a ined a n d a r e given i n T a ble
VII I .

The a ccepted pr a cti ce i n plumbi ng i s to run th e dr a in

p ipes a t a p itch of not l ess th n 4 i nch to the foot a n d
a 1
,

most c a lcul a tio ns f or the prop ortio ning O f house dr a i ns a r e

b a sed on a f a ll of or i nch p er foot .
 P r i n c i p l es a nd P r a c ti c e o f P l u m b i n g 29

E H
S IZ OF O S BU E RA I N S — A h ou se d r a i n shoul d be l a rge
e nough to c a rry O ff the gre a test prob a ble a mou nt O f w a ter

o r sew a ge th a t wi ll be di sch a rged i nto i t wi thou t b eing to o ,

l a rge to b e self cle a ni ng

-
It S ho ul d n ever b e sm a ller th a n
.

the o utlet to the l a rgest fixtu re d i sch a rgi ng i nto th e d r a i n

a g e system a n d a s tr a ps o f S iphon j et a n d o ther imp roved
,

fo rms of w a ter clos ets r a nge i n S i z e from 1 4 to 3 i nches i n

3

di a meter a ho us e dr a i n i nto whi ch a w a ter closet di s ch a rges

,

never shou ld b e sm a ller th a n 3 i nches i n di a meter .

The S ize O f a hou s e d r a i n i s determ i ned by th e a mou nt

of w a ter o r s ew a ge it mu st con du ct .

TABL E VIII . F a ll f or D ra i n s

In dr a in a ge systems th a t receive th e r a i n w a ter from

roo f y a rd a n d a re a s th e a mou nt O f i mp ervi ou s s urf a ce to
, ,

b e dr a i ned a n d the r a te of p reci pit a tion gene r a lly deter ,

m ine the si ze O f th e pipe I t ha s b een fou nd from m e a su r e

.

ments th a t th e tot a l a mo u nt O f sew a ge p a ss i ng a given poi nt

i n the h ouse d r a i n of a n o rdi n a ry b u il di ng i n a cert a i n
peri od of time i s less th a n one fo rti eth the a m ou nt of r a in
-

w a ter th a t du ring excessive r a i n sto rms will p a ss the s a m e

po int i n a n equ a l p eri od O f time I n sm a ll bui l d i ngs there
.
,

fore if the hous e dr a i n i s m a de s uffi ci ently l a rge to c a rry off

,

a l l r a i n w a ter from the proj ected roof y a rd a n d a re a su r ,

f a ce d u ri ng excessive a n d p rolonged storms no extr a p ro

vi si on need b e m a d e fo r the sm a ll a mo u nt of s ew a ge th a t
will b e di sch a rged i nto th e dr a i n du ring S hort peri o ds of
excess ive preci pit a ti o n whi ch s el dom exceed five mi nutes i n
,

d ur ati on.

I n l a rge bu ild i ngs where the r a i n w a ter a n d a l a rge

vol ume of s ew a ge d isch a rge i nto th e s a me d r a i n a ge system ,

the qu a ntity of r a i n w a ter to b e rem oved S houl d b e a d ded to

the sew a ge a n d the d r a i n m a d e l a rge enough to c a rry th em
,

both .
30 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P l u m bi n g
o

The m a xim um i ntens ity of r a inf a ll for peri ods of five , ,

ten a n d sixty mi nutes a t we a ther bu re a u st a tio ns equ i pped ,

with self regi stering g a uges compiled from a l l a v a il a ble

-

records c a n b e fou nd i n T a bl e I X
, .

From thi s t a bl e i t wi ll b e seen th a t th e m a ximu m r a te

O f p reci pi t a tion v a ri es gre a tly in d iff erent p a rts O f the

cou ntry therefore when designi ng a dr a in a ge system f or a

,

cert a i n lo c a lity t o t a ke c a re of the r a i n w a ter the m a ximum ,

r a te O f p r ecipit a tion f or five minutes i n th a t loc a lity must

be t a ken i nto consi der a ti on i n d etermini ng i t s si ze When .

the r a te f or a n y p a rti cul a r nei ghb o rhoo d i s u nknown the ,

*
TABL E IX . I n t e n s i ty of R a i n f a ll s
M ax
R R ll p
.

ate I n a te o f D wnf a
F t
o er
ee p er H our f or
H ou r

5 M in . 5 M i n . 10 M in . 60 M in .

N ew O r l ea n s
M il wa u ee k
K an s as C i t y

Ja ck s on v fll e

B os ton
I n di a n a p ol i s
M em p hi s

Ga l v e s t on

D dg C i t y
o e

C le v e la n d

S t L oui s
.

Gr an d T o t al s

R ep ort of t he Ch i e f of the We a t he r B u r eau , 1 89 6 97 .

A t bl e
a Of li nea l
i nc
h es in d eci ma lf r ac ti on s of a li n ea l f t
oo is gi v en i n Ap p en di x I
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g 31

m a ximum precip it a ti o n a t the ne a rest known st a tio n m a y b e

t a ken o r a r a te of si x i nches pe r hou r a ssu med
,
.

The m etho d of c a lcul a ting the di a meter Of a d ra i n f or

a ny loc a li ty i s a s follows
M ulti ply the
re a i n squ a re feet of the s u rf a ce to b e
a

d r a i ned by the m a ximu m r a te o f p recipit a ti o n i n feet per

hou r i n th a t loc a lity a n d d iv i de by 6 0 ; thi s wi ll give th e ,

number o f cubi c feet of w a ter to b e removed per mi nute .

H a vi ng d etermined thi s qu a ntity the di a meter i n i nch es O f ,

the pi pe requ i red c a n b e fo u n d by d ivi d i ng by 3 5 0 extr a ct ,

i ng the squ a re root a n d multi plyi ng by 1 2 Thi s c a n b e .

exp ressed by th e formul a

“
( I : 12
a p i n wh i c h d : d i ame t e r of p i pe i n i n c h e s, a z s q ua r e fee t of
2 1000
a re a to be drai ned , p z m a x i m um ra e t of p r e c i p i t a t i on in fe e t p e r ho u r ,
2 1 000 2 : 3 50 X 60 .

E XAM P L E — W h a t s i z e o f d r a i n wi l l b e r e q u i r e d i n K a n s as C i t y to d r a i n a

r o o f a n d o t h e r i m p e r v i o us s u r f a c e s 40 x 2 00 f e e t , t he drai n be i n g l ai d at a

d
g ra e o f i n c h t t h e f oo t ? o

S O L U TI O N —The q
i

ar ea a m be dr a i n e d z 4 0 >< 2 00 z 8 000 s uar e fe e t .

The x
m a i m um ra e t of p r ec i p i t a t i on fo r Kan s as City ( se e T bl a e I X) i s

The
Th So
i n c h es fo o t h o ur f
{ ggif fi
'

or . 65 pe r . e r e or e , d : 12
oo
8 000 X 6 5
s q uare r oo t of
‘

4 96 , and 12 X . 4 96 i n c h e s , t he d i a m e t er
2 1 000
o f t he pi pe re q ui r e d to d ra i n 8 000 s q uare fe e t i m p e r v i ous s ur a c e f i n Kan s a s
Ci t y . That is p r a c t i c a l ly a 6
”
p i pe .

D r a i ns a r e s ometi mes l a i d a t gr a des whi c h p rodu ce

gre a ter o r less velociti es th a n 2 70 feet p er minute ; when s o ’

l a i d the c a p a citi es O f the p ipes c a n b e e a s i ly a s cert a i ned by

,

referri ng to T a ble X whi ch gives th e veloci ty of flow a n d ,

the number of cub i c feet di s ch a rged per mi nute by speci fied

s izes of pip e s when l a i d a t d iff erent gr a des When the a re a .

of imperviou s su rf a ce to be d r a i ned the m a xi mum r a te O f ,

precip it a ti on a n d the gr a de a t whi c h dr a i n i s to b e l a i d a r e

,
,

k nown the qu a ntity O f storm w a te r to be rem oved c a n be

,

c a lcul a ted a n d the S i ze o f p i pe requ i red to remove it c a n

then be fo und by thi s t a ble .
32 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

TA BL E X . C a p a ci ty of D rai n s R un n i n g F ull

w
Vel ci t y i f t p
o n ee er m i u te
n d te m i d b y th f m u la
as e r ne e or v

h
an d di h sc ar g e i b i f t p m i t b y th f m l
cu —
Q V A of d
1
l id
d i ff d wh
n c ee er nu e e or u a rai n s a
at e r en t gra es i g f ll
en runn n u

I wh i h V l i ty i f t p mi t
A —
n c z v e oc n ee er nu e
f pip f t
h —h
i ar ea
di f t
o e n ee
ea n ee
lz l en g t h O f t h e p i p e i n f e et
d —d t
i a m e e r of t h e p i p e i n f ee t

D i am . 2 I n c he s 2 % Inc h es 3 Inc h es 4 Inc h es 5 Inc h es 6 Inc h es

D i am . 7 Inc h es 8 In c h es 9 In c h es 10 I n c h es 1 1 In c h es 12 Inc h es

C2

N t —T d t
o e o e er m i n e di h
sc arg e in U . S .
ga ll on s mu l ti p ly cu bi f t
c ee by
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g 33

E XAM P L E —W h a t s i z e o f d r a i n wi l l be r e q u i r d i n K a n s a s C i t y t o d r a i n a
e

r oo f a n d o t h e r i m p e r v i o u s s u r f a c e s 50 x 2 00 f e e t wi t h t he d r a i n l a i d a t a
, ,

g r a d e t o p r od uc e a v e l oc t y o a b o t 7 fe e t p e t ?
i f u 2 0 r m i n u e

S O L U T I O N — A r e a t o be d r a i n e d , s q ua r e fe e t X m a x i m u m r a t e o f
p r e c i p i t a t i on 6 5 f oo t p e r h ou r 6 5 00 c u b i c f e e t p e r h o ur 1 08 c u b i c f e e t
, . :
,
:

p e r m i n u
. t e F r o m T a bl e X i s f o u n d t h a t a n 8 i n-
c h p i p e l a i d a t a gr a d e o f

1 t o 6 0 wi l l d i s c h a g e 1 08 c u b i c f e e t o f wa t e r p e r m i n u t e a t a v e l oc i t y o f 3 09
r ,

fe e t p e r m i n u t e A s t h i s l a t e O f flo w i s we l l wi t h i n t he p e r m i s s i bl e r a n g e o f
.

v e l c i t y a n 8 i n e h p i p e m a y be u s e d i f l a i d a t a g r a d e o f 1 t o 6 0
o ,
-
'
.

D E T E R M I N I N G T H E S I Z E O F H O U S E D RA I N S —A ho use .

d r a i n must c a rry O ff th e gre a tes t a mo u nt of storm w a ter

l ikely to b e d isch a rged i nto it , witho ut fill ing a n d ru nnin g
the d a nger of overflowi ng If there a r e n o O peni ngs i n the
.

cell a r however sm a ller p i pes wi ll c a rry O ff th e w a ter , fo r

, ,

the moment a hyd r a u li c he a d b egi ns to bu il d u p it will b e ,

converted i nto vel oc i ty he a d the reby i nc re a si ng the ,

c a p a city of the p i pe p rop ortio n a tely .

The siz e O f hou s e dr a i ns i n systems from whi ch r a i n

w a ter i s excl uded i s d etermi ned by the numb er of i nm a tes
i n the b u i ldi ng a n d the per c a p it a co ns umpti o n of w a ter .

I t i s O bvio us th a t the a mo u nt O f sew a ge flowi ng through a

ho u se d r a i n c a nnot e x ceed the a mou nt of w a ter u se d i n th e
bu ild ing therefo re the hous e d r a i n need only b e l a rge
,

enough to c a rry O ff the gre a test p rob a ble a mount of w a ter

th a t wi ll be used a t a n y hou r of the d a y .

The per c a pit a consumptio n of w a ter i n m a ny of the

N e w Y o rk S t a te ho s pit a ls a ver a ge a t p res ent from 1 5 0 to
2 00 g a llons of w a ter d a ily I n the p ri ncip a l citi es th ro ugh
.

out th e Unite d S t a tes the p er c a pit a d a i ly co nsumptio n O f

w a ter v a ri es from 3 6 to 3 00 g a llons wi th a n a ver a ge from ,

a l l the citi es of 1 2 1 g a llons O n the whole i t wo ul d s eem

.
,

th a t a per c a pit a a llow a nce O f 1 00 g a llons d a ily woul d b e

su ffi ci ent a n d a t the s a me time not too mu ch
, A stu dy of .

T a ble XI S hows th a t i n b ut few citi es does th e per c a pit a

supply f a ll mu ch b elow 1 00 g a llons d a i ly a n d i n those cities ,

th a t do a l l of whi ch a r e m a n uf a ctu ri ng citi e s it i s re a son

, ,

a ble to su ppose th a t a l a rge percent a ge of the peopl e d o not

h a ve el a bo r a t e toilet f a ciliti es I n the l a rge citi es on the

.
,

other h a nd where from 1 5 0 to 3 00 g a llons of w a ter per

'

c a pit a a r e u sed d a ily a llow a nce mu st be m a d e fo r w a ter

,
34 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

used f or fire pu rpos es street spri nkling fl ushi ng O f sewers , , ,

etc whi ch woul d b ri ng th e a ver a ge consumpti on of w a ter

.
,

withi n b ui ldi ngs f or dom esti c pu rpos es down t o a bout 1 00

g a llons p er d a y O f thi s 1 00 ga llons , n ot over 2 5 p er cent
. .

wi ll b e used du ring a n y o n e hour of the d a y a n d th a t p rob ,

a bly will b e u sed a t the hou r th a t people a ris e It will be .

u sed a s follows :
W a t er l
c os e s t .

T ot al 2 5 g a l l on s

F ifty fi v e g a llons per ho ur equ a ls 4 1 6 of a g a llon per

-
.

min ute ; therefore t o find the a mo u nt of w a ter to be ,

removed by a hou se dr a i n u nder the foregoi ng cond itio ns ,

multip ly the number O f i nm a tes the b u ildi ng i s designe d t o

a ccommo d a te by 4 1 6 O f a g a llon a n d the p rodu ct wi ll b e the
.
,

qu a ntity O f w a ter o r sew a ge i n U S g a llons t o be r emoved . .

p er mi nute The S ize of pipe requ ired t o t a ke c a re of this

.

a mount c a n then b e fou nd in T a bl e X o r by the formul a

1 2

d 2 2 34
V3
d lv d i
,
in wh i c h

s e c on
d
d h
d i am e t er
he a d in
of

fe e t
pi pe
1:
in fee t q
len gt h
,

of
cu

pi pe
b i c fe e t
in feet
of s e wa g e

e er e pe r , ,
.

E XAM P L E —W h a t S z e h ou s e dr a i n wi l l b e i re q d i n a h ot e l b ui l t to
ui r e

a c c o m m o d a t e 3 00 g u e s t s a n d s e v a n t s t he d a i ly r , p e r c a p i t a a ll owa n c e o f wa t e r
b e i n g 1 00 g a l l o s a n d the d a i n t o b e l a i d a t a
n ,
r g r a d e t o p r o d u c e a v e l o c i t y o f
a b o u t 2 70 f e e t p e r m i n u t e
?

S O L U TI O N —3 00 X . 41 6 z
ga l l on s , or cu b i c fe e t of s e wa g e

p e r m i n u t e t o b e d i s p os e d o f F r o m T a bl e X i t i s f ou n d t h a t a 4 i n c h p i p e
.
-

wh e n l a i d a t a g r a d e o f l t o 40 wi l l d i s c h ar g e a b o u t c u b i c f e e t o f wa t e r
,

p er m i n ut e .

The size of house dr a i ns i n b ui ldings i s someti mes

d etermi ned by the followi ng empi ri c a l rule :
R u l e—A l l ow on e s qu a r e i n ch in s e c ti ona l a re a f
o t he
dr ai n f or ea c h t wo c u bi c f e et , or fif t e en U S . .
g a l l on s o f
se wa g e to be r e m ov e d p er m i n ute .
 36 Pr i n ci p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g
E XAM P L E —W h a t ze p i p e wi l l be r e q ui r e d t o r e m ov e 1 08 c u b i c fe e t o f
si

wa t e r p e r m i n ut e wh e n the d r a i n i s l a i d a t a gr a d e t o p r o d uc e a v e l o c i t y o f
a b o u t 2 70 f e e t p e r m i n u t e ?

S O L U TI O N s q uar e i n c h e s a i e a an d fr o m T a b l e XI V i t wi l l ,

be s e e n t h a t a p i p e o f a b o u t 8 14 i n c h e s d i a m e t e r ha s the r e q ui r e d ar e a An .

8 i n c h p i p e t h e r e f or e woul d b e u s e d
=
, , .

”
I t i s O ften d esi r a bl e t o know the c a p a city of dr a ins
when runni ng h a lf full H a vi ng the velo city of flo w u nder .

s u ch conditi on th e c a p a ci ty c a n e a sily be determ i ned

, .

The velocity of flow i n dr a i ns or p ip es runni ng p a r tly

full ca n b e fo und by the formul a :
—2 d
J
ll
i ,
in wh i c h V "
- z l
v e oc i ty in fe e t p er s e c on d , a z ar e a of wa t er i n
P
s q ua r e fee t p , we tt e d p er i m e t e r in fee t , 2d t wi c e t he s o l pe in fe e t p er
mi le .

E X AM P L E W h a t i s the v e l oc i t y of flow i n a 6 i n c h dr a i n l a i d
- -
at a gr a de
o f 1
4 i n c h p e r f oo t wh en r un n n g h a l f f u l l
i ?

S O L U TI O N — T h e r e i s a l l O f oo t f a l l i n a m i l e o f dr a i n l a i d a t
-
a gr a de of

i n c h p e r f oo t T hen .

fi
g} .

X 220 fee t per s e c on d . A n s we r .

. 75
I n T a ble XI I wi ll b e fou nd the a re a s of roof o r other
qu i ck run —-
o ff su r f a ce th a t c a n b e dr a i ned i nto house dr a i ns

o r l e a ders O f v a ri ous st a nd a rd si zes O f pipe l a i d a t gr a d es ,

of 14 i nch a n d i nch t o the foot .

TA BL E XII . S i ze of H ou s e D rai n s f or R oof D ra i n a g e

D i ame er t of Pipe, F lla F ll a

I nc h es A in c
I
,
ht o
,
t he f t
oo i nc ht o
,

t he f oo t

s qu a r e f e et s qu a r e fe e
U ( C
2 ,500 3 ,2 00
4 ,500 6 ,000
1 0,000
1 5,6 00
2 2 ,500
3 1 ,500

98 ,000

D RA I NAGE O F S T OR M W A TER — The r a inf a ll on i m p e r v

i ous su rf a ces re a ches the sewer a s f a st a s it f a lls A diff er .

ent conditi on O bt a i ns however , when the r a in f a ll s on ea rth ,

.
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P lu m b i n g 37

T hen the a mo unt O f storm w a ter to b e c a rri ed O ff a n d th e ,

si ze of d r a ins for the p u r pose wi ll d epend u po n the r a te of

,

precipit a tion pe r hou r ; p itch o r slope of the a re a to b e

d r a ined ; a re a of th e d r a i n a ge su rf a ce ; a n d the qu a ntity o r
propo rtio n of the r a i nf a ll th a t wi ll re a ch the sewer i n a
given ti m e . Accord ing to T a b le I X the gre a test r a te of ,

downp ou r i s i nch es per hou r a n d the a ver a ge i s ,

i nch es p er ho u r .

TAB L E XIII . C a rryi n g C a p a ci ty of S ewer P i p e

G A LL O N S D IS C H A RG E D PE R M I N U TE

64 8 803 92 8 1 3 10 1 6 10
1 07 0 1 3 30 1 5 30 2 1 70 2 66 0
1 9 80 2 4 50 2 830 40 1 0 4 9 10
3 2 60 4 04 0 46 6 0 6 5 90 8 080
4 330 5 305 6 1 30 8 6 60 1 06 1 0

4 1 10 5 035 7 19 1 88 1 0 1 02 7 0 1 45 2 0 1 7790
5 68 0 6 96 0 9 840 12 05 0 1 392 0 1 9 6 80 2 4 1 10
76 1 8 9 32 0 1 3 1 80 1 6 1 40 1 8 6 40 2 6 3 50 3 2 2 80
9840 1 2 050 1 704 0 2 08 6 5 2 4 090 340 70 4 1 730
1 2 4 50 1 52 1 0 2 156 5 2 6 4 10 305 00 4 3 1 30 5 2 82 0

E xperi ence shows th a t owi ng to v a ri ou s c a u ses s uch a s

, ,

ev a po r a ti on po ros ity O f soil obstru cti ons a n d a bsorpti on

, , , ,

only from to 7 5 % of th e r a inf a ll wi ll re a ch the d r a i n

withi n a n hou r .S evere sto rms a r e O f bri ef d u ra ti on s o if ,

p rovi sio n i s m a d e to c a rry O ff the hou rly r a i nf a ll th a t wi ll ,

be suffi ci ent Where the r a i nf a ll exceeds 2 i nches per hou r

.
,

the r a te O f p recip it a ti o n fo r th a t peri o d c a n be multipli ed

by the a re a to be d r a ined a n d 5 0 % to 7 5 70 of th a t a mou nt
,

a llowed to re a ch the sewer O rd in a rily however a n a ll ow ,

.
,
38 Pr i n ci p l es an d P r a c ti c e f
o P lu m bi n g

a nce of 1 i nch p er hour will b e suffici ent a ssumi ng th a t t he

,

enti re 1 i nc h O f r a i nf a ll re ac hes th e sewer i n a n hour .

O ne i n ch r a i nf a ll per ho ur i s equ a l to cubi c feet ,

or g a llons of w a ter t o b e removed per hour from e a ch

a cre O f s urf a ce
.

When the a re a to b e dr a i ned a n d the f a ll of s ewer per

,

hu ndred feet a r e known the S iz e O f pi pe requi red c a n be

,

fo und i n T a bl e X II I wh i ch gives the c a p a citi es of l a rge

,

sewer pip es when ru nning fu ll .

 P r i n c i p l es and P r a c ti c e o f P l um b i n g 39

CH AP TER v
DE TA IL S O F TH E H OU S E D R AI N

Fre s h Air I n let s

D E F I N I T I O N — A fresh a i r i nl et i s a p i pe co nnected to
.

the m a in ho u se d r a i n i nsi d e O f th e m a i n d r a i n tr a p , a n d
extendi ng to a poi nt outsi de of the b u i ldi ng where i t i s open
to the a tmosphere Its O bj ect i s to a dmi t fresh a i r to ci r e n
.

l a te th rough th e d r a in a ge system to keep th e a i r withi n

comp a r a tively p ure ; a lso to a c t a s a reli ef p i p e to p revent
compressi o n of a i r withi n th e system wh en a he a vy flush of
w a ter , i n descendi ng fills th e pi pe full bo re o r when a
, ,

strong gu st of wi nd blows do wn the vent st a cks from a bove

the roof . If a p a ss a ge for the es c a p e of a i r were not p r o
v i d e d for su ch occ a si ons the compress io n O f a i r i n the dr a i n

p ip es wo u ld force dr a i n a i r thro ugh th e se a l of som e of the

tr a ps . It i s qu ite evi dent fro m th e fu nctio n of a fresh a i r
i nlet th a t a n y fo rm of ch eck v a lve o r i nlet fitti ng th a t pre
vents a i r es c a p ing fro m the mouth of the p i p e d u ri ng h e a vy
“ ”
disch a rges or blow b a cks should not be used .

C O N N E C T I O N TO H O U S E D RA I N — Th e fresh a i r i nlet
.

shou ld conn ect to the hous e dr a in by me a ns o f a T br a nch .

I t S ho uld n ever connect to the cl e a n o ut openi ng of a tr a p -

.

I n col d clim a tes su ch a s the northern p a rt of the United

,

S t a tes a n d C a n a d a the fresh a i r i nl et S hou ld b e connected

,

to th e m a i n dr a in from 5 to 1 5 feet i nsi de of the m a i n d r ai n

tr a p. If connected to the m a i n dr a i n n e a r the tr a p the
r a p i d ci rcul a tion of col d a i r t hrough the system wi ll i n ,

wi nter we a ther freeze th e w a ter i n the tr a p

, .

LO C A T I O NO U T L E T The mo uth of a fresh a i r i nlet

OF -

S houl d b e loc a ted a t le a st 1 2 feet from a l l wi ndows doors , ,

ventil a to r sh a fts o r flue s commu ni c a ti ng with a b u ildi ng ,

and the end S hou ld b e S O protected th a t it c a nnot be

obstru cted by ch ild ren o r choked with d irt w a ter snow , , ,

le a ves o r i ce I n some of the l a rge citi es the fresh a i r i nlet

.

op ens i nto the si d e of a box lo c a ted a t the cu rb , a n d i s pro

40 P r i n c i p l es and P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

te c t e d by a remov a ble met a l gr a ti ng When s o lo c a ted the .

,

bottom of the b ox sho ul d extend at le a st 1 8 i nch es b elow

the bottom o f the pip e t o p revent the mouth O f the fresh
-

a i r i nl et b ecomi ng cho ked with dirt The p ri ncip a l ob j e c .

tions to thi s form o f i nl et a r e first th e b ox i s s el dom if , , ,

ever cle a ned a n d i n the cou rs e of time fills U p with di rt

“

, ,

second du ri ng wi nter we a ther the gr a ting b ecomes c om

,

p l e t e l y choked with sno w a n d i ce .

I n det a ched houses th e fresh a i r inl et gener a lly i s ex

tend ed 1 5 or 2 0 feet a w a y from th e b uildi ng a n d the end ,

p ro tected with a retu rn bend th a t O pens f a ci ng the ground .

When this fo rm of i nlet i s u sed it is goo d pr a cti ce t o lo c a te ,

the i nlet i n a clump of b ushes or some other pl a ce equ a lly

i n a ccessible to chil dren .

When s uffic i ent S p a ce c a n b e foun d i n the fou nd a tion

w a ll of a b u ildi ng ne a r the m a i n dr a i n tr a p a n d f a r enough
,

from a ll o peni ngs t o

the hou se th e fresh ,

a i r i nlet c a n b e l o

c a t e d there a n d the ,

i nl et p rotected by a
met a l str a i ner a ,

Fi g 1 9 s ecured to
.
,

the s t on e work Thi s .

m a kes a very sup e Fi g 1 9

F
.

rio r form of i nlet .

e s h A i I l t r r n e

I n fresh a i r i nlet gr a tes the o p enings S hould equ a l i n a re a

the S i z e of the fresh a i r i nl et pip e a n d the siz e of the O p en ,

i ng i n the gr a te should b e not less th a n o n e h a lf i nch i n -

thei r l e a st dimens ion .

S IZEF R E S H A I R I N L E T S —Fresh a i r i nlets should

OF .

b e the full si ze of the house dr a i n f or a l l si zes O f dr a i ns U p

t o 4 i n ch es i n di a meter A 4 i nch fresh a i r inlet i s l a rge
.
-

enough f or a ho use dr a in 8 i nches i n di a m eter Fo r l a rger .

ho us e dr a i ns the fresh a i r inl et m a y b e on e h a lf the di a meter -

of the ho use dr a i n .

It might b e well to emph a size here th a t a fresh a i r

i nl et i s a bsolutely u nn e cess a ry u nless there i s a m a in dr a i n
tr a p i n the ho use dr a i n ; a n d a s the m a in dr a in tr a p i s
,
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g 41

obj ecti on a ble i t shoul d b e u sed only i n those c a s es where

,

a nti qu a ted plumb ing co d es requ i re it Th e fresh a i r i nlet .

,

therefore i s to b e u sed not b ec a u se i t i s goo d o r n eces s a ry

, ,

but b ec a u se the l a w d em a nd s it .

R ai n Le a d er s
KI N D S OF LE A DE R S — R a i n le a ders m a y b e d ivi ded i nto
i ns i de l e a ders a n d o utsi d e le a ders I n s i d e L e a d er s a r e .

loc a ted withi n som e p a rt s of the b u ildi ng s ecu re from frost ,

a n d a r e i nst a lle d by th e pl umb er They a r e m a de O f c a s t .

i ron o r wrought i ro n pi pe a n d p ut together p erfectly g a s

a n d w a ter tight -
O u ts i d e L e a d er s a r e u su a lly m a d e of
.

sheet met a l with loos e sli p j oi nts a n d from a p oi nt a b ou t ,

5 feet a b ove gr a de a r e i nst a lled by the sheet m et a l worker

, .

Up to a po i nt a few feet a bove gr a de o utsi de l e a ders shou ld

b e of c a st i ro n o r wrought i ro n p ipe t o withst a nd the
ro ugh us a ge they a r e likely to receive .

T RA PP I N G O F LE A DE R S —R a i n le a ders u s u a lly a r e tr a p
ped with a run ni ng t r a p pl a ced i n th e hori zont a l p a rt of
the l e a der j u st i nsi d e th e cell a r w a ll secu re from frost , .

When i nsi de le a ders a r e us ed however o r when o utsi d e , ,

le a d ers a r e m a de p erfectly g a s a n d w a ter ti ght a n d do not -

O p en ne a r windows doo rs flu e s o r venti l a to r sh a fts a

, , ,

better pr a cti ce i s to om it the tr a p a n d u s e the l e a der a lso

fo r a vent p i pe .

R OO F C O N N E CT I O N S — I nsi de r a i n l e a ders sho ul d h a ve

speci a l roof bo xes p rop erly fl a shed to the roof a n d sho uld ,

p refer a bly b e connected to the roof gutter by m e a ns of a

le a d b r a ss o r copper O ffset o r a S hort length O f b r a ss or
, ,

copper p ip e of a bou t N O 2 0 S tub s g a uge co rrug a ted to

.
’

m a ke i t fl exibl e a n d coll a psible a s shown i n Fi g 2 0 to , .

,

t a ke U p the creeping of th e li ne d u e to exp a nsi on a n d con

tr a ction . L e a d pi pe m a y likewi s e b e u sed fo r thi s p u rpos e
if i t is m a d e flexibl e a n d coll a psible If o f le a d th e pi pe .
,

should weigh not l ess th a n 6 pou nd s p er l ine a l foot fo r

4 i nch pi pe ; 8 p ou nds fo r 5 inch p i pe a n d 1 0 pou nds fo r
- -

6 i nch pi pe
-
The fl exible fitting must be secu rely sold ered
.

to the gutter a n d fl a nged to the u nd er si de s o th a t a n y

,
42 P r i n ci p l es an d P r a c ti c e f
o P l u m bi n g

creepi ng of the li ne wi ll n o t a ff ec t th e j oi nt a t the roof .

The other end O f the fitti ng shoul d b e c a lked or screwed

i nto the i ron p ipe by me a ns O f solder nipples or b r a ss fer
rule s sol d er wip ed to the l e a d pipe or m a de p a rt of the
br a s s pip e The Ho lt roof connecti on a lso the Jo s a m a r e
.
,

goo d types O f le a der he a ds th a t h a ve p roven servi ce a ble in

us e . R oofs th a t a r e surrounded with p a r a pet w a lls should
h a ve S cupp ers or overflows b u ilt i n them through whi ch
w a ter c a n esc a pe i n c a s e th e le a der i nl et is obstru cted
with i ce .

I nsi de le a d ers shoul d b e so loc a ted a n d i nst a lled th a t

i n c a se the inl et is clogged with i ce o r oth erwi se ob stru cted
t he r a i n w a ter c a n over
flow through a scupp er to
the grou n d or to a nother
roof su rf a ce If for I h
.
,

st a nce a le a der were l oc a t

,

ed a t the center of a squ a re

bu ild ing h a vi ng a fla t roof ,

a n d the i nl et b ec a me clog

ged the w a ter would b e

,

ret a in ed o n the roof fo rm

i ng a pool of d a ngerous
weight I n i ndustri a l b ui ld
.

i ngs of the s a w tooth type -

it i s b a d p r a ctice t o ru n
ho ri zont a l l e a der m a i ns “ W ” ? e

g
t a ki ng F l x i bl C e b tii f R f Gu t t e
‘
l
u nd e r the I O O f '

,
e e on n n or oo r

br a nches up t o the s ever a l

gutters I n thi s loc a tion the pip e b ecomes he a ted to the
.

temper a tu re of the hottest p a rt of the room then qui ckly

chill ed from a c ol d r a i n L e a d —
,

c a lked j oints a r e li a ble to

.

work loo s e unde r such temper a tu re ch a nges s o if the le a d ,

ers mu st be i nst a lled th a t wa y they ha d better b e of s crew

,

p i pe .

O uts i de l e a ders S ho ul d b e provi ded o n the t o p with a

servi ce b ox i nto whi ch the r o of w a ter c a n disch a rge Thi s
,
.

servi ce b ox sho ul d b e set low enough so i n c a s e the le a der

beco mes stopp ed with i ce the w a ter ca n ov erflow the b ox
,
44 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

The a re a i n squ a re I nches a n d in squ a re feet of pipe s

from 2 i nches t o 1 2 inches I n di a meter c a n b e found in
T a ble X IV .

TABL E XI V . D i a m e t er an d Are a s of P i pe s

D i a m e t e r of

p i p es i n
inc h es 4 4 5 6 7 0
A
.

r eas Of p i p es
i n sq h
i n c es 3 14 4 19 6 3 28 27 38 4 8 50 2 5 6 3 1 78 5 4 1 1 3 1
A
.

r e as of p i p e s
I n sq eet
. f 02 3 04 08 3 1 265 35 4

E X PA N S I O N AN D C O N T RA C T I O N O F LE AD E R S —The v a ri a
tio ns i n length of le a ders du e to ch a nge i n temper a ture ha s
a lw a ys b een more o r less O f a p roblem b ut i t b ecomes a ,

seri o u s on e t o t a ke c a re of the exp a nsio n a n d c ontr a cti on i n

t a ll O fi l c e bu il di ngs
f
T a ke a bu il di ng 4 00 feet t a ll f or i n
.
,

st a nce I n su ch a b u il ding while the pip es a r e a t a uni

.

fo rm temp er a tu re O f 7 0 degrees F a hrenheit or more a cold ,

r a i n or snow com es on a n d w a ter a t a temp er a ture of a b out ,

3 5 degrees F a hrenheit chi lls the pip e i n a few mi nutes

thro ugh a r a nge o f a t le a st 3 5 degrees If the ch a nge of .

T A BL E X V S i ze of Le a d er s
'

SIZ E OF LE A D E R I N C H E S
,

R oof s v er e d wi t h
co

g r av e l s l a,g o r o t h e r

s im i l ar m a t er i a l wi t h
i n cli n e to 1

S am e wi t h i n c li n e
t o 1 ft or m or e a n d.

s a w t oot h r oof s
-

Met al , t i e l br i c k l
, s a te

or s i m il a r r oo s f of
a n y i n cl i n e
 P r i n ci p l es an d P r a c ti c e f
o P lum b i n g 45

temper a tu re c a me o n gr a du a lly S O the molecules O f th e r a i n

le a ders co ul d h a ve time to a dj u st th emselves slowly to th e
v a ryi ng length the destru ctive fo rce wo ul d not b e so
,

serious ; b ut the su d den ch a nges cou pled with the nu merou s

,

ch a nges whi ch t a ke pl a ce d u ri ng th e ye a r requ i res th a t ,

speci a l p rec a uti ons b e t a ken to a vo i d d a m a ge I n a b u il d .

i ng 4 00 feet t a ll with thi s v a ri a tion O f temper a tu re i n a c a st

i ro n r a i n le a der i t wo uld contr a ct o r exp a nd a pp roxi m a tely
,

i nch while a wro ught p i pe wo ul d ch a nge even mo re i n

,

length . TO comp ens a te for thi s v a ri a ti on i n length col ,

l a psible o r fl exibl e fitti ngs or exp a nsi o n j o i nts of som e ki nd

S houl d b e u sed .

Y a rd a nd Area D ra i n s
Y a rd a n d a re a dr a i ns i n a s ens e a r e r a i n le a ders Thei r .

O bj ect i s to remove storm w a ter from y a rd a n d a re a s u r

f a ces ; therefo re wh a t ha s b een wri tten a bo ut the siz e a n d

,

m a teri a ls of r a i n l e a d ers wi ll a pply equ a lly to y a rd a n d

a re a dr a i ns .

Y AR D A N D AR E A C A T C H B A S I N S — A y a r d or a re a d r a i n
.

i s shown i n Fi g 2 1 Thi s i s s imply a pl a i n c a st i ro n r e

. .
-

c e p t a c l e with remov a ble perfor a ted cover It i s loc a te d i n .

th e y a rd o r a re a to b e d r a i ned , S O the r a in w a ter c a n d r a i n

i nto it a n d p a ss thence thro ugh a p i pe c onnecti o n t o the
m a i n ho us e d r a i n C a tch b a s i ns shou ld b e s o constru cted
.

th a t a l l w a ter wi ll dr a i n out o f them i mm ed i a tely , a n d the

a re a of perfo r a ti ons i n the covers S houl d b e a t le a st equ a l

to twi ce the a re a O f th e dr a i n pi p e .

T RAPP I N G Y A R D A ND A R E A D R A I N S — Y a rd a n d a re a .

d r a i ns shoul d b e tr a pp ed with ru nni ng tr a p s loc a ted i nsi d e

of the fou nd a ti on w a lls where they a r e a ccess ibl e a n d s a fe
from frost . When conveni ent to do s o they sho ul d conne c t
to a r a i n le a der If th e r a i n l e a d er i s tr a p ped the y a rd or
.

a re a dr a in should connect to i t o n th e y a rd S i de of the tr a p ,

a n d the le a der tr a p will then serve fo r both The O bj ects .

of connecting a y a rd or a re a d r a i n to a r a i n le a der a r e to
i nsu re a p erm a nent se a l to the tr a p o r i n th e event of the ,

se a l f a il i ng to p rovi d e a d r a ft d own through the a re a d r a i n

, ,

a n d U p throu gh the r a in le a d er .
46 P r i n ci p l e s an d P r a c ti c e O f P l u m bi n g

Whil e it is b etter not to tr a p r a i n le a ders whe n t hey

'

a r e g a s a n d w a ter tight a n d do not open ne a r wi ndows

, ,

doors o r other i nlets t o the b uil di ngs it i s never a dvi s a ble

, ,

to i nst a ll y a rd or a re a dr a i ns u nless they a r e well tr a pped

wi th a goo d running tr a p prefer a bly O f deep se a l a n d
, ,

pl a ced where the w a ter wi ll not likely b e e v a por a ted from

the se a l Y a rd a n d a re a dr a ins a r e gener a lly pl a ced i n su ch
.

loc a ti ons th a t dr a i n a i r would blow through them i n c a s e

th e y were u ntr a pp ed a n d the dr a i n a i r wo uld either b e
,

i nh a led by those wo rking or otherwise O ccup i ed i n th e y a rd ,

o r the dr a i n a i r might find its wa y i nto the bu ildi ng through

a ne a r b y do o r or wi ndow
-
Y a rd a n d a re a dr a i ns shoul d
.

never b e p l a ced i n a positio n o r lo c a tion where th ey c a nnot

b e S uppli ed with w a ter a t frequent i nterv a ls whenever i t
r a i ns
.

G A S O L I N E AN D O I L S E PARA T O R S — C los ely a lli ed with.

y a r d a n d a re a dr a i ns a r e g a r a ge
dr a i ns TOO gre a t c a re c a nnot b e
.

exerci sed to keep from enteri ng

the m a i n sewers the g a soli ne d rip
pi ngs from motor c a rs a n d the O ils ,

u sed i n cle a ning a n d l ubri c a ting .

D i s a strous explos io ns te a ri ng up ,

the street f or mil es a n d doi ng mi l

,

lions O f doll a rs wo rth o f d a m a ge Fi g 2 1

Y ar d o A D i
h a ve been c a used by the ignition r r ea ra n

of a n explosive mi xtu re of g a s oline v a por a n d a i r I l l um .

i n a t i n g g a s is a nother source of d a nger when it esc a p es

from the g a s m a ins a n d enters the street sewers .

O i l s ep a r a tors S hould b e i nst a lled i n p ubl ic a n d other ;

l a rge g a r a ges to tr a p out th e O i l a n d g a sol ine

,
They a r e .

nothi ng more o r less th a n l a rge gre a s e tr a ps whi ch a r e ,

co nnected to a system of p ipi ng i ndependent O f the m a in

system . They h a ve thei r own m a i n dr a i n tr a p a n d fresh
-

a i r i nl et ; a 2 in ch vent p i pe from t a nk t o roof ; a system of

-

pi ping whi ch t a kes the w a ste from a l l floor dr a i ns a n d

c a rri a ge w a shes where oils a n d g a so li ne a r e used ; a n d a
m a i n vent st a ck of the full size of the o i l system dr a i n ,

extending th rough the roof .

 P r i n c i p l es a nd P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g 47

C HA P T E R V I
S I P H ON S A N D S I P H ON A G E

D E S C R I P T I O N O F S I P H O N AN D S I P H O NA GE — There is no .

a pp a r a tu s o r no fo rce h a vi ng so m a ny u ses a n d functions

i n plumbi ng pr a cti ce a s the siphon M o st of th e a pp a r a tu s

.

u sed i n plumbi ng a r e O p er a ted by me a ns O f S iphons : o n

the othe r h a nd si phon a ge c a u ses more tro ubl e th a n a n y
,

thing els e It i s si phon a ge whi ch destro ys the se a ls of

.

tr a ps when not prop erly ventil a ted a n d th e s a me i nvi sibl e ,

fo rce whi ch c a uses r a nge bo ilers to coll a ps e .

A si pho n c a n b e seen i n Fi g 2 2 whi ch shows one O f th e

.
,

S implest forms It i s nothi ng mo re o r l ess th a n a b ent t ub e

.

o r pip e m a d e i n the form o f a letter U b ut h a vi ng legs O f

, ,

unequ a l length Th a t i s the p rime ch a r a cteri sti c of a

.

si phon of a n y ki nd to h a ve legs O f u nequ a l length for if

, ,

bo th legs were of the s a me length it wo uld not b e a S i phon ,

a n d wo uld not O p er a te a s o n e .

The O per a tion of the s ipho n i s simple If the S hort leg .

of the empty tub e were i mmersed i n a p a i l O f w a ter a s ,

S hown i n the i llustr a ti on w a ter wo ul d ri se i n the S ho rt leg

,

to the level of the w a ter i n the p a i l a n d th a t i s a l l Th e

,
.

w a ter wo uld n o t ru n out O f th e vessel thro ugh the b ent tub e .

If b efo re pl a ci ng the short leg of the siphon i n th e w a ter ,

however the tub e b e filled with w a ter then a s so on a s the

, ,

tub e i s i n th e positi o n shown i n th e illu str a ti on w a ter will

commence to flow th rou gh i t a n d will conti nu e t o flow u ntil
th e w a ter i n the bu cket ha s been lowered to the mouth of the
sho rt leg .Ai r will then p a ss i nto th e pip e a n d b re a k the
si phon a ge It wi ll b e ob served th a t i n flowing from th e
.

p a il through the S ipho n th e w a ter i s c a rried som e di st a nce

,

a bove the l evel of the w a ter i n the p a il Th a t i s a noth er .

fe a tu re O f the si pho n to b e kept i n mi nd for it will r a i s e ,

w a ter to a l evel hi ghe r th a n the sou rce b efo re d i sch a rgi ng

it but wi ll neve r d is ch a rge th e w a ter a t a high er level th a n
,

the sou rce O n the contr a ry the long leg of the siphon
.
,

mu st be tu rned do wn a n d th e o utlet mu st be a t a lower level

,
48 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti ce o f P l u m bi n g

th a n the s urf a ce of the w a ter i n the p a il o r the si phon will ,

n ot work .

The p ress ure O f the a tmosphere i s be a ri ng down on the

s urf a ce of th e w a ter i n t he p a il with a n i ntensity O f
p ou nds t o the squ a re i nc h a ssum i ng th a t it i s a t s e a level
, .

Thi s p ressure i s tr a nsmi tted to the mo uth O f the s hort leg

of the si phon s o th a t there i s a n upw a rd p ressu re of
,
‘

po unds t o the squ a re i nch tendi ng t o d rive t he w a ter U p i nto

the s ho r t leg B ut the press u re i s he a r i n g upw a rd a t the
.

mo uth of the long leg with equ a l i ntens ity S O th a t the a i r ,

p ressure at the inlet j ust b a l a nces or O ff sets th a t a t the out

let thereby le a vi ng the w a ter i n the si phon a s though n ot
,

a cted upon by the p ressure o f the a i r a t a l l .

Wh a tever m o tive force there i s then must b e du e t o , ,

the diff erence i n length of the t wo col

um n s of w a ter on e i n the sho rt up leg ,

immers ed in the p a i l of w a ter a n d the

oth er the lo ng down leg outsi de the p a il .

If we a ss ume the refore th a t th ere i s , ,

a dist a nce of o n e foot b etween the s u r

f a ce O f w a ter i n the p a i l a n d the t o p of

the S i phon a n d th a t the long leg of the
,

S iphon i s five feet i n length then on e ,

S imgl sfihon
g
foot i n length of the l o ng leg woul d O ff
‘

set O r cou nterb a l a nce the fo ot of lift in

the sho rt l eg le a vi ng a difference a t the b egi nning of the
,

O p er a ti on b etween the long l eg a n d the S hort leg of a col

u m n of w a ter fo u r feet high This u nequ a l weight of w a ter

.

wo uld of co u rs e c a use the fo ur feet of w a ter to ru n out of

, ,

the lo ng leg ; bu t th a t woul d ten d t o cre a te a v a cuum i n th e

down l eg a t a poi nt level with the w a ter i n the p a il H ow .

ever a s N a ture a bhors a v a cuum inste a d of o n e b ei ng

, ,

formed the pressure of a i r on the su rf a ce of the w a ter i n

,

the p a il forces more w a ter i n t o fill the sp a ce a n d s o a con ,

t i n uou s flow i s est a blished

—
.

"
E FF E C T O F A I R L E A K AG E O N A S P H O
I N Do oper a te
su ccessfully a S iphon m ust b e pe r fectly tight
, E ven a littl e . .

p i nhole a t the t op of the sip hon will let i n a i r eno ugh t o

bre a k the conti nu ity of flow a n d stop the siphon a ge W a ter .
,
 P r i n c i p l es and P r a c ti c e O f P l u m bi n g 49

a nd nothi ng b u t w a ter o r the liqui d th a t i s b ei ng si phoned

, ,

must b e i n the S i phon I n l a rge perm a nent S i phons th ro u gh

.
, ,

whi ch w a ter i s flowi ng conti nuou sly there i s a tenden cy ,

fo r a i r to a ccu mul a te a t th e to p of th e si pho n a n d bre a k its

a cti on. This a i r com es from the w a ter itself W a ter ha s .

a cert a i n c a p a city fo r a i r a n d a t a tmospheri c press ure a n d

,

o rd i n a ry temper a tu re will a bsorb a bo u t 4 p er cent In .

cre a si ng th e p ressu re o r lowering th e temp er a tu re wi l l

i ncre a se its c a p a ci ty to a bsorb a i r whil e decre a si ng the
,

p ressure o r i ncre a sing the temp er a tu re wi ll lower i t s

c a p a city fo r a i r .The w a ter a t th e t o p of a long S ipho n i s
a t a n a ppre ci a bly lower pressu re th a n a t th e i nt a ke an d ,

ch a nces a r e th e tem per a tu re is slightly r a i sed t oo p a r t i c u , ,

l a r l y if the p i p e i s exp osed t o the s u n .

The res ult woul d b e th a t the c a p a city o f t he w a ter to

a bso rb a i r or hol d i t i n sol u

tio n woul d b e lowered a n d ,

some woul d b e l ib er a ted a s

free a i r to collect a t the top
of the si phon T hi s i s a
.

tro ubl e frequ ently e n c ou n t

ered i n hi lly or m ou nt a i n Fi g 2 3 .

Mai t O f “ mu d
ou s c ou n t r i e s whe r e a s i p hon
Q

S p ho
i f v gs s gl
n

i fifi
‘ g e‘ l

li ne i s u sed to dr a w w a ter
from a l a ke o r stre a m over a low hi ll i nto a v a lley o n the
other S i de . Ai r keeps a ccu mul a ti ng a t th e top of th e
siphon a n d ha s to b e let o ut o cc a si o n a lly o r th e si phon a ge
will b e b roken a n d the sipho n wi ll h a ve to b e st a rted a l l
over a g a i n . I n pip e l i nes of su ch descri pti on a i r vents a r e
p rovi ded a t the highest p oi nts so th a t th e a i r c a n b e p er
,

m i tt e d to es c a p e withou t a t the s a me time b re a ki ng th e

si phon .

S I P H O N FO R E QUAL I Z I N G W A T E R LE V E L S — An 0 th er .

form of s ipho n i s S hown i n Fi g 2 3 Thi s form of a pp a

. .

r a tus i nste a d of s i phoning w a ter from one l evel to a lower

,

one tr a nsfers the w a ter from o ne vessel to a nother o n e a t

,

the s a me el ev a tion a n d m a i nt a i ns th e w a te r i n b oth vessels

,

a t a common level .The si pho n i s tu rned u p a t both ends

where it i s immersed i n the w a ter to p revent a i r from ,
 P ri n ci p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

entering a n d displ a ci ng the w a ter a n d the s iphon of co ur s e , , ,

a t a l l tim es wh i le i n u s e i s full of w a ter o r O f the li qui d t o ,

be tr a nsferred If w a ter i s n ow pou red i nto one of thes e

.

vessels it wi ll immed i a tely commence t o flow through the

,

si phon i nto th e other vessel a n d will conti nue t o flow s o,

long a s there i s a diff erence i n level b etween the surf a ces

of the w a ter i n the t wo vess els This S imple form O f sipho n
.

proves m ore conclusively th a n a n y other form th a t the flo w

i s c a us ed by a d iff erence i n h e a d of w a ter I n the t wo l egs ,

a n d th a t b a c k of it a l l it i s the pressure O f the a tmo s phere

whi ch c a uses the si phon t o o p er a te I n a perfect v a cu um .

there woul d b e n o S u ch thi ng a s si phon a ge b ec a use there

-

woul d b e n o p ressu re t o force the li qui d up i nto the S ho rt

.

l eg of the si phon .

A s the oper a tion of a siphon i s dependent U p on th e

p res su re o f the a tmosphere it i s i n some respects like the
,

O p er a tion of a pump whi ch owes i t s a ction t o the exh a usti ng

of a i r from the s u cti on pi pe whi ch i s then filled with w a ter

,

by the p ressure o n the w a ter in the well o r other sou rce of

s upply . Like the p ump su ction t oo there i s a limit t o the , ,

h eight th a t w a ter c a n b e r a i sed by siphon a ge At s e a level .

the theoreti c a l hei ght th a t a siphon c a n r a i se col d w a ter i s

feet As a m a tter of f a ct however i n pr a cti ce it i s
.
, ,

doubtful if the w a ter coul d b e r a i sed a gre a ter height th a n

2 5 feet a n d even th a t woul d b e a n extreme lift
, Twenty .

t o twenty two feet wo ul d pro b a bly b e more ne a rly the lift

‘

O f a siphon und er usu a l wo rki ng conditi ons .

A PPL I C A T I O N O F S I P H O NAG E TO A F I XT UR E T RAP — In .

F ig 2 4 i s shown a nother form of s iphon

.
Thi s does not .

.
’

diff er s o mu ch from the first o n e S hown o uts i de of t h e f a ct ,

th a t inste a d of lifti ng the w a ter over the top edge of the

vessel it t a kes it o ut O f the s i de ne a r th e bottom then tu rns ,

u pw a rd t o ne a r the t op of the vessel o r higher a ccordi ng ,

t o the u s e to whi ch it i s t o be put then form s t he well ,

known U S h a p ed tub e whi ch i s the di stingu ishi ng fe a tu re o f

-

th e common S iphon The resembl a nce here to a common

.

siphon tr a p i s shown by m e a ns of dotted l i nes If i nste a d .

O f the vessel of w a ter the p a rt O f the tub e S hown by dotted

'

li n es b e sup p li ed , we h a ve a tr a p su ch a s i s u s e d und er
52 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti ce f P lum bi n g
o

i nto the b ui l di ng A s a remedy the tr a p i s u s ed a s a c om

.
,

p romis e B ut the tr a p itself i s li a ble t o lose i t s se a l by

.

sipho n a ge if p rovisi on i s n ot m a d e t o p rotect it If then .

, ,

we comp romis e a g a i n by co nnecti ng only a S hort pi ece O f

pipe O pen a t the end siphon a ge will b e prevented but the
, ,

vent p ipe wi ll be open t o th e free di sch a rge of sewer g a s ,

th e very thi ng the tr a p i s intended t o p revent The only .

wa y t o solve the problem is to extend the vent pip e from

e a ch tr a p up to a n d thro ugh the ro of a n d there let it O pen ,

t o the a tmosphere B ut a g a i n we compromise

. If e a ch .

in divi du a l vent p ip e from a tr a p were extended thro ugh the

roof the cost wo ul d b e excessive a n d the bu i ldi ng woul d b e
,

cut u p with p ip es more th a n i s necess a ry TO keep down .

the cost then , a n d p rotect the b ui l di ng a m a i n vent stock

, ,

i s run up through th e roof a n d a l l the vent br a nches from

,

ne a r b y tr a ps a r e connected t o this st a ck
-
The ventil a ti ng .

of tr a ps i t wi ll b e s een then i s a simple thi ng

, , Any n um .

b er of b r a nch vents ca n b e connected t o on e st a ck the only ,

requi rement b eing th a t the st a ck b e propo rtioned to the

numb er O f b r a nch vents ; a n d n o mist a ke ca n b e m a de i n
,

runni ng the br a nch vents t o the st a ck f or a l l th a t i s n e ce s ,

s a ry i s to s ee th a t the b r a nches a r e l a rge enough a l l kept ,

high enough a n d h a ve a f a ll from the vent st a ck tow a rds

,

the fixture tr a ps s o a n y w a ter findi ng i t s wa y i n wi ll find

i t s wa y to the w a ste pip e a n d n ot rem a i n i n the vent pip e to
fo rm a tr a p V i ewed i n thi s li ght th e system of vents a n d
.

r e vents b ec omes simpl e

-
f or it i s merely running a m a i n
,

st a ck l ike the tru nk of a tree a n d t a ki ng O ff b r a nches O f

,

the requ i red s ize at the right floors like th e limbs of the ,

tree .

A diff erent typ e of s i phon us ed f or a flushing devi ce

i n a w a ter clos e t t a nk i s illustr a ted i n Fig 2 6 Thi s S ipho n . .

i s formed by me a ns of a CU p S h a pe d memb er i nverted over

-

a str a i ght pi ece of pi pe The sp a ce between th e cup sh a ped

.
-

pi ece a n d the str a ight pip e forms the up leg of the si phon ,

o r wh a t i s commonly c a lled the short leg W hile the long l eg ,

is rep res ented by the fl ush p ipe .

The O p er a tion of thi s siphon i s a s follows : The t a nk

a n d sp a ce b etween the i nner tub e a n d outer cup Sh a ped -
 P r i n c i p l es and P r a c ti c e O f P l u m bi n g 53

c a si ng of the si phon a r e fil led wi th w a ter to the level shown

i n th e illustr a ti on but the i nn er tub e of th e si pho n a n d th e
,

flu sh pip e a r e empty W hen th e ch a i n i s now pulled the

. ,

v a lve a i s r a i sed from its se a t a n d w a ter flows i n filli ng the

, ,

flu sh pi pe . Th e lo ng leg of th e si pho n i s n ow ch a rged th e ,

ch a i n i s rele a se d a n d th e v a lve settles b a ck o n its se a t B ut .

the flow of w a ter down the flu sh p i pe n ow tends to cre a te a

v a cuu m i n the sp a ce m a rked b so p ressu re of the a tmos ,

p he r e o n the f a ce of the w a ter fo rces w a ter over i nto the

tub e a n d th e si phon conti nu es unti l th e t a nk i s empty
,
.

Usu a lly a sm a ll hol e ne a r the bottom of the o uter c a si ng i s

p rovi d ed to gr a du a lly b re a k the s iphoni c a cti on when th e

Fi g 2 6
l d Cl
.

Sip h on A pp ie to os e t Ta kn

w a ter lowers enough to u ncover the hole a n d a llow a i r to

enter .

A PPL I C A T I O N O F S I P H O N S TO CLO S E s
T — M ost of th e .

clos ets m a de tod a y a n d a l l of the b etter types i nclu di ng

, ,

S i phon j et closets
-
si phon a cti on hoppers a n d reverse tr a p
,
-
-

S iphon a ctio n closets a r e S imp ly S iphons a n d op er a ted by

,

si phon a ge Th e pri ncipl e O f si pho ni c a cti on a ppli e d to

.

closets i s shown i n Fi g 2 7 The S hort leg of the S i phon i s

. .

shown a t a a n d extends from the tr a p i nlet to th e crown of

the bend wh ile th e d es cendi ng leg b forms the lo ng l eg of
,

the si pho n It will b e noti ced th a t th e outlet p a ss a ge i h

.

ste a d of b ei ng str a i ght i s more o r l ess tortu ou s T hi s i s to .

54 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P l u m bi n g
o

d a sh the w a ter from on e si de t o the o th er i n order t o m a ke .

the mi nim um a mo unt of w a ter fill the bore or r a refy the

a i r a n d st a rt s ip honi c a cti on In the S iphon j et the O p er a
.

ti on of th e S iphon is a i ded by a j et of w a ter c whi ch S hoot , ,

i ng up the sho rt leg of the S iphon ha s a he a vi ng effect ,

whi ch qui ckly puts over enough w a ter t o st a rt the si phon i n

O per a tion . I n S iphon a ctio n closets the ordin a ry flow of
-

w a ter from the flu sh ing rims by r a isi ng the w a ter l ev el, ,

c a uses a n overflow a n d st a rts the s iphon .

G ener a lly sp e a ki ng th e si pho n I S o f gre a t benefit i n

,

plumb i ng a lthough there a r e conditi ons under whi ch it b e

,

com es a n a gen cy of d estru cti on R a nge boi lers f or i nst a nce

.
, ,

ar e sometimes col
l a psed when the
w a ter from within
is siphoned o ut .

S uppose f or ex a m ,

ple a 40 g a llon ,

r a nge boi ler i s c on

n e cted u p o n the
first floor of a buil d
i ng on the si de O f a
hill The S upply .

pipe from the w a ter

T m a i n I S t he n the
Ag
i

i fli fit
c

Si ph on Cl s t
e o o e
long leg of the
s iphon a n d the boiler tub e insi d e of the boiler the short leg
,

of the s ipho n N ow if the w a ter b e shut O ff fr omt he street

.
,

m a in a n d th e pip e emptied the S iphon i s set i n oper a ti on

, , ,

the boiler i s p a rtly empti ed a n d u nl ess a i r g a i ns e ntr a nce

,

some how to equ a li z e th e pre s su re on both si des of th e

boi ler the t a nk will coll a pse
, .

An ordi n a ry r a nge boiler of 4 0 g a llons c a p a city i s five

feet high by 1 4 i nches i n di a meter If we do n ot count the
.

he a ds b ut j ust i nclu de the si des of the cyli nder we will find ,

th a t there a r e a bout 1 8 squ a re feet o f su rf a ce t o the t a nk .

E a ch squ a re foot of s u rf a ce cont a i ns 1 4 4 squ a re i nches o r ,

t he bo iler cont a i ns 2 5 92 squ a re i nches a l l tol d O n e a ch .

squ a re inch O f su rf a ce the a tmos p her e i s b e a ri n g do wn with

 P r i n c i p l es a nd P r a c ti c e f P l umbi n g
o 55

a p ressu re of pound s per squ a re i nch ; a n d 2 5 9 2 squ a re

i nches times pou nds per squ a re i nch equ a ls
pou nds o r o ver 1 9 tons p ress ure
, Thi s pressu re m ust be
.

equ a li zed by a s imi l a r p ressu re i nsi d e the bo i ler or th e ,

bo iler wi ll coll a pse from the weight O f the a tmosph ere a s

frequ ently h a ppens when boilers whi ch a r e not p roperly
p rotected h a ve thei r contents p a rtly si phoned out by shut
ting o ff the S upply of w a ter then openi ng a f a u cet a t a m u ch
,

lower level .

The si phon then i s a mo st u seful co ntriv a nce i n both

, ,

plumb i ng pr a cti ce a n d engineeri ng wo rk It i s only i n ex

.

c e p t i o n a l c a ses th a t i t o per a tes a g a i nst i nste a d O f i n f a vo r

of us eful effo rt . It i s used fo r cond u cti ng w a ter ove r l o w

r a nges of hills i nto v a lleys where the w a ter wi ll be nee ded .

I t i s u sed to o per a te most of the closets u sed i n p resent d a y -

pr a ctice . It oper a tes m a ny of th e closet t a nks now i n u se ,

a n d i s the pri nci pl e U pon whi ch m a ny a uto m a ti c a pp a r a tus

O per a te ; wh ile on the other h a nd i n only two c a ses i s it O f

,

detriment to the pl umb er a n d i n th ose two c a ses the po ss i

,

b i l i t y of d a m a ge c a n be a vo i ded if the p lumber i s f a mi li a r

,

with th e s i phon with si phon a ge thei r u ses a n d limit a ti o ns

, , .

Thos e t wo c a ses a r e the p ossib ility O f tr a ps sipho ning when

not properly i nst a lled a n d th e comp a nio n p ossibi lity of
,

r a nge boilers coll a psi ng if no t p rotected a g a i nst the fo rm a

tion of a p a rti a l v a cuum .
56 P r i n ci p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P lu m bi n g
o

C HA P T E R VII
S OI L, W A S T E A ND V E N T S Y S T E M S

S ta c k s and Br an c he s
D E F I N I TI O N S —S oil st a cks a r e those p ip es whi ch receive
w
the dis ch a rge from a ter c lo sets a n d u ri n a ls a lthough they ,

m a y a lso receive the dis ch a rge fro m other fixtu res They .

co nnect with the ho us e dr a in i n the cell a r or b a sement a n d ,

extend t o a su it a ble poi nt a bove the roof .

S oil p i pes a r e the b r a nch es whi ch connect closets or

u ri n a ls with soil st a cks .

W a ste st a cks receive the dis ch a rge fro m fixtu res other
th a n w a ter clos ets o r u ri n a ls They a lso connect with the
.

hou s e dr a i n a n d ext en d t o a su it a ble poi nt a bove the ro of .

W a ste p ip es a r e thos e whi ch connect a n y fixt ures other

th a n w a ter c los ets or u ri n a ls with either a w a ste st a ck or a
soil st a ck .

A vent st a ck i s a S p eci a l venti l a ti ng pipe th a t co nnects

with a soil or w a ste st a ck b elow the lowest fixtu re a n d
extends t o a po i nt a b ove the highest fixt ure where i t m a y ,

a g a i n conn ect with th e st a ck o r extend sep a r a tely thro ugh

the roof . N 0 soi l or w a ste m a tter disch a rges i nto this pipe .

I t s function i s t o p rovi de a S upply o f a i r to the outlets of

fixture tr a ps to p revent t he w a ter s e a l bei ng broken either
,

by siphon a ge or by b a ck p ressu re Tho se porti ons of soi l

.

a n d w a ste st a cks a bove th e h ighest fi xtu res m a y b e con s i d - =

ered a s vent st a cks .

A vent pipe i s a short br a nch extendi ng from the vent

st a ck to the tr a p it venti l a tes .

TW O -
P I PE S YS TE M OF P LU M B I N G
There a r e three s ys- =

tems O f roughi ng i n f o r st a cks a n d br a nches i n u s e a t the

p resent time ; they a r e known a s the t wo p i p e s ys t em the -

s i n g l e p i p e s ys t e m a n d the l oop or c on ti n u ou s r e n t s ys t e m .

I n the t wo p ip e system s iphon tr a ps a r e used a n d thei r

-

, ,

s e a ls a r e p rotected from s iphon a ge by a system of vent

pip es . The p ri nci ples of i nst a ll a ti o n O f the t wo pipe s ys -

tem a r e shown i n F ig 2 8 I n thi s system a vent s t a ck

. .
P r i n c i p l es a nd P r a c ti c e o f P l um bi n g 57

Fi g . 28
Ta o -

P i pe S ys tem of l
P umb ing
58 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

i ntersects the so il st a ck a t a n a ngle of 4 5 d egrees a t a poi nt

b elow where the lowest fixture d isch a rges i nto th e so il st a ck .

The obj ect of connecti ng the soil a n d vent st a cks together a t

thi s p oi nt i s to pro vi de a n o utlet from th e vent st a ck i nto th e
soil st a ck f o r rust s c a les or o ther foreign m a tter whi ch
might enter it . I n the illu str a ti on the vent st a ck rej oi ns
th e soil st a ck at a poi nt a bove the level of the highest fixtu re
dis ch a rgi ng i nto it Thi s connecti on i s m a de only f or eco
.

nomi c re a sons however, The vent st a ck m a y b e extende d

.

sep a r a tely through the roof a n d i n bu il dings over s ix sto

,

ri es i n h eight it i s b etter to do s o O n st a cks three or more

.

sto ri es i n height th e w a ste pip e from the w a sh b a si n a n d

b a th tub o n the first flo o r i s gener a lly connected t o the heel
of the vent st a ck t o w a sh out a n y foreign m a tter th a t might
lodge there . This provis ion however i s of more impor
, ,

t a nce i n wrought i ro n systems th a n i n c a st i ron systems ,

owi ng t o th e gre a ter possib ility of wrought i ron st a cks

b ei ng stopp ed a t this p o int by rust sc a les C onn e ctions to .

vent st a cks a r e m a de a t a poi nt a bove the level of the outlet

from the highest fixtu re i n the group ; a n d a l l the vent p i pes
dr a i n tow a rd thei r resp ective tr a ps s o th a t w a ter of c on
dens a ti on o r sew a ge th a t b a cks up i n the vent p ipes duri ng ,

sto pp a ge of the w a ste pip e will dr a in o ut a g a i n when the

,

w a ste p ipe i s cle a r S hould the connecti on to the vent s ta ck

.

b e m a de a t a l evel lower th a n the o utlet from the fixtu res ,

th e w a ste p ipe might b eco me stopped up a n d the fixture

woul d w a ste through the v ent p i p e without the stopp a ge
b ecomi ng kno wn The p ri nci pl es a n d pr a cti ce of the two
.

pi pe s ystem a r e fully expl a i ned in the foregoi ng desc ri ption .

M ore fixtu res m a y b e conn ected to a st a ck or more st a cks

m a y b e i nst a lled i n a b ui ldi ng but they a r e only a multi ,

pli c a ti on o f u nits of whi ch this illustr a ti on i s an ex a mple .

O N E
-
P I P E S Y S T E M O F P LU M B I NG —I n Fig 2 9 i s shown
. .
,

d i a g r a m at i c a l l y the on e pi pe system of plumb ing

,
-
This .

illustr a ti on shoul d b e comp a red with the i llustr a tio n of a

t wo p ip e s ystem to s e e wherein they d iff er
-

, In the one .

pi pe system non s iphon tr a ps a r e u sed without vent pi pes

-
.

This metho d of pi pi ng redu ces the cost of roughi ng t o a lmost

O n e h a lf the c ost of the two p i pe system a n d nece s sit a te s
- -

,
60 Pr i n ci p l es an d Pr a c ti c e f P lu m b i n g
o

less cutti ng of w a lls a n d floors For some pu rpos es f or .

,

i nst a nce where cle a r w a ter only wi ll b e used a n d in sm a ll

, ,

i nst a ll a ti o ns the on e p ip e system with a pproved n o n siphon

-

,
-

tr a ps m a y b e equ a l t o the t wo p ipe system

, It i s open how
-
.
,

ever t o the obj ecti on th a t a slight gurgli ng noi se might b e

, ‘

he a rd i n the w a ste pip es du e t o siphoni c a ction of the t r a p

when a fixture i s flushed The i llustr a ti on sho ws the w a ste
.
“

from the l a v a tory di sch a rging i nto the b a th tub w a ste A -

.

b etter wa y i s to co nnect the l a v a to ri es sep a r a tely t o the

st a cks i n the fitti ngs shown a t the t wo lower floo rs When .

th a t i s done n o n s iphon tr a ps need n ot b e used

,
-
O rdi n a ry .

s ipho n tr a ps will a nswer a s well The on e p ip e system of .

-

plumb i ng c a n often b e us ed witho ut resorti ng t o n o n s ipho n -

or refill tr a ps O rdi n a ry siphon tr a ps whi ch a r e n ot only

.
,

the b est b ut gener a lly spe a ki ng the che a p est b eing used
, , .

S ome ex a mples of th e on e p ipe system of plumb i ng with

-

siphon tr a p s a r e given i n a l a ter ch a pter .

L OO P OR CO N T I N U O U S VEN T S Y S T E M — Th e loop o r con .

vent system of plumbi ng i s shown d i a g r a m a t i c a l l y

t i n uo u s , ,

i n Fi g 3 0 .The fi xt ures i nste a d o f b ei ng s ep a r a tely vented

.

a s i n the c a se of the t wo p ip e system of plumbi ng -

are ,

simply connected t o a horizont a l soi l pi pe with a conti nuou s

loop ext endi ng t o the vent st a ck a n d connecting t o it a bove
the to p o f the highest fixtu res i n the gro up Thi s system .

i s more s u it a bl e f or w a ter c losets th a n f or other fixtures f or ,

the re a son th a t the types of closets n ow used a r e siphon a ct

i ng with refill p rovi sio n m a de s o th a t a fter the closets a r e
, ,

flushed the tr a ps fill a utom a ti c a lly Wi th sm a ll fixtu res o n .

the o ther h a nd t o extend thei r w a ste pipes down t o the

,

hori z ont a l soi l p i pe woul d constitute long legs with whi ch t o

s iphon a l l w a ter out o f the tr a ps A b a ttery of l a v a tories.
,

ho wever c a n b e connected u p thi s wa y t o a w a ste p ipe

,

d i rectly b ac k of them by me a ns of h a lf S tr a ps
, .

It will b e o bserved th a t the ho rizont a l p ipe i s p erfectly

rigi d there bei ng n o possib ility of it yi eldi ng when the floo r
,

j o ists dry out a n d shri nk There ought therefore t o be some

.
, ,,

p rovision m a d e t o t a ke up the shrink a ge of the j oists other ,

wis e the closets will b e held a bove the fioo r a dist a nce equ a l
to the shri nk a ge or some p a rt of the system p rob a bly the
, ,
P r i n c i p l es a mt P r a c ti c e o
f P l um bi n g 61

Fi g 30
C ti L
.

on n uo us Ve t
n or o op S ys tem
62 P r i n c i p l es an d P ra c t i c e f P l u m bi n g
o

closet or closet connections will b e r a cked out of position s o

,

they wi ll le a k o r b e broken
, .

The question often a ri ses whi ch is the best system o f

,

plumb i ng to a dopt i n a c ity co de It m a y b e st a ted t h a t

.

there i s no one system so s up erior t o the o thers u nder a l l

condi ti ons th a t it c a n b e used or recommend ed to the exclu
sion of the others The o nly wa y when designi ng work i s
.

to blen d them a l l together us i ng f o r cert a i n st a cks those

,

systems wh i ch wi ll giv e th e b est resul ts a t the le a st cost .

I n a l a rge inst a ll a ti on it i s p ossibl e th a t a l l three methods

might b e u sed i n di fferent p a rts o f the work .

It i s r esults th a t a r e w a nted a n d t he b est m etho d for

,

th a t p a rti cul a r p urp ose should b e used reg a rdless of the

n a me or reput a tion of the system N o system it might b e
.
,

a dd ed is pec u li a r to itself b ut they a r e a l l blended together

, ,

by mo di fic a ti ons a s will b e s een i n the ex a mples of systems

, ,

so th a t i t i s h a rd to tell to wh a t system some i nst a ll a tions

b elong .
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f
o P l um bi n g 63

C HA P T E R V III
E XA M P L E S O F DR AI N A G E S Y S T E M S

R O UG H I NG I N FO R S I N GL E B A T H R O O M S — T he dr a i n a ge
-

system fo r a cott a ge o r sm a ll b u il ding of a n y ki nd i s a com

p a r a t i v e l y s imple m a tter i n des igning a n d i n whi ch there
i s but l ittle d a nger of goi ng a str a y I n l a rge o ffice b u il d
.

i ngs hotels i nstituti ons o r bu i ldi ngs of like ch a r a cter p a r

, , ,

t i c u l a r l y when m a ny sto ri es high there is gr a ve d a nger of

.

h a ving troubl e with the s oi l a n d v ent st a cks if they a r e not

p roperly propo rti oned a n d i nst a lled With the v i ew of m a k .

i ng the s ubj ect a s simp le a s possibl e a n umb er of i ll ustr a ,

ti ons a r e here presented a s typ es of rough i ng i n

,
-
.

Fi g 3 1 shows how the wo rk c a n b e roughed i n for the

.
-

b a throom fixtu res when the closet i s b etween th e b a th tub

a n d the l a v a tory with the l e a st possible a mo u nt of pip e ,

without reso rti ng to b a ck venting a n d so n o w a ste pi pe wi ll

,

show i n the roo ms except wh ere they exten d from fixtu re to

w a ll o r floor . While no b a ck vents or loop vents a r e used
i n thi s system the work i s perfectly s a nit a ry a n d o rdi n a ry
si phon tr a ps m a y b e used witho ut d a nger of s iphon a ge It .

will b e noti ced th a t both the w a ste to the b a th tub a n d to ,

the l a v a to ry a r e t a ken from the so il pip e a t a hi gher level

th a n the closet outl et conseque ntly they c a nnot b e s ip honed
,

by the d is ch a rg e of the closet whi ch gets a plentifu l s up ply

,

of a i r from the st a ck O n the other h a nd the clos et c a nnot

.
,

be si pho ned by d i sch a rge from the other fixtu res b ec a u se

they d isch a rge i nto so l a rge a pi pe th ey c a n s et up no
s i phoni c a cti on .

I t will b e well to n ote th e s izes of pip e u sed i n s u ch a n

i nst a ll a tion . The soi l st a ck need b e only 3 i nch es i n
d i a meter l ikewis e the closet b end will b e only 3 i nches i n
,

di a meter whi ch is suffici ently l a rge to c a re fo r the disch a rge

,

of a n y closet for closet o utlets v a ry from 1 i i nches to 3

,

i nch es i n di a meter a n d a ver a ge a bo ut

, i nches d i a meter .

The m a nner of rough ing i n fo r these fixtu res when th e

-

l a v a to ry i s b etween the w a ter clo set a n d th e b a th tub i s ,

64 P r i n ci p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

sho wn i n Fig 3 2 whi ch i s simply a v a ri a ti o n o f the a r r a nge

.
,

ment shown i n Fig 3 1 It does n ot m a tter how the fi x t ures

. .

a r e a rr a nged on the pl a n they c a n b e r e a rr a nged or the s oi l

,
-

st a ck c a n b e s o lo c a ted th a t some modi fic a ti on of these s ys

tems of roughing i n c a n b e used -
Fu rther t wo b a thro oms .
,

o n O p posite s i des of the p a rtiti o n c a n be roughed i n e x a c t ly -

like th ese du pl i c a ting the br a nches but n ot the sta ck

, .

Fi g 31
Simp ifie l d R ou g h i
:
n g f or B th R
a o om

D I S TA N CE F I XT UR E C AN BE FR O M S T A C K —O f course
there i s a lim it t o the di st a nce a fi x tu re ca n b e lo c a ted from
the soi l st a ck wi thout venti ng when the fo rego i ng metho ds
of ro ughi ng i n a r e used a n d this limit i s s e t by the limit a
-

tions of the tr a p itself This wi ll b e un derstoo d by refer

.

ring t o Fig 3 3 whi ch sho ws a n ordi n a ry s iphon tr a p

.
,

a tt a ched t o a p i ece of pipe It will b e noti ced th a t the

.

dist a nce fro m the to p o f the p i pe t o a level li ne a b i s m a rked -

3 i nches whi ch represents a depth of s e a l in the tr a p of

,

i nches a n d the i nsi de bore of the tr a p whi ch i s

,
i nches , ,

m a ki ng a tot a l of 3 in ches i n a l l N ow the tr a p f or a fi x .

ture c a n b e s et a t su ch a di st a nce from the st a ck th a t the

w a ste p ip e will n ot h a ve more th a n 3 i nches f a ll With a .

f a ll of 3 i nches , a s shown in the illustr a tion the long leg of ,

th e tr a p of siphon i s j u st o n a line wi th the li ne a b ; a n y -

further dip would m a ke the connecti on a tru e siphon a n d

d r a w the w a ter out of the tr a p every time the fixtu re wa s
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u mb i n g 65

d i sch a rged As a m a tte r of fa ct the top of th e pi pe should

.
,

never b e c a rri ed down cle a r to th e bottom l in e i n p r a cti ce .

fo r the se a l i n the tr a p i s then so ni cely b a l a nced th a t i t i s

e a s ily si pho ned The tot a l di st a nce the w a ste pip e f rom a n
.

“ ”
ordi n a ry i nch sipho n t r a p c a n f a ll i s 3 4 i nches a n d
- 1
,

inches I S the extrem e a mo u nt th a t shoul d b e a llowed i n

p r a cti ce .

Fi g 32
d
.

S i mp i fie l R ou g h i n g f or Sing l B th R
e a oom

W i th a possible f a ll of i nches the di st a nce the tr a p ,

c a n b e loc a te d from the st a ck wi ll d epend on the f a ll pe r

fo ot a llowed a n d the f a ll per foot w ill dep en d on the lo c a

,

ti o n of the p ip e Fo r ex a mple the w a ste p i pe t o the l a v a

.
,

to ry could b e ru n a t a pitch of i nch per foot or even less , ,

s o th a t five si x or ev en seven feet a t a pi nch coul d be

, ,

re a ched .W hen th e p ipe i s ru n u nder the floo r i n woo de n

j o ist construction on th e other h a nd th ere i s a nother li mit
, ,

ing f a cto r Twelve i nch j oi sts the si ze commo nly u s ed i n

.
-

resi d ence wo rk sh rink u po n s e a s oni ng o r dryi ng a bo ut

, ,

i nch. O n thi s a cco unt whenever a w a ste pi p e i s ru n u nd er

,

a wood en floo r i t shoul d h a ve a f a ll of a t le a st

, i nch no ,

m a tter how sho rt it m a y be S u ppose fo r i nst a nce the.

,

w a ste pi pe i s only 1 f oo t lo ng a n d ha s a f a ll of i nch

, .

Then when the sh rink a ge t a kes pl a ce a n d th e weight o f the

,

tub ha s pressed down th e w a ste pip e i t will sti ll h a ve ,

’
3
inch out of the o rigi n a l i i nch f a ll W a ste pip es l a i d u nd er .
66 P r i n c i p l es and P r a c ti c e f
o P l u m bi n g

the floo r shoul d then h a ve a f a ll of 1A) i nch t o the foot with , ,

a n extr a i n ch a llow a nce for the enti re li ne Allowi ng .

,

then 1 i nch f o r the first foot a n d

, inch f o r e a ch succeed ,

i ng foot of w a ste pi p e u nder a flo or a n d a tot a l a v a il a ble ,

f a ll of i nches the gre a test di st a nce from the st a ck a

,

tr a p coul d b e lo c a ted woul d b e 4 feet a lthough it might b e ,

stretched to 7 feet when necess a ry .

l of J b /7 0 ”
eg
o .

f
fib er / L eg of
0

Fi g 3
3

L d
.

en gt h of Sip h on T rap th at can be use

The obj ecti o n might b e r a ised th a t five to eight feet i s

t oo mu ch pip e t o g o u nvented Ventil a tion however i s but .
, ,

a compromi se a s a fety devi ce whi ch is unnecess a ry i n thi s

,

c a se
. D i ffu si on from t he s oi l st a ck wi ll keep the p i pe free
'

from stro ng g a ses a n d every time the fixtu res a r e fl ushed

,

the p ip es will b e scou red a n d the a i r expelled It wi ll b e .

s a fe t o a ssum e therefore th a t 8 feet of D A) i nch w a ste pip e

, , ,

c a n b e ru n t o a fi x tu re th a t w a stes to the w a l l witho ut being

vented or 5 feet t o a b a th tub o r other fixture th a t w a stes

,

through the fl oo r .

R O U G H I NG I N FO R B A T H R OO M S O N Two FL O O R s
-
Th e .
-

simple method of roughi ng i n fo r single b a th rooms o utlined -

in precedi ng p a r a gr a phs i s shown i n Fig 3 4 a ppli ed to two .

b a th rooms lo c a te d on two fl oors one a bove the other It , .

wi ll b e noti ced th a t 3 i nch soil p ipes a r e b eing us ed a n d a r e ,

fo u nd suffici ently l a rge The l a yout i s the s a me a s ex

.

pl ai ned for th e si ngle b a th roo m except th a t two pi pes a r e

here run a n d o n e b a th room di sch a rges into one of the verti
,

c a l pip es whil e the o ther b a th ro om fixt u res disch a rge i nto

,

the other l ine of pipe .

Th is s a me l a yout could be used for fo ur b a th rooms ,

two on e a ch floor a n d on diff erent s i des of the p a rtition i n

,

whi ch th e st a cks a r e run I n th a t c a se a l l th a t woul d b e

.
,

necess a ry wo ul d b e to i ncre a se the size of st a cks to 4 i nches

di a m eter a n d u se double pi pe fi t ti ngs where singl e T Y
,

fitt ings a r e n ow shown .

68 P r i n c i p l es a nd P r a cti ce f P l u m bi ng
o

R O UG H I NG I N LA V A T O R I E S —W h en t wo l a v a tori es
-
FO R .

or s i mi l a r fixtures on on e floor a r e loc a ted on O pp osite si des

of a p a rtiti on a n d there a r e no o ther fix tu res a bove th a t
,

floor they c a n b e che a p ly ne a tly a n d p roperly connected 5

, ,
‘

sho wn i n F i g 3 5 .By thi s metho d of i nst a ll a tion no pip es

.

a r e exp ose d o utsi de of the p a rtitions a n d e a ch tr a p i s e ff e c

t i v e l y venti l a ted It sh oul d b e bo rne i n mi nd however

.
, ,

th a t a s a nit a ry cross or double T Y fitti ng a s shown i n the ,

i llustr a tion mu st b e used with thi s metho d of i nst a ll a tion

, .

If a do uble Y fitting a s shown by dotted li nes a t a were , ,

u se d i nste a d the w a ste pi pes b from th e tr a ps wo uld form

,

lo ng legs of S ipho ns th a t woul d empty the tr a p a t e a ch dis

ch a rge from the fixture .

W hen l a v a to ri es or other fix t ures on two floors a r e

loc a ted on opposite s i des of a p a rtiti on they c a n b e prop erly ,

a n d economi c a lly connected

as shown i n F ig 3 6 In . .

thi s metho d o f insta ll a tion ,

s ep a r a te w a ste st a cks a r e
run to the fixtures on th e
diff erent floors a n d th e ,

st a cks conti nu e d up t o the

r oo f to serve a s vent p ip es .

I t i s simply a ppl y i ng th e
pri nciples O f Fi g 3 5 to fi x .

tures on O p po site si des of

p a rtitions o n t wo floo rs I n .

Fi g 3 7 fixtures a r e lo c a ted .

o n O p posite si d es of a p a r
Fi g 3 5
ti tio n on three more
.

R u g h i g i f o D u bl e L v t y
o n -

n r o
or
a a or

floo rs It woul d b e too .

c umb ers om e a n d expensive to c a rry sep a r a te st a cks t o e a ch

fl oor a s i s done i n Fig 3 6 so a soi l st a ck a n d vent st a ck a r e
.
,

run a n d b etwe en th e w a lls of the p a rtiti on a t the i nter

, ,

medi a te fi oor s the vent st a ck i s connected to th e w a ste st a ck

,

a n d a s a nit a ry cross i n the connecting br a nches used o n the

s a me principle a s in Fig 3 7 O n the first floor both fixture . .

w a stes a r e connecte d direct to the vent st a ck Thi s i s to .

simplify the constru ction a n d wa sh ou t of the vent st a ck a n y

 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P l um b i n g
o 69

rust sc a les or other fo rei gn m a tter th a t might lodge there .

O n the top flo or both fixtu re w a stes a r e d i rect connecte d to

the w a ste st a ck Thi s m a kes a perfectly s a nit a ry conn ec
.

tion a n d si mpli fies th e constru ction All of the ex a mpl es of

.

roughi ng illustr a ted poss ess the a dd ition a l a dv a nt a ge of

h a ving con ce a led i n th e p a rtiti o n a l l w a ste a n d vent pi pe s
except the short lengths of w a ste pi pe from the fixtu re t r a p s
to the w a ll ; fu rthermore when th e w a ste pi pe to th e fixtu res
,

i s extended b a ck th ro ugh the wa ll i t l e a ves th e floo r sp a ce

,

bene a th the fixtu res free from pi pes .

E X A M PL E S O F R O U GH
IN G IN T ALL B U I L D I N G .

The ex a mpl es of rou ghi ng

i n fo r fi xtu res heretofore
given were fo r sm a ll o r
medi um s iz ed inst a ll a ti ons ,

where s impli city a n d e co

n o m y were th e keynotes .

I t mu st be rememb ered ,

however th a t
, d iff erent
rul es a n d p ri nci ples m ust
be obs erved i n roughi ng i n -

fo r fixtu res i n sm a ll b ui ld
i ngs th a n wi ll b e requi red
,

fo r skysc r a pers I n t a ll
.

b u ild ings the sew a ge mu st

f a l l such a di st a nce from
the top floors th a t i t will
h a ve a tremendou s velo city
an d th e s ew a ge tr a v el i ng
a t thi s high speed will not

only compress the a i r b e

fore i t bu t wi ll entr a i n a i r
, ,

c a rrying i t a long i n i ts
w a ke thereby cre a ti ng a
,

p a rti a l v a cu um b a ck of th e
l a rge di sch a rges .

To provi d e fo r su ch
Fi g 36
conditi on s two pri nci ple s
.

,
R o ug h i n g fo r o n T wo M o m s
70 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P l u m bi n g
o

must b e observed . I n sm a ll work the w a ste pipes a r e m a de

sm a ller th a n u su a l , the rule b eing t o p roportion them t o the
volum e o f sew a ge they must c a rry s o they will b e self ,

cle a ni ng a n d d ispense with vent p i pes to a s gre a t a n extent

,

a s p os sible . I n t a l l bu ildi ngs o n the other h a nd where on

, ,

a ccou nt of the high veloci ty i n th e verti c a l soil st a cks from ,

a c a p a city st a ndpoint the

pip es could b e redu ced to
very sm a ll dimens i ons a s a
m a tter of f a ct they mu st
b e m a de l a rger th a n f or
co rrespon d i ng number of
fi x tures i n low b uild ings ,

an d vent pi p es must b e
plentifully provi ded to ,

keep equ a li ze d the p ressu re

of a i r i n a l l p a rts of the
st a ck even when the gre a t
,

es t numb er of fixtures a r e

di sch a rging s 1 m ul t a n e ou s l y .

"
It must b e borne i n mi nd
th a t the depth of s e a in
tr a ps i s not over i nches
of w a ter whic h i s equ a l to
,

a p ressure of on e ounce per

squ a re i nch ; a n d if the s e a l

is a llowed to b e upset ,

either by p ressure or by
v a cuum dr a i n a i r will flow
,

i nto the b u ilding o r there ,

will b e a gurgli ng noise .

To prevent su ch a po s
s i b i l i ty the system shoul d
,

b e so proportio ned th a t a t
no ti me will there b e a
gre a ter pressure or v a cu um
th a n th a t equ a l t o o n e i nch
F i g 37
. o f w a ter withi n the pip es ,

B on g h i g f o F i x t u es
r T h ee
on
Wt
r
h would be equ a l t o
Fl
n r
or M or e oo r s
 P r i n c i p l es a nd P r a c ti c e o f P l u mbi n g 71

. 579
o unce pressu re per squ a re i nch Thi s will necessit a te .

mu ch l a rger p i pes th a n woul d b e requ i red merely to co n d u ct

th e volume of s ew a ge flowing through th e system .

Fi g UR

S tar k s and (
‘

mi nc c l i o ns i n Tu ll l hu ld nn u
72 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u mb i n g

The roughi ng i n f or a ti er of to ilet roo ms on e a bove

-

a nother i n a t a ll bu il di ng i s shown i n F ig 3 8 Thi s work . .

i s i nst a lled a ccor di ng t o the t wo pip e system a n d it will be

-

obs erved th a t th e he a ved up a i r i n fro nt of a downw a rd

fl ush of w a ter c a n esc a p e a t e a ch fl oo r through the system
of b a ck venti ng thereby pr eventi ng a n y gre a t pressure
,

i ns i de of the soil pi pe while a i r i s suppli ed n ot only from

,

the t op of the so i l st a ck a bove the roof b ut l ikewi s e from ,

the b a ck vent pipes a n d vent st a ck a t e a ch floor of th e

bu ildi ng a s the w a ter descends
, .

Thi s ventil a tion of the system is a very necess a ry p r o

vi sio n i n a l l t a ll b uil di ngs a n d a n y economy i n th a t rega rd
,

wi ll meet with f a i lu re If vents were not p rovi ded i n th e

.

work shown i n the illu str a tion t he p ressure on the i nsi de of

,

the st a ck wo ul d force a i r b ubbles o ut of tr a ps of fixtures a t

the lower flo ors a n d the a i r woul d c a rry w a ter into the fi x
,

tu res a n d i n some c a ses to the floo r

, .

I n Fig 3 9 i s sho wn a n ext r eme c a se but on e which

.
,

frequ ently occurs i n p r a cti ce ho wever , A l a rge b a ttery of .

closets on the t op two o r three flo ors of a t a ll bu il di ng then ,

sever a l flo o rs without a n y fixtu res but a f e w sc a ttered fi x ,

tu res lower down i n the b u ild ing It will b e noti c ed th a t

.

there a r e sever a l floors where n o o utlets f or fixtures a r e

t a ken from the so i l st a ck N ow then if no reli ef wa s pro
.
,

v i ded, the downw a rd rush of w a ter when most of the fix

tures o n the t op flo ors were flushed would cre a te suffici ent
press ure withi n the p ipe t o fo rce w a t er out of the tr a ps o n
the lower fl oo rs To prevent su ch a possibi lity it i s well
.
,

t o p rovi de reli ef p ip es a t the floors where there a r e no

fixtures the reli ef pip es b eing not less th a n 3 i n ch es i n
,

di a m eter a n d co nnecti ng together th e soil a n d vent st a cks

, ,

b ut i n su ch a m a nner th a t s ew a ge c a nnot flow i nto th e vent

st a ck. It i s not a bsolutely necess a ry t o h a ve these reli ef
p i pes a t every floo r of the b u ilding where there a r e n o fi x
tures b ut they sho ul d not b e more th a n three fl oo rs a p a rt
,

a t most ,
whil e two wo ul d b e b etter a n d e a ch floor woul d ,

do no h a rm .

SIZ E OF S O I L A N D W A S T E S T A C K S — Under ordi n a ry .

cond ition s i n sm a ll bu ild ings so i l o r w a ste st a cks need n ot

, ,
 P r i nc i p les a nd P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g 73

be l a rger i n d i a meter th a n the l a rgest br a nch d isch a rgi ng

i nto them . However i n th e c a se of l a rge b u il d ings m a ny
,

stori e s i n h ei ght a n d with m a ny fixtu res connecti ng to a

Fi g 39
ll B i l d i
.

li q- Iu f
-
l '
l pcs l ll Ta u n gs

st a ck the S ize S hou ld b e d etermined by s om e rul e o r fo rmul a

,

b a sed on th e u s e to whi ch th e st a ck i s to be p ut a n d th e ,

volume of w a ter it m ust c a re fo r .

74 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

Ther e i s a princi ple underlying the proportioni ng of

soi l st a cks the s a me a s f or p ro portioning other p ip es
through whi ch liqui ds o r g a s es flow b ut i n seeki ng f or this ,

formul a the functi on of the vent st a ck must n ot b e c on

fused with th a t of the so il S t a ck a n d the effort m a de t o h a ve
‘

, .

on e pip e s erve the purpos e of both The soil st a ck must b e

.

l a rge eno ugh t o s a fely c a re f o r the l a rgest flush of w a ter it

will ever r eceive whi le a s p revio usly p o inted o ut the vent
, , ,

st a cks a n d reli ef p i p es must t a ke c a re o f the supply of a i r ,

a n d m a i nt a i n a n equ a l pressure of not more th a n on e i nch

of w a ter throughout the system I n the devi sing of a

.

formul a f or so il st a cks exp eriment a l d a t a S houl d b e the

,

b a s is , the s a m e a s it i s i n a l l other br a nches of hydr a uli cs

a n d p e n um a t i cs , a n d i n the fo rmul a a s uffi ci ent f a ctor of ,

s a fety S houl d b e a llowed S O the st a cks wi ll p erform thei r

, .

functio ns u nder the s everest conditions .

I n the pres ent st a te of the a r t the pr a cti ce i n some , ,

c a ses i s to m a ke the so il st a cks a s l a rge or ne a rly a s l a rge

, , ,

a s the m a i n house dr a i n b a si ng the S izes of S t a ck s on gu ess

,

work . Th a t S t a cks prop orti oned i n th a t wa y a r e u n n e ce s

s a r i l y l a rge wi ll b e a pp a rent on litt le reflection The house .

dr a in is p ro port io ned to c a rry O ff a l l the w a ter dis ch a rged

i nto it fro m a l l sou rces r a i n le a ders i nclu ded a ssumi ng
, ,

th a t th e entire fl ow wi ll re a ch a cert a i n po i nt a bout the s a me

time wi thout i nterv a ls b etween flushes Fu rther it i s p r o .
,

p ortioned t o c a rry off thi s qu a ntity of flu i d when the velo city

i n the dr a in i s not gre a ter th a n 6 feet per s econd a n d the ,

a ver a ge vel o city feet p er s e cond Th a t i s the velo city .

du e t o th e p itch o r f a ll of the pi pes .

It wo u l d seem th a t the m etho d of prop orti o ni ng the

m a i n hous e dr a i n would b e equ a lly a pplic a ble t o the st a cks
of so i l a n d w a ste pi pe a n d th a t if they a r e m a de of suffici ent
,

c a p a city to c a re f o r the m a ximum disch a rge they wi ll a l ,

w a ys b e well fi ush ed without d a nger of bei ng overt a xed .

It i s n o t li kely th a t such a conditio n will ever obt a i n in a n y

pl umb i ng system of the enti re qu a ntity of fl u i d a llowed f o r
,

re a chi ng a cert a i n poi nt i n the st a ck a t one time S o rap i d .

i s the de s cent of w a ter i n v e r t i ca l s t a c k s th a t a st a rt of but

e

a fr a ction of a second wi ll s ufl i ce to s ep a r a te the v a riou s

 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

b e s u ffi ci ent It i s well to b e a r i n mind however th a t t his

.
, ,

rule li ke a l l rules a n d fo rmul a s must b e u sed with j u dg

, ,

m ent the system of venti ng u sed h a vi ng mu ch to d o wi th

,

th e result .

O f course there must b e a mi nimum S ize of p ipe noth

, ,

i ng sm a ller th a n whi ch shoul d b e used E xperiment no .

,

doubt will develop the f a ct th a t

, i nch pip e i s the sm a llest -

th a t c a n b e used a n d wi ll b e s uit a ble o nly f o r sm a ll on e

, ,

b a th room resi dences ; b ut i n the a bsence of experiment a l

d a t a experien ce must b e the gu i de
, At the p resent time .
,

numerous i nst a ll a tions of 3 i nch so il p ipe whi ch h a ve b een -

i n su ccessful O p er a tio n for ye a rs p oi nt t o the f a ct th a t soi l ,

p ipes of thi s di a meter a r e l a rge eno ugh f or p riv a te ho uses

a n d for verti c a l st a cks i n m a ny other bu i ldi ngs N ew Y ork .

C ity fo r i nst a nce a llo ws fou r w a ter clo sets t o disch a rge
, ,

i nto a 3 i nch soi l p ipe

-
.

For the p u rpose of checki ng the 2 0 f oot per second -

v elo city metho d a ssume a b u ildi ng five stori es high with

, ,

toilet rooms on e a ch floo r e a ch to il et room cont a i ning 1 0 ,

clo sets . Twenty fi v e per cent of the closets a r e supposed

-
.

to dis ch a rge g a llons of w a ter e a ch per s econd a n d a t ,

su ch i nterv a ls th a t th e w a ters will come together to form

a soli d core i n th e p ip e O n th a t a ssumptio n the st a ck
.

woul d h a ve to c a re fo r g a llons X of 5 0 closets _ ,

g a llo ns of w a ter p er S econ d A i nch pipe will .

-

c a re fo r g a llon s of w a ter per secon d a t a velocity of

2 0 feet p er seco nd wh ile a 5 i nch pipe will c a re f or
,
-

g a llons p er s econd It will b e s een th a t the

. i nch pip e -

i s S lightly under the requi rement while the 5 i nch pipe i s ,

-

slightly a bove wh a t is a ctu a lly needed a n d a llows a n a ddi ,

t i on a l m a rgi n of s a fety A S a rule therefore it i s b etter

.
, ,

t o u se the l a rge p ip e h a vi ng the full c a p a city re q u ired ,

a lthough i n some c a ses a i nch verti c a l st a ck of soi l pip e

-

woul d b e s uffici ently l a rge for thi s purpose In t a ll office .

bu ildi ngs 3 0 to 5 0 sto ri es i n height it c a n b e a ssumed th a t ,

a bout o e
n —thi rd to one —h a lf of the closets will b e di sch a rged
a t once .

It will b e fou nd s a fe t o a ssume th a t only 2 5 per cent .

of the fixtures i n ordi n a ry bu il di ngs a n d 3 3 to 5 0 per ce nt .

 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l umb i n g 77

i n extremely t a ll bu i ldi ngs a r e d isch a rged a t the right

moment for th e wa ter to i ntermi ngl e a n d fo rm a soli d plug
i n the soil st a ck fo r i t i s doubtful i f over 2 0 p er cent of
, .

the closets will ever b e O per a ted s o a s to b ri ng a bou t thi s

r e s ult a n d even if mo re th a n 2 5 p er cent h a ppened to coin
, .

c i de i n th a t m a nner a s wa s p revio u sly p o i nted out

, th ere ,

wo uld still b e a suffi ci ent m a rgi n of s a fety t o t a ke c a re of

the extr a w a ter I t woul d s eem therefo re th a t p ropo rti on
.
, ,

i ng soi l a n d w a ste st a cks a cco rd ing to thi s metho d wou ld

prove perfectly s a fe a n d eminently s a tisf a cto ry a t a l l events ,

u ntil s u ch ti me a s experiment a l d a t a will fu rni sh more

definite i nfo rm a ti o n u pon whi ch to b a se a b ett er m etho d
or devise a more a ccu r a te fo rmul a .

S I Z E O F V E N T S I A C K S — The pr a cti ce of m a ki ng vent

' '
.

st a cks only one s iz e sm a ller i n di a meter th a n the correspond

i ng soi l or vent st a ck i s a s ou nd one whi ch wi ll give goo d ,

resu lts i n a system of a n y s iz e I n m edi um S i ze b u ild i ngs

.
,

sm a ller st a cks m a y b e u sed but i n extremely t a ll b u il di ngs

, ,

forty fifty a n d sixty stori es i n h eight th e i nlet i s so f a r

, ,

a w a y from the fixtu res on the lower floors the fri ctio n i s so ,

gre a t a n d the necessity for m a i nt a i ni ng a low pres su re of

,

not o ver 1 i nch of w a ter so i mport a nt th a t l a rger vent ,

st a cks a r e c a lled fo r There i s n o economy i n m a ki ng th e

.

vent st a cks sm a ll fo r i n propo rtion a s th e siz e O f th e v ent

, ,

st a cks a r e d ecre a sed th e soi l or vent st a ck mu st b e m a d e

,

l a rger to comp ens a te for the l a ck of c a p a city i n the vent

s t a ck
. I t i s doubtful if i n m edi um si z e b u ildi ngs th e s a m e
p rinci ple woul d not hold tru e a n d th a t by m a ki ng th e vent
,

s t a cks l a rge the soil st a cks m a y b e sm a ller At a l l events .

,

when the method of p roportio ni ng soi l a n d v ent st a cks

given in the precedi ng a rti cl e i s followed the vent st a ck to ,

a ccomp a ny the soi l st a ck m u st b e only on e s ize less i n

di a mete r .

V ent st a cks sho ul d never b e sm a lle r th a n 2 i nches i n

d i a meter W hen the a ccomp a nyi ng soil o r w a ste st a ck i s
.

4 i nches or l a rger i n d i a meter a n d th e b ui l d ing l o w a cco rd ,

i ng to cu rrent p r a cti ce the vent st a ck need h a v e a n a re a of

,

only one fo u rth ( a d i a meter of one h a lf ) th a t of th e soi l o r

- -

wa ste pi pe The re a son vent st a cks under s u ch cond i ti ons

.
, ,
78 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e of P l u m bi n g

ca n b e sm a ller th a n soil or w a ste s t a cks i s th a t a i r flows

more th a n fo u r times a s re a dily a s w a ter hence enough , ,

a i r ca n flow i n a vent pi pe of given S ize to p revent a v a cuum

forming i n a so il or w a ste p ip e of fou r times i t s c a p a city .

I n t a ll b u ildi ngs however it i s n o t only p reventi on of

, ,

si phon a ge b ut wh a t i s f a r more serio us the p reventi o n of

, ,

pressu re fro m the descend i ng w a ter whi ch m ust b e gu a rded

a g a i nst therefore l a rge vent st a cks a r e necess a ry
, , The .

prope r si z e of vent st a ck t o a cco mp a ny a n y siz e soi l or

w a ste st a cks c a n b e fo un d i n T a ble XVI .

TABL E X V I . S i ze of Ve n t S t a ck s

D i a m et er of s oi l or wa st e
st ac k in 10 11 12

Di e
a m et r of v en t s t ac k
i n ches , l ow bui l di n g 5 6 6

Di am ete r of v en t s t a c k in
i n ches , t a ll b uil di n g . 9 10 11

S I Z E OF W A S TE P I P E S —S oil a n d w a ste p ip es
S OI L A N D
shoul d a lw a ys b e the full s iz e o f the w a ste outl ets from
fixtures The o utlets S houl d b e s u ffi c i ently l a rge t o permit
.

th e fixtures b ei ng empti ed qui ckly s o a s to thoroughly flush

the w a ste pi pes a n d the w a ste o utlets S ho ul d b e u nobstru ct
,

ed by str a i ners cross b a rs or other devi ces th a t will c a tch

,
-

fibro us m a teri a ls or obstru ct the fl ow of w a ter Formerly .

w a ter clos et o utlets were m a de 4 i nches i n di a meter a nd soi l

p ip es were m a de corresp o ndingly l a rge ; however , the m a nu
f a cture of clo sets ha s u ndergone a ch a nge both a s t o typ es
a n d S iz es a n d w a ter closets a r e n ow m a de with tr a ps
,

s eldom o ver 3 i nches a n d usu a lly o nly , i nches i n

di a meter I n consequ ence of this ch a nge i n the s i z e of
.

clo set tr a ps soi l p ip es need n ow b e m a de only 3 i nches i n

,

di a meter a n d soil st a cks i n ordi n a ry cott a ge b uildings m a y

,

b e m a de the s a m e si ze A di sti nct a dv a nt a ge g a ined by

.

thi s reduction i n S iz e O f closet tr a ps a n d soil p i pes i s th a t

so il st ac ks i n sm a ll b u ildi ngs c a n more e a sily b e co nce a led i n
p a rtitions n o w th a n formerly when 4 i nch pipes were u sed -
.
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P l u m bi n g
o 79

VE N T P I P E S — Fo r tr a ps 3 i nches a n d m ore i n
S I Z E OF
d i a meter vent p ip es 2 i nches i n d i a meter a r e us ed ; f or 2 i nch -

tr a p a, i nch vent pi p e i s u sed a n d fo r a n y tr a p sm a ller

-

th a n 2 i nches i n di a m eter the vent pi pe S houl d b e the full

siz e of the tr a p to red u ce the p oss ibi lity of stopp a ge shoul d
,

the w a ste p ip e b ecom e choke d a n d sew a ge b a ck u p i n the

vent p ip es .

From experi en ce a n d expe riment th e siz es of soi l w a ste ,

a n d vent pi pes shown i n T a bl e X V I I a r e d erived .

TAB L E XVII . S i ze s of S o i l , W a s te and V en t P i p e s

Kin d f F xt
o i ur e

Wa te r c l os e t s

B i de ts .

S howe r b a t hs
S l op s in k s
Ki tc he n p a n t r y S in k s
or
La un dr y t r a y s

W a ste pi pes from fixtu res to th e st a ck S ho ul d h a v e a s

,

mu ch f a ll a s c a n b e conveni ently given ; owi ng to the i r S m a ll

di a meters a n d th e pro po rti on a l ly l a rge a mou nt of fri ction a l
resi st a n ce they o ffe r to th e fl ow O f sew a ge they c a nnot b e
given too m u ch pitch .

E X PAN S I O N O F S O I L AN D W A S T E S T A C K S —When soi l .

a n d w a ste st a cks a r e inst a lle d i n high b u il di ngs lo c a l cond i ,

tio ns m ight b e s u ch th a t a llow a nce shoul d b e m a d e fo r ex '

‘

p a n s i on a n d contr a cti o n ; und er or d i n a r y c on d i t i o n s how ,

ever , i n b ui ldi ngs of mo der a te h ei ght no sp eci a l p rovi sio n

nee d b e m a de fo r exp a nsi o n ; the spri ng of wro ught i ron -

p ip e a n d soft le a d j oi nts to c a st i ron pi pe compens a ti ng f o r-

a n y v a ri a tion of length d u e to temp er a tu re As a m a tter .

of f a ct the r a nge of temper a tu re du ri ng the ye a r S houl d

,

not v a ry 4 0 d egree s F a hr I t i s doubtful i f it would v a ry

.
.

h a lf th a t mu ch but a ssumi ng a v a ri a ti on of temper a tu re

,
80 P r i n c i p l es and P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

d uri ng the ye a r of 4 0 d egrees F a hr the exp a nsio n of a .

,

wrought i ro n p ip e i n a b u ildi ng 5 0 feet h igh woul d b e l ess

th a n three s ixteenths inch
-
The verti c a l p a rts of a b uild
.

i ng however a r e s ubj ect to very mu ch the s a me r a nge of

, ,

temp er a tu re a s the pip es a n d the enti re b u il di ng wi ll ,

exp a n d corres pondi ngly with the pip es so th a t rel a tively ,

there i s little or no exp a nsi on t o b e consi der ed .

S E TT L E ME N T A N D B U I LD I NG S —Whil e
S H R I N K AGE OF

sp eci a l provi s ion need sel dom b e m a d e f or exp a nsio n a n d

contr a ction of soil st a cks i n l o w b u il di ngs som e provis ion ,

sho uld b e m a d e to a llow for settlement of a b u il di ng a n d

shri nk a ge o f the floo r j o i sts without d a m a ge t o the fixtures
or to the dr a i n a ge system P i pes shoul d be kept free from
.

stru ctu r a l b e a ms a n d connections to st a cks shoul d b e m a d e

with swi ng exp a nsion or flexible j oi nts to a llow f or settl e
, ,

ment a n d S hri nk a ge .

The a mo u nt of s ettlement a n d S hri nk a ge i n b uil di ngs ,

a n d the d a m a ge resulti ng therefrom seem t o b e littl e under ,

stoo d O r not fully re a li zed i n pl umbi ng pr a cti ce a lthough ,

th e bre a k a ge of r e vents from closet tr a ps a bove the floor

-

whi ch m a de them a b a ndo n the b a ck vent from the horn of -

p orcel a i n closets ought to h a v e t a ught the l esso n well

,
.

There a r e three distinct movem ents whi ch t a ke pl a ce

i n a l l b uil dings They a r e shri nk a ge of th e floo r j oists ;
.
,

settl ement of th e b u ild ing a n d m ovemen t c a u sed by ex p a n

,

si on a n d contr a ctio n For inst a nce a l l t a ll a n d he a vy b ui ld

.
,

i ngs e rected o n o ther th a n b ed rock s ett l e from three to -

five i nch es du e to the compressib ility of the soil

,
E vi dence .

of thi s subsi dence of bu il di ngs c a n b e seen i n th e cr a cks

whi ch a ppe a r i n w a lls floors ceili ngs a n d tili ng o f most
, ,

b uildi ngs showi ng unm ist a k a bly th a t some movement ha s

,

t a ken pl a ce S i nce the b u il di ng wa s erected .

If the s ubs i dence of bu ildi ngs constituti ng the gre a ter

p a rt of the b usi ness po rti on of the city of C hi c a go co ntinu es ,

th a t city wi ll h a ve n ot one b ut s cores of le a ni ng towers .

T he B u ild ing D ep a rtment there decl a res th a t vi rtu a lly a l l

of the i mmense b ui ldings a n d S k y scr a pers of the downtown -

di stri ct a r e out of p lumb a n d l e a n o u t f a r over the plu mb

“

”
l in e .
 P r i n c i p l es a nd P r a c ti c e f P l umbi ng
o 81

The G re a t N o r thern H otel i s p a rti a lly c a rri ed o n j a cks ,

a s a r e a number of other bu il d ings whi ch p eriodi c a lly a s , , ,

they settle a r e j a cked up

, W hen th e b u il di ngs wi ll settle
.

no further the w a lls wi ll be filled i n wi th m a son ry a n d the

,

j a cks removed .

It i s p rob a bly s a fe to s a y th a t every t a ll b u il di ng i n

the city le a ns m ore o r l es s a n d if they a r e on flo a ti ng ,

found a ti o ns they a lso settl e gr a d u a lly Th a t i s there a r e .

,

t wo destru ctive movements i n th e s ub si dence of t a l l b u il d

i ngs c a rri ed o n flo a ting fou nd a ti ons I n the first pl a ce .
,

they gr a du a lly l e a n from the pl umb du e to wi nd p ressu re ,

-

o r other fo rces a cti ng u pon them a n d th i s whether c a rri ed ,

o n flo a ti ng fo und a ti o n or bu i lt o n sol i d bed ro ck ; i n th e

second pl a ce when o n flo a ti ng fo u nd a ti ons they s ettle d u e
, , ,

to thei r weight .

B ut there i s still a nother mo vement of t a ll b ui ld ings

not yet m entioned a n d thi s n ew moveme nt c a nnot b e b etter
,

describe d th a n by qu oti ng the foll owi ng a rti cl e :

“
If one rem emb ers th a t a n i nch a ltho ugh a goo d de a l ,

on a m a n s nose i s very l ittl e i n a h u ndre d feet on e will

’

, ,

not b e su rpri sed to l e a rn t ha t a l l high stru ctu res sw a y i n

th e a i r The E i ffel Tower swi ngs p erceptibly with th e
.

wi nd a n d even sto ne sh a fts l ike tho se of B unker H ill a n d

,

W a shi n g to n M onu ments move sever a l i nches a t th e top .

I n thes e c a ses the c a us e of th e a cti o n i s not o nly th e wi nd ,

but the h e a t of th e s un The S i de th a t i s tow a rds the su n

.

exp a nd s du ri ng the d a y more th a n the S i de i n S h a do w

, An .

i nteresting devi ce ha s been employed to S how the movement

of th e dom e of the C a pitol a t W a sh ington A wi re wa s .

hung from the m i ddle of the dome i nsi d e th e b u il di ng down ,

to th e fl oo r of th e rotund a a n d on the lower en d of th e wi re

,

wa s h u ng a 2 5 l b plumb b ob -
I n th e lo wer p oi nt of the
. .
-
.

plumb bob wa s i nserted a l e a d pencil the poi nt of whi ch

-

j u st tou ched the floo r A l a rge sheet of p a per wa s S pre a d

.

o ut b ene a th it A S th e d om e moved it dr a gged the p encil

.
,

over the p a per every d a y Th e m a rk m a d e wa s i n th e .

form of a n elli ps e S i x i nches long Th e dome woul d st a rt .

moving i n th e mo rn ing a s soon a s the r a ys of the su n beg a n

t o a c t u pon i t ; a n d slowly a s th e d a y a dv a nced , th e p en cil
,
82 P r i n ci p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l um bi n g

wo uld b e dr a gged i n a cu rve a cross the p a p er u ntil s un

down when a re a ctio n wo ul d t a ke pl a ce a n d the pencil
,

woul d move b a ck a g a i n t o i t s st a rting po int B ut i t woul d .

not g o b a ck over i t s own penciled tr a cks f or the cool a i r of ,

ni ght wo ul d c a use the do me to contr a ct a s mu ch o n the on e

si de a s the s u n ha d m a de it exp a nd a n d s o the p encil woul d
,

form the other h a lf of the ellipse getti ng b a ck t o the ,

origi n a l poi nt a l l re a d yto st a rt out a g a i n by s unri se .

The thi rd a n d fin a l movement of bu i ldings i s S hri nk a ge .

S O f a r a s stri ctly firep roo f bu il di ngs a r e con cerned there i s ,

n o shri nk a ge t o b e t a ken i nto con s i der a tion However 97 . ,

p er cent of b uil di ngs h a ve woo den floor c onstru ction a n d

.
,

th e sh ri nk a ge of the j o ists is a serious problem i n plumbi ng ,

whi ch ha s c a used th e b re a k a ge of hundreds of thous a nds of

closets .

When a bu il di ng i s erected the j o i s ts a r e green a n d

,

unse a soned E ven if dry when put i n by the time the

.
,

bu il di ng i s enclosed the j o ists h a ve b een r a i ned up on a n d

wetted by the pl a ster a n d mort a r s o they a r e s a tur a ted a n d
s wollen W hile i n th is cond iti on the flo o rs a r e l a i d a n d
.
,

th e b ea ms then dry out a n d shri nk This shri nk a ge m a y

.

b e seen i n the doors whi ch sti ck a n d wi ll not close ; the floors

wh ich h a ve receded from the b a s e bo a rd le a ving a ga pi ng ,

op eni ng i n wh i ch one c a n put h is fingers ; c a s i ngs whi ch

op en a t the j oi nts a n d cr a cks whi ch a ppe a r i n the pl a ster
,

o f p a rtition s supported by the floors The plumb i ng like.

wi se i s a ff ected by the shri nk a ge I f the closet connection

.

— —
is a rigi d on e whi ch it o ught n ot t o b e when the S hri nk
a g e o ccu r s the soi l pipe will either b e p ushed down dam ,

a ged or b roken or th e closet h el d a b ove th e flo o r li ne a

,

di st a nce equ a l t o the shri nk a ge When connected up with

.

a fl exibl e or coll a psible fitti ng of a n y ki n d the closet b a s e ,

a lw a ys rem a i ns on the floor both b efore a n d a fter S hrink a ge ,

a n d the fixture or pip ing a r e i n no wa y d a m a ged When .

closets a r e hel d a bove the floor li ne by a rigi d connection ,

o n the other h a nd bre a k a ge often results

,
.

I n T a bl e X V I I I c a n b e found th e a mount b uil di ng tim

b ers shrink u po n dryi ng It will b e noti ced th a t 1 2 inch
.
-

j oi sts the ki nd commonly u sed i n resi dence work shri nk

, ,
84 P r i n c i p l es an d Pr a c ti c e f
o P lu m b i n g

an d white l e a d i n between This m a kes . n ot only a tight

connectio n b ut a lso a flexibl e one th a t i s
, n ot a ff ected by a

settlem ent of the pi pe .

I n severe clim a tes where th ere i s d a nger of ho a r frost

,

sto ppi ng the outlet of the st a ck it ca n b e checked to a gre a t

,

extent a n d i n some c a ses entirely prevented by fl a shi ng the

,

openi ng i n the m a nner shown i n F ig 4 1 I n this metho d . .

the pi pe extends t o a hei ght of a bout 1 2 i nches a bove the

roof a n d the O p eni ng through the roof i s m a de 2 i nches
,

l a rger th a n the p ipe s o there will b e a 1 i nch sp a ce a l l

,
-

a rou n d it The coll a r of the fl a shi ng i s then m a de the s a me

.

s ize a s the hol e i n the roo f a n d i s turned over a n d c a lked

,

i nto the t op of the

st a ck as S hown .

Thi s constructi on
provi des an ai r

S p a ce a rou nd the
pi pe whi ch i s op en
to the a tti c a n d
keeps the te mp er a
tu re of the exposed
p ipe a t a bout the
s a me temper a ture
Fi g 40 a s the i nsi de of the
Fl hi g f R f as n or oo
b u 1 ld 1 u g O n t I n or .

cop per roofs th e outer edge of fl a nge of either style of

fl a shi ng S houl d be well soldered t o the met a l ; on t a r cement ,

o r a sph a lt roofs the fl a nge sho ul d be pl a ced between l a yers

of roofing m a teri a l a n d the fini shi ng course l a i d upon it .

O n wooden o r S l a te shi ngled roo fs the upper edge of the

-

fl a nge S hould extend a t le a st two cou rses up under the

shi ngles a n d the exposed edges on wood S hi ngled roofs well
,
-

ta cked down with short n a ils h a ving l a rge he a ds .

S h eet copper fo r fla s hi n g s S houl d weigh a t le a st 1 6

ou nces to the squ a re foot a n d sheet le a d a t le a st 6 pou nds
,

to th e squ a re foot The roof fl a nge of a fl a shi ng shoul d

.

exte n d a t l e a st 6 i nches o n a l l si des of the st a ck O utlets .

t o st a ck s a bove a roof should b e free from c a ps cowl s o r ,

 P r i n c i p l es a nd P r a c ti c e f P l um bi ng
o 85

bends , as they obstruct th e openi ng e a s ily choke wi th ho a r ,

f rost a n d i nterfere wi th the free p a ss a ge of a i r

, O ut l ets .

should be loc a ted well a w a y from the wi nd ows d oo rs o r ,

ventil a ti ng sh a fts le a d ing to the i nteri or of a b u ildi ng a n d , ,

when pr a cti c a bl e shou ld b e a re a son a bly s a fe d i st a nce a w a y

,

from smoke flu e s O n bu ildi ngs th a t h a ve th e o rdi n a ry

.

pitch roof a n d o n a l l k inds of roofs i n col d cli m a tes vent

s t a cks need o nly exten d fro m 1 2 to 1 8 i nches through th e

roof . O n bu ildi ngs wi th fla t roofs h a vi ng p a r a p et w a lls th e

top of the st a cks S houl d exten d a t le a st 6 i nches a bove th e
level of th e w a lls O n tenement hous es or other b u ild ings
.

where the roof i s e a sily a o

cessible a n d us ed by the
,

i nm a tes the to p of a l l
,

st a cks shou l d b e a t l e a st 5
feet a bove th e roof a n d the ,

o utlet p rotected by a he a vy
b r a ss wire b a sket securely
f a stened to th e O p eni ng to
prevent a rti cles b ei ng drop
ped i nto the st a ck .

S U PP O R T S FOR S T A C K S .

S oi l a n d w a ste st a cks
S houl d b e firmly su pported

a t th ei r b a se by a bri ck pi er

o r i ro n pi pe rest pl a ced di
r e c t l y und er th e st a ck If . h e 41

t he hou s e dr a i n I S su spend _ It f Flas h i g f C l

oo d C l im t n or o a e

ed from the cei li ng b e a ms a strong i ron h a nger S hou l d be

,

pl a ced on th e d r a i n close to the st a c k a n d wh en p ossible to

pl a ce two h a ngers on e on e a ch si de of th e st a ck it shoul d
, ,

be done . B esi des su pporti ng st a cks a t thei r b a s e th ey

S hould a lso b e su pported a t e a ch floo r of the b u ilding by

he a vy i ron h a ngers o r cl a mp s secu rely f a stened to the S i d e

w a lls or fl oor b e a ms P i pe hooks m a y b e used i n sm a ll
.

fr a m e b u ildi ngs but S houl d not be u sed i n bu ildi ngs over

,

three stori es in hei ght .

M A T E R I AL FO R S TA C K S .
— C a st i ron hub
pigot pi pe
- -
an d S -

i s gener a l ly used fo r soil w a ste a n d vent st a cks i n b u i ldi ngs

 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f
o P lu m bi n g

th a t d o n ot exceed 6 5 feet i n height I n b u il di ngs of gre a ter

.

height wrought p ip e dr a i n a ge systems a r e gener a lly i n

,
-

st a lled . Th e recommending fe a tures of thi s system of

p ip i ng a r e gre a ter a n d more u niform s trength of the p ipe
, ,

less n umber of j oi nts gre a ter strength a n d p erm a nence of

,

the j oi nts gre a ter r a nge i n the S ize of p ipes a n d fitti ngs
,

a n d gre a ter fl exib ility o f the p l p e S a n d of the system a s a

whole .

Wrought — p ip e dr a in a ge systems differ from other

dr a i n a ge systems only i n th e m a teri a ls of w h i ch they a r e
constru cted a n d the metho d of worki ng the m a teri a ls .
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g 87

C HA P T E R IX
T R A P S A N D T R A P P I NG

S i p h o n Tr a ps

C LA S S I F I C A T I O N O F TR A P s —Tr a ps a r e fitti ngs use d to

.

prevent the p a ss a g e of a i r o r g a s through a pi pe witho ut

m a teri a lly a ff ecting th e flow of s ew a ge To s u ccessfully .

p erfo rm the fu nctions for whi ch they a r e i nten ded tr a p s ,

must b e so co nstructed o r p rotected by vent p i pes th a t they

c a nnot b e siphoned o r h a ve thei r se a ls forced by ba ck p ress
u re u nde r a n y co nditio ns th a t O bt a i n i n a well constru cted
dr a in a ge system . F urthermo re th ey shoul d b e self s cou r
,
-

i ng a t e a ch fl u sh of the fixtu res to whi ch they a r e connected ,

a n d shoul d cont a i n suffi ci ent d epth of w a ter to withst a n d

loss by ev a po r a tio n for a long peri o d of tim e withou t bre a k

i ng the se a l .

There ar e two types of fixtu re tr a ps co mmonl y u sed ,

s i p ho n t r a p s a n d n o n s i p hon t r a p s
.
-
Th e s impl est typ e of
.

tr a p i s the ru nning tr a p of S i phon typ e S hown i n F i g 4 2 . .

It consists of a d ownw a rd d ip i n a p ip e whi ch fills wi th

w a ter a n d thu s prevents the p a ss a ge of a i r As thi s w a ter .

se a l s the pi p e to th e p a s s a ge of a i r o r g a ses i t i s referred ,

to a s the s e a l o f th e tr a p The se a l of thi s form of tr a p i s

.

fo rm ed by the column of w a ter a a n d i s s eldom over ,

i nches i n depth . It i s not a good tr a p fo r the re a so n th a t

-

it i s only c a p a bl e of withst a nd i ng a b a ck press u re of 06 3 .

p o u nd p er squ a re i nch I f gre a ter p ress u re i s a ppl i ed the

.

wa ter will b a ck u p s u fli c i e n t l y i n the ho ri zont a l i nlet to a llow

d r a i n a i r to blow thro ugh the s e a l a s i ndi c a ted The height .

b to which w a ter r a i ses i n the i nlet end of the tr a p deter

"
mi nes the a mount o f b a ck pres s u re requ i red to fo rc e the
s ea . The fo rm of s ip hon tr a p most gener a lly u sed i s shown
i n Fig . I t i s known a s a h a l f S o r P tr a p When s ub
, .

j e c t e d to b a ck pressu re the wa ter i n thi s tr a p b a cks u p i n

the verti c a l i nlet leg a n d re a ches a height b of i nches
b efo re d r a i n a i r c a n bl o w th rough Th is w a ter colu m n will
.
88 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c t i ce f P l u m bi n g
o

withst a nd a b a ck pressu re o f 1 2 6 pou n d per squ a re i nch or

.
,

do uble th e b a ck p ressu re a r unn ing tr a p will st a n d .

S I P H O NAG E OF TR A P S .
— Th e w a ter fro m
tr a p m a y b e a

si phoned i n eith er of t wo w a ys
first by s elf s iphon a ge a n d s ec
,
-

ond by a spi r a tion c a used by th e

,

disch a rge of other fix tu res As .

a m a tter of f a c t there i s n o d i f ,
R ‘m mn g T a p r
ference b etween the sipho ni c
a ctio n s i n th e two c a ses a s th ey a r e both du e t o th e f a ct
,

th a t the long l eg of the S ipho n i s flowi ng ful l of w a te r or ,

w a t er with a i r so entr a i ned th a t it a ct s a s a plunger of

w a ter . When th e w a ter i s si phoned by sel f siphon a ge the -

w a t er flowi ng from th e fixtu re fil l s th e w a ste pip e to the

s oi l st a ck a n d i n th a t wa y st a rts th e siphoni c a ction whi ch
,

empti es the tr a p Wh en a tr a p i s siphoned by th e di s ch a rge

.

from a nother fixt u re the other fix tu re m ust b e lo ca t e d on a

,

hi gher fl oo r ; th en when the dis ch a rge of w a te r p a ss es the

br a nch entr a nc e f or th e fix tu re lower down i t fil ls the s ta ck ,

full th ereby fo rmi ng a long l eg from the tr a p a n d w a ste

,

pip e .

A tr a p c a n lo se i t s se a l from
self s iphon a ge o nl y wh en th e
-

w a ste p ip e from th e tr a p to the

st a ck i s u nv enti l a te d a n d ex
tends b elow the b ottom level of
th e dip a of th e tr a p so a s to
fo rm th e long l eg of a sip hon a s
S hown i n Fig 4 4 . If th e w a ste
.

p ip e exten ds di rectly b a ck to th e
m a i n st a ck a s shown i n Fi g 4 5
,
.
,

H alf S T
witho u t dipp ing b elow th e bot p ra

tom of th e dip the tr a p coul d n ot b e self si phoned b ec a use

,
-

there wo ul d be no long leg ; a n d p rovi ded no fixtu res d i s ,

ch a rged i nto th e s ta ck a bove where the w a ste connects no

b a ck v ents woul d b e r equi red for the tr a p .

Los s OF S E AL B Y M O ME N T U M — Th eo reti c a lly a tr a p .

,

m a y los e its s e a l by mom entum If a tr a p i s pl a ced dir ectly

.

b ene a th a fixtu re b ut some di st a nce b elow it a flu sh of

, ,
 P r i n c i p l es a nd P r a c ti c e f P l u m bi n g
o 89

w a ter might a cqu i re s u ffi ci ent m o mentum to c a rry i t

thro ugh the ( l i p of the tr a p a n d i nto the w a ste pi pe beyond .

As a m a tter of f a ct however there a r e mo difyi ng cond i

, ,

tions to p revent su ch loss M ost .

fixtu res a s n ow m a de h a ve o utlets

so obstru cted by str a i ners o r cross
b a rs th a t th e o utlets a r e of l es s
a re a th a n th a t of the w a ste pi pe ,

consequ ently the pi pe co uld n o c fill

full bo re a n d the velo city woul d
h a rdly b e suffi ci ent to a cqu i re the
necess a ry momentum If i t di d no .
,

h a rm wo uld result a s s uffici ent ,

w a ter woul d a dhere to th e long

i nlet pi pe a n d to the si des of th e
fixtu re to a g a i n se a l the tr a p .

N evertheless tr a ps sho ul d b e
,
44

5 ” S i l l o flg
pl a ced a s clos e to fixtu res a s pos 0 ’ ‘ n e

sible n ot only to prevent possible loss of se a l by momentum

, ,

b ut a lso to a voi d a long stretch of u ntr a ppe d w a ste p i p e .

S I P H O NA GE B Y A S P I RA T I O N —When u nvented siphon

.

tr a ps a r e u sed a tr a p on one floo r of a bu ild ing m a y b e

,

s iphoned by w a ter di s ch a rged i nto the st a ck from a fixtu re

a t a hi gher level a s shown i n Fi g 4 6
, Thi s i s c a lled S iphon . .

a g e by Asp i r a ti o n The w a ter di sch a rge d i nto the st a ck a t

.

the higher level i n p a ssi ng the b r a nch to th e fixtu re a t the

,

lower level tu rns the soi l pip e i nto ,

a long l eg fo r the si phon tr a p o f

"
the lower fixtu re a s c a n be seen by ,

the i ll ustr a ti on a n d loss of s e a ,

results .

E VA P O RA T I O N O F W A T E R F R O M
T RA P S —From experim ents m a d e
.

I g 45
‘
l
by D r Unn M u ni cip a l E ngi neer
.

p C
a
H lf S T ti ,
.

a ra on n e c o n

of C ologne to d etermi ne the length ,

of tim e requ i red to des troy the s e a l of tr a ps by ev a po r a ti on ,

i t c a n be c a lcul a ted th a t u nd er o rd i n a ry cond iti ons the se a l

of a n u nvented S i phon tr a p with a i nch d epth of se a l -

will be d estroyed i n from fou r a n d a h a lf to five weeks time ’

.
90 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

It m a y b e st a ted a s a gener a l rule a ppli c a ble to a l l typ es of

,

unvente d tr a ps th a t u nder ordi n a ry conditi o ns su ch a s

,

obt a i n i n a well constru cted dr a i n a ge system the r a te of

-

,
'

ev a por a ti o n will a ver a ge 4 of a n .

i nch per wee k i rrespective of si ze ,

or S h a pe of the s u rf a ce exposed .

N O experim ent a l d a t a ar e a v a il a bl e
to S ho w the r a te of ev a p or a ti on of
w a ter from ventil a ted tr a ps b ut it ,

woul d b e s a fe t o a ssume a r a te of
8 of a n i nch per week
. .

N ON S 1P H O N -
T RAP S N on .
-

s iphon or refill tr a p s a r e those i n

whi ch the s e a l c a nnot b e enti rely
destroyed by siphoni c a ctio n u nder
a n y re a son a ble c on dition of ci r
c um s t a n c e s likely t o prev a i l i n a

well i nst a lled -

dr a in a ge system .

P a rt of the se a l c a n b e si phoned
from a n on S iphon tr a p b ut s uf -

fi c i e n t w a ter a lw a ys rem a ins to

eff ect a se a l .

The eff ect of s iphoni c a ction on a drum tr a p whi ch is ,

a si mple form of non S iphon tr a p -

I S shown i n Fig
,
47 . .

When a p a rti a l v a cuum i s cre a ted i n the w a ste pip e a tmos ,

p heri c p ressure forces p a r t of the se a l from the tr a p

-
.

When ho wever the w a ter i n the tr a p re a ches a cert a i n

, ,

l evel n o re a son a ble a mou nt of sipho ni c i nflu enc e c a n lower

,

it more ; a i r then b re a k s through the se a l d a shi ng the w a ter ,

t o a l l si d es .After the v a cuum i s broken from a l l si des of ,

the tr ap th e w a ter settl es b a ck i n the bottom thus m a i n ,

t a i ning the se a l S uffici ent w a ter a lw a ys rem a ins i n the

'

bottom of thi s form of tr a p to effect a perfect se a l All .

fo rms of n on S iphon tr a ps a r e m a de with enl a rged bodies

-

some of whi ch cont a i n b affle pl a tes to deflect the w a ter from

the outlet .

The s e a l of a n o n S i pho n tr a p i s S hown a t a i n Fig 4 8

-
.
,

a n d is the depth of w a ter b etween the top a r e of th e i nlet

pi pe , a n d the bottom a r e of t he outlet pip e The f ull s e a l i s.

92 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f
o P lu m b i n g

i ntercept the gre a s e whi le i n a flu i d st a te a n d thus prevent

i t s a dheri ng t o the w a ste pipes where it would conge a l a n d ,

su ccess ive d eposits i n time choke th e pipe .

C O N D I T I O N S G O V E RN I NG U S E O F G R E A S E T RAP S — G re a se .

tr a ps shou ld b e u sed to i ntercept the gre a se from a l l kitchen

si nks i n citi es th a t h a ve i nst a lled systems of sewer a ge from
whi ch storm w a ter i s exclu ded Und er s u ch conditi ons the
.
,

sewers a r e so sm a ll a n d s o poorly fl ushed th a t gre a t li a bil ity

would exi st of p a rti a l or comp lete stopp a ge from the gre a se
if gre a se tr a ps were omitted When a city ha s i nst a lled a
.

combi ned system of s ewer a n d storm w a ter dr a ins gre a se ,

tr a ps m a y be omi tted if the kitchen s i nk i s not over fifty

feet from the street sewer a n d the
m a i n hou se dr a i n ru ns through th e
cell a r exposed to the he a t of a fu r
n a ce However when the sink i s
.
,

over fifty feet from the street

sewer or when the m a in house,

dr a i n i s b u ri ed i n the e a rth so ,

gre a se would b e likely to chill b e

fore i t re a ched the stree t sewer ,

gre a s e tr a ps should b e u s ed Also .

they sho uld i n every c a se b e u sed

i n a l l l a rge i nstitutions bo a rdi ng ,

hous es hotels a n d b a ke shops or

,

other b ui ldings where l a rge qu a nt

iti es of gre a se a r e li a ble to find
Fi g 49
e l r wa y I nto the d r a l n a g e S ys
.

E ff t f B k P u o
ec o ac
t
r ess
h re n
“

No nS i p ho
-
T p n ra
tem .

LO C A T I O N G R E A S E T RAP S —A gre a se tr a p shoul d

FOR .

b e lo c a ted a s close a s po ssible to the si nk from whi ch i t

receives the dis ch a rges It shoul d n o t b e pl a ced i n the
.

kitchen however on a cc ou nt of the off ensive o dors th a t

, ,

woul d enter the room every time the tr a p wa s opened to

remove the gre a se I n det a ched dwellings gre a se tr a ps
.
,

usu a lly a r e m a de of bri ck a n d pl a ced outsi de the house A

‘

b etter p r a cti ce i s to m a ke the tr a p of i ron a n d loc a te it i n

the cell a r o r b a sement s a fe from frost a n d close to the
,

sou rce of gre a se .

 P r i n c i p l es a nd P ra c ti c e o f P l um b i n g 93

S IZ E O F G R E A S E T RA P S — G re a se tr a ps to be e ff ecti ve
.

mu s t h a ve a t le a st t wi ce th e c a p a city of the gre a test qu a nt

i ty of gre a sy w a ter likely to b e di sch a rged a t one ti me i nto
them . Thi s i s so th a t the enteri ng w a ter wi ll b e ch illed
a n d th e gre a se conge a led a n d ri se to the s urf a ce of the

w a ter thu s b eing ret a i ned i n the tr a p

,
I f the gre a se tr a ps .

a r e too sm a ll p a rt of th e e nteri ng w a ter will p a ss through

,

the o utlet i nto the d r a i n b efore it i s suffici ently cooled c a r ,

r yi n g with it wh a tever gre a s e it hol ds i n su s pension whi ch ,

will a dh e re to th e p i pes I n o rdi n a ry resi d ences a d i shp a n

.
,

full of gre a sy w a ter i s the gre a test qu a ntity likely to b e

empti ed a t o ne time a n d if the gre a s e tr a p is m a d e to hol d
,

at l e a st twi ce th a t
qu a ntity i t wi ll fulfill
,

all requ i rements In .

hotels club s a n d other

,

1a r g e i nstitutions
where a gre a t m a ny
people a r e fed the ,

p rob a bl e a mo unt of
gre a sy w a ter l i a ble to
b e di sch a rged a t o ne
ti me must b e e s t i m a t
ed , and th e gre a se G u T p ro se ra

tr a p m a d e wi th a c a p a city of twi ce th a t a mou nt .

T YP E S O G R E A S E T R A P S
F — There a r e t wo typ e s
.

gre a se tr a ps i n u s e : An ordi n a ry tr a p with l a rge i nter

c e p t i n g ch a mb er a s shown i n Fi g
, 5 0 a n d a w a ter j a cket
.
,

gre a se tr a p Fi g 5 1 a rou nd whi ch col d w a ter ci rcul a tes to

, .
,

chill the w a ter i n th e tr a p The w a ter fo r thi s p u rpose i s

.

t a ken from the col d w a te r su pply p i pe a n d m u st p a ss

-

through th e w a ter j a cket of the gre a se tr a p b efo re being

d r a wn from a f a u cet W hen a w a te r s u pply p i pe i s con
”

n e c t e d to a gre a se tr a p fo r thi s p u rpose i t sh ou ld b e co n ,

t i n u e d to s om e unim port a n t fixtu re o r else connected to ,

the hot wa ter t a nk a s w a ter th a t p a sses through a gre a se

-

tr a p j a cke t a bsorbs he a t from the w a ter with i n th e tr a p a n d

becomes di s a g r ee a b ly w a rm fo r mo s t domesti c u s es .

S L I P J O I N T S — J oi nt s i n whi ch one p i pe o r me m ber

-

.
94 P r i n c i p l es a nd P r a c ti c e o f P l um bi n g

S lip s i nsi de of a nother a n d the j u nction b etween th e two i s

m a de tight with a g a sket compressed by me a ns of a screw
thre a d or bolts a r e known a s slip j oi nts
, Any j oi nt i n -
.

wh i ch th e p a rts a r e not b oun d togeth er b ut one p a rt m ay ,

b e S lipped o ut of pl a ce h a vi ng nothi ng to overcome i n doi ng

,

s o but th e res ista nce of the gri p of th e compressed g a sket ,

shoul d b e cl a sse d a s a S lip j oi nt no m a tt er wh a t its use

-
.

S lip j oi nts a r e p ermi ssibl e a n d very conveni ent when

u sed on th e hou s e S i de of a fixture tr a p Under no con di .

ti on however shoul d a slip j o i nt b e p erm i tt ed on the sewer

, ,
-

S i d e o f a tr a p p a rti cul a rly o n th e s ewer si d e O f a w a te r

,

clos et tr a p I n deed a g a sket j oi nt of a n y kin d S houl d not

.
,

b e p er mi tted on the
s ewer si de of a n y
tr a p a n d a sl ip j oi nt ,
-

w hi ch i s th e le a st se
cure of a l l forms of
g a sket j oi nts i s the ,

moSt obj ection a ble

j oi nt of them a l l The .

rul e ca n b e l a i d down
th a t un der no con di
ti on shoul d a g a sket
J k t G a T p
ac e re
JO l n t O f a n y ki nd b e
se ra

p ermitted on th e sewer S i de of a n y tr a p If a g a sket i s

‘

us ed no further evi dence n eed b e looked f o r

,
The g a s ket .

a lo n e st a mps it a s i ns a nit a ry Attenti on S ho ul d b e c a ll ed

.

h ere t o th e f a ct th a t wa ter closets a r e s et with a p utty j oi nt .

g a sket or sometim es a S lip j oint whi ch i s e x tremely b a d

, ,

pr a cti ce .

D I S T AN C E O F B A C K V E N T F R O M T RA
-
— The di st a nce P

the b a ck v ent c a n b e pl a ced from a tr a p without d a nger of

-

th e tr a p b ei ng s el f s iphoned depends e n t i r e l v o n th e f a ll t o
-

th e w a ste pip e from th e tr a p to th e st a ck If the f a ll i s .

sl igh t th e vent p ip e c a n conn ect to th e w a ste pi p e furth er

,

a w a y from the tr a p th a n when th e f a ll i s gre a t The rul e .

i s : C onnect the b a ck vent to th e w a ste p ip e a t s uch a po i nt

-

th a t th e vent O p eni ng will b e a b ove th e l evel of the w a ter

96 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

the r a te of ev a por a ti on of w a ter from the tr a p ; a lso when ,

mu ch gre a se i s empti ed i nto a fixture th e vent p ip e if c on ,

n e c t e d t o th e crown i s li a ble to b ecome enti rely stopped up

,

with the gr e a se *
.

E X A M PL E O F B A C K V E N T I NG A n ex a mple of b a ck -
.
-

venting the fixture tr a ps i n an ordin a ry b a th room i s shown

i n Fig 5 3 . The c hi ef co n diti o ns t o b e here noted a r e
.

1 ) The height of th e vent p i pe where it enters the vent

st a ck It i s kept a bove the outlet to .

the highest fixture i n the group S O

th a t the vent pipe c a nnot be used a s '

a w a ste pip e by a n y of the fixtures

i n c a se th e w a ste p ipe b ecomes ob

stru cted ; ( 2 ) the vent p ipe S lope s
from the vent st a ck tow a rd the fi x
tu re tr a ps t o d isch a rge i nto the w a ste
pipes a l l w a ter of condens a tio n or
a n y sew a ge th a t might b a ck up i n the

vent p ip es sho ul d the w a ste p ipe be ,

obstru cted ; ( 3 ) the d ist a nce a w a y

a w a y fro m the se a l of tr a p s a t whi ch

the vent pipes conn ect to the w a ste

p ipes I t shoul d be fu rther O bserved .

th a t the vent to the w a te r closet does

not conn e ct to the clos et tr a p a bove
the floor but to the le a d b end below ,

the floor a s a perm a nent a n d secure ,

j oi nt c a nnot b e m a de to a n e a rthen
w a re closet tr a p owi ng to the shrink ,

a g e O f the floor j o ists whi ch woul d

Fig 52 ‘

b re a k the vent horn of the closet If .

the closet i s either of the s iphon j et -

or the s i p hon a c t i on type no vent wi ll a

be necess a ry provi d ing fixtu res do ,

not dis ch a rge i nto the soi l st a ck a t a higher level b ec a u se ,

siphoni c a ction i s nec ess a ry to O per a te either typ e o f closet ,

t W J F f S t P a u l i a x m n i a tni o fe v a n t pni p e onf o m e s r

d
I r
o a ey re n o
ns ec
p
h h w e lve
,

x t t f t t t t t t
.
,

w m m
.

k
.

f t a f k
r t e h s ro s l en s
ut e
p re
d y
d
u a o e o n ,
fi
-

we
u re ra
l
p
mp e e y
s
t
,
l o
b t t w i t h a s t ere p a t
e, l l y
n o b s t u r t Ia a n d lry o c e on ne
uc g
d n d c l ea n e d
o s r e ,

p e
re
r
f e
co
c
t l y c l
e a r . Th e l a t t h o w ere v,
e h a d b e
r, r e g u l a r l
eny n s p c t e a I e .
 P r i n c i p l es P r a c ti c e o f P l um bi n g 97

a nd the fter w a sh from the {lush ci stern l S depended u po n

a -

to a g a in se a l the tr a p M a i n d r a i n tr a ps le a der tr a p s
.
-

, ,

y a rd a n d a re a tr a ps a n d st a ll d r a i n tr a ps do not requi re
b a ck venti ng b ec a use if th ey a r e empti ed by si phon a ge
-

thei r se a ls a r e soon repl a ced by dri ppi ngs .

CO NNEC T I NG S E VE R A L FI XTU R E S TO O N E T RAP When .

-

a number of w a sh b a si ns a r e group ed to gether i n a w a sh

room o f a f a ctory hotel o r other i nstituti on it i s commo n

, ,

p r a cti ce to connect the w a ste pi pes from a l l the b a s i ns to

o ne tr a p A b etter p r a cti ce however i s t o t r a p e a ch b a si n
.
, ,

s ep a r a tely When but one tr a p i s use d i n a n i nst a ll a tio n

.

of thi s ki nd i t le a ves untr a pped a l a rge stretch of pi pe

, ,

whi ch i n time b eco mes foul a n d emits dis a gree a bl e o dors ,

th a t a r e c a rri ed i nto the room by loc a l cu rrents of a i r ci r

c ul a t i n g i n through the pip e a t one b a si n connectio n a n d

out a t a nother b a si n .

K I T C H EN S I N K S AN D L AU N D R Y T R AY S — There a r e co n .

d i t i o n s u nder whi ch the u se of one tr a p f o r t wo or more

fixtu res i s p e r m i s s i
bl e. I n a p a rtment
bu ildi ngs w h e r e ,

l a un dry tr a ys a d
j oi n the kitchen
si nk a n d there is a
,

possibil ity th a t for

long perio ds of time
the tr a ys m a y n ot
b e u s ed i t not only
,

E x a m p le Et figgk V l i g
g
i S p ermi ssi b le b l l t -

e n n

p erh a ps better to
co nnec t the w a ste pi pe fro m th e tr a y s to the ho use si de of
the s ink tr a p below the w a ter level By this a rr a ngem ent a
.

perm a nent s e a l i s a ssu red the tra ys whethe r they a r e used

o r not . The w a ste pip e s from the tr a y s however should , ,

be o ff set a bove the w a ter level i n th e tr a p so t he w a ste p i pe

will not st a nd ful l o f w a ter .

The w a ste pipe from the kitch en s ink shoul d never

connect to a l a und ry tr a y tr a p a s th a t would le a v e u n t r a p
-

ped a gre a ter stretch of p i pe th a n when the conditi ons a r e

 Pr i n ci p l es an d P r a cti c e f
o P l u m bi n g

reversed ; b esi des, the untr a pped pip e wo uld soon foul from
the gre a sy si nk w a ter p a ssing thro ugh it a n d lo c a l ci rcul a
,

tio n wo ul d s et up from the tub w a ste throu gh the tr a y

w a ste c a rrying the o do rs i nto the kitchen
, .

C L O T H E W A H I NG
S S M AC H NE
I S — I n these d a ys of m a
.

chin es a n d m a chi ne l a bor no p riv a te l a undry i s complete

,

witho ut a power oper a ted m a chi n e w a sher f o r the l a u nder

i ng of the ho useho ld l i nen M a chi nes des igned for thi s
.
‘

p urpose m a y n ow b e ha d whi ch c a n b e suppli ed with hot

a n d c old w a ter an d
, co nnected to the dr a i n a ge system .

These m ac hines a r e m a de for motors whi ch a r e el ectri c a lly

op er a ted o r with motors wh ich a r e op er a ted with w a ter
,

s uppli ed from th e city w a ter m a ins When w a ter po wer

.

i s to b e u sed however there must b e a n a v a il a ble pressure

, ,

a t the moto r of a t le a st 3 0 pou nds per squ a re inch with f a i r ,

volume or the motor wi ll not op er a t e s a ti sf a cto rily

,
.

I n a ddition to a w a shi ng m a chine a g a s he a ted or ,

-

electri c a lly h e a ted m a ngle will b e fo u nd a v a l u a ble fixtu re

-

i n th e l a u ndry of every good sized home -

O n the m a ngle.

most of the househol d i roni ng c a n b e done outsi d e of the ,

mo re p a rti cul a r p i eces wh ich a r e b est do ne by h a nd a n d ,

between the w a shing m a chi ne a n d the m a ngle the h a rdest ,

a n d h e a vi est of hou sehold wo rk i s done without a n effort .

1 00 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P l um bi n g
o

cooled pumped o ut with a subm erged centrifug a l pump of

the verti c a l typ e di rect conn ected t o a motor
, A vent fro m .

the sump t o the a tmosphere sho ul d b e pro vi ded .

S I Z E or B L O W O FF T AN K S —
-
A blow oft t a nk sho ul d b e
.
-

l a rge enough t o hold o n e g a uge of w a ter from th e ste a m

bo i ler . I n blowi ng off a ste a m boi ler on e g a uge of w a ter i s ,

the most th a t sho ul d b e blown off at on e time a n d if the ,

t ank i s l a rge eno ugh t o ho l d th a t qu a ntity it will b e s ufii

c i e n t l y l a rge f o r a l l purposes The size of t a nk requ i red
.

c a n b e fou n d by multiplyi ng the length of the ste a m bo iler

i n feet by the di a meter i n feet a n d multiplyi ng th e pro du ct

by on e th ird ( 4 i nches b ei ng consi dered th e depth of on e
-

g a uge of w a ter ) Thi s p rod u ct will b e the c a p a city i n cubi c

.

feet o f the t a nk requi red .

E XAM P L E —W h a t c a p a c i t y bl ow off t an k wi l l b e r e q u i r e d for a s t e a m b oi l e r

-

1 8 fe e t l on g a n d 5 f e e t i n d a m e t e r
i ?

S OL U T IO N — 1 8 X 5 X z 3 0 c ub i c f e e t a n d 3 0 X , 2 2 5 g a ll on s 2

c a p ac i t y .

S to ck si zes of blow off t a nks c a n b e found i n T a bl e XI X

-
.

TAB L E XI X . D i m e n s i on s an d C apa c i ti e s of B l ow O ff Ta n k s
-

When o rdering b low off t a nks the order shoul d b e

-

a ccomp a ni ed by a sketch showing the loc a tion a n d s iz e of

the s ever a l outlets .

When sever a l boil ers a r e co nnected i n b a ttery on e

blow off t a nk will s u ffice f or a l l p rovi ded sufficient time i s
-
,

a llowed b etween blowi ng o ff the sever a l boi lers f o r the

w a ter i n the t a nk to cool or if provi sion i s m a de f o r co ol
,

i ng the hot w a ter with col d w a ter coils .

 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g 101

S I Z E O F T A N K O U T L E T S —B low otf o utlets to ste a m -

boi lers a r e sel dom over two i nches i n di a meter therefore ,

the i nl et to blow off t a nks need not b e over 2 i nches i ron

-

p ipe s ize The outlet however shoul d b e 2 1A, o r 3 i nches

.
, ,

i n d i a meter so the w a ter wi ll enter the sewer a t a slow

,

velocity The v a p o r pi pe
.

shou ld b e 2 i nches i n di a m
eter a n d if it extends over
,

1 0 0 feet should be i nche s

in d i a meter .

D ri ps from h igh p ress -

u re pl a nts d o not requ i re a

condensi ng t a nk but m a y co n
ne et to a n a tmosph eri c ste a m
tr a p di sch a rgi ng i nto the
house s ewer outsi de of the
m a in dr a i n tr a p .

Blow off s from l o w press

- -

u re bo ilers need not p a ss

through either a condensi ng
t a nk or a ste a m tr a p b u t m a y ,

d is c ha rge freely i nto the

hou se s ewer o uts i d e of th e
m a i n d r a i n tr a p if there i s ,

one o r i n the hous e sewer

,

where there i s no m a i n d r a i n f UI Z
' '

I i l l:

tr a p .

R e f rig e r a to r Wa s te s

SY S T E M or P I P I NG .
—
ln
a p a rtment hou s es of the bet ,

ter cl a ss refriger a tor w a ste

,

pipes a r e u su a lly i nst a lled to

Fi g
c a rry o ff the d rip from i ce lt i g l P ip e
’

r i e ra or es

boxes i n the s ever a l a p a rt

ment s Fi g 5 5 shows th e gener a l syste m of pi ping fo r
. .

refriger a to r w a ste s The m a i n refri ger a to r st a ck does not

.

c onnect to the d r a in a ge system but d i sch a rges i nto a tr a p

 Pr i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f
o P lum b i n g

p ed an d w ter suppli ed S i nk i n the cell a r o r b a sement a n d

a -

should O pen t o the a tmosphere a bove the roo f .

G a lv a ni zed wro ught i ron p ipe S hould b e u sed f or

refriger a to r w a stes a n d the en ds should b e well re a med to
,

remove the b u rr fo rmed by cutting the p ip e Fittings .

sho uld b e o f the recessed dr a in a ge type well g a lv a niz e d ,

both i nsi d e a n d o ut F ull Y fittings S hould b e u sed for

.

b r a nch co nnectio ns to the v a riou s refriger a tor s a fes a n d a ,

Y br a nch with cle a n out plug should b e u sed a t a l l ch a nges

-

O f d i recti on of the hori zont a l m a i ns .

Th e m a i n w a ste p ip e from refri g er a tors sho uld

never b e less th a n
1 14 in che s di a met er ,

a n d s eldom need b e

over inches .

B r a nch connections
to the refriger a tor
s a fes a lso r ef r i g e ,

r a tor w a stes i n p ri
v a te ho uses need ,

not b e over 1 inch i n di a meter .

R E F R I GER AT O R S A F E S — The m a nner O f c on

.

s t r u c t i n g a n d li ni ng refriger a to r s a fes i s shown

i n F ig 5 6 B eveled supp orti ng strips a r e n a il

. .

ed t o the floor t o form a S h a llow p a n a bout ,

i nches deep whi ch sho u ld b e m a de w a ter tight

,
-

by li n i ng with sheet le a d o r S heet copper The .

o utlet from the p a n S hould b e countersunk a n d the O p eni ng ,

p rotected by a remov a ble str a i ner secu red i n pl a ce by a

cross b a r . B r a ss a lumi num g a lv a ni zed c a st iron refrig
, ,
-

e r a t or s a fes a lso e a rthenw a re s a fes with coupli ngs

,
ca n ,

now b e ha d . A n y of thes e m a teri a ls i s better th a n le a d s a fe

p a ns
T R A PP I NG R E F R I GER AT O R S A F E S — E a ch refri ger a tor
.

s a fe S houl d b e sep a r a tely a n d p rop erly tr a pped a n d co n

u s e ted to the m a in refriger a tor w a ste st a ck The b est type .

of tr a p to use f o r this purpos e i s a pl a in S iphon tr a p O f S

p a ttern . The a ngle of the o utlet leg O f a 3
4 S tr a p p ermits
the slime th a t a ccumul a tes i n the w a ste pipe from a n i ce
1 04 P r i n c i p l es and P r a c ti c e O f P l u m bi n g

C HA P TE R XI
M E C H A N I C A L D I S C H A R GE S Y S TE M S

S UB -
SE W ER S Y S T E M S —M ech a ni c a l ej ectment of
s ew

a g e i s resorted t o i n c a s es where the street sewer i s a bove

the level of the a re a t o b e dr a i ned This condition how .

,

ever i s only fou nd i n the s ub b a s ement floo rs of t a ll city

,
-

bu il dings u ndergro u nd p ubl i c to ilet rooms a n d undergrou nd

,

p a ssenger st a ti ons .

A system O f m ech a ni c a l ej ectment consi sts O f a gr a vity

dr a i n a ge system t o a rece ivi ng t a nk or s ump loc a ted i n a
w a ter tight pit a t the lowest p a rt O f th e dr a i n a ge system
-

a n d a p u mp o r compress ed a i r ej ector t o r a i se th e sew a ge

a n d d isch a rge i t i nto the street sewer .

S ystem s of pi pi ng f o r s ub s ewer dr a i n a ge a r e the s a m e

-

a s f or gr a vity dis ch a rge systems I n citi es where m a i n dr a in .

tr a ps a r e requ i red th e s ub sewer system S houl d h a ve a m a i n

,
-

dr a i n tr a p a n d fresh a i r i nlet a n d th e fixture st a cks S ho uld

,

extend thro ugh the roof I n S ho rt a s ub s ewer system i s

.
,
-

ex a ctly the s a me a s a gr a vity system except the mech a ni c a l ,

a pp a r a tus f or elev a ting the sew a ge A s ep a r a te vent p ipe .

shoul d extend from the t a nk or sump t o a bove the roof .

C E N T R I F UGAL P U M P E J E C T O R S — There a r e three types .

o f a pp a r a tu s u sed t o r a i se s ew a ge t o the street sewer e a ch ,

of wh ich ha s cert a i n fe a tures t o recommend it Wh en the .

vol um e of the sew a ge t o b e removed i s l a rge a n d the hei ght

t o b e r a i s ed i s sm a ll a c entrifug a l p ump will give very
,

s a ti sf a ctory res ults This type of pump ca n b e driven by

.

b elting o r m a y b e O p er a ted by a n electri c moto r di rect con -

n e ct e d t o the p ump S h a ft By me a ns of a flo a t a n d a n a uto

.

m a ti c switch a n electri c driven p ump c a n be m a de t o O p er a te

-

a utom a ti c a lly st a rti ng wh en the t a nk i s filled with sew a ge

,

a n d stoppi ng when i t i s empty The m a nner of i nst a lli ng a

.

centrifuga l p ump a n d t a nk i s S hown in Fig 5 7 Wi th thi s . .

typ e of ej ecto r a n ordin a ry S teel t a nk i s u sed th a t m a y b e

either op e n or closed The pump S ho ul d b e set below the
.

l e vel o f the receivi ng t a nk , so it will rem a i n f ull O f w a ter

 P r i n c i p les an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m b in g 1 05

and not requi re p ri mi ng I f pl a ce d a bove th e level of the

.

t a nk a prim er wi ll b e necess a r y to st a rt the p ump a n d th i s ,

so compl i c a tes th e a pp a r a tu s th a t i t i s mo re d ifficult to fit

up to work a utom a tic a lly Where th e s ew a ge i s co a rse a n d
.

full of soli d m a tter a s i s l ikely t o b e the c a s e i n sl a ughter

,

houses or f a cto ri es a centrifu ga l pump will give th e best

,

results . I t ha s f e w worki ng p a rts to get o ut of order a n d ,

no p a rts th a t c a n choke u p a n d thu s rend er th e pump tem

p o r a r i l y u seless ; fo r a n y subst a nce even co a l o r b
, ri cks th a t ,

p a sses throu gh the i nlet p ort c a n e a sily b e d is ch a rged from

big . 57
Ce n t f ug l
ri a P um p S e wa g e L i ft
the outlet . S peed i s a n impo rt a nt f a ctor i n the c a p a city O f
centrifug a l p umps ; i ncre a sing the speed i ncre a ses the
c a p a city a n d a lso the height to whi ch i t wi ll r a is e sew a ge ,

while d ecre a si ng the S p eed wil l redu ce consi der a bly the
volume O f sew a ge a n d the height i t wi ll be r a is ed D i rect .

co nnected electri c a lly O p er a ted verti c a l type of submerged

,
-

centrifug a l pum ps a r e b est fo r the p urpos e .

The oper a tio n of the a pp a r a tus S hown i n Fi g 5 7 i s a s .

follows : S ew a ge enters the sump a thro ugh the ho us e

d r a i n b ; a s the t a nk fills the sew a ge r a ises the flo a t c a n d
, ,

thu s by me a ns of the ch a in pulleys a n d wei ght i t) depresses

, ,
1 06 P r i n ci p les an d P r a c ti c e f
o P l u m bi n g

the l ever d until it re a ch es a cert a i n poi nt when cont a ct i s

m a de th a t co mpletes a n electri c circuit connected t o the
el ectri c motor e The curr ent thu s a utom a ti c a lly turned
.

on O p er a tes the electri c moto r th a t drives the p ump p a n d ,

thu s ej ects the sew a ge from the t a nk thro ugh the disch a rge
p ipe t o the sewer 3 As the w a ter li ne i n the t a nk lowers
.
,

the flo a t f a lls until it re a ches a cert a i n lev el ne a r the bottom

'

when the a utom a tic S witch opens thus bre a ki ng the el ectri c ,

circuit a n d stoppi ng the pump .

P I S T O N P U M P E J E CTO R s — When the volum e of sew a ge

-
.

t o b e r a i sed i s sm a ll or the height it i s t o be elev a ted i s

gre a t the p i sto n type of p ump will give the b e st results
,
.

The sew a ge S hou ld be screened however before enteri ng , ,

the s u ction p ip e O f thi s ty p e of p ump to p revent the e n ,

tr a n ce O f a nything th a t might h a ve been c a relessly i ntro

d u c e d i nto the dr a i n a ge system whi ch might i nterfere with
or i nj u re the worki ng p a rts of the pump P iston p umps .

a r e su it a ble only for comp a r a tiv ely cle a r sew a ge a n d S hould ,

not b e us ed where co a rs e i nsolubl e m a teri a ls a r e disch a rged

,

i nto the dr a i n o r where chemi c a ls a r e di sch a rged th a t m ight

cut the v a lve s e a ts O f a p ump .

P i ston p umps m a y b e electri c a lly driven or oper a ted

by ste a m a n d m a y b e m a d e to O p er a te a u tom a ti c a lly or t o
,

b e st a rted a n d s t opp ed by a n a ttend a nt The m a nner O f .

I nst a lli ng a p i ston p ump ej ecto r i s simi l a r t o the m a nner

O f i nst a l li ng a centrifug a l pump ej ector with the S i ngle ,

excepti on th a t a pi ston pump m a y be loc a ted a t a n y c on v e n i

ent point n ot over twenty eight feet a bove the level O f the
-

sump . W hen ste a m i s the motive power the p ump m a y be ,

co nnect ed up to work a utom a ti c a lly i n the s a me m a nner a s

a feed w a ter pump a n d receiver
-
.

CO M PRE S S E D A I R E J E C T O R S
- —Ai r ej ectors a r e n o w .

more gener a lly us ed f or sew a ge ej ectm ent th a n a n y o t her

type O f a pp a r a tu s Th ey a r e a utom a ti c a n d a l m os t n oi s e
‘

less i n O p er a tion a r e perfectly odorless a n d h a ve but few

, ,

working p a rts th a n c a n get out of o rder A type of c om .

pressed a i r ej ector known a s the S hone i s i llustr a ted i n ,

Fig 5 8
. S ew a ge flows i nto the ch a mber a through the
.

hou se dr a i n b A S the ch a mber fi lls with sew a ge it r a i ses

.
1 08 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e O f P l u m bi n g

cle a ni ng o r rep a i rs witho ut i nterrupti ng the dr a i n a ge

s ervi ce The m a nner O f i nst a lling a d upli c a te compressed
.

a i r a pp a r a tus i s S hown i n F ig 5 9 . .

The S i ze O f sump t a nks f or sew a ge ej ectment d ep ends

u pon the frequ ency with wh ich they a r e t o b e empti ed a n d
the p rob a ble a mount of sew a ge to be t a ken c a re O f When .

O per a te d a utom a ti c a lly they need o nly b e l a rge enough t o

“

ho l d a n hou r s stor a ge of sew a ge duri ng the hour O f m a xi

’
,

mum flow T he pro cess of emptying o ccup i es only a few

.

minutes when the t a nk i s re a dy for servi ce a ga i n

, If the .

a pp a r a tus i s not to b e oper a ted a utom a ti c a lly sto r a ge ,

S ys t em of S u b S e we r
-
M ech a n i c a l
D i sc h ar g e

c a p a city for twenty fou r ho urs should b e provi ded -

I n esti .

m a ting th e qu a ntity of sew a ge fro m b a sement floors of

di ff erent cl a sses of b u ildi ngs gre a ter p er c a p it a a llow a nce ,

S houl d b e m a de for th e b a s ement a n d sub b a sement floors -

O f hotels a n d l ike i nsti t uti ons th a n from other cl a sses of

b uildi ngs .

S tor a ge t a nks f or compressed a i r a r e u su a lly m a de of

ga lv a n ized S h eet i ro n simil a r t o those used f o r the stor a ge
O f hot w a ter They shoul d b e equ a l i n S i ze t o the cubi c a l
.

c a p a city of the sump s they a r e t o di sch a rge When m a d e .

of s uch a S i ze a t le a st two pou nds pressu re O f a i r should

,
 P r i n c i p l es and P r a c ti c e f P l um bi n g
o 1 09

b e m a i nt a i ned a s wo rki ng press u re for e a ch foot i n height

the s ew a ge must b e r a i sed ; with gre a ter p ress u re a more
speedy ej ectm ent i s O bt a i ne d TO O per a te s a ti sf a ctori ly
.

with lifts of less th a n 7 feet a t l e a st 1 5 p ou nds p ressu re O f

,

a i r S houl d b e m a i nt a i ned ; 3 0 to 4 0 pou nds i s the p res s u re

the a ver a ge s ew a ge ej ectment p l a nt O per a tes u nder .

S u b S O i l D ra i n a ge
o

O B J EC T OF S UB -
S OI L D RA I NAG E — I n lo c a liti es where
the gro un d w a ter i s high o r where i mp ervi ou s str a t a of cl a y
o r rock c a uses seep a ge to d a m pen the fo u nd a ti on w a lls o r
wet the cell a r floo r sub soil d r a i ns a r e resorted to
,
-
The .

m a nner of l a yi ng a
s ub s oi l
-
d ra i n is
sh own i n Fi g 6 0 A .

l ine of fiel d ti l e i s
l a i d a rou nd the out
s i d e O f th e f ou n d a
'

tio n w a ll below the

l evel O f the f o un d a
ti o n footings o r th e
cell a r floo r . The
p i pes a r e l a i d with
O pen j oi nts wh i ch
are covered with
ti l e coll a rs pi eces
,
F i g 00
S b S il D i u o ra n
Of t a r p a per ex
-

c e l s i or,
b a ggi ng o r som e other co a rs e m a teri a l th a t wi ll
keep out di rt u nti l the e a rth settles a n d p a ck s i nto S h a p e .

The d r a i n S houl d b e covered fo r a d epth O f 1 2 t o 1 8 i nches

with c rushed s to ne a n d the trench then filled to withi n a
foot O f the top with loos e poro u s m a teri a ls through whi ch
w a ter wi ll e a s ily percol a te t o th e dr a i n The t op dress i ng .

for the trench m a y b e a n y ki nd of goo d lo a my soi l s uit a ble

fo r a l a wn .

D I S P OS AL O F S U B S O I L W A T E R —When the street sewe r

—
-

i s p rovi ded with s ub s ewer d r a i n a s i s u s u a lly th e c a s e i n

a ,

loc a l ities where the grou nd w a ter i s high the p ro per pl a ce ,

to di spose of s ub soil w a ter i s i n th e sub sewer d r a i n

-
M ost -
.
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P lu m b i n g
o

bri ck s ewers F ig 6 1 a r e pro vi d ed with a ti le i nvert a the

, .
, , ,

ch a nnel s O f whi ch serve a s a s ub sewer dr a in ; a n d p ipe -

sewers i n wet di stri cts usu a lly h a ve a fiel d pip e s ub sewer -

dr a i n. When however there i s no s ub sewer dr a i n the

, ,
-

s ub soi l w a ter c a n disch a rge i nto the hou se s ewer through a

-

w a ter s e a l a n d ti de w a ter tr a p S ometimes a sub soil dr a in

.
-

i s s o f a r b elow the s ewer level th a t s ub soi l w a ter c a nnot -

di sc h a rge i nto it by gr a vity When su ch i s the c a s e it c a n

.
,

be g a thered in a sump a n d di sch a rged to the street s ewer b y

'

a submerged typ e centrifug a l pump If however the .

, ,

volum e o f w a ter i s to o sm a ll a n d the dist a nce it i s to b e

,

r a ised t oo S hort to w a rr a nt i nst a lli ng a s ew a ge ej ectm ent

app a r a tus an a utom a ti c cell a r
,

dr a i ner m a y b e used Thi s typ e

, .

of a pp a r a tu s m a y b e oper a ted by

wa ter or ste a m a lthough cit y ,

w a ter i s gener a lly used I t ca n .

n ot b e O p e r a ted by a i r p ressure It .

O per a tes on the principle O f a n

ej ector The dr a i ner is pl a ced i n
.

a pi t belo w the level O f the cell a r

floor i nto which the s ub —, soil w a ter

dr a ins W hen the w a ter re a ches a
.

Fi g 6 1
. cert a i n level it r a is es the flo a t ; this
Ti l I ve t f B i k s w r
e n r O r C e e
tu rns city w a ter on to th e a pp a r a
t u s a n d a s the w a ter flows thro ugh the ej ector nozzle i t
, ,

entr a ins w a ter from the pit whi ch mixes with the city w a ter
i n the pip e a n d together they a r e di sch a rged i nto a w a ter
,

su ppl ied s i nk a t some co nveni ent point W hen the w a ter i s .

d is ch a rged fro m the p it the flo a t f a lls a ga i n thu s S hutti ng ,

O ff the flow O f the city w a ter unti l the p it fills a g a in Thi s .

metho d however is too expensive t o u se f or disch a rging

, ,

l a rge qu a ntiti es O f w a ter a n d i s not economic a lly eff ective

for a gre a ter lift th a n 1 2 feet The height to which w a ter
.

c a n b e r a ised by a cell a r dr a i ner depends upon the a v a il a ble

w a ter pressure ; with a p ressure of 1 00 po u nds w a ter c a n ,

be r a i sed 2 5 feet b ut the a mount O f city w a ter requi red to

,

r a ise w a ter th a t height m a kes the metho d too exp ens ive for
h a ndli ng l a rge qu a ntiti es of w a ter At le a st fou r po unds .
1 12 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P l u m bi n g
o

1 foot requires 4 to 5 l bs . press ure

4‘ C‘ 6C
2 8 10
8 12 15
4 16 20
20 25
on proporti on up t o 1 2 feet i n height D r a i ners .

s a ti sf a ctorily lift w a ter more th a n 1 2 feet .

 P r i n c i p l es a nd P r a c ti c e o
f P l u mbi n g 1 13

PA RT II

W A TE R S U P P LY S YS TE MS
CO L D W A TE R S U P P L Y

C HA P T E R XII

P RO P E R TI E S O F WAT E R

G ENER A L D A T A A B O U T W A T E R — P u re w a ter i s a colo r

less t a steless o dorles s l impi d fl u i d th a t i s p r a cti c a lly
, , , ,

i ncompressibl e ; fo r e a ch a tmosphere of pressu re it s u s

ta in s i t i s compresse d o nly 4 7 1A) m illi o nths O f its b ulk
,
Its .

compressibi lity i s fro m 0 0004 0 to 00005 1 fo r one a tmos

. .

p he r e d ecre a s i ng with i ncre a sing temp er a tu re

, Fo r e a ch .

foot O f pressu re d i sti lled w a ter wi ll b e dimi ni shed i n volume

,

.00 000 1 5 to 0 0 00 0 1 3 O f its b ulk

. W a ter i s S O ne a rly i n c om
.

p ress ible th a t even a t a depth of a mil e a cubi c foot of w a ter

will wei gh only a bo ut h a lf a p o u nd mo re th a n a t th e su rf a ce .

It i s a ch emi c a l comb i n a ti on of oxygen a n d hydrogen i n the

proporti o ns O f p a rts by wei ght of oxygen to p a rts
of hyd rogen o r 1 volume of oxygen to 2 volumes O f hydro
,

gen Its weight v a ri es with its temper a tu re ; a t 6 2 E

°

.
,

wh ich i s t a ken a s the a ver a ge temp er a t ure 1 cub i c foot ,

weighs pou nds .

Fo r ord in a ry c a lcul a ti ons th e wei ght i s t a ken i n ro un d

,

numb ers a t pou nds per cubi c foot : when gre a ter p re
c i s i o n i s requ i red it i s t a ken a t p o unds per cub i c foot ,

its weight a t F .

The g a llon i s the u nit of m e a su re fo r w a ter O ne g a l .

lo n O f w a ter me a su res 1 3 4 cubi c feet cont a i ns 2 3 1 cub i c

.
,

i nches a n d a t 6 2 F weighs a bout 8 A pou nd s The Unite d

’
° ‘
;
, . .

S t a tes g a llon d iff ers from th e B riti s h o r Imp eri a l g a llon ,

with whi ch it s hould not b e c on f u s ed A comp a ri son of th e .

Ame ri c a n a n d I m peri a l g a llon m a y be fo und i n T a bl e X X .

1 14 P r i nci p l es an d P r a ct i c e f P l u m bi n g
o

TABL E XX . W e i g ht an d C a p a ci t y Of D i ff e r e n t S t a n da r d
G a ll o n s Of W a te r

I m pe r i a l or E n gli s h 1 0 00 .

U n i t e d S t a t es 2 31
.
8 3 3448
k
.

N ew Y or . 2 2 1 8 1712

N O T A B L E TE M P E RA T UR E O F W A T E R —There ar e

not a ble temp er a tures f or w a ter vi z , .

F h a r . Cen t .

32
°
or 0
°
t he fr e e z i n g p oi n t u n d e r on e a t m os p h e r e ;
or 4
°
t he p oi n t O f m a x m u m d e n s i t y ;
i

62
°
or l 6 66.
°
z t he Br i t i s h s t a n d a r d t e m p e r a t ur e ;
2 12
°
or 1 00
°
_ the b o i l i n g p oi n t u n d e r on e a t m os p h e r e .

The weight of on e cubi c foot O f w a ter a t the fou r

not a ble temper a tu res m a y be found i n T a ble X XI .

TABL E XXI . W e i g ht Of Wa t e r

(s t an d a r d t em pe r at ur e ) p oun d s
l

At 62
°
6 2 35 5 .

The followi ng f a c tors a r e us eful f or ch a ngi ng given

qu a ntiti es of w a ter from o n e denom in a ti on to a nother
1 cu bic inch o f wa t er we i g h s 5 7 7 . o u n c e or . 03 6 08 p oun d .

1 c u b i c f oo t t
c on a i n s cu bi c i n c hes .

1 c u b i c f oo t c on t a i n s Un i t e d S ta t e s ga l l on s wh i c h
, ,
in or di n ar y l l
ca cu a

t i on s i s t a ke n a s
, g a ll on s .

62 5 - p o un d s
c u b i c fe e t

X p oun d s
2
g a ll on s
X g a l l on s
c ub i c f e e t
1 16 P r i n ci p l e s an d P r a c ti c e o f P lu m b i n g

W a ter i n freezi ng a lw a ys exp a n ds I f it i s S O confined .

th a t exp a ns i on i s impossib le it rem a i ns li qui d even a t tem

,

p e r a t u r e s f a r b elow the freez i ng po int ; b ut the i nst a nt

p ressure i s remove d the w a ter cryst a ll izes into soli d i ce
, .

A S there i s a const a nt effort o n the p a rt of the w a ter t o form

i ce a n d a s a consi der a bl e p ress ure is needed to cou n t er
b a l a nce i t s exp a ns ive power the lower the temp er a tu re the
,

gre a ter thi s pressu re b ecomes At a temper a ture O f 3 0 .

degrees F a hrenheit j u st t wo degrees b elo w the freezi ng

,

poi nt the p ressu re is equ a l to 1 3 8 tons per s qu a re foot

, It .

will b e s een then th a t when w a ter freezes i n a pipe o r

, ,

closed vess el it exerts a pressu re O f a pproxim a tely on e t on

,

p er s qu a re i nch ; a n d thi s i s the destru ctive a gency whi ch

b ursts p ip e a n d t a nks .

C LA S S I F I C A T I O N OF V A TE R — W a ters f or domesti c uses

V
.

m a y b e divi ded i nto t wo gener a l cl a sses ; ha r d wa t er s a n d

s of t wa t er s H a rd wa ters c a n b e either p e r m a n en t l y ha r d
.
,

t e m p or a r i l y ha r d or both p e r m a n en t l y a n d t e m p or a r i l y
,

ha r d . By h a rdn ess of w a ter i s me a nt i t s so a p destroyi ng

or neutr a liz i ng power whi ch is du e t o the presence of ca r
,

b on a t e s or s ulph a tes O f lime or m a gnesi a A l a rge degree .

Of p erm a nent h a rdnes s i ndi c a tes a b a d w a ter P erm a .

n e n t l y h a rd w a ters cont a i n sulph a tes O f l ime o r m a gnesi a i n

soluti on ; tempor a rily h a r d w a ters c ont a i n c a rbon a tes of

lime or m a gnes i a i n solution a n d both perm a nently a n d ,

tempor a ri ly h a rd w a ters cont a i n s ulph a tes a n d c a rbon a tes

O f l ime or m a gn esi a i n so luti on .

H a rdness of w a ter i s me a sured i n degrees ( C l a rk

W a n kl yn ) a n d e a ch degree O f h a rdness corresponds to
,

one gr a i n of c a rbon a te of lime or m a gnes i a to one E nglish

g a llon O f w a ter H a rdness expressed i n p a rts p er
.

ca n b e converted t o C l a rk s s c a le by multiplyi ng the h a rd

’

ness by 7 . .The re a so n for thi s i s C l a rk s s c a l e gives the ’

res ults i n gr a i ns p er E ngli sh g a llon a n d there a r e ,

gr a ins i n a n E ngl ish or imperi a l g a llon .

E XAM P L E — H ow m a n y d e g r e e s h ar d n e s s ( C l a r k ) in wa t e r that is 20 p ar t s
h ar d p er

S O L U TI O N X 20 z 14 d e gr e e s Cl ar k —A n s :
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e O f P l u m bi n g 117

C o nversely h a rd ness expresse d i n degrees ( C l a rk ) c a n

,

b e ch a nged to p a rts p er by d ivi d ing the degrees O f

h a rdnes s by 7 . .

E XAM P L E —H O W m a n y p art s of ha r d n e s s p e r i n wa te r that t

c on a i n s

14 d e gr e e s ofh ar d n e ss ?
S O L U TI O N —1 4 — 2 7 z 2 0 p ar t s .
per
—A n s .

H a rdness expressed i n p a rts per c a n b e ch a nged

to gr a i ns per United S t a tes g a llon by m ulti plyi ng th e h a rd

ness by 5 8 4 The re a so n fo r thi s i s th a t a United S t a tes
. .

g a llon cont a i ns a p proxim a tely gr a i ns . C onvers ely ,

h a rd ness expressed i n gr a i ns per United S t a tes g a llo n c a n

b e c h a nged to p a rts p er by divi di ng the gr a i ns O f
h a rdness by 5 8 4 o r where gre a t refin ement O f c a l cul a ti on
.
, ,

i s not requ i red by the const a nt 6 , . .

E XAM P L E —H O W m a n y gra i n s of ha r d n e s s p e r U n i ted S tat e s ga l l on i n wa t e r

t h a t c o n t a i n s 2 0 p a r t s p er
S O L U TI O N -

20 X . 58 4 gra i n s per ga l l on —A n s .

E XAM P L E —H ow m a n y p ar t s O f h a r d n e s s per in wa t e r that t

c on a i n s

g r a i n s p e r U n i t e d S t a t e s g a l l o n
?

S O L U TI O N — I 58 4 z 2 0 p a r t s p e r
.
—
Ans .

Th e m a nner of d eterm ini ng th e d egree of h a rdness i n

w a te r i s a s follows : S eventy cub i c centimeters O f w a ter
*

a r e pl a ced i n a cle a n gl a ss bottle l a rge eno ugh to hol d two

o r th ree ti mes th a t qu a ntity A cle a r soluti o n of so a p O f .

st a nd a rd strength i s then a dded a l ittle a t a ti me from a , ,

gr a d u a ted tub e a n d the m i xtu re b ri skly sh a ken

, O n some .

w a ters a S light l a ther wi ll fo rm a t first wh i ch will qu i ckly ,

‘

di s a p pe a r o r if the w a ter i s very h a rd a curd wi ll form

,
.

M ore so a p S houl d th en b e a d ded sh a ki ng th e bottl e a fter ,

e a ch a d diti on u ntil the l a ther formed i s s uffici ently perm a

nent to st a nd fo r five mi nutes The numb er O f cu b i c centi .

meters O f so a p soluti on a dded l ess one i ndi c a tes the h a rd , ,

ness of the w a ter i n degrees The one cubi c centi meter i s .

d ed u cted bec a u se even d istilled w a ter requ i res a sm a ll qu a n

tity of so a p to m a ke i t l a th er .

S T A N D AR D S O A P S O LU T I O N —S t a n d a rd so a p solutio n i s .

of su ch strength th a t one cub i c centim eter cont a i ns suffi ci ent

fa
Ta b l e f o r u nn er t l ug Am e r i ca n a nd m e tric meas u re s In a p pe n dix .
11 8 ,
P r i n c ip l es a nd P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

so a p to ex a ctly n eutr a l ize on e m i l l o g r a m of dissolved c a r =

bon a te of lim e I t i s m a d e by mixi ng h a lf a n o unce of finely

.

shred ded c a stil e or mottl ed so a p with t wo pi n t s of m ethyl

, ,
=

a ted S pi rits a n d on e p i nt O f di sti lled w a ter Th e m ixture .

shoul d b e kept a t ordi n a ry temper a ture a n d a llowed to ,

st a nd for a few hou rs o cc a sion a lly sh a ki ng then p a ss ed , ,

thro ugh a filter O f blotti ng p a p er B efore using the sol u .

ti on it S hould b e tested by m e a ns O f w a ter of known h a rd

ness I n c a se the so luti on i s t oo strong it S ho ul d b e dil uted
'

.
,

wi th S pi rits a n d w a ter u ntil the strength i s j ust right .

S oft
w a ter co nt a i ns n o miner a l impu riti es . R a i n w a ter
i s th e pur est ki nd of n a tur a l soft w a ter .

Th e ch a r a cter of w a ter its corresponding d egree O f ,

h a r dness a n d ch emi c a l sub st a nce c a usi ng the h a rdness ,

r a ted a s equ iv a lent to gr a i ns c a rbon a te of li me m a y b e ,

fo u nd i n T a bl e X XI I .

TA B L E XXI I . H a r dn e s s Of Wa ter s

Ch a r ac t e r of t he “a
'

t er

S o f t n es s
-
d e cr e as in g
M od er atel y s oft .

M od e r a te l y har d

V e r y har d

I n tol er a b l y har d a b ov e t hi s p oin t .

E ven the softest of w a ter cont a i ns a sm a ll propo rtion

of l ime o r m a gnesi a a s a rul e a n d it m a y b e a ssumed th a t ,

th e softest O f w a ter i s a t l ea st on e degree h a rd .

I n l imesto ne regi ons su ch a s the upp er M i ssissippi ,

V a lley w a ter of 1 0 degrees h a rdness i s n ot u ncommon whi le

, ,

som e of th e w a ter pump ed from the ch a lk bene a th the C ity

O f L on don E ngl a n d i s a s ha r d a s 2 2 de g ree s Cl a r k
, , .
12 0 P r i n c i p l es and P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

the weight of chemi c a l cont a ined i n a gollon of s a tur a ted

solutio n .

E F F E C T O F W A T E R S U P O N M E T AL S — The solvent power

O f w a ter i s n ot confined t o mi ner a ls a lo ne , b ut , under f a vor

a ble conditi o ns wi ll a tt a ck a n d di ssolve met a l from w a ter

,

p i pes or from other met a lli c s urf a ces with whi ch it co mes
i n cont a ct The energy with whi ch w a ter a tt a cks met a l s
.

TAB L E XX I I I . S ol u b i l i t y Of W a t er
C LL E TT)
( O

O n e I m p eri a l G ll on o f P u r e Wa t er A t 60 D A t 2 1 2 D e g re es
F h h it Fh h
a e gr ee s
can D i sso lv e of S u b s t a n c e a ren e a r en e i t

35 7 p oun d s
.

8 9 p oun d s
.

B ar i um chl or i de
*
C al ci um ca r b o n at e

Ja l c i um o x i d (l i m e )
e

M a gn es i um ca r b on a t e

I M a gn es i um c hl or i d e .

M a g n es i um s ul p h at e
So di um b i b or at e (b or a x )
S odi um ca r b on a t e (d ry) .

S o di um ca r b on at e (cr ys t al s )

p oun ds
S odi um p h os p ha t e
p oun d s
4 2 p ou n d s
.

I l bl
nso u e a t a b ou t 2 90 d e g r ee s Fh a r en h it e T
D e c om p os e s at b il
o er t em p e r
t
a ure i n p r e s e n c e of a lk l i a ne ea r ths or I r on .
I I n S Ol ub l e at 302 d e g r ee s Fh
a r en

h it
e , equ a lt o 70 l b s . t
s ea m p r es sur e .

depends l a rgely upon the ch a r a cter O f the w a ter the n a tu re ,

O f th e met a l a n d the a mount o f free c a rboni c a ci d cont a i ned

i n the w a ter A s a rule soft w a ter a tt a cks a n d dissolve s

.
,

met a ls t o a gre a ter ext ent th a n wi ll h a rd w a ter a lthough ,

there a r e excepti on a l c a ses where perm a nently h a rd w a ters

 P r i n c i p l es a nd P r a c ti c e o
f P l um bi n g 12 1

h a ve been kno wn to a tt a ck le a d pi pes with a n energy equ a l

to th a t O f soft wa ters I t i s not su ffi ci ent th a t w a ter b e
.

soft to c a use it to a tt a ck meta ls ; the re mu st a l so b e present

i n the wa ter some o xygen a n d c a rbon i c a cid eith er free o r ,

i n sol uti on I f either the oxygen o r th e c a rboni c a ci d a r e

.

TA BL E XXI V Le a d Foun d i n D rin king Wa t er

.

L I S T O F C I TI E S A N D T O ‘V N S “ TTH ‘ I A X I M U NI A M O U N TS O F L E A D .

FO l N D S A MP LE S O F ‘V A TE B TA K E N D U R I N G O R D I N A R Y
’

I N
l S l J A N D A F T E R S T A N D I N G I N TH E P I P E
'

L o ad Par t per
l dp
s

p ar ts o f
d
ea er

a n g e r ou s )

LO C A L I T Y

H y de P k ar (O ld

Lo we ll (coo k an d hy dr a uli c we ll s )

M e tr opo li ta n su pp l y

( R epor t Ma s s ac h us e tt s B oar d O f H ea lth . 1 900 , p a g e 4 00 )

l a cki ng the s olvent power O f the w a ter wi ll b e gre a tly

,

red uced .

E FF E C T O F Vi A TL R U P O N L E A D c o nt a i ni n g
'
‘

a .

fixed a mo u nt of oxygen a n d a v a ryin g a mou nt of c a rbonic

12 2 P r i n c i p l es and P r a c ti c e f P l u m bi n g
o

a ci d a cts up on l e a d with a n ener g y pro p o rtio n a l to the

a mou nt O f c a rbo ni c a ci d pres ent The a ctio n of w a ter u pon .

a b righ t l e a d su rf a ce i s m u ch more en ergeti c th a n upon a

dull l e a d su rf a ce Thus city r a i n w a ter stored for

.
, ,

m onth s i n cont a ct with new a n d O l d l e a d su rf a ces wa s ,

TABL E XX V . Le a d i n S a m p l es Of G ro u n d Wa ter s
A R RA N GE D A C CO RD I N G TO A V E RA GE A M O U N T O F L E AD F O U N D W H E N
W A TE R I S I N O R D I NA RY U S E

(P AR TS PE R —0 5 P AR T PE R D A NGE ROU S .
)

LO CA LI T Y S A DI P LE S TA K EN

L owe ll (coo k In ordi n ary u e s . 3 2 87

.

Aft e r s tan di n g in p i pe
I n or di n a r y u e s

Af te r s t an di ng i n p i p e . .

3 24 2
.

In or di na r y us e .

A v de Pa r k (O l d ) 3 243
Afte r s ta n di n g i n p i pe
I n or di n a r y us e . 1 30 1
.

Af t er s t an di ng i n p i pe . .

I n or di n a r y us e .

In or di n a r y u se 2 733
.

A fte r s t an di n g In p l pe
I n or di n a r y us e .

In or di n a r 3 use
Aft e r s t a n di n g In p i pe
N ee dh a m ” I n or di n a r 3 u e s

Aft e r s t an di n g I n p i pe
D ed ha m I n or di n a r 3 u se .
1 611
.

Af t er s t a n di n g In pi p e
I n or di n ar 3 u s e
Aft er s t an di n g In p i pe
I n or di n a r y u se .
1 084
.

N or t h At t l e In ordi n ar 3 us e .

Afte r s t a n di n g 111 p i p e
I n or di n a r y us e 2 411
A f t er s t a n d i n g i n p i p e 004 3

( R epo t r M a ss a c h use tts S t te

a B oa r d of H ea lth , 1 900 , p a g e
12 4 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P lu m b i n g

c a rboni c a ci d would m a ke it more d a ngero us th a n g roun d

w a ter .

An i de a of the a mou nt of le a d dissolved fro m le a d p ip es

by different kin ds of w a ter c a n b e fou nd i n T a ble s X XIV ,

X XV X XVI , I n these t a bles the qu a ntity of l e a d d i s

.

solved i s st a ted i n p a rts per i n whi ch a mou nts 05 .

p a rt of le a d is consi dered the d a nger l imit .

TAB L E XXVII . Z i n c i n S a m pl e s of G roun d Wa t e r

(P A RTS PE R

Av Av
LO C AL I T Y A M P LES TA L th f
era g e er a g e
S KE N Z i nc S i z e of P i p e
(A v er a g e ) Pi
pe(F t)
en g o
ee h
( I n c es )

W es t B er l i n I n or di n ar y us 1 84 6 9 Gal v I r on
.

Af t er s t an di n g i n pi p e 4,000
M ill b u ry I n or di n a ry u s 53
Aft er s t a n di n g in pi pe
I n or di n a r y u s
Af t er s t a n di n g i n pi pe .

M l h ea d
arb e . I n or di n a r y u s e
Af t er s t an di n g i n pi pe
I n or di n a r y u s e
After s t an di n g i n pi pe
L owe ll (cook an d I n or di n ar y u s
hyd . wel l s ) Af t er s t a n di n g I n p 1p e .

W e ll es l ey . I n or di n a r y
Af t er s t an di n g i n pi p e
Fa i r h av en I n or di n a r y u s e
Af t er st an di n g i n pi pe
Lowe ll (b ou l e v a r d I n or din ar y us e .

A ft er s t a n d i n g i n pi pe
W eb s t er I n or d in ar y u s e
Af t er s t a n di n g i n pi pe .

R e a di n g I n or di n a r y u s e .

Aft er s t an din g i n pipe

I n or din a r y u s e
Af t e r s t a n di n g i n pi p e .

( R e p or t M a s s a c h t
uset s S t t Bo
a e ar d of H ea lt h , 1 900 , p a g e 4 95 )

These t a bles a l l show the incre a sed a mount of le a d d i s

solved from pi pes by w a ter th a t wa s st a ndi ng f or some time ,

a n d i ndi c a te the a ddition a l p rotection t o he a lth th a t c a n be

obt a i ned by a llowing the w a ter i n the servi ce pipe t o run t o

w a ste befo re dr a wi ng a n y for coo ki ng or dri nking purposes .

E FF E C T or G AL V AN I Z ED P I P E U P O N W A T ER —Z i nc co a t
i ngs on the su rf a ce of g a lv a ni zed i ro n pi pe a r e a tt a cked a n d
di ssolved by som e w a ters a lmost a s energeti c a lly a s i s le a d
 P r i n c i p l es a nd P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g 12 5

p ip e Z i nc i s a lso d i ssolved to a consi der a bl e e xtent from

.

br a ss p i pes At C wmfeli n g a lv a ni ze d i ro n pip e th a t con

.
*
,

d ucts w a ter from a spri ng to the town a d i st a n ce of on e ,

h a lf mile wa s fo und t o ch a nge th e ch a r a cter of th e wa ter

,

a s shown by the following a n a lys i s

A t S p r i n g A t De l i v e r y
F re e a mm o n i a n on e 1 14
N i t r og e n as n i tr a e s t . 8 n on e

T t l
o a res i d ue 2 70
Z inc c ar b on a t e n on e

TA BL E XX V III . Z inc i n S a m p le s of S u r fa ce Wa ter

(P ARTS P E R 1 00 000 )

Av Av
LO C A L I T Y AM P L E S T A K E N L
era g e e ra ge
S 2 1m
v e ngt h of S i z e o f Pi pe
(A er a g e ) Pi pe ( F t)ee h
( I n c e s)

S h e ffi e l d In di n a r y u e
or s
.

Af t e r s t an di ng in p i p e .

I n or di n a r y u e s

A f t e r s ta n di n g i n p i p e . 42 8
0
I n or di n a r y u e s
.

Aft e r sta n di n g i n p i pe
F all Ri ver I n or d i n ar y us e
Aft e r s t an di ng i n p i p e
M e tr o po li t a n I n or di n a r y u e s

A ft e r s t a n d i n g i n p l p C

( R ep or t Mas s ac h use tt s S t t B oa
a e r d of H ea lt h , 1 900, p a g e 4 95 )

The e ffects o n gro und a n d s u rf a ce w a ters th a t a r e con

d ucted through g a lv a ni zed i ro n se rv ic e p ipes c a n b e j u dged
from the resu lts i n T a bl es X X V I I a n d X X V I I I .

TABL E XXIX . Co p per i n S a mple s of G round Wa ter

( P A RTS P E R

A\
L gt h " A v
e ra g c

L O C AL I T Y A M P L E S TA
g e ra e
S KE N en
f P p s S
iz e o i e

(I h )
B “ FD
ra ‘ c
nc
( F t)
es
ee

W e ll es l e y In di n a r 3 u e
or s .

Af te r s ta n di n g In p i p e 02 9 6 J
Lo we l l ( b oul e v a r d I n or di n a r 3 use
we l l s ) Af t e r s t a n d in g i n p i p e 02 3 3
Lowel l (coo a n d k I n or di n a r 3 u e s

hy d . we ll s ) Aft e r s t a n d i n g i n p i p e . 00 00 J
’

” Ch em i ca l N e ws X —X —S S ‘

.
12 6 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a cti ce o f P l um bi n g

To b ri efly s um u p it m a y b e st a ted th a t i t i s a lw a ys
,

better to determi ne experiment a lly the a cti on of w a ter upon

p ip es th a n t o try a n d p redi ct i t from knowledge of the ch a r
a cter of the w a ter It is b etter still to o nly use p ipes th a t
.

a r e not a ff ected t o a n y a p p r ec i a b l e extent by the solvent

a ctio n of a n y w a ter If however pip es must b e u sed th a t

.
, ,

a r e s o a ff ected then those shoul d b e s el ected the d is so lved

, ,

m et a ls of whi ch a r e the l e a st i nj uri o u s t o the hum a n system .

The n ecess ity of u sing pipes th a t a r e not i nj u ri ous i s

m a nifest when it is cons i dered th a t a w a ter whi ch is p er
,

f e c t l y wholesome a n d n on solvent m a y b e ch a nged a t a n y

-

time f o r a different supply th a t might energeti c a lly a tta ck

the pi pes o r the ch a r a cter of th e w a ter i tself m ight ch a nge
, ,

suffici ently t o dissolve the met a l .

C opp er i s a lso di ssolve d from b r a ss p ip es a s m a y b e ,

s een from T a bles X XI X a n d X X X o f a n a lysi s of grou nd a n d

s urf a ce w a ters dr a wn from b r a ss servi ce p ipes .

TABL E XXX . C op pe r i n S a m p l e s of S u rfa c e W a ter

(P ART S P E R

Av e ra ge
Av
LO C A LI T Y A M P L E S T A K EN
e ra g e
S Co op e r Le n g t h fi f S i z e of P i p e
( Av er a g e ) B r a ss P l p e
h
( I n c es)
( Fee t )

M ld
a en . I n o r di n a r y us e
Af t e r s t a n di n g i n p I p e
Mte r o poli t a n I n or di n a r y us e
Af t e r s t a n d i n g i n p I p e
L awr en c e I n or di n a r y us e
Af te r s t a n di n g i n p i p e
W ake fi e l d I n or di n ar y us e
Af t e r s t a n di n g i n p I p e

The eff ect of som e w a ter upon different m et a ls of whi ch

w a ter p ip es a r e m a de or co a ted a n d the result a nt effect ,

upon the he a lth of those dri nki ng the w a ters a r e shown in

T a ble X X XI .

The a cti on o f w a ter upon ga lv a nized iron pi pes i s

a lmost a s energeti c a s upon le a d pip es a n d u nder suit a ble ,

cond itions will dissolve equ a l a mounts of met a l from e a ch .

However the effect of the zi nc u pon the he a lth i s not d a n

,

g e r o u s but only inj u ri ous b ec a u s e z inc i s not

, a c umul a tive
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r ac ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

vol ume of sulfureted hydrogen or 1 00 per cent of i ts , .

volume of c a rboni c a ci d g a s By i ncre a si ng the pressure on

.

the w a ter i t s c a p a city for a b sorpti on i s i ncre a s ed i n di rect

propo rtion . Th a t i s if the pres sure b e i ncre a sed t o t wo
,

a tmo spheres , t he temp er a ture rem a i ni ng u nch a nged p ure ,

w a ter wi ll a bsorb 8 p er cent of i t s own volume of a i r 8 per

.
,

cent of i t s volume of sulfureted hydrogen or 2 00 per cent

. .

of i t s volume of c a rboni c a ci d g a s .

H e a ti ng W a ter less ens i t s c a p a city f or a bsorpti o n in

dir ect pro portion to the a mou nt of he a t a ppli ed The rel a .

tive volume of g a s a bsorb ed i s i n a l l c a ses di rectly a s the

press ure a n d i nversely a s the temp er a ture Thus if the .
,

pressu re b e i ncre a sed it wi ll a bsorb more g a s a n d if it b e ,

he a ted it will a bsorb correspondingly less g a s W a ter i s .

s a tur a ted when it ha s i n soluti o n a l l the g a s it c a n hold If .

w a ter i s s a tu r a ted with g a s a n d the pressure i s then

incre a sed or the temp er a tu re lowered the c a p a city of the ,

w a ter t o hol d g a s wi ll b e i ncre a sed a n d it will a b sorb sti ll

mo re . If w a ter i s s a tur a ted with g a s a n d the p ressure i s
redu ced or i t s temper a ture r a i s e d the c a p a city of the w a ter
,

t o hol d g a s will b e red uced a n d s om e wi ll be lib er a ted .

It i s du e to the f a ct th a t i ncre a si ng the pressure of

w a ter i ncr e a ses its c a p a city t o a b sorb g a se s th a t a c cessi
t a tes frequ ent rech a rg ing o f a i r ch a mb ers i n pipe systems .

W a ter usu a lly enters a supply system from a pump or reser

voi r a t a tmospheri c press u re s a tur a te d with a i r
,
A s the .

w a ter b ecomes compressed however its c a p a city t o a bsorb

, ,

a i r i s incre a sed ,
hence when p a ss ing a n a i r ch a mber the
,

w a ter a bsorbs a i r from the ch a mb er whi ch i n tu rn gr a d ,

u a l l y fills with w a ter .

The f a ct th a t decre a se of p ressu re liber a tes a i r from

s a tu r a ted w a ters determines the b est pl a ce i n a system t o
loc a te a i r ch a mb ers . When a f a u cet i s opened the p ress u re
of w a ter a t th a t point i s cons ider a bly redu ced ; fu rthermo re ,

i n p a ssi ng through the sys tem of pipi ng withi n the bui ldi ng
the w a ter ha s b ecome slightly w a rmed ; hence if a n a i r ,

ch a mb er i s lo c a ted i mmedi a tely a bove the f a ucet ga s es lib ,

e r a t e d from the w a ter wi ll ri se i nto the a i r ch a mber a n d

keep it ch a rged .
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P l um b i n g
o 12 9

CH AP TE R XI V
H YD R O D YN A M I CS

H YDRO S TATI C S

L a ws of Hyd ra u lic P re s s ure

T H E H YDRAUL I C G RA D E N T
I —
Th e s u rf a ce of w a ter
. at

rest i s a lw a ys level If two o r more vess els a r e co nnected

.

together ne a r thei r bottoms a n d w a ter i s pou red i nto one

vess el i t will flow through th e connecting pip es to the sev
,

er a l vessels u nti l the s u rf a ce of w a ter i n a l l of th em i s a t th e

s a me level .

If w a ter i n the system of p i pi ng Fig 6 2 b e a t rest it , .

, ,

wi ll st a nd i n a l l of the br a nches O p en to the a tmosphere a t

the top a t the s a me lev el ( I a s th e w a ter i n th e t a nk Thi s .

li ned i s c a lled the hyd r os t a ti c g r a d i en t If th e cock b b e

.

now O p ened th e w a ter i n the sever a l b r a nches wi ll f a ll to

the dotted li ne c d r a wn fro m th e s u rf a ce of the w a ter i n the
t a nk to the o utlet of the cock This l i ne i s known a s th e
.

hyd r a u l i c g r a d i e n t a n d its di st a nce a bove a p ressu re m a i n

,

determ ines the a v a i l a bl e pressu re he a d a t th a t poi nt wh en ,

w a ter i s flowi ng through the pi pe I t sho uld b e noti ced th a t

.

the p r es s u r e hea d d iff ers from th e hyd r os ta t i c he a d ; the

l a tter i s equ a l to the verti c a l d i st a nce from the w a ter pi p e
to the hyd rost a ti c gr a d ient ( 1 while the pressu re he a d i s
,

equ a l to only th e verti c a l di st a nce from th e w a ter pi pe to th e

hyd r a u li c gr a di ent 0 When w a ter from one t a nk o r reser
.

vo i r disch a rges i nto a nother t a nk o r reservo i r a t a lower

level the hyd rost a ti c gr a di ent b ecomes a n i m a gi n a ry l i ne
,

d r a wn from the su rf a ce of w a ter i n the u pper t a nk o r

reservoi r to the s u rf a ce of w a ter i n the lower one An .

o pen condu i t between two s uch res ervo i rs wi ll cond u ct w a ter

from the high er to the lowe r one witho ut overfl owi ng the
cond u it p rovid ed the co nd u it follows the li ne of the
,

hyd r a uli c gr a d ient a n d a t no poi nt ri ses a bove nor d i ps below

it. When ru nni ng s i pho n pi pes or other closed condu its "

from a reservo i r o r other sou rce of w a ter su pply to a bu il d

1 30 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

i ng c a re shoul d b e t a ke n to keep the p i pe below the

’

hydr a ul i c gr a di ent When however it i s impr a ctic a ble t o

.
, ,

d o s o a reli ef v a lve o r O p en vent shoul d b e provi ded a t the

,

highest poi nt of the li ne where it ris es a bove the hydr a uli c

gr a de If m e a ns a r e not provi ded to permit the es c a pe of
.

a i r from the p ip e it will a ccumul a te a t this point unti l it

,

fills the b end o f the p ip e a n d by forming a n a i r lo ck might

completely stop the flow o f w a ter If the flow of w a ter i s
.

no t compl etely stopp ed other i mp o rt a nt ch a nges wi ll result ;

,

if a v a cu um g a uge i s a tt a ched t o th e pi pe a t a n y poi nt

where it ri ses a bove the hydr a uli c gr a di ent it will show a
p a rti a l v a cuum ; this v a cu um wi ll c a us e a i r t o collect a t the
highest p oi nt i n th e p ip e a n d th e flow of w a ter wi ll become
b r o k e 11 u ntil
fi n a lly the pipe
will b e filled only
t o t h e p o i n t
where it r i s e s
a b o v e the hy
d r a ul i c gr a di ent
a n d w i l l dis
ch a rge a t t h i s
poi nt a s though
di s ch a rgi ng i nto
the a i r From
H yd li G d i t
.

rau c ra en
the highest poi n t
to the o utlet the p ipe wi ll b e only p a rtly filled a n d will a c t a s
,

a fl a m e or ch a nnel to c a rry off the w a ter .

W A T ER — The u nit of w a ter pressure i s the

P R E S S UR E O F
po und p er squ a re i nch The p ress ure exerted by w a ter is
.

du e to its weight a n d i s determi ned by the height of the

col umn o f w a ter For i nst a nce if the pressu re exerted by
.
,

a force p ump i s 5 0 pou nds per squ a re i nch it wi ll b a l a nce a

column of w a ter a bout 1 1 5 feet h igh Thi s pressure there

.
,

fore is equ iv a lent to a he a d of w a ter 1 1 5 feet deep

, He a d .

of w a ter a t a given poi nt i s the verti c a l di st a nce between t h a t

poi nt a n d the level of the su rf a ce of the w a ter I n m ea s .

u ri ng the depth or st a ti c he a d of w a ter the verti c a l dist a nce,

from the hyd rost a ti c gr a di ent to the poi nt of con si der a ti on

1 32 P r i n c i p l es and P r a c ti c e of P l u mbi n g

TAB L E XXXII . Hea ds a nd P re s s ur e s of W a ter

3 2 92

34 2 1- 5 5 01
.

58 91
 P r i n c i p l es a nd P r a c ti c e f P l um b i n g
o 1 33

of a pressu re g a u ge i s shown i n Fig 6 3 I n this i llustr a

. .

ti on the d i a l f a ce i s removed to show th e i nterio r c on s tr uc

tion. A b ent tub e a of ellipti c a l c ross s ecti on m a d e of
,
-

met a l of the requ i red el a sti city ha s its bottom end firmly
,

a tt a ched to the g a uge c a se a n d its u pper end left free to

,

move To th e u pper end is a t

.

t a c he d a lever b which i s so con

,

n ec t e d to a poi nter i n front of a

gr a du a ted i nd ex d i a l th a t a n y
movement of th e tub e wi ll b e i nd i
c a t e d by the poi nter .

The p ri nci ple of its oper a tion

i s a s follows : If a bent tub e of
ellipti c a l cros s sectio n b e subj ected
to a n i ntern a l pressu re th e force ,

exerted wi ll tend to str a ighten the

G g au e

tube . This i s d ue to th e f a ct th a t a
fo rce exerted withi n a tub e of ell ipti c a l cross secti on tend s
to m a ke i t t a ke a ci rcul a r form ; to do so the i nner a r c of ,

the b ent tub e must lengthen a n d the outer a r c sho rt en a n d

t he combi ned effo rt wi ll str a i ghten th e tub e i n d i rect propo r
tion to the p res su re exerted The str a ighteni ng of the tub e
.

imp a rts a movem ent to the register h a n d whi ch i nd ic a t es

o n the f a ce of the g a uge the i ntens ity of th e p ressu re .
 P ri n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

C HA P T E R XV
FL O IV O F WAT E R T H RO U G H P I P E S

FRI C TI O N I N P I PE S — The flow of w a ter thro ugh pi pes

is a cceler a ted by gr a vity a n d ret a rded by fri cti on If it .

were n ot fo r the fri ct io n a l res ist a nce i n pip es w a ter wo uld ,

fl ow thro ugh them with a velocity equ a l to eight times the

s qu a re root of th e he a d As it is the ro u g hness of the
.
,

i nterior w a lls the b ends a n d b r a nch fitt i ngs i n a system of

,

pip i ng offer so mu ch friction a l resist a nce th a t the a ctu a l

m e a n velo ci ty i s b ut a fr a cti on of the theoretic a l vel ocity .

The pressure he a d a t a n y poi nt i s less th a n th a t due to

the hydrost a ti c he a d Thi s diff erence b etween the hydro
.

st a ti c h e a d a n d th e pressure he a d i s known a s l os s of hea d ,

a n d is gre a ter the sm a ller the p ipe or the gre a ter the v e l o c

ity of flow The loss of h e a d i s du e to three c a uses l os s

.
- n

of he a d du e t o entry loss of he a d d ue to b ends a n d l oss O f

, ,

he a d du e to the l ength a n d a re a of the pip e .

T H E C O N T RA CTED V E I N The fl ow o f w a ter through a

-

ci rcul a r a p ertu re i n a thi n p l a te F ig 6 4 i s contr a cted i n , .

,

size a short di st a nce outsi de of the pl a te to 6 1 5 the a re a .

of the a perture b ut exp a nds a g a i n to the full siz e of the

,

opening . The po int of gre a test contr a ctio n i s a t a di st a nce

from the pl a te equ a l t o a bout on e h a lf the di a meter of the -

a perture .

I n conseque nce of thi s contr a ctio n the velocity of flow ,

is sli ghtly reduce d from th e th eoreti c a l v elocity a n d the

qu a ntity d i sch a rged i s gre a tly red uced This Contr a cti on .

i s known a s the c on tr a c t e d r e i n .

When the a perture i s thro ugh a pl a te of cons i der a bl e

thickness or thro ugh a tub e the len g th of whi ch i s n ot less
th a n twi ce the di a m eter of the p ip e th e contr a ction i s still ,

fo un d to occu r b ut to a l ess extent th a n i n the former c a se ;

,

the vei n b ei ng contr a cted a s sho wn i n F ig 6 5 to o nly 8

, .
, .

of the th eo reti c a l a re a du e to he a d a n d a perture .

L oss due t o the contr a cted entr a nce of w a ter from a

t a nk or cyl ind er i nto the end of a p ip e a s co mmonly found ,

i n pr a cti c e mu st be t a ken then a s 2 th e qu a nti t y th a t

,
.
136 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P lum bi n g

L os s HE AD
or IN B E N Ds
of he a d .
— T he loss
d ue t o
.

bends i n a pipe d ep ends U pon t hr e e f a c t o r s

, Fi rst loss .
,

d u e t o ch a nge o f di rection of the w a ter i n the p ipe ; second ,

loss from f r iction a s i n a n o rdi n a ry str a ight length of pipe ;

thi rd loss du e t o enl a rgements o r contr a ctions i n the bend
, ,

such as a r e formed when the u n r ea m e d ends of p ipe a r e

screwed i nto o rdi n a ry elbows .

Th e s econd a n d thi rd losses a l so a pply t o coupli ngs a n d

tees b ut the lo ss i s n o t the s a me
,

a s f or b ends of equ a l di a meters .

The l oss of he a d f or ch a nge of

di rectio n differs with the a ngl e
a n d with the r a d ius o f the b end .

Th a t i s there is less loss f o r ,

ch a nge of di rection i n a forty fi v e -

degree b end th a n i n a ni nety d e -

Fi g 66 gree b end a n d the loss i s gre a ter

S h a p d E tr y t
,
.

co ne e P ip? n o
i n a b end of on e di a meter r a di us
th a n i n one with a r a di us of t wo di a meters The loss i n a .

ni nety degree b end with a r a di u s of five o r more di a meters

a n d u niform smoo th i nterior bore i s n o gre a ter th a n i n a n

equ a l l ength of str a ight pip e I n other words there i s

.
,

pr a cti c a lly no loss f o r ch a nge of di recti o n i n a b end of

gre a ter r a d iu s th a n 5 di a meters .

Th e h e a d lost i n a ni nety degree

bend of less th a n 5 i nch di a m eter
a n d of the r a di us commonly fo u nd

in p r a cti ce r a d i u s d i a m et e r with
,
:
,

squ a re u n r e a m e d ends o f p ipe

screwed i nto the fi t ti ng a s shown in ,

Fi g 6 7 is fou nd by experiment t o
.
,
Fi g 6 7
b e five times a s gre a t a s i n b ends
.

F i cti i B d ,
r on n en s

whi ch the p ip es h a ve re a med ends .

The fri ction lo ss i n bends h a ving re a med pi pes screwed

therei n i s given i n T a ble X X X H I f or v a ri ous sizes of pipe
,
.

It wi ll b e observed th a t the l a rger the siz e of the pip e the ,

gre a ter the equi v a lent length of p ipe the fri cti on i n the
b end equ a ls I n the experiments from which these t a bles
.

were derived the ends of the p i pes were re a med a n d filed

,
 P r i n c i p l es a nd P r a c ti c e of P l um b i n g 1 37

out to s uch a n extent th a t there wa s p r a ctic a lly no decre a se

of d i a m ete r a t th ese poi nts .

TAB L E XXXIII . Fri cti o n i n P i p e Be n ds

Fi di F i n t he b d l
d d
ri c t i on en eq ua s
D ia met e r of B en r c t ion “1 t he
ben s e q ua l
t he f
h t o t he f m n um b f ri c t i o n
t
i n c o r r es

ht po n i ng

l td
ri ct i on er O
i n I nc e s S i z es o f s ra i g p i p e o f t he
f t
ee o f s t ra i g ht p i pe is e
fo l l o vn ng l
e n gt s h

20 fee t o f s t r a igh t pipe 48

*
di a m ete r s of fit t i n g
15 fee t of s t r ai g h t p i pe .
45 di a m e t e r s of fi t t i n g
9 fee t of s t r ai g h t p i pe 36 di a m et e rs of fit t i n g
5 fee t of s t r a i ght p i pe 30 di a m e te r s of fit t i n g
3 ft 3 i n of s t r ai g h t p i pe
. . 26 di a m e t e r s of fit t i n g
2 ft 6 i n of s t r a i ght p i pe
. . 24 di a m e t e r s of fi t t i n g
1 ft 6 i n of s t r a i g h t p i pe
. . 18 d i a m e t e r s of fi t t i n g

‘
Thu s . l S di t
a m e e r s of 1 inc h p i pe eq ua s l 18 i nc h es of s t r ai g h t pi pe .

Fo r u se i n pr a cti ce the v a lu e given i n T a ble X X X IV

m a y b e t a ken the a p proxim a te r a ti os between th e fri c as

t i on of ni nety degree b en ds a n d other fitti ngs of the s a me

size .

TABL E XXXI V Fricti on of Fi tti n g s .

Kin d fF tt ing
N mb u e r of b d i i
90
°
en s t s e q ua l to in
o i
f t l
ri c t i o na r e s i s an c e

li n g One t e n t h of 90 be n d Ab out t m ce t he
°
’

( e mp
‘
-
.

f r i c t i on of c or r e s p on d i n g l en gt h of s t r a i g h t
p 1 pe .

O n e h a l f t he f r i c t i on of a 90 be n d
°
-
.

O pe n t be n d (o pe n p a t t er n ) S a m e as 90 be n d
°
r e ur n .

Tee fi t t i ng E q u a l s f r i c t i on i n t wo 90 b e n d s
°
.

( l a t e val ve O n e h al f t he f r i c t i on of a 90 b e n d
°
-
.

G l o be v a l v e E q u a l s f r i c t i on i n t we l v e 90 be n d s
°
. .

I n pi pes of l a rge r d i a meter th a n 5 i nches these r a ti os ,

wo uld hol d tru e but th e number of di a meters of str a i ght ,

pi pe a fitting wo ul d equ a l i n fri ction a l res ist a nce wo uld

i ncre a s e i n p ro porti on a n d c a n b e fo u nd by i nterp ol a tion .

The lo ss of h e a d i n sm a ll fitti ngs when the end s of the

pi pe screwed into the fitti ng a r e re a med a s shown i n F i g , .

6 8 i s found by exp erim ent to b e less by a bo ut five times a s

,

when the pi pe ends a r e not re a med Fo r i nst a nce i n a .

,

1 i nch ni nety degree bend with re a med pi pe ends i n whi ch , ,

N t T bl X X X I I I d
o e : b d ax p m t m ad by P o
es an ase on e eri en s e r ~

f
t ‘
l R G i u l S h l of A h i t c t u A u t i T x
S S f'l
'
‘

. . e s e . c oo rc e re .
s n ,
e as .
138 P r i n ci p l e s a nd P r ac t i c e o f P l u mb i n g

the fri cti o n i s equ a l to fr i cti o n in a p i pe of a length of 18

di am eters thi s loss of h ea d wo u l d b e di vi ded i nto
,

Los s of he a d du e t o c han g e in di r ec ti o n
L os s o f he a d du e t o e n l ar g e m e n t o f t he be n d
L os s of he a d fr om f ri c ti on du e to l en g t h of fi tt i n g 2 di am e t a ‘

T t o al . 18 di a m e t ers
In a b e n d ha v i n g un r e a m ed p i p e ends the fr i cti on ,

wo ul d be a bo ut 5 t i m es as gr ea t ,

or equ al to 5 X 1 8 90 di am eters z

of the p ip e .

Th e loss of hea d i n a b e n d of
fiv e o r more di a m et er r a di us ,

W i th fl us h i n teri or j o in ts Fi g 6 9 , .
,

i s equ a l to t he loss of hea d i n a

Fi g 68 lengt h of p i p e fo u r di a met e rs of
d
.

El b o w W i th B e am e P ipes t he fitt i ng Thi s is compa r a

.

ti v e l y sh own as foll o w s :

Loss of h e a d du e t o c h an g e o f di r ec t i on .

Loss of h e a d d ue t o en l ar e m en t o f t he g b en d
L os s o f h a d f r om fr i c t i on du e t o l e n g t h
e of p i pe

T e ta l .

F r om th e fo rego i ng i t wi l l be s ee n tha t the l eas t

bl e hea d is co ns um ed b y us i n g fi tti ng of s

l a rge r a di us wi th fl us h j o ints Tha t wh en .

comm on fitti ngs a r e us ed the l oss c a n be

red u ced to on e fif t h b y r ea mi n g the ends -

of the p ipe with a t ri a ngul a r sha p e d -

re am er th e l en g th of whi ch i s j ust d ouble

,

th e b a se .

Th e v al u es fo r fr i cti on lo s s i n fitti n gs
gi v en i n th e p r ec edi n g ta bles a r e rela ti v e
a n d for l a w v el oc i ti es n ot o v er 1 foo t p er ,

s e con d Wi th a n i ncrea e i n veloc i ty hO W

.
s
,
=

ev er t here i s a n i n cre a s e i n fri c t i on al r e

,
s

s i s t an c e so for gre a ter veloc iti es th e

,
m g a, ,

fri cti on wil l ha ve t o b e a pp roxi m a ted by

ca l c ul a ti on .
1 40 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

the cro ss sectiona l a re a of the 2 i nch pi pe it will be remem ,

b ered i s 4 times a s gre a t a s th a t o f a 1 i nch p i pe

, .

Thi s i s well illustr a ted i n Fig 7 0 I n the fou r 1 i nch . .

p ipes a b c cl the length of the wetted perimeter i s j ust

, , , , ,

i nches If the fou r 1 i nch p i pes be n ow converted

.
-

i nto on e 2 inch pi pe by removi ng the secti ons m a rked with

-

dotted li nes a n d rolli ng the he a vy l i ned secti ons b a ck t o e ,

the wetted p erimeter wi ll b e redu ced t o i nches or a bout ,

on e h a lf the length o f the comb ined perimeters o f the fou r

-

1 in ch pi pes whi le the secti on a l a re a r e m a i n s u n c ha n g e d

-

,
.

3 Fri cti on v a ri es a lmost a s the squ a re of the velocity

.

a n d i s enti rely i ndependent of press

u re Th a t i s if th e velocity of flow .
,

of w a ter i n a p ip e i s do ubled the ,

fri ction a l resist a nce wi ll b e qu a d

r u p l e d while if the initi a l velocity i s ,

red uced t o o n e h a lf the fri ction a l r e -

s i sta n c e will b e d ecre a sed t o on e -

qu a rter reg a rdless of the intensity ,

F i g 70 of pressu re i n the pip e .

W t t e d P e i m e t e of P i p e s
,

e r
L oss of he a d du e t o fri ctio n i n
r

pip es c a n b e determ ined by the formul a :

h : f i n wh i c h h 2 l os s of hea d in fe e t f
,
: c oe ffi c i e n t for si ze an d r oug h
d2 g
n e ss o pi pe
f , 1: 1e n g t h of pi p e in fee t , v : l
v e oc i ty in fe e t p er s e c on d ,

( I : di ame t er of p i pe in fe e t g
,
: 32 1 6
. ac c e er a l t i on due t o gr a vi t y .

The v al u e of coeffi cient f f or diff erent sizes of pi pes

TAB L E XXX V I . V a l ue s of C o e ffi c i e n t F

( M E R R I MA N )

Vl e oc i t y of F ee t p e r S ec on d
10
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u mbi n g 141

and with d ifferent veloc iti es of flo w c a n be fo u nd i n T a bl e

X XXVI .

E xA M P L E —W h a t i s t h l s s f h e a d d ue t f r i t i n i
e o o a 3 i n c h p i p e 6 00
o c o n ~

fe t l o g i f t he m e a n e l c i t y o f fl o w i 4 fe e t p e r s e n d
e n , x o
?
s co

S O L U TI O N —F r m t he t a bl e i t i f u n d t h a t t h v a l u
o s o f/ f a 3 i m h p i pe
e e o or -

wi t h a v e l c i t y f 4 f e e t p e s e c n d i s 02 5 ; t h e n s u b s t i t ut i n g g i v e n v l ue s i n
o o r o . . a

th f r m u l a
e o

6 00 X 16
hz . 02 5 X 15 fe e t —A n s we r .

. 25 X
T a ble XX X V I I gives the los s of h e a d i n po unds p er
squ a re i nch fo r e a ch 1 00 feet of length i n diff erent si zes of
cle a n p ipes d isch a rgi ng given qu a ntiti es of w a te r p er m i nute .

If th e loss of he a d i s d esi red fo r the s a me d i a m eters of

pi pe b ut fo r diff erent l engths th a n thos e given i n the t a ble ,

when di sch a rgi ng the given qu a ntiti es o f w a ter i t c a n be ,

fo un d by mu lti plying the loss of he a d by th e r a ti o of the

len g th o f p i pe Fo r i nst a nce a ccord i ng to th e t a ble there
.
,

i s a loss of he a d of 1 3 po u nds i n a 34 i nch pi pe when d is -

ch a rging 1 0 g a llons o f w a ter p er m i nute a n d a s fri cti o n , , ,

h ence loss of he a d i s i n d i rect p ropo rti o n to the l ength of

,

a pip e velocity a n d d i a meter rem a i ni ng the s a m e i t follows

, ,

th a t i n a 34 i nch pi pe 2 00 feet lo ng di sch a rgi ng 1 0 g a llo ns

-

of w a ter per mi nute the loss of he a d wo uld b e 2 6 p ounds

, ,

o r doubl e th a t i n 1 00 feet of p i pe L ikewi s e i n a p i p e of .

,

equ a l di a m eter but only 5 0 feet lo ng d is ch a rging 1 0 g a llo ns ,

of w a ter per m i nute the loss of h e a d woul d be

, po unds ,

o r o n e h a lf th a t of 1 00 feet of p i pe
-
.

If th e loss of he a d express ed i n po unds i s des i red i n

feet it c a n be fou nd by m ulti plyi ng the loss of he a d i n
,

pou nds by The si ze of pi pes a n d qu a ntity of di sch a rge

being given i n this t a ble the velocity of fl ow c a n be fou nd,

by d ivi d ing the qu a ntity by the a re a of the pi pe .

VE LO C I T Y OF F LO W — When w a ter fl ows th ro ugh a pi pe

.

of unifo rm cross secti on th e qu a ntity of w a ter p a ss ing a n y

,

poi nt i n a given i nterv a l of time d epends u pon th e velocity

with whi ch th e w a ter flows a n d the a re a of cro ss sectio n of
the p ipe It i s evi dent th a t th e qu a ntity of w a ter will equ a l
.

a column whose cross section i s the a re a of th e pi pe a n d

whose l en g th i s equ a l to the velocity .

1 44 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

the const a nt 4 8 whi ch i s a n a ver a ge v a l ue of coe fficients

,

f or sm a ll si zes of pi pes c a n be used a n d wi ll give results , ,

suffici ently a ccu r a te f or most pr a cti c a l pur p os es .

TAB L E XXXVI II . Va lues of C oe ffi c i e n t M

D iame t e r of P i pe i n

1 + 5 4d

F OR M ULA FOR HE AD — When th e length a n d di a m eter

of a p i pe a r e known the he a d requi red t o di sch a rge a cer
,

t a i n qu a nt ity of w a ter per second c a n b e fo und by the

formul a :
000 1 04 q l
wh i c h h z fe e t f p i pe fe e t
-

in he a d in l l e n g th
.

, ,
z o l n ,

d z di a m e t e r of pi pe in fe e t , of wa t e r i n cu b i c fe e t per
s e c on d .

E XAM P L E — W h a t h e a d wi l l b e r e q u i e d t o d i s c h ar g e fr om r a 4 i nch
-
p i pe
f e e t l on g 2 c ub i c f e e t o wa t e r p e r s e c o d
f n
?

S O L U TI O N —S u b s t i t u t i n g v a l u e s i n the f or m u l a

X 4 X 5 00 3 33 f e e t h e a d — A n swer .

F O R M ULA FOR D I A ME T ER —When the l ength of a pip e ,

th e hydrost a ti c he a d a n d the qu a ntity of w a ter requi red to

,

b e d elivered per secon d a r e known the di a meter o f p ipe ,

th a t will s a fely t a ke c a re of th a t qu a ntity c a n b e fo u nd by

the formul a :
l
q in wh i c h d di a m e t e r of pi pe in fee t q c ub i c f ee t p er
z
(1
z
: 2 34 ,
l

s e c on d to be d e l i v er e d ,
1: le ng th of pi pe in fe et , hz he a d i n fe e t .
 P r i n c i p l es a nd P r a c ti c e o f P l um b i n g 1 45

-
What d ia m te r o f p i pe e wi l l be re q u i re d to d l n e r 5 c u b i c f t
e . oo

o f wa t e r p e r secon d t h r ug h a p i pe
o fe e t l o n g wi t h a h e a d f 400 f t o ee
?

S o w r to x— d 223 4
x 2 45 f ete 3 lnc h p i p —A n s we er

V
-
” .

f00
-

i
.

F O R M ULA S FO R QUA N T I T Y — W hen the me a n v elocity .

a n d the a re a o f a pi pe a r e kno wn the qu a ntity o f w a ter ,

di sch a rged i n a given i nterv a l of time c a n b e d etermi ned by

the formul a
z wa i n wh i c h
. q : q
t i t y o f wa t e r i c ub i c fe e t p r m i n u t e
ua n el ci t n e ,
v z v o v

o f flo w i n f e e t p e r m i n u t e a a a o f c os s s e c t i o n o f p i p e i n s q u a r e f e t
re r e .

E XAM P L E — H o w m a n c u b i c fe e t o f wa t e wi l l be d s c h a r g e d p e r m i n ut e b
y r i v

a 2 i n c h p i p e wh e n t he
-

e lo i t o f e fli u x i s 3 00 f e e t p r m i n u t e ?
\ c v e

S O L L Tl O N A e a o f 2 i n c h p i p e
‘

r 02 1 s q u a r e fe e t
-
T h e n 02 1 X 300 z . . .

c ub i c fe e t — A n s we r . .

When the di a meter he a d a n d length of a p i p e a r e ,

known the qu a ntity of w a ter it will deliver i n a given ti m e

,

c a n b e fo un d by the fo rmu l a :

’
d5 h
X in w ic h h b i c fe e t te (1 di am
v1 q ua n t i t x i n cu pe r m i n u
:
q z .

t o f p i p e i n i n c h e s h he a d i n f e e t l l e t h
e er . z z n o
of p i pe fee t
in .

E XAM P L E — W h a t q u a n t i t o f wa t e r c a n be d e l i v e e d y r pe r m i n ut e t h r o u g h a

3 -
i n c h p i pe f e e t l on g wi t h a h e a d o f 400 f e e t
,
?

S O L L TI O N —q
l2 43 X 4 00
X 4 Tl _ cu bic f ee t per minu te
V
. .

2 000
A n s we r .

D I S C H ARG I N G C A PA C I T Y or S M ALL P I P E S — 1 t i s often .

conveni ent to know a pproxi m a tely th e nu mb er of g a llons of

w a te r d elivered per m inute thro ugh pip e of v a rio us sm a ll ,

sizes Thi s i nform a tion wil l b e fo u nd i n T a bl e X X XI X

. ,

where the di sch a rge i s given u nder st a ted h e a d s i n feet fo r

v a ri ous lengths a n d will b e u seful i n l a yi ng out s ervi ce,

pip es .

G i v e a 2 i n c h p p 1 3 3 f e t l o n g ho w m uc h w t r W l l i t
E X AM P L E — n -
i e e , a e i

d l i v e r p e r m i n u t u n d e r a h e a d o f 1 00 fe e t
e e
?

S O L U TI O N —The h e a d e q u a l s t h r ee q u a r t e s o f t he l e n g t h Unde r th -
r . e

c o l um n H _ L a d pp os i t e t 2 i n c h d i a m e t e r we fi n d t he a n s we l i 3 l
o r
-

, 4 n o . .

g a l l o n Isn t
. he s a m w y w e wi l l fi d t h a t
e a 3§ i n c h
a p i p e 75 f e t l n g u n d n ~
e o . er

a h e a d f 1 50 fe t f ll o 2 L t wi l l d i c h a g
e , p p o x i ma t l
:
g a ll p s r e a r e v ons er

m i n ut e .
1 46 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P l u mbi n g
o

TA BL E XXXIX . D i s c ha r g i n g Ca p a c i ty of P i p es

— o — h — u

—
16 5 14 0 12 5 1 0 OO
28 9 26 5 24 4 . 18 O
48 7 45 6 38 5 . 2 9 OO .

111 8 1 00 O 93 5 6 1 N .

1 74 1 38
16 3
n \

6 3
.

0 NA p OO O
)

( p p

2 92 1 2 75 2 38 5 2 1 7
4 . 7 Q
56 6
4 528 9 447 . 0 346 M
1 1 04 . 1 04 8 . 9 2 4 O 85 5 4 780 9 6 9 8 5 6 04 O .

1 74 5 . 16 5 1 156 0 146 0 135 1 12 34 . . . 1 1 03 955 M

358 1 . 339 7 3 2 03
. 2 9 96 .2 7 74 2 532 . . 2265 1 06 2 . .

6 247 . 592 8 5588

. 52 2 7 .4 8 39 44 1 7 . . . 395 1 3 4 06 . .

9 85 5 . 9349 88 14
. 82 45 .76 3 3 6 96 8 . . 6 2 33 539 1 . .

—
n

?
a»
J r-

X1
J
”
-
l

"
II II II II II ll u
I m E I If. I m
3 6 2 6 2 4 2 2 2 1 2 0
5 5 4 4 3 9 3 5
8 6 7 0 6 5 5 7 S 4
25 0 14 4 13 4 12 5 11 8 11 2
43 7 27 6 19 5
56 2 43 9 39 8 36 8 30 8
1 00 . 75 6 70 7
2 46 9 1 56 2 123 5 1 16 4
4 77 1 1 74 5
1 1 33 . 8 0 0 8 6 5 3 8 5 6 6 2 5 06 5 4 6 3 2 4 2 8 0 3 77 5 358 1
1 9 76 . 171 1 . 1 394 1 14 1
. . 6 58 5 6 24 7
3 1 16 . 2 6 93 . 2 2 04 1 79 9
. 1 558 13 84. 1 2 72 1 1 78 1 102
. . . . . 1 03 9 .

F rom thi s t a ble the dis ch a rge of a n y l ength of p ip e

u nder a n y he a d used i n p r a cti ce c a n re a dily b e deter mined .

The a bbrevi a tio n H st a n ds fo r he a d a n d L f or leng th ,

.

C h ecking u p the t a ble with the fo rmul a f o r q u a n t i t y

a n d the ex a mple wo rked i t will b e foun d th a t they a gree ,

a lmost ex a ctly The p roblem i s to find the qu a ntity of

.

w a ter th a t c a n b e delivered per mi nute through a 3 i nch

’
-

p ip e feet long u nder a he a d o f 4 00 feet Accordi ng

,
.

t o the ex a mpl e worked ou t the p ip e ha s a c a p a city of ,

cub i c feet p er mi nute A s there a r e g a llons in a c ub i c

.

fo ot the c a p a city of thi s 3 i nch pi p e i n g a llo n s i s

,
per -

m inute .

N ow a pipe ,
feet long with a he a d of 4 00 feet ha s
a r a ti o of H e a d equ a l t o i t s length ; a n d looki ng on the
t a ble it will b e fo un d th a t a 3 i nch pipe h a ving a he a d of -

length ha s a c a p a city of ,
g a llons per mi nute ,

th ereby v a ryi ng from the a nswer to the ex a mpl e less th a n

one h a lf g a llon p er mi nute
-
.
1 48 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P lu m bi n g

the tub e a n d th e pressure ch a mb er f a t the thro a t of the

tube . Thi s unequ a l pressu re depresses the mercu ry i n the
leg 9 of the m a nometer a n d c a uses it t o ri se correspondi ngly
i n the other leg ; a properly gr a du a ted sc a l e sho wi ng the
di fference between th ese t wo mercu ry l evels i ndi c a tes the ,

velo city of fl ow through the meter H a ving the velo city

.

of flow a n d knowi ng the a re a of cross section of the meter

,

the qu a ntity of w a ter p a ssing thro ugh i n a given time ca n be

c a lcu l a ted by mu lti plyi ng the velocity for th a t peri od of
time by the cross section a l a re a of the meter
tub e .

TH E G E M M E T E R —F i g
cle a rly illu s
. 72
tr a tes the constru ction a n d principle of
O per a ti on of a mech a ni c a l type of velocity

meter W a ter enters the cyli n der fro m b e

.

l ow a n d i n ri si ng p resses a g a inst th e p r o
peller bl a des a c a usi ng them t o revolve i n
,

di rect proportio n to the velocity of the w a ter

flowing through the meter The speed of .

the propeller i s s o a dj usted th a t a cert a i n

numb er of revolutio ns equ a ls a cert a in num
b er of g a llons o r cub i c feet whi ch a r e a uto
m a t i c a l l y i ndi c a ted on a n i ndex di a l .

V ol u m e M eter s
TH E HE R S E Y D I S K
M E TER Fig 7 3 d i s
.
-
.

ch a rges a k n o w n
qu a ntity of w a ter a t
e a ch gyr a tion of the
F i g 71 o

disk a a n d i s there ,
V t i M et
en ur er
fore a positive or v ol
ume meter . The p ri nci ple of its O per a tio n i s a s follows :
W a ter enteri ng the meter p a s ses through a p erfo r a ted met a l
screen b t o remove a l l co a rse p a rti cles of m a tter th a t mi ght
i nterfere with the op er a tio n of the m eter The w a ter .

enters the di sk ch a mb er on t op of the disk a a n d exerts a ,

press u re there a t the s a me tim e th a t the p ressure i s r e

le a s ed i n the dis ch a rge ch a mb er Thi s uneven pressu re
.
 P r i n c i p l es and P r a c ti c e o f P l umbi ng 1 40

c a use s the d i sk to gyr a te ris i ng o n th e i nlet si d e a n d lower

,

ing o n the d i sch a rge s i de so th a t w a ter n o w enters a n d

,

presses o n the under si d e of th e d isk wh i ch a g a i n gyr a tes

a n d b ri ngs the p r e s su re to the u pper S i d e of th e di sk The .

d isk i s thu s a ltern a tely r a i sed a n d lowered a t the i nlet a n d

ou tlet po rts a t e a ch gyr a ti on of the d isk a s long a s w a ter
i s flowi ng through the pi pe .

At e a ch gyr a ti on of the d i sk a n a mou nt of w a ter equ a l

to the enti re co ntents of the di sk cyli nder i s d i s ch a rged a n d
e a ch gyr a ti o n i ndi c a tes o n th e i ndex d i a l the a mou n t of
w a ter th a t p a sses th rough the meter .

M et e r Acces s orie s
F I S H T RAP S — I n loc a li ties where the w a ter su pply
.

obt a i ned from rivers l a kes reser , ,

v o i r s o r other su rf a ce so u rces fi sh tr a ps ,

sho uld be u sed to prevent the i n t r od u c

ti on of fi sh a lg ae weeds o r obj ects th a t
, ,

might i nterfere with the o per a tio n of

the meter . S om e meters h a ve a str a i n
er coveri ng the i nlet a n d fo rm ing p a rt
of the mete r S u ch a str a i ner i s shown
.

a t b i n Fig 7 8
, . When a str a i ner do es
.

not fo rm p a rt of the meter a sep a r a te ,

str a i ner o r fish tr a p shoul d b e used I n .

loc a liti es where the w a ter i s extremely

di rty o r c a rri es l a rge qu a nti ti es o f m a t
ter i n s u spensi on a str a i ner F ig 7 4 , , .
,

“ 1 253
1
fo rm ed of h inged br a ss stri ps wi ll b e ; ,
0

fo und more s a ti sf a ctory th a n a perfo r

a ted str a i ner Fi g 7 5 owi ng to the e a se wi th whi ch the
, .
,

hinge str a ine r c a n b e removed a n d cle a ned .

W a ter m eters shou ld b e lo c a ted i n a n a ccessible p l a ce

s a fe from frost W here there i s d a nger of hot w a ter b e i ng
.

fo rced b a ckw a rd through a m eter a check v a lve should be

pl a ced i n the supply pip e to p rotect the i ndu r a ted rubb er
p a rts from bei ng d a m a ged by the hot w a ter .

S peci a l w a ter m eters th e worki ng p a rts of whi ch a r e

,

m a d e of b ronze met a l a r e m a d e fo r m eteri ng hot w a ter

, .

V entu ri tube meters h a ve no p a rts th a t c a n be a ffected by

150 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e of P l u m bi n g

the a cti on of hot w a ter , an d m ay a lso b e used for th a t pur

pose .

L OS S HE AD I N M E T E R S
OF There i s co nsi der a ble loss
-

of he a d i n sm a ll meters b ut thi s loss grows l ess a n d less a s

,

the si ze of the meter i ncre a s es unti l a b ove 6 i nches i n ,

d i a m eter i t i s a lmost a
negligible qu a ntity I n .

sm a ll ho use meters ,

however it i s a m a tter ,

o f cons i der a ble moment ,

a s the loss of h e a d r e

qui res twi ce the l ength

of tim e to di s ch a rge a

given qu a ntity of w a ter

through a meter th a t
wo ul d b e requ i red t o
di s ch a rge it merely
through a pip e of th e
V ol u m e M e t e r
s a me length .

I n T a ble X L will b e foun d th e rel a tive lengths of tim e

requ i red for th e flow of v a ri ou s q ua ntiti es of w a ter through
meters of diff erent si zes a n d through the con nections only
, .

Th ese tests wer e m a de on disk meters by the B ure a u of

W a ter C hi c a go
, .

The tests were a l l m a d e

u nd er a p ress ure of 8 0 pounds
to th e squ a re i nch .

WA T E R M E T E R R A T E S
The only s a ne a n d logi c a l wa y
to s ell w a ter i s by m eter r a tes ,

j ust a s other commo dities a r e

sol d B y thi s m etho d w a ste
.

will b e p revented e a ch con ,

s ume r p a ys fo r only wh a t he
a ctu a lly u ses where a s u nder F i h T ra p s
,

th e p ri ce p er house metho d the c a reful househo lder p a ys

- -

for the extr a v a g a nce of his c a reless town people .

T here a r e no good obj ecti ons to selli ng w a ter by meter

r a tes The only o ne worthy of co ns i deri ng i s the f a ct of
.
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P lu m b i n g

W A S T E OF W ATER
sol d by meter —Where w a ter is n ot

r a tes more w a ter i s w a sted th a n i s used

, It i s of co u rse .
, ,

n ot a dvi s a bl e t o sti nt i n the u s e of w a ter but when the d a ily

,

consu mpti on of w a ter per person r uns a s h igh a s 1 5 0 t o 3 0 0

TABL E X LI . Wa t e r a C on s u m er i s E n ti tl ed to D a i ly at

G i v en Ra te s

N O of N o of N o of N o of N o of N o of N o of N o of
l l ll ll l l l l
. . . . . . . .

N of gal g a l on s g a l on s a l o ns g al o n s g al o n s
d ll i
o on s g a on s ga o
.
ns g
p er d a y p er d a y p er d a y p er d a y p er d a y p er d a y per d a y per d a y
d
o ar s

pa a t So a t 1 OC a t 1 5C a t 2 0C a t 2 5C a t 3 0C a t 4 0C at S OC
a n n ua ll y p e r 1 000 p e r 1 00 0 p er 1 000 p er 1 000 p e r 1 000 p er 1 000 p e r 1 000 pe r TDOO
ga ll on s l
g al on s l
g al on s g al l o n s ll
g a on s g a on sll ga ll on s ga ll on s

54 8
18 2
164 4 32 8
1 09 6 73 0 36 5 27 4
2 74 0 1 37 0 91 3 68 5 54 8 34 2

82 2
383 6
4 38 4 146 1 73 0
4 93 1 164 4 12 3 4 98 6 82 2

10 2 73 9 1 82 6 1 09 6 68 4
20 1 09 6 548 36 5 2 74 . 2 19 1 82 1 37
30 1 6 44 54 8 411 32 9 2 05
40 2 1 92 7 30 5 48 4 38 2 74
50 2 740 91 3 548

2 00 1 0959 5 479 36 5 3 -7 39 2 1 91 1 82 6 1 37 0
1 6 4 38 82 1 9 4 1 09 2 73 9 2 055
2 19 1 8 1 095 9 7 305 4 38 3 3 6 52 2 74 0
2 7 39 7 I BC9 S 9 1 32 5 479 45 6 6 34 2 4

000 32 87 6 1 6 4 38 1 095 8 82 1 8 6515 5 479 4 1 09

38 3 5 6 1 9 1 78 12 7 8 4 95 88 7671 6 3 92 4 7 94
8 00 4 3 8 35 2 19 1 7 14 6 1 0 1 09 5 8 87 6 6 73 05 5 47 9
900 4 93 1 5 2 4 6 57 1 6 4 37 1 2 32 8 82 1 8
1 000 5 47 9 4 2 7 397 1 82 6 3 1 3 6 98 1 095 9 9 1 32

g a llo ns fully on e si xth of it i s w a sted

, Where w a ter i s
-
.

ch a rged f o r a t the comp a r a tively high r a te of 1 5 cents p er

1 0 00 g a llons by meter this will a llow a d a i ly consumption
, ,

of w a ter i n a home of a bout 2 2 0 g a llons f or a n a nnu a l t a x of

 P r i n c i p l es a nd P ra cti ce o f P l u mbi ng 153

TA BL E XLII . C ost of Wa ter p e r 1 0 00 G a llo n s

CO S T PE R 100 0 G A LLO N S

C os t fo r Qua n t i t y G we n in F i rs t Clo um n

20 $0 00 7 $0 009 $0 0 1 2 30 0 1 5 $0 030 $0 03 7 $0 04 5
40 0 015 0 0 18 0 02 4 0 0 30 0 06 0 0 07 5 0 09 0
00 0 02 2 0 02 7 0 03 6 0 0 90 0 1 12 0 13 5
80 0 0 30 0 03 6 0 04 8 0 0 60 0 12 0 0 150 0 1 80

1 00 0 03 7 0 0 49 0 0 75 0 224
2 00 0 0 75 0 090 0 150
3 00 0 1 12 O 1 35 0 1 80 0 224
0 1 80 0 2 39 0 2 99
0 1 88 0 224 0 2 99 O 3 74
0 224 0 2 69 0 359 0 4 49
700 0 2 62 0 314 0 4 19 0 52 4
0 35 0 0 4 79
9 00 0 3 37 0 40 4 0 5 39 0 6 73

40 39

4 18 0 0

H ur t ooo 37 1 0 2 i ts s
. zz 50s 4 4 N S was 10 mm 12 2 2 44
1 54 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P l u m bi n g
o

8 8 9 w8o 0 c
twelve doll a rs Assum
m 2 a .

33
5 e .

a m
a m
”
i ng a n a ver a ge f a mily of
5m . . . . a8 2
fou r pers ons then e a ch
,

person ha s a d a ily a llow

a nce of a bo ut 5 5 g a llons

of w a ter a t th e r a te of 2 5

cents a month Thi s a l

.

low a nce i s s ufficient f o r

.

al l necess a ry p u rp os es .

Fo r th e b a th i n the
mo rn ing 2 0 g a llons is
,

s uffici ent .Then a ssum ,

i ng th a t e a ch pers on will
flush th e closet fou r
times d a ily a n d th a t 5
,

ga llons of w a ter wi ll b e
used a t e a ch flush there ,

still rem a ins 1 5 g a llons

pe r person f or gener a l
ho usewo rk a n d l a vi ng
8 8 8 as
o e
a 8
.

s n
a
H ? ? }
” . 3 3 w
a
. 2
If the pri ce of w a ter
i s 1 0 cents p er 1 000 g a l
lons then e a ch perso n i n
,

8 88 8 8 c
a
o
m 8
c
o
o
n
2
m a f a mily of fou r i s e n
3m 33”
e a
?
n
4
; . n m s
p

titled to over 8 2 g a llons

. .

of w a ter d a ily f or the a n

nu a l w a ter r a te of twelve
doll a rs .

Wh a tever the w a ter

r a te m a y b e a n a llow a n ce
,

of 6 0 g a llons p er person

e a ch d a y wo ul d seem a
m
»
. N m m
m
N m
3 m c
a
O s uffi cient a mount f or a l l
: 2 2 2 a h
fi mmmm
necess a ry p u r p oses a l ,

lowi ng even then a f a i r

propo rti on f or w a ste .

When 2 00 a n d 3 00 g a l
lons of w a ter p er c a p it a
a r e use d d a i ly by a l a rge
 P r i n c i p le s an d P r a c ti c e
.
f P l u m bi n g
o

C HA P T ER XVII
WAT E R H A MM E R

If a col umn of wa ter flowing thro ugh a pipe ha s its

momentum s u dd enly a rrested by clos i ng a v a lve the momen ,

tum of the movi ng w a ter wi ll pro d uce a n imp ulse upon the
v a lv e a n d a lso up on th e s i d es of the pipe
, This i mpulse i s .

c a ll ed wa t er ha m m e r .

If the w a t er were i nfle x ible a n d i ncompressibl e a s a

b a r of st eel the force of the imp a ct wo ul d eq u a l the weight
,

of the colum n of w a ter times the squ a re of the velo cit y

divi ded by twi ce the a cceler a tio n du e to the fo rce of gr a vi t y

a n d would a fi e c t o nly the g a te of the v a lve As the w a ter is .

fl exi bl e a n d sli ghtly compressible it exerts a p ressure of ,

equ a l intens i t y upo n the si des of the p ip e a s well which ,

yi el d t o the pres sure a n d thus a bso rbs some of the energy

of the movi ng column The w a ter t oo yieldi ng to the
.
, ,

p ress u re sl ightly comp resses so th a t a sho rt i nterv a l of

, ,

tim e el a ps es b efo re a l l of the energy of the mo v i ng w a ter is

b ro ught t o bea r upon the g a te a n d the s i des of the p ipe .

The p ipe b ei ng s li ghtly el a sti c yi elds t o the press ure a n d

thus a b so rb s some of the ener g y b ut it r etu rn s t o i t s norm a l
,

s iz e a g a i n a n d thus c a us e s a reflex p ressure w a ve b a ck from

,

the v a lve . Thi s pressure w a ve p a sses b a ck a n d fo rth i n the

pipe u ntil the energy i s a bsorb ed i n the fri ctio n of the w a ter
a n d i ro n mol ec ules a mo ng thems elv es a n d a g a i nst ea ch
other . Thus a hi gh pr essure w a ve m a y p a ss b a ck a n d
,

forth thro ugh a p i pe a dozen o r more times the intens ity of ,

e a ch w a ve b ecom ing less u nt il it fin a lly f a des a w a y t o the

d ea d l evel of the initi a l st a tic press ure .

The i ntensi t y of a hi gh press ure w a ve ca us ed by su d

-

d e nl y clos ing a n ordi n a ry 111 0 11 self closing b a si n cock

- -

a tt a ched to the end of a 111 Ch p ipe is gr a phic a lly shown

-

i n the a ccomp a nyi ng d i a gr a ms .

I n th e di a gr a ms th e li ne E F rep res ents a zero o r

,

a tmospheri c pr e ssur e th e li ne a the st a ti c pres su re of w a ter

,

i n the p ip es th a t porti on of the di a gr a m a bove the level of

,
 P r i n c i p l es a nd P r a c ti c e o f P l u mbi ng 157

the l ine a i ndi c a tes th e i ncre a s e of p ressu re d u e to w a ter

h a mmer a n d th a t p o rti o n of th e di a gr a m b elow th e l evel of
,

the li ne a shows the d rop o f p ress u re b elow the st a ti c press

u re d u e to th e refl ex p ressu re w a ve D i a gr a ms Fi g 7 6 a n d .
, .

Fig 7 7 were obt a i ned when no a i r ch a mb er wa s o n th e

.

w a ter pip e I t will b e noti ced th a t i n the d i a gr a m Fi g 7 8

. , .
,

th e wa ve i s more u ni fo rm a n d symmetri c a l th a n i n th e

f —
T
f
/ Wa /e / fl a m m e f m c /i P /p A f r ( Vi a we e r
.

D/a q r a m o a ,
N o /

Fi g 76

'

oth ers a nd d i es a w a y gr a d u a lly wi th a unifo rm i ntensity to

,

the st a ti c pressu re I t wi ll b e fu rther observed th a t

.

a lthou gh there a r e th e s a m e numb er of puls a ti ons i n thi s a s

i n the other di a gr a ms they a r e o f less i ntensity bo th a bove

,

a n d below th e st a ti c pressu re li ne Th a t wa s du e to th e .

f a ct th a t a n a i r ch a mb er wa s u sed i n this experi ment The .

exp eriment from whi ch di a gr a m Fig 7 9 wa s obt a in ed wa s , .

,

cond u cted with the a i r ch a mb er filled with w a ter S u ch a .

cond ition woul d b e equ iv a lent to h a vi n g no a i r ch a mb er on

Fi g 77

the pi pe a n d th e resul ts obt a i ned u nder those two cond iti ons
,

were v ery s im il a r .

The conditi on s u nd er whi ch the exp eri ments were m a d e

th a t prod u ced the forego i ng d i a gr a ms a r e given i n T a bl e
X L I V wh i ch sh ows i ntensity d u r a tion a n d number of
, ,

pressu re w a ves prod u ced i n a i nch pi p e by su ddenly -

1 58 P r i n c i p l es an d P r ac t i c e o f P l um b i n g

clos i ng i nch closi ng b a si n co ck

a -

Approxim a tes elf -

time of closi ng co ck of a s econd .

The i ntensity of a high pr essu re w a ve c a used by su d

d e n l y a rr esting the mom entum of a column of w a ter I n a
2 in ch p ip e by shutting a qu i ck closing g a te v a lve of the full
-
-

siz e of th e pip e i s gr a phi c a lly shown by th e di a gr a m

, ,

Fi g 8 0 . It wi ll b e noti ced th a t thi s di a gr a m recor ds a

.

v a cu u m of a bout 1 5 p oun ds du e to the reflex w a ve Thi s i s .

su p po sed by the exp erimenters to b e a n error

*
It i s .

b el i eve d by them th a t th e mom entum of the movi ng p a rts of

th e reco rd i n g a pp a r a tu s c a rri ed th e l in e t h a t mu ch b el ow

th e l i ne of a tmosph eri c pressu re E F a n d th a t likewi se i t ,

recorded a m a ximum press ure of 1 5 pou nds i n excess of th e

p ress ure a ctu a ll y produ ced All ow a nce shoul d therefore b e .

m a de for the error .

A nu mb er of exp eri m ent s were m a de with th e 2 inch -

t
Two t u d t of C ll C ll ti un d t he d h e c t i on of P f
r o e s s or
C
s en s orne o eg e ac n g er
ar p en t er .
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

ch a mb ers on w a ter supply pip es a n d the necessity f o r us ing

slow closi ng cocks i n p r a cti ce p a rti cul a rly when the press
-

u re of the w a ter i s high .

With a st a ti c pressure of 3 0 po unds per squ a re i nch

a n d a velo city of 8 feet per second the m a xim um pressure ,

d u e t o w a ter h a mm er when n o a i r ch a mb er wa s used wa s

3 2 0 po unds t o the squ a re inch ; a n i ncre a se i n pressure of
2 9 0 poun ds o r a n ult im a te pressu re o f a lmost eleven times

4 6 7 6
’
9 /0

Fi g . 81
Ch t
ar of \V a t er H am mer

the i niti a l pres sure . At a velocity of 4 feet per second with

a l l of the other conditi o ns unch a nged the m a ximum p ress ,

ure wa s a bo ut 1 3 5 pou nds p er squ a re i nch or a n u lti m a te ,

pressure of times the i niti a l pressu re With a n a i r .

ch a mber of 4 0 cub i c i nches c a p a city a n d a velocity of 8 feet

per second the m a xim um pressure wa s a bout 2 3 0 pounds
, ,

or a n i ncre a s e o f 2 0 0 po un ds a bove st a ti c .

When a n a i r ch a mber of 3 2 0 cubi c i nches c a p a city wa s

used a n d with a velocity of 8 feet per second the m a ximum
, ,

pressu re produ ced wa s less th a n th a t p roduced with a v e l oc

ity of feet per seco nd when no a i r ch a mber wa s used .
 P r i n c i p l es and P r a c ti c e o f P l um bi n g 161

I t will be observed however th a t the experi ment con , ,

d ucted wi th th e inch self closi ng b a si n cock mo re ne a rly

- -

a ppro a ches the cond iti o n fou n d i n p r a cti ce I n thos e .

experiments the ultim a te pressure wa s equ a l to a bo ut three

times the i niti a l pressu re whi le i n a w a ter s upply system ,

provi ded with a dequ a te a i r ch a mbers a t s u it a bl e poi nts a n d ,

fitted with slow clo s i ng f a u cets th e m a ximu m p ressu re d ue

-

to w a ter h a mme r shou ld never exceed d ouble the st a ti c .

press u re .

N o s a ti sf a ctory fo rm ul a ha s yet b een a dv a nced for ca l

c ul a t i n g the force of imp a ct d u e to w a ter h a mmer The .

followi ng ex a mpl e however will serve t o ill ustr a te a rith

, ,

m e t i c a l l y th e severe str a i n th a t a w a ter p i pe i s sometimes

s ubj ected to when a bibb i s close d .

If a 2 i nch pi pe 1 00 feet long a n d s ubj ect to the press

-

u re d u e to a he a d of 1 0 0 feet ha s 3
a 4 i nch bi bb O pen a t its ,
-

extreme end the velo city of th e S pouti ng w a ter wi ll b e

*
,

feet p er second ; a s the a re a of the 2 i nch pi pe i s -

times th e a re a of a [L i nch b ibb the velocity of w a ter i n the

3 -

2 -
i nch pi pe W i ll b e feet per second . T h e weight

of the column of w a ter i n moti on from wh i ch i s d erived ,

l ength of pipe X a re a of pi pe
the fo rce of imp a ct i s ,
1 cub i c foot

i nches squ a re i nches

cubi c feet ,
cubi c i nch es
wh ich m ulti pli ed by
, th e weight of one cubi c foot of
wa ter gives , pou nds the weight of th e moving ,

velocity weight
c ti l l l l Il l l
‘

. The
2 gr a v i ty 2

foot pou nds the fo rce with whi ch the mov ing column,

of wa t e r wo u l d strike the bibb if w a ter were i n c o m p r es s

’

ibl e As a m a tter of f a ct however w a ter i s slightly com

.
, ,

”B
y t he f or mu l a 48
162 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f
o P l u m bi n g

p ressible therefore the a ctu a l force of imp ac t would b e

,

slightly less th a n this v a lu e .

Th e fo rce of i mp a ct to a gre a t extent is dep endent upon

the time co ns umed i n closi ng the bibb Thus if the force .
,

of i mp a ct due t o closi ng the bibb i n on e second

po u nds the fo rce du e to closi ng it i n
, second wo uld equ a l
pounds a n d to closi ng it in
, seco nd pounds , .

A IR C H A M B ERS — Ah
ch a mb er i s a t a nk vessel orai r ,

ch a mb er so a tt a ched t o a pi p e th a t the confined a i r c a nnot

esc a p e a n d s o loc a ted th a t it will r eceive the initi a l imp a ct
,

a n d thus a bsorb the momentum of a column of w a ter when

it i s su ddenly b ro ught t o rest When p ro p erly designed a n d .

lo c a ted f or the p u rpos e a i r ch a mb ers a lso provi de exp a nsion

,

sp a ce f or w a ter i n expo sed p ipes ; the w a ter exp a nds u pon

freezi ng a n d m ight b u rst the pi pes if provi sio n were not
m a de for i t s exp a nsion .

The v a lu e of ai r
ch a mb ers f o r w a ter s upply systems
ha s never b een fully a pp reci a ted n or the siz es requi red ,

u nd er v a rying co nditi ons fu lly understood ; hence i n the ,

exception a l c a ses where a i r ch a mb ers a r e i nst a lled they a r e ,

usu a lly so sm a ll a s t o b e of n o p r a cti c a l v a l ue .

To wholly a bsorb the momentum of a movi ng co lumn of

w a ter an a i r ch a mb er sho ul d b e proportioned t o the qu a n
,

tity of wa ter i n motion a n d the st a ti c p ressu re du e to the

he a d .For i nst a nce it woul d requ i re a l a rger a i r ch a mber
,

f o r a 4 in ch p ipe 1 00 feet long th a n f o r either a 4 inch pip e

- -

5 0 feet long o r fo r a 1 i nch pip e 1 0 0 feet long the p ressu re

-

i n a l l c a ses b eing the s a m e ; a n d it wou ld requ ire a l a rger a i r

ch a mber for a 4 i nch p ip e 1 00 feet long u nder 1 00 po unds
-

p ressure th a n for the s a m e si z e a n d length of pi pe under 5 0

po u nds p ressu re Thi s i s due to the compressibi lity of a i r
.
,

wh i ch when the temper a ture rem a i ns u nch a nged v a ri es

i nversely a s the a bsolute p res sure *
Th a t is to s a y if the .
,

p ressu re on a i r i n a vessel be i ncre a sed t o twi ce the a tmos

p h e r i c pressure the a i r wi ll b e compressed t o its origi n al

volume If th e p ressu re b e incre a sed to 3 a tmospheres

. ,

Ab s lu t p re s
o e s ure eq ua s l l t
g a u g e p r es s u r e p u s a m o s p h er i c p r es su r e . hi h
w c

at s ea l ve l i s t ak e
e n as p ou n d s .
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

mi ne the Si ze of ai r ch a mbers ca n be exp ressed as a formul a ,

thu s :
5 qc, i n wh i c h s ze
si o f ai r c h am be r in cu b i c f e e t q q u a n t i t y of m o v i n g
,

wa t e r i n cu bi c fe e t , c z c o e ffi c i e n t o f p r e s s ur e wh i c h i s 2 for e a c h 1 0
.

p oun d s g a u ge pr e s s u re .

E XAM PLE —W h a t si ze ai r ch a m b e r wi l l b e r e q ui r e d for a pi pe 2 i n c he s

di am e ter an d 50 f e e t l on g u n d e r a s t a t i c g a u g e p r e s s ur e o f 1 00 p o u n d s p e r
s q ua r e i c h ?
n

S O L U TI O N —A r e a of 2 i nch
-
pi pe i n c he s . C ffi
oe ci en t of p r e s s ur e
2 33 cu b i c fe e t .
-

A n swe r .

W a ter a t a tmospheri c press u re wi ll a bsorb 4 per cent .

i t s bulk o f a i r If the p ressu re of w a ter be incre a sed it wi ll

.

a bsorb 4 p er cent i t s b ulk f o r e a ch a d diti on a l a tmosphere

.

of pressu re H ence if th e pressu re i n a system i s 1 5 0

.
,

p ou nds w a ter Wi ll a bso rb 1 1 X 4 per cent

, 4 4 per cent .
2 .

i t s b ulk of a i r a n d the a i r will b e soon a bsorbed from the

,

a i r ch a mbers ; provi si on shoul d therefore b e m a de t o r e

ch a rge them when th e a i r i s exh a usted A pet cock i n sm a ll .

a i r c h a mb ers a n d a sto p cock i n l a rge ones very s a t i s f a c t or

i ly serve thi s p urpo se .

In a rr a ngi ng a i r ch a mbers they should b e s o loc a ted

th a t the energy or momentum of the col umn of w a ter c a n
b e expended di rectly u pon th e a i r confined in them By so .

loc a ti ng them they receive the i niti a l sho ck of the moving

column of w a ter a n d a bsorb most of its energy thereby ,

mi nimi zing the i ntensity a n d redu ci ng the numb er of high

p ressu re w a ves Ai r ch a mb ers shoul d a lso b e pl a ced on
.

the ho us e s i de of w a ter meters or other d eli c a te a pp a r a tu s

th a t might b e i nj u riously a ff ected by w a ter h a mmer Um .

der a l l c onditi o ns a i r ch a mb ers sho uld b e pl a ced i n a verti c a l

positi o n a n d never a t the si de o r bo tto m of a pipe If s o .

pl a ced they will shortly fill with w a ter a n d b ecome useless

, .

Ai r ch a mb ers pl a ced a bove f a u cets a r e not so li a ble to

lose thei r a i r by a bsorptio n b ec a use wh en p a ssing the i nlet ,

t o a n a i r ch a mb er s o pl a ced the pressure i s gre a tly redu ced , ,

a n d if the w a ter a t st a ti c pressure i s s a tur a ted with a i r the ,

a i r will b e rele a sed by the redu cti on i n pressu re a n d s ome

of it will ri s e a n d r e ch a r g e the a i r ch a mb ers .

 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f
o P l um b i n g 1 65

A i r ch a mb ers shou ld be p rovi d ed o n a l l di stributi ng

d rums o n the di sch a rge pip es from power pu mps o n the
, ,

hou se si d e of del ic a te a pp a r a tu s like w a ter meters a n d on , ,

the sup pl i es to fixtu res A very s a ti sf a cto ry type o f a i r

.

ch a mb er fo r b a s in o r oth e r fi xtu re s up p ly i s shown i n Fig .

82 . T he enl a rged ch a mbe r o n thi s su p p ly p rovi d e s a m pl e

c a p a ci ty fo r sm a l l pi pes o f mod e r a te leng th a n d bei n g
pl a ced d i rectly o n the su pply p ipe i t receives th e ini ti a l i m
p a ct of the movi ng column of w a te r .

Air L oc k s i n P l um bi n g

T H E ORY O F A I R L O C K S —The m a nner i n whi ch w a ter

m a y b e locked i n a p ip e so it will not flow even though the ,

mouth of the pi p e i s consi der a bly belo w the

level of the so u rce of w a ter c a n b e seen i n ,

Fi g 83 whi ch shows conventio n a lly the

‘

.
,

O per a tio n of a n a i r lo ck Assume th a t the-

.

t a nk a n d pi p ing whi ch were empty a r e ,

slowly filled with w a ter As the w a ter .

ri ses i n th e t a nk it w ill ri se likewi se i n the

,

verti c a l p i pe a u nti l it re a ches the b end a t

the top when i t wi ll overflow i nto the pi pe b
,

a n d se a l th e b end a t th e bottom W a ter .

conti nu i ng to flow into the t a nk ri ses th e

level thereby i ncre a si ng the h e a d o r press
,

u re a n d the overflow of w a ter will ris e i n

,

pi pe c comp ressi ng the a i r i n pi pe b a s it

,

d oes s o From c the w a ter will o verflow

.

i nto pi pe ( l s e a li ng th e bend a t the bottom

, ,

a n d ris e i n th e p i pe e a cert a i n di st a nce

"
,

when i t refu ses to ri se a n y high er o r over i s 92

A " ”m m ”
flow even tho ugh the outlet of the p i pe e i s
,

below the level of the hyd r a uli c gr a di ent to whi ch a cco rd ing ,

to the l a w of w a ter seeking its own level it o ught seemi ngly ,

to ri se The expl a n a tion i s the confined a i r i n the pi pes

.
,

i s so locked th a t inste a d of the s ever a l columns of w a ter i n

the d ifferent pi pes b a l a nci ng one a nother they a r e a l l p ress ,

ing th ro ugh the i ntermedi a ry of th e a i r on th e top o f the ,

wa ter in pi pe a Th a t bei ng so i t i s a s though th e sever a l

.
,
16 6 Pr i n c i p l es an d Pr a c ti c e o f P l um b i n g
co lumns of w a ter were p iled o n t op of on e a no ther O wi ng .

to the compressib ili ty of a i r the w a ter would ri se t o a cer

,

t a i n height i n a l l the legs ; b ut the diff erences between ,

l evels a r e the he a ds t o b e cons i dered Fo r inst a nce there .

,

i s a depth of three feet of w a ter i n the t a nk I n the p ipe a .

,

o n the other h a nd there is a he a d of 1 8 i nches to off set h a lf

,

th e d epth of w a ter i n the t a nk The difference between th e .

le v els of the w a ter in legs b a n d c i s 1 4 i nches a n d b etween ,

( 1 a n d e 4 i nches ; a n d then 1 4 4 in ches 1 8 i nches o n t op

of the 1 8 i nches of the col umn of w a ter i n it woul d give a
he a d of w a ter equ a l t o th a t i n the t a nk a n d on e column ,

would b a l a nce the other s o n o he a d would b e left to c a use

a flow The w a ter i n the pip e i s then a i r bo und
.
-
.

T ro uble i s neve r c a u sed from a i r lo cks i n high pressure

work b ut i n domesti c i nst a ll a tio n where the he a d of w a ter
,

Fi g . 8
Air L o ck in Wa ter P i pe

i s low it i s a common c a u se of a nnoy a nce often preventi ng ,

w a ter re a ching the fixt ures p a rti cul a rly from the hot w a ter
,

t a nk . D ouble tr a ppi ng o f w a ste p ip es wi ll likewi se c a use

a n a i r lock i n th e di sch a rge from fixt ures the pipe flowi ng ,

perfectly free when u nder the fo rce of a p ump or stre a m of

w a ter b ut soon a i r lo cki ng when o nly a co uple in ches of
,
-

w a ter a r e a llowed to run i nto the w a ste p ipe .

I n b u il d ings where a stor a ge t a nk i s used a n d fi x tures ,

a r e lo c a ted o n the s a me floo r a s the stor a ge t a nk but some ,

dist a n ce a w a y the w a ter sometimes beco mes a i r bound s o

,
-

it wi ll n ot flow a t the fixtu res on the s a me flo or a s the stor

a g e t a nk p a rti cul a rly a t the hot w a ter f a u cet
,
This wi ll .

only o ccu r if the hot w a ter p i p e dips down from the boi ler
t o the cell a r or b a sem ent b efore ri s ing t o the fi xt ures a n d ,
168 P r i nc i p l es a nd P r ac t i c e f P l u m bi n g
o

C HA P T ER XV III
W AT E R S UP P L Y P I P E S

QUAL I T Y A N D S TRE N GT H OF P I P E S Th e s a fe worki ng -

pr es s u res th a t pip es wi ll s usta i n d ep ends u pon th e m a teri a ls

of which th ey a r e m a de a n d th e thi ckn ess of th ei r w a l ls .

Th e ulti m a te str e s s th a t a m a t eri a l wi ll susta i n b efore

r uptur e ensu es i s k no wn a s the t ens il e strength of th a t
,

m a teri a l a n d is the r e sist a nce offered t o i ts fibre b eing

p ulled a p a rt .

There a r e fou r nota ble stresses to which a p i pe i s sub

j e c te d b efor e ruptu r e ens u e s ; th ey a r e : s a f e wor k i n g p r e ss
m '

e, e la s t i c l i m i t, ab s o l u t e s t r eng th an d bu rs t i n g s tr es s .

Th e el a sti c li mi t of a s ea mless dr a wn p ip e i s gener a lly a bout

on e h a lf i ts a bsol ute strength ; i n th e ca s e of ca st i ron a n d
- -

l ea d p ip e s however th e el a sti c li mit is mu ch lower o wi ng

, , ,

to th e l ow co effici ents of el a sti city f o r thes e m eta l s In .

w a ter s upply system s where th e press u r e is f a irly co nsta nt

a n d fr e e fro m w a te r h a mm er on e h a l f th e el a st i c l i mi t of-

s ea ml ess pi pe s ca n b e t a ken a s their s a fe worki ng s tr ength .

If th e supply system i s not prop erly fitted wi th a i r ch a mb ers

a n d i s equ ip p ed with qu i ck clos ing f a ucets the st a ti c p ress
-

u re shoul d n ot exceed on e th i rd of th e el a st i c l i m it of th e
-

p ip e In th e ca se of m eta ls with a l ow c o e fli c i e n t of el as ti c
.

ity th e s a fe worki ng pr e ssur e fo r d ea d lo a ds ca n b e t a ken

,

a s o n e fo u rth a n d f o r li ve lo a ds a s o ne s ix th of th e el a sti c
-

,
-

li m it of the p ip e Th is a llow a nce provi des a s ui t a bl e f a ctor

.

of s a fety f or the excess ive pr es su r e s insep a r a bl e from most

w a ter s up ply systems .

A d ea d lo a d i s on e th a t i s f a irly consta nt i n p res sure ;

a live lo a d i s o n e th a t fl uctu a tes i n p ressur e o r i s s eri o usly

a ff ec ted by w a ter h a mm er .

If a p ip e i s subj ected to a gr ea t i nte rn a l p res s ure but ,

of not suffici ent i ntens ity t o str a in it b eyond i ts el a sti c l imit ,

th e pi p e w ill yi el d to the pr e ssu re bu t wi ll i mmed i a tely ,

retu rn to its norm a l co nditio n up on b e i ng rel e a sed from the

r essure If however t he el a s ti c li m it is ex c eed ed the
p .
, , ,
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P l um b i n g
o 169

pi pe wi ll yi el d t o the pressu re a n d a ssume a n e w sh a p e

whi ch i t wi ll ret a i n a fter th e p ress u re i s removed .

When the p ressu re i n a p ip e i s s u fli c i e n t t o str a i n it

b eyo nd the el a sti c limit the pi pe yi elds to the p ressu re a n d
the a lter a tio n o f fo rm becomes gre a ter a n d gre a te r unti l
the a bsolute strength o f th e p i pe i s re a ched Any a d d i .

t i on a l p ressu re wi ll then c a u se a b u rsti ng str a i n a n d ru p

tu re the pi pe .

S T RENGT H or LE A D P I P E —The p ress u re a t whi ch l e a d

pip e wi ll bu rst c a n b e fo und by the following ru le
R u l e—M u l t i p l y t he t en s i l e s tr en g th of t he m e ta l i n
p ou n d s p er s q u a r e i n c h b y t wi c e t he t hi c kn es s of t he p i p e

i n i n c hes , an d d i v i d e t he p r od u c t by t he i n t e r n a l d i a m e t er of
t he p i p e i n i n c hes The r e s u l t wi l l b e t he p r es s u r e a t whi c h
.

t he p i p e wi l l bu r s t .

E xpressed as a fo rmul a
2 000 t 2
,
in wh i c h p z b ur s t i n g p r e s s ur e in p ou n d s pe r s q ua r e i nch

2 000 t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h of the me tal i n p oun d s p e r s q ua r e i n c h t t h i c k

,
:

n e ss of t he m e t a l i n i n c h e s d ,
i n t e r n a l d i a m e t e r of p i p e i n i n c h e s .

E XAM P L E —W h a t i s t he b ur s t i n g p r e s s u r e of a lead p i pe 3 i n c hes i n d i am

t
e er an d . 5 i nc h t h i ck ?

S o LU Tl O N
2 000 X . 5 X2 2 000
‘ 2 p o u n d s p r e s s ur e
3 3
.

C ORR O S I O N O F LE A D P I P E — Le a d pi pe sho ul d be p r o
t e c t e d from cont a ct with concrete , p a rti cul a rly if ci nd ers
a r e u sed fo r the a ggreg a te , a s they fo rm a p a rti cul a rly

destru ctive combi n a ti on O a k a lso ha s a co rrosive eff ect

.

on l e a d When n ecess a ry to imbed sheet le a d or le a d pi pe

.

i n ci nd er concrete or pl a c e them i n co nt a ct with oa k th e

, ,

le a d should be protected w ith a l a yer of t a r p a pe r or a ,

h e a vy co a t o f a sph a ltum .

The m a ximum th ickness o f a le a d p ip e th a t wi ll burst

u nder a given h e a d o f w a ter c a n b e fo und by th e followi ng
rule :
R ule —M u l ti p l y t he p r e s s u r e of wa t e r i n p ou n ds p e r
s q ua r e i n c h by t he i n t er n a l d i a m e t er of t he p i p e i n i n c hes ,
a n d d i v i d e t he p r od u c t b y t wi c e t he t e n s i l e s tr e n g th o f t he
 1 70 P r i n ci p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P lum b i n g
m e t a l i n p ou n d s p e r s qu a r e i n c h . The r es u l t wi l l b e t he
t hi c k n e s s of t he m e t a l i n i n c hes .

E xpressed as a formul a
pd
’
in wh i c h t 2 t h i c kn e s s of t he m e t a l i n i n c h e s, p b ur s ti n g p r e s s ur e
4 000

in p oun d s p er s q uar e i n c h, d
“
: i n ter n a l d i a m e t er of pi pe in i n c h es,
4000 : t
c on s a n t; t wo t en si l e s t r en gt h s .

EX M A PLE —W h en t he i n t er n a l
d i a m e t e r of a p i p e i s 3 i n c h e s an d t he p r e s
s ur e a t wh i c h i t wi l l b ur s t i s 6 6 7 p o un d s p e r s q u ar e i n c h wh a t i s , t he m i n i m um
t h i c kn e ss of the m e t a l t h a t wi l l wi t h s t a d t he p r e s s ur e ? n

667 X 3 2 001
S O L U TI O N . 5 i n ch
2 000 X 2 4 000

When the pre ssure of w a te r i s known the thi ckness of

a l e a d p ip e th a t will s a fely sust a i n th a t p ressu re c a n b e

fou nd by th e followi ng rule :

R ul e —M u l ti p l y t he p r es s u r e i n
p ou n d s p er s qu a r e i n c h
by t he c oefii c i en t of t he f a c t or of s a f e t y; m u l ti p l y t ha t p r o
d u c t by t he i n t er n a l d i a m e t er of t he p i p e i n i n c he s , a n d
d i v i d e t he p r od u c t by twi c e t he t en s i l e s tr en g t h of t he m e t a l
i n p ou n d s p e r s qua r e i n c h The r es u l t wi l l b e t he t hi c kn es s
.

of t he m e t a l i n i n c hes .

The co effici ents of the f a cto rs of s a fety ar e : f or a live

lo a d 6 a n d f o r a de a d lo a d 4 .

E xpresse d as a form ul a :
p c d
’
in wh i c h t z t hi c k n e s s of t he me tal in i n c hes, z
p r e s s ur e in
40 00
p ou n d s p e r s q u a r e i n c h , c z c oe fii c i e n t of f a c t or of s a fe t y d i n t er n a l ,
z

d i a m e t e r of the p i p e i n i n c h e s , 4 000 : c on s t a n t ; t wo t e n s i l e s t r en g t h s .

E XAM P L E — F i n d the t h i c kn e s s o f m e t a l e q u i r e d for a 3 i n c h p i p e t o sa fe ly r -

s tan d a p e s s u r e o f 1 6 7 p oun d s p e s q u a r e i c h ( a ) wh e n the s y s t e m i s

r r n ,

e ui pp e d wi t h s e l f c l o s i n g fa u c e t s a n d o a i r c h a m b er s ( b ) wh e n c om p r e s s i on
n
q
-

c o c k s ar e u s e d a n d a s u i t a bl e a i r c h a m b er p o v i d e d r .

3 006
S O L U TI O N (a ) 75 i n c h thi ck
2 000 x z 4000

16 7 X 4 X 3 2 004
5 i nch thi c k
2 000 x 2 40 00

D I ME N S I O N S O F L
S IZE AND D imensions a n d E AD P I PE -

weights of sto ck siz es of le a d pip e ca n b e found i n T a ble

X LVI The si z es given a r e i ns i d e di a meters
.
.
1 72 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P l u m bi n g
o

WR O U GH T I R O N A N D S TEE L P I P E S — Wrought p 1 p e S a n d .

steel p i pes a r e m a d e in v a riou s si zes a n d weights a n d m a y be

ha d pl a i n t a r co a ted o r g a lv a nized
, The weights of wrought .

pip e a r e design a ted a s s ta nd a rd extr a stro ng a n d double ,

e x tr a strong ; st a nd a rd weight pipe b ei ng the weight most

commonly used in plumbi ng i nst a ll a tions Wrought pipe i s .

sometimes cl a ssi fied a s b utt welde d a n d l a p welded -

In ’
-
.

the m a nufa cture o f b utt weld ed pipe the edges of the met a l
-

th a t forms the pi pe a r e b utted together a n d welded In .

the m a nuf a ctu re of l a p welded pipe the edges a r e first -

b eveled a n d then l a pped a n d welded t o smooth interio r a n d

exterio r finishes B utt welded p i pes a r e n ot a s strong i n
.
-

the s e a m a s l a p welded pip es a n d a r e m a de only i n sm a ll

-

s i zes o f st a nd a r d weight .

Wrought pip es a r e g a lv a ni zed by cle a ni ng them with

a ci d a n d then immersi ng them i n a b a th of molten zinc or

tin a n d zi nc This pro cess m a kes the pip e a little more

.

b rittle th a n pl a i n p ip e b ut it lengthens i t s life by preserv

,

i ng it from corrosi on F u rthermore g a lv a ni zi ng protects

.
,

the w a ter th a t flows through th e pi pe from rust di scolor a

tio n whi ch would render the w a ter u nfit f or domesti c a n d
,

f o r mos t m a nuf a ctu ri ng p urposes .

The s a fe wo rk ing pressure f or wrought p ipe doe s n ot

depend a ltogether u pon th e thi ckness of the w a lls of the
pi pe a n d the tens ile strength of the met a l b ut i s governe d ,

by the strength of the se a ms a n d the method of connec t i ng

di fferent lengths o f pi pe For i ns t a nce a l l/z i nch butt
.
,
-

wel d st a nd a rd pi pe i s tested to a pressure of 6 00 p ou nds

a n d will s a fely s ust a in a worki ng press ure of 3 0 0 pounds

t o the squ a re i nch whi le a l l/z inch l a p weld st a nd a rd pipe

,
- -

i s tested t o a pr ess u re of 1 0 00 po unds a n d will s a fely with

st a nd a working pressu re of 5 00 po u nd s per squ a re inch .

"

The rule m a y b e bro a dly st a ted th a t sm a ll siz es of

sta nd a rd weight p ipe r a ngi ng from , to l i
/z i nch di a me -

ters a r e butt wel ded a n d tested t o 6 00 pounds pressu re

,
-
.

S uch pip e s wi ll s a fely sust a i n a working pressu re of 3 00

pounds p er squ a re i nch A l l l a rger s izes of st a nd a rd
.

weight pipes a r e l a p weld ed They a r e tested t o 1 000

-
.

pou nds a n d wi ll s a fely s ust a in a wor k i ng pressu re of 5 00

,
 P r i n ci p l es an d Pr a c ti ce of P l umbi n g 1 73

“ on q
.
JO nou l 13d
s pe an u ;o l aq l l l l l
.
N

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fi
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m e m o m o e m a wwm m a a w
l e um i ul
o “ fi m m wwo m » wm u wm w
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l r - n r- l v -A N N CO t T
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1 74 P r i n c i p l es an d P r ae t1 6 8 f P lu m b i n g
8
'

m m m m m
Es
a a a
m 3 . n 2 6 o 5 m2 3 “ mS m . .

H F m m m . 5 o N v wc m
mm

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$ $ a o 5 mm
3 g5 K
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—
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‘
Lfi fi fQ N N Ol H H v i

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m m m m m mmc mh m
m 3 E E m m o wa i m o g
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3
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.
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 P r i n c i p l es and P r a c ti c e f
o P l um b i n g 1 77

or ni ckel pl a ted a n d tempe red h a rd soft o r med i um ; th e

-

med i um t emper sometimes c a lled regu l a r tempe r i s j u s t

, ,

su ffi ci ently a nne a led to m a ke it s u it a ble fo r pl umbi ng a n d

ste a m wo rk S e a mless b r a ss pi pes of i ro n pi pe s i zes a r e
.

not m a d e l a rger th a n 6 i nches i n di a meter U p to th a t si ze

.

they m a y be ha d i n st a nd a rd a n d extr a he a vy weights ,

whi ch co rrespond i n s a fe wo rki ng pressu res with st a nd a rd

a n d extr a he a vy wrought pipes .

The s izes a n d wei ghts o f i ro n p i pe si zes of br a ss pip es

-

m a y b e fou nd i n T a ble L .

B r a ss fitti ngs sho ul d correspo nd i n fini sh with th e pi pes

they j oi n . The fittings a r e sim il a r i n p a ttern to b e a d ed
m a lle a bl e i ron fitti ngs .

IRO N P I PE
F I TT I N GS — Thre a d ed fitti ngs for sm a ll si z es
o f wro ught i ron p i pes a r e us u a lly m a d e o f m a lle a ble i ro n ,

a n d h a ve a be a d c a st a ro und the o utlets to strengthen them

a n d p reven t thei r splitti ng when b ei ng screwed o n a pi p e .

Fo r th e l a rge r si zes of wro ught p ip es c a st i ro n fitti ngs , ,

s imil a r to those us ed for ste a m fitti ngs a r e gener a lly u sed , .

1 78 P r i n c i p l es and P r a c ti c e o f P l um bi n g

C HA P T E R XIX
CO C K S A ND V AL V E S

GA T E VALV E S .
—Th e two pri ncip a l typ es of v a lves u sed
to stop the flow of w a ter i n w a ter s upply systems a r e g a te
v a lves a n d glob e v a lves A g a te v a lve i s shown i n section
.

i n Fi g 8 4 . It i s O p er a ted by r a i sing a n d loweri ng th e

.

double f a ced wedge sh a p ed g a te a

- -

W hen the v a lve i s

, .

close d th e two f a ces of th e g a te a r e tightly p ressed a g a i nst

,

the s e a ts b b thu s effecti ng a do uble se a l

, , , The ch i ef a d .

v a nt a ges of a g a te v a lve a r e its tight se a l a n d full si ze

str a ightw a y op ening whi ch offers no gre a t er resist a n ce to
,

the flow of w a ter th a n wo ul d a n ordi n a ry p ipe coupli ng o r

oth er fitti ng of equ a l l ength E ither .

end of this m a ke o f g a te v a lve m a y b e

u s ed a s the i nl et a lthough there a r e ,

som e m a kes of g a te v a lves th a t a r e

s ingl e se a ted or h a ve o nly one g a te
f a ce S u ch v a lves s houl d b e s crewed
.

on a p ip e with th e v a lve f a ce t o the

p ressure .

G L OB E V AL VE S — The type of v a lve .

most commonly used f or w a ter s upply

systems is th e glob e v a lve shown i n ,

s ectio n i n Fig 8 5 Thi s typ e of v a lve. .

ha s a n i nlet a n d outlet end a n d a v a lve ,

disk a th a t clos es a g a i nst the press

, ,

F i g 84 . u re The v a lve is oper a ted by lower

.

G a t e v a lv e
i ng the di sk a u nti l it presses firmly , ,

a n d ev enly on the v a lve s e a t a n d thus cuts off the flow of

,

wa ter By turni ng the v a lve stem to the l eft thu s r a i sing

.
,

the v a lve di sk from its se a t the w a ter i s turned on ,

In .

ste a d of a n interch a nge a ble s oft disk a s shown i n the i ll u s ,

t r a t i on som e glob e v a lves h a ve a b r a ss disk th a t clo ses on

,

a br a ss s e a t S u ch v a lves s eldom rem a i n w a te r ti ght more

.

th a n a few m onths a n d c a nnot b e rep a i red a s e a sily a n d

i nexp ens ively a s c a n soft di sk v a lves ; therefore it i s a ,
1 80 P r i n c i p l es and P r ac ti ce f
o P l um b i ng

of the v a lve . Wh ere it i s n ec es s a ry th a t w a ter shoul d

a lw a ys flow i n on e d ir ectio n a n d there i s a possibility of

a reverse flow a check v a lve sho ul d b e used

, There a r e t wo .

commo n typ es of check v a lves ; l ift

check v a lves an d swing chec k ,

v a lves A l i ft v a lve i s shown i n s ec

.

tion i n F i g 8 7 I n thi s typ e of . .

v a lve the check a s ea ts by gr a vi ty , ,

when pressu re i n the syste m on

both s i des o f the v a lve i s eq u a l .

When pressure o n the i nl et end of

the v a lve exceeds th a t i n the o utlet ,

as f or inst a nce when a f a u cet i s

, ,

op ened the p r e ss ure u nse a ts the

,

check a from the s e a t b a n d per

, , , ,

mits w a ter to flow through the

v a lve If on the contr a ry there i s
.
, ,

a n excess of pressu re on the outl et

end o f the v a lve the p r essure w i l l ,

the more t ightly s ea t the check a n d

A g l e V lv e
n a
prevent a n y w a ter from p a s si ng
b a ck through it ,
C heck v a lves a r e m a de bo th f or vertic a l
.

a n d f o r horiz o nt a l pi p es .

S W I N G C H E C K VAL VE —A v a lve of thi s type is shown

i n sectio n i n F ig 8 8 It. .

deriv es i t s n a me from the

f a ct th a t the m et a l fla p a , ,

yi el d i ng t o the p ressu re of
w a ter swings on the p ivot
, ,

b a n d thus p resents a
,

str a ightw a y op eni ng f o r

th e flow of w a ter Thi s .

t yp e o f check v a lve c om
p a res with the lift check
F i g 87
v a lve a bo ut a s a ga te .

v a lve comp a res with a

L ift Ch k V l ec a ve

glob e v a lve . The swi ng ch e ck v a lve offers less resista nce

t o the flow of w a ter through it a n d ha s a str a ightwa y open
ing of a lmost the full s iz e of the v a lve In the lift check .
 P r i n c i p l es and P r a c ti c e f
o P lum bi n g 181

v a lve , the contr a ry the w a ter m ust p a ss through a r e

on ,

d uc e d o peni ng i n the v a lve s e a t a n d m u st m a ke two ri ght

a ngle tu rns whil e do i ng so .

G RO U N D K E Y C O C K S — G ro u nd key wo rk m a y b e eithe r
stop cocks fo r controlli ng w a te r i n a pi pe o r f a u cets for ,

d r a wi ng w a ter a t a fixtu re The .

o nly difference i s i n thei r ex

t e r i o r a ppe ar a nce the p ri nci
,

ples of construction a n d O per a

tion bei ng the s a m e fo r bo th p a t
terns G ro un d key cocks c a n b e
.

ha d for le a d p ipe for i ro n pi pe

, ,

and , i n th e c a se of stop cocks ,

th ey m a y b e ha d wi th o n e en d
th re a ded fo r i ro n p ip e a n d the
other end prep a red for le a d p i pe F i g 88 .

s wmg C h e e k v a lv e
.

C ocks fo r i ro n pi p e ca n b e ha d
t a pped with fem a le thre a ds or th re a ded to screw in a fitti ng .

A s ecti on a l illustr a ti on of a gro un d key cock i s shown i n

Fi g 8 9
. The pl ug a i s grou n d to a w a ter tight fit i n th e
.
, ,
-

co ck b a n d w a ter i s , ,

tu rned o n a n d off by
givi ng a one qu a rter -

tu rn to the l ev er c , .

Th e p rincip a l o b j e c
ti o n to thi s ki nd of a
cock i s th a t the co n
st a nt we a ri ng of the
plug a n d cock every
time th e w a ter i s
tu rned o n o r off soon ,

c a u ses the co ck to
le a k a n d the l e a k c a n ,

G d K yC k
ro u n e
only b e rep a i red by
oc

regri nd ing the pl ug whi ch i s a ted iou s a n d r a the r ex

,

p ens ive u ndert a ki ng som etim es costing m ore th a n woul d

,

a new cock Another obj ectio n th a t shoul d not b e over

.

loo ked i s th e qu i ckness with whi ch thi s typ e o f cock

,

s huts off the wa ter W here the w a te r pressu re i s

,
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u mb i n g

high thi s might c a us e seri ou s d a m a ge to pi pes a n d

,

fixtu res .

C O M PR E S S I O N C O C K S —A c ompressi on co ck su c h a s i s
.

u sed a t kitch en S i nks i s S hown i n secti on i n F ig 9 0 I n . .

cons t ru cti o n it is quite simil a r t o a glob e v a lve a n d like on e , ,

i t closes a g a i nst the pressu re The core a of a compres .

, ,

sio n cock i s fitte d with a soft disk p a cking , b whi ch ca n ,

'

b e e a sily renewed when the cock l e a k s l They a r e a lso fit ted

with a rubb er p a cking c or in some c a ses with a grou nd
, ,

j oi nt to p revent w a ter spouti ng out a ro un d the compres sion

stem . C ompress ion stop cocks shoul d b e fitted with a n
a uxili a ry stuffi ng b ox a ro und the stem t o withst a nd the

b a ck p ressure they a r e s ubj ected t o .

F ULL E R P A TT E RN F AU C E T S .
—A very goo d type of
f a u cet for l ow p ressure
work i s shown i n s e c
ti on i n Fi g 9 1 This . .

type of co ck i s qui ck
closi ng a n d closes with
the pressure a rubb er ,

p a cki ng a eff ecting the , ,

se a l O n a ccount of the .

qu i ckn ess with whi ch

this ki nd of cock c a n be
closed e a ch supply pip e ,

to whi ch they a r e c on
n e cte d shoul d b e pro
v i d e d with a n a i r ch a m

ber a n d they should not

C om p i o C o k re s s n
b ec
us e d 0 11 hi gh press
u re work .

S E L F C L O S I N G F AU C E T S
-
I n i nstitut i ons like i ns a ne
.
-

a sylums where through c a reless ness i n thos e who u se the

,

fixtures mu ch w ater will b e w a sted it i s cu sto m a ry to fit a l l ,

fixtu res with self closi ng f a u cets W a ter c a n b e dr a wn from

-
.

a s elf clo si ng b ibb only while it i s held open ; the moment

-

the h a n d i s removed the f a u cet i s i mmedi a tely closed by a

,

spri ng provi ded fo r th a t p urpose A s elf closi ng si nk .

-

f a u cet is shown i n Fi g 9 2 Whe n the s tem a , i s t urn ed to

. .
,
1 84 P ri n c i p les an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

a pressu re of 1 00 po u nds p er squ a re i nch i n the servi ce

pi p e c the v a lve a w i ll se a t when the press u re i n d exc ee ds
, , , ,

2 5 po u nds . T hi s i s owi ng t o the gre a te r a re a i n b whi ch ,

compens a tes f o r the gre a ter p ress ure a cti ng on th e sm a ll

a r ea o f a Th a t i s 2 6 .
,

pou n ds p ressu re p er
squ a re i nch a cti ng on
four squ a re i nches of
disk will equ a l 1 04
p o u nds pressu re eno u g h ,

to clos e the v a lve

a g a i nst 1 00 p o u nds
pressure only on a
1 i nch s urf a ce -
The .

p ressure i n d a t w hi ch
the v a lve s ea ts or in ,

other words the a m ount ,

of p ress ure t o b e ca r

ri ed in the w a ter s up
ply system ca n be reg ,

ul a t e d by a dj u s ting the

fulcrum e M ovi ng it
e Cl i g C k
S lf — os n oc
, .

to the right will i h

cre a se a n d moving it t o the left wi ll d ec re a se the pr essure
i n the system .

A section a l i llustr a t ion of a p ressure regul a to r ext en

s i v e l y used i n p r a ctice i s sho wn i n F ig 9 4 In this regu . .

P re s s u r e R eg ula t o r

l a to r two pisto ns c a ll e d cups of diff erent a rea s a r e used

, ,

i nste a d of the t wo dist a nce v a lves i n the form er illustr a tion .

T he O p er a ti on of the v a lve i s a s follows : When wa te r i s

a dmitted t o the pr es su re si de of th e regul a tor it p a sses ,
 P r i n c i p l es a nd P r a c ti c e f P l u mbi n g
o 1 85

through the v a lve por t a n d fil ls th e system of p i ping on the

h o use si de ; a s soon a s the system of pi ping i s filled the b a ck ,

p ress ure a cts o n the u pper cu p a n d tend s to r a is e the stem

a n d thus close the v a lve As the a re a of the u pper cu p i s
.

gre a ter th a n th a t of th e lower cup a less pressu re per ,

squ a re i nch i s requ i red o n th e low pressu re si de to exceed -

the pressu re exerted o n the lower cu p o n th e high pres su re -

si de ; consequ ently when the p ressu re o n the house S i d e

,

exceed s a cert a i n p ercent a ge of th e street pressu re the ,

v a lve wil l close As soo n a s a f a ucet o n the hou se s i d e of

.

the regul a tor i s o pened it lowers th e ,

pressu re o n th a t si d e a n d the hi gh ,

pressu re a cti ng o n the lower cup will

a g a i n open th e v a lve .

The a re a of the l ow p ressu re cu p -

be a rs a cert a i n r a tio to th a t of the high

pressu re cu p cons equ ently if provi si on
, ,

were not m a d e to overcom e th e d i ffe r

ence b etween the fo rce tend ing to clos e
the v a lve a n d the fo rce ten di ng to hol d
i t open when the pressu re on both si d es
i s equ a l i t woul d be imposs ible to m a i n
,

t a i n a pressu re on th e hou se si d e o f th e
v a lve gre a ter th a n th a t d u e to th e r a ti o
between th e t wo cup s Fo r i nst a nce if .
,

the r a ti o of a re a of the hi gh pressu re -

cu p to th a t of the low p ress u re cu p were-

one to fo u r a n d th e p ressu re o n th e
F i g 94
street si d e were 1 00 pou nds per squ a re R du i g
.

P ssu e re r e c n

inch th e v a lve wo uld close when th e

,
V a lv e

p ressu re on the hou se si d e exceeded 2 5 po u nds per squ a re

i nch a n d no higher pressu re coul d be m a i nt a i ned To over .

com e th i s d iffi culty a sp ri ng a a n d tensi on screw b a r e , , , ,

p rovi d ed . Tu rni ng th e s crew to the ri ght i ncre a ses th e

tensi o n of the spri ng a g a i nst whi ch the l o w p ressu re must
a c t to close the v a lve a n d i n proporti on a s th e tensi on s crew
, ,

i s screwed down t he p res s u r e o n t he hou se s i d e of t he v a lve

,

will be i ncre a sed .

T here is a li mit to the r e d ucti o n of p ressu re possible to

 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti ce o f P l u m bi n g

obt a i n by me a ns of a pressu re regul a to r Thi s reducti on .

d epends to a gre a t extent on t he p ressure of w a ter o n the

street si de of the v a lve For i nst a nce the low est press u re
.
,

it i s possible t o obt a i n f o r 4 0 p r ou n d s p res sure i s a bo ut 1 4

pounds ; 5 0 p ou nds pressure 1 6 po unds ; 6 0 p ounds p ressure
, ,

1 8 p oun ds ; 7 0 po u nds press ure 2 0 p ou nd s ; 8 5 po unds press

,

u re, p o unds ; 1 00 pou nds pressure 2 3 p ounds ; 1 1 5 ,

pou nds pressu re 2 5 pou nds ; 1 2 5 p ou nds pressure 2 7

, ,

pou nds ; 1 3 5 po u nds p ressu re 2 9 po un ds ; 1 5 0 p ounds p ress

,

u re 3 1 p ounds ; 1 7 5 po unds pressure 3 5 pou nds ; 2 0 0 pounds

, ,

p ressure 3 9 pounds
, .

O n a ccount o f the weight of the stem a n d the fri cti on

of the mo vi ng p a rts i t i s impossible t o obt a in s o l o w a
,

redu cti on as z ero b ut a n y p ressu re b etween the t wo e x

,

tremes menti oned c a n b e secu red by a dj usting the ten s ion

scre w on to p of the c a p .

A rel i ef or s a fety v a lve shoul d a lw a ys be us ed in c on

n e c t i o n with a p ressu re regul a to r t o provi de reli ef f or th e
,

system sho ul d excess ive press ure b e gen er a ted by the w a ter
he a ti ng a pp a r a tus .
1 88 P r i n ci p les an d P r a c ti c e o f P lum bi n g
connecti on a llow a nce should be m a de f o r the gre a ter
,

a mou nt of fri ction i n sm a ll pipes Thi s i s n o i n con s i d e r

.

a ble item a s the followi ng will show :

, At the s a me velo city
of flow doubli ng the d i a meter of a pip e i ncre a ses i t s c a p a c
,

ity fo ur times ; but the s a m e he a d or press ure wi ll p rodu c e

different velociti es i n pipes of diff erent sizes or lengt hs a n d ,

doubli ng the d i a m eter of a pi pe when the p ressu re rem a i ns

const a nt i ncre a s es the c a p a city of the pip e a bo ut s i x times
, ,

the diff erence bei ng usu a lly st a ted t o v a ry a s the squ a re ro ot

of the fifth p ower of the di a m eter The number of sm a ll .

pi pes requ i red t o equ a l the c a p a city of a l a rge on e c a n be

fo u nd i n T a bl e LI of equ a tion of pip es .

I n the t a ble figures a bove the di a go n a l li ne refer t o

,

st a n d a rd wrought pi pes th e di a meters of whi ch v a ry a little

from the a ctu a l di a meters
given I n the lower p a rt of .

the t a ble the figures refer to

pi pes of the a ctu a l s izes
given .

The t a bl e i s used i n the

followi ng m a nner : If it i s
d esi red t o know the numb er
F i g 95 .
of [p i nch t a ps or p i pes th a t
3
C o t i o to S t ee t M i
n n ec n
W ill equ a l 111 di sch a rging
r a n

c a p a city a 2 i nch p ip e gl a nce down the column m a rked 2 t o

-

the intersectio n of the l ine i n the first column m a rked 34 .

Thi s shows th a t it requi res fou rt een i n Ch t a ps or pip es to -

equ a l on e 2 i nch pipe

-
To find the number of pipes of on e
.

siz e th a t equ a ls the di sch a rgi ng c a p a city of a nother i n the ,

lower p a r t of the t a ble follow down the columns the siz e of

,

the sm a ller pip e u ntil it i ntersects the li ne of the l a rger on e .

Thus to find the number of 2 i nch pip es th a t equ a l a 1 0 i nch - -

p i pe follow d own the column m a rked 2 to where it i nter

,

sects the li ne m a rked 1 0 a n d it will be found th a t t wo

i nch p i p es equ a l i n di s ch a rgi ng c a p a city o n e 1 0 i nch pipe -
.

In like m a nner the size of m a i n requ ired t o serve s ev

er a l br a nches c a n be determi ned S uppose it i s necess a ry
.

t o find the di a meter of m a i n th a t wi ll s erve on e 2 i nch o n e -

3 inch a n d on e 4 i nch pipe

-

,
-
U s e the c a p a city of the sm a ll
.
1 90 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P lu m bi n g
o

est pip e a s a me a su re Then : O ne 2 i nch pi pe ha s the

.
-

c a p a city of o n e 2 i nch pi pe ; one 3 i nch p i p e ha s the c a p a city

- -

of Z i nch pi pes ; on e 4 i n ch p ip e ha s the c a p a city of

- -

2 i nch pipes
-
The combi ned c a p a city of the pip es
.

equ a ls th a t o f 2 inch pi pes -

R equi red a w a ter m a i n
.
,

with the c a p a city of 2 i nch p ip es F rom the t a ble it

-
.

i s fo u nd th a t a 5 i nch p ip e ha s th e c a p a city of
-
2 i nch -

pi pes s o wou ld b e more th a n l a rge enough t o s erve a l l the

,

br a nches .

Hotels club s hO S p i t a l s a n d other bu il di ngs th a t r e

, ,

qu ire a n u ninterrupted supply of w a ter should when possi

ble be provi ded with t wo servi ce pip es E a ch servi ce pipe .

should b e of suffici ent c a p a city t o supply the entire bui ldi ng

a n d shoul d b e c on

n e c t e d to the street

m a i n i n di fferent
streets The servi ce .

pipes sho ul d then

b e cross c onnected
w ithi n the b u ildi ng ,

so th a t if w a ter i s
shut off from on e
city m a i n a n a d e
qu a te supply c a n b e
Fi g 96 dr a wn from the
M u l t i p le C o
.

ec ti o t o S t ee t M a i
nn n
other on e
r n
.

S ervi ce pip es a r e u su a lly provi ded with a stop co ck .

lo c a ted a t the cu rb Thi s cu rb cock gives the w a ter com

.

p a ny control of the supply withi n a b ui ldi ng s o th a t w a ter ,

c a n b e shut off a t a n y time withou t diggi ng down t o the

corpor a ti on co ck or enteri ng the premis es .

The comp a r a tive c a p a ci ti es of p ipes of st a nd a rd si zes ,

wh en the velo city of flow rem a ins const a nt or the number .

of times the a re a of one pip e i s cont a ined i n th a t of a l a rger ,

c a n b e found i n T a ble L I I .

S upp ose fo r i nst a nce i t i s necess a ry to know how

, ,

m a ny times the a re a of a i n vch p ipe i s cont a ined i n th a t

-

of a i nch p ip e
-
G l a ncing d own colum n 1 to the si z e
.
‘

m a rked then a lo ng the horizont a l li ne u ntil it i ntersects

1 92 P r i nc i p l es a nd P r a c t ic e f P l u mb i n g
o

th e column h ea ded it wi l l b e s e en th a t a zyé i nch

-
pi p e is
equ a l i n a r ea t o ni ne pi p es .

S I ZES OF W A TER P I P E s .
— W a ter s upp ly sys t e m s should
b e s o p ropo rti oned th a t a plentiful supply of w a te r at low
v elocity c a n be ha d a t a ll fix tures If p ip e s a r e t oo sm a ll .
,

there wi ll b e th e a nnoy a n c e of on e f a u c et robb i ng a n oth er ,

a l so o wi ng to the hi gh v el o city of flow when w a t er i s b ei ng

,

dr a wn a dis a gr e ea bl e si n g i ng or hi s sing noi se wi ll b e h ea r d

,

i n th e p ip e s a n d th e sou nd wi ll b e convey e d t o a ll p a rts of

the bu il di ng wh ere there a r e pi p es .

I n p ropo r ti o n i ng a w a ter s upply syst em the chi ef condi

tion t o b e a s cert a ined i s th e p rob a bl e n umb er of fix tu res
a t whi ch w a ter wi ll simult a n e ous ly b e d r a wn I n resi .

de u c e s a n d other bui ldi ngs wi th comp a r a tively f ew fixt u res

the s upply p ip es sho ul d b e p ropo rtion ed to supply a ll the
fix t u r e s s im ult a n e o usly I n hotel s a p a r tment hous es a n d
.
,

li ke b u il dings however su ch provi si on i s unn ec es sa ry

, , It .

i s n ot p rob a bl e th a t mor e th a n one fixt ure a t a tim e wi ll b e

i n us e i n a b a th r oom n or i s it p rob a ble th a t more th a n on e
,

fixtur e a t a t i m e wil l b e u s ed i n the kitchen a ltho ugh it i s ,

quit e prob a bl e th a t fixtur e s i n ki tchen a n d b a th r oom wil l

b e s im ulta n e o usly u sed ; hence i f p rovi si on b e m a de t o sup
,

ply a t th e s a m e tim e one fi x ture i n ea ch gro up withi n a

bu ildi ng th e p ip es wi ll b e of suffici ent c a p a city to m eet a l l
,

r eq ui remen t s .

The l a rgest p ip e u sed to su pply a n y fix t ure i s i g inch

f -

di a m eter a n d th e a ver a ge si z e i nch i n di a m ete r F a u cets

-
.

a n d cocks for i g inch p ip es s eldom h a ve a n unobstructe d

f -

w a terw a y l a rger th a n 1/g i nch di a meter wh i l e the w a ter

-

wa y of l/g i nch c ocks a n d f a u cets s el dom exc eeds

-
i nch i n
d i a meter ; hence i f i n a ll w a ter pip es a n a llow a nce i s m a d e
,

o f the c a p a city of a gig i nch pi pe for one fixtu re i n e a ch

-

grou p the system wi ll b e so p ropo rt io ned th a t a n a d equ a te

,

su pp ly of wa ter a t low v elocity will be ha d a t a ll fixtu res .

An exception to the forego ing st a te ments must b e m a d e i n

th e ca se of p ubl ic toi let rooms a n d b a tteri es of w a sh b a si ns
i n f a cto ri es o r other i ns titutio ns A l l the fixtur es in s uch .

b a tteri es might b e u sed at th e s a m e time a n d a n a llow a nce

 P r i n c i p l es an d .
P r a c ti c e o f P l um b i n g 1 93

of the c a p a ci ty of a -
i nch p i pe fo r e a ch fixtu re should be
m a de .

E XAM P L E —W h a t s i z e o f wa t e r m a i n wi l l be re q u i re d fo r an a p a r t me n t
h o us e o f fi ft e e f a m i l i n es. eac h f a m i l y b e i n g p r ov i d e d wi t h b at h r oo m and

?
k h c he n

S O L U TI O N —F i ft e e n b a t h r oo m s a n d fi ft e e n k i t c h e n s e q ua l t h i r t y g r o u p s
o f fi x t ur e s t o b e s u pp l i e d a t o n c e a n d a ll o wi n g t he c a p a c i t y o f a
, i nc h p i pe -

for e a c h g r o u p o f fi x t u r e s r e q u i r e s a p i p e wi t h a c a p a c i t y o f t h i r t y inch -

p i p e s F r o m T a bl e Ll wi l l b e fo u d t h a t a 2 i n c h s t a n d a r d p i p e ha s the
. n -

r e q ui r e d c a p a c i t y .

E X AM P L E l I—W h a t si ze o f se r vi ce p i pe wi l l be re q ui r e d to s u pp ly a h ot e l
e q ui pp e d wi t h 2 80 b a t h r oo m s an d 20 ot h e r gr o u ps of fi x t ur e s ?
S O L U TI O N — 2 80 + 2 0 z 3 00 , an d d i n g t o T a bl e
a c c or LI a b ou t a -
i nch
p i pe wo ul d e q l
ua in ca p ac i t y t h ree h un d re d i n c h p i pe s
-
.

WAT ER R E QU I RED FO R V A R I OUS P U R P O S E S — The fo llow

i ng i nfo rm a ti on wi ll b e fo u nd helpful when determi ni ng th e
d a ily cons umpti on of w a ter fo r a bu ild ing
I n estim a ti ng the d em a nd f o r swi mmi ng pools it i s ,

us u a lly figured to fill pool i n 2 4 hou rs a n d to r e fil t e r a l l

w a ter i n p ool o nce every 2 4 hou rs A pool for 1 00 persons .

ha s a c a p a city of a bo ut g a llons .

Fo r sp ri nkli ng 1 00 squ a re feet of l a wn a bo u t 1 cub i c ,

foot or 7 to 8 g a llons
, For so a ki ng 1 00 squ a re feet of .

l a wn a bo ut , cubi c feet o r from 1 5 to 1 6 g a llons To , .

fl ush closet e a ch ti me 5 to 6 g a llons The a ctu a l r a te o f

, .

d isch a rge from w a ter clos ets i s a bout g a llons pe r sec

ond .To fill the l a v a to ry o rdin a ry a bout g a llons To , .

fill b a th tub ord i n a ry a bo ut 2 0 g a llons , .

The consumpti o n of w a ter by f a rm a nim a ls v a ri es

gre a tly dependi ng u po n the se a so n of the ye a r t he a g e a n d
, ,

th e i nd ivi d u a l h a bi ts of the a nim a l a n d loc a l cond iti ons , .

The following t a ble will give a g oo d i de a however : Ho rse , ,

5 to 1 0 g a llons p er d a y ; c a ttle 7 to 1 2 g a llons p er d a y ; hogs , ,

to g a llons per d a ys ; sheep 1 to 2 g a llons p er d a y , .

Fo r mi xi ng concrete 4 0 pound s of w a ter a r e requi red

fo r e a ch 1 00 p ou nds of cement Fo rty pounds of w a te r .

equ a ls g a llons .

The a mou nt of w a ter requ i red fo r boil er f eed i ng c a n

be foun d i n T a ble LI I I .
1 94 P fl n c i p l es
’ '
an d P r a c ti c e s f P lu m bi n g

he m e w sr p e r
pe
-
h e ur . w a rra n t ed t ra m. 1 0080 P . ts 70 p ou n ds s t em p utse
-
w s

pe r sq ua r e M }

P H P H P
H . . .

Wa t e r

190

7 8 22 5 500
£ 57 8 2: 15 - 0 600
4 8 9 0
- 16 - 3 7
1
. i ii } 306 18 -
0 806
5 4
- 1 70 10 2
- 32 5 19 - 5 900
6 0
- 1 85) I f) 8 350 rem

ce n d e ns e d t e m e d er a t e t em m r
a t ur e . S i x ty t s 1 00 po un ds a t wa ter pe r pe un d e f s t ea m
wh en t he wa t er us e d i s a t t he hi g her te m pe r a tu re co m i n
t e c ab li n g t e we r p r a c ti c e Cons uumti c n s f wa t e r . i n mi li a

t ar y cam p i s s he e t 1 0 g a ll e ns pe r c a p i ta d a i l y .
1 96 P r i n c ip l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

C HA P T E R XXI
P UM P S A ND P U M P I N G

Li f t or S u c t i on P u m p s
PR I N C I PL E S O PE or RA T I O N
of a suction .
—The op er a ti on
pump i s dependent o n a n d its effici ency li mite d by a tmos
p he r i c pres sure If there were n o a tmosph eri c pressu re
.

there could b e no su cti on lift to a p ump This i s shown by .

a reference t o the su ctio n pump F ig 9 7 whi ch consi sts of a , .

,

p isto n a i n a p ump b a rrel o r cyli nder b a v a lve 0 th a t

, , , , , ,

op ens o n the down stroke of the pi ston a n d closes on th e up

stroke a n d a v a lve cl th a t O pens on the up stroke of the
, , ,

p iston a n d clo s es o n the down stroke The oper a ti on of the .

pump i s a s follows : When the p i ston a m a kes a n up stroke , ,

it exh a u sts some a i r from the s uc tion pipe e a n d a suffici ent , ,

qu a ntity of wa ter flows in to repl a ce the exh a usted a i r a n d

b a l a nce the a tmospheri c pressu re o n the w a ter outsi de On .

the down s troke o f the pisto n the exh a u sted a i r whi ch ha s

been confined i n the p ump cyli n der es c a pes through the
v a lve c whi ch O pens on the down stroke
, ,
The next U p .

stroke of the p iston still fu rther exh a u sts a i r from the s u c

tio n p i pe a n d a sti ll h igh er column of w a ter flows i n to
repl a ce the exh a u sted a i r R epe a ted stro kes of the pi sto n
.

exh a ust a l l a i r from the su cti on p i pe a n d p ump cyli nder ,

wh i ch then fill wi th w a ter wh i ch i s pumped o ut a s wa s the

am

LI FT A P U M P — Theoreti c a lly a p ump W 1 11 r a i se

OF .

w a ter a d ist a nce equ a l t o the height th a t a tmospheri c pres s

u re will b a l a nce a column of w a ter i n a perfe ct v a cu um .

E xp eri ence a n d experiment however h a ve demonstr a ted , ,

th a t a pump wi ll r a i se w a ter o nly a bout 7 5 of the theo .

r e t i c a l height This difference b etween the theoreti c a l a n d

.

the a ct u a l lift of a pump i s du e t o the loss of he a d c a used by

fri ctio n i n the pip e a n d the impossibility of secu ri ng a per
,

fe et v a cu um on a ccou nt of mech a ni c a l imp erfections i n the

p ump a n d c onnections a i r i n the w a ter a n d v a pori z a tion of
,

the w a ter itself The const a nt 75 holds true however only

. .
, ,
 P r i n c i p l es a nd P r a c ti c e o f P l um bi n g 1 97

for wa ter a t o rd i n a ry temper a tu res Any a ppreci a ble r a i se

.

i n the temper a ture of w a ter will c a us e a correspond ing loss

of lift . Thi s i s d u e to the f a ct th a t i n a v a cu u m w a ter
v a p orizes a t a lower tempe r a tu re th a n when u nder press u re ,

a n d when a i r is exh a usted from th e sucti on p ip e of a pump

connected with a hot w a ter t a nk o r receiver the w a ter ,

i n s t a ntly fl a shes i nto v a po r a n d fills the su cti on pip e p re ,

v e nti ng the fo rm a ti o n o f a v a cu um W a ter of tem per a tu res

.

highe r th a n 1 80 degrees F a hrenheit c a nnot successfully be

r a i sed by suctio n but fo r th e b est
o per a tio n m ust flow i nto a pum p
by gr a vity . W a ters of lowe r
temper a tu res but over 1 00 d e
grees F a hrenheit a r e mu ch e a s i er
h a ndled when they fl ow by gr a v
ity i nto the pump cyli nd er .

Atmospheri c pressu re v a ries

with the elev a tion th a t is th e di s
, ,

t a nce a bove o r the d epth below

s e a l evel ; hence on the si de o r top

of a mou nt a i n the a tmosp heri c

pressu re a n d consequ ently th e
lift of a pum p wi ll b e less th a n a t
the s e a level . Also the a tmos
,

p he r i c pressu re a n d lift o f a p ump

l ?"
" f"m i f"p
i n a deep p it or m i ne wi ll b e
g 10 u
gre a ter th a n a t s e a l evel Th e .

a tmospheri c p ressu re a t s e a level v a ries with the cond iti ons

of we a ther b ut for p r a cti c a l p urposes i s t a ken a s

,

p ound s per squ a re i n ch a n d a s 1 po und pressu re will b a l

,

a nce a col umn of w a ter feet high it follows th a t i n a ,

perfect v a cu um a tmospheri c pressu re shoul d b a l a nce a col

u m n of w a ter X feet high Atmosph eri c .

p ressu re a t d i fferent a ltitu des with equ iv a lent he a d of w a ter

a n d the verti c a l su cti on l ift of pumps c a n b e fo u nd i n
T a ble L V .

I n a dd iti on to the verti c a l lift a s ucti o n pum p wi ll,

d r a w w a te r hori zont a lly a gre a t d i sta nce ; nevertheless ,

when w a ter must b e conveyed a n y gre a t di st a nce better ,

 ~

1 98 P r i n ci p l e s an d P r a c ti c e f P lu m bi n g
o

res ults a r e obt a i ned by using a f or c e p ump an d pl a cing it

close t o the sou rce of supply .

F O R C E P U M P S — S u c tion pumps a r e l imited i n the

.

height t o whi ch they c a n deliver w a ter by the a tmo spheri c

p re s su re a t the elev a tio n where they a r e i nst a lled ; fur t her
more they c a nnot b e u sed t o ci rcul a te w a ter through a
,

closed ci rcuit H ence when w a ter must b e elev a ted a con

.
,

s i d e r a b l e di st a nce through closed pipes a s f or i n st a nce i n , , ,

filli ng a hou se t a nk a force pump mu st b e used

, .

TAB L E L V . S af e S u c t i o n Li f t s of P um p s

Te m p er a t ur e of W a t er R ai se d
El v
e a t i on
D e gr ee s Fh h a r en ei t

l 90
l 12 0 1 50

S af e S uc i on Ht ea df or P um p ( F
ee t )

17 O 16 4 14 7 11 3
20 5 19 9 18 2 14 8
21 5 20 9 19 2 15 8
22 4 21 8 20 2 16 8
23 2 22 6 21 0 17 6
24 1 23 5 21 9 18 5
25 0 24 4 22 8 19 4

A simple h a nd force pump i s shown i n Fig 9 8 It . .

combines the functi ons o f a l ift pu mp with th a t of a force

pump W a ter i s r a is ed t o the cyl inder by su ction a s i n a
.

lift pump , but when the soli d p i ston , a des cends the c on , ,

fi n e d w a ter c a nnot e s c a pe t o the t op of the p iston as i n the ,

c a s e of a su ction pump but i s forced o ut through the v a lve

, ,

b to the hous e t a nk or other pl ac e of stor a ge

, Thi s p ump .

i s known a s a si ngl e stroke p ump a s it lifts a n d forces with ,

e a ch a ltern a te stroke of the p iston .

S LI P —A t
the end of the up stroke of the p i ston the
.
,

moment when i t b egins a down stroke there i s a b ri e f i n ,

t e r v a l o f tim e du ring whi ch both v a lve s b a n d c a r e o p en ,

2 00 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P l u m bi n g
o

ch a rgi ng them A simple contriv a nce f or ch a rgi ng a i r

.

ch a mbers of ste a m pumps i s shown i n Fi g 99 The a i r . .

ch a mb er a n d w a ter cyli nder of a pump a r e connected

together thro ugh a ga te v a lve a pipe b a n d a check v a lve , , , , ,

c, whi ch opens tow a rds the a i r ch a mber Another ch ec k .

v a lve d th a t O p ens tow a rds the p ump i s sc r ewed t o the pi pe

, ,

a s shown The st a ndpip e b st a nds p a rtly full of w a ter

.
, ,
.

Then with the v a lve a properly throttled when the w a ter

, , ,

pi ston e m a kes a stroke t o the left some of the w a ter will

, , ,

be dr a wn i nto the cyli nder a n d a i r will enter check v a lve d

, , ,

to t a ke i t s pl a ce O n the reverse stroke of the pi ston w a ter

.
,

i s forced i nto the pipe ,

b a n d a s the confined ,

ai r c a nnot e s c a p e
through the c heck v a lve ,

d i t i s forced i nto the ,

a i r ch a mber th u s keep ,

i ng it ch a rged .

S I N G L E D I RE C T
A CT I N G S T E A M P U M P S .

—The type of ste a m

p ump most commonly
used f or house p umps
i s a si ngl e di rect a cti ng -

pump shown i n Fig .

1 00 The o per a tion of .

the pump i s a s fo llows

S te a m enters the c yl i n
de r a from the ste a m , ,
F g 99
i chest b through the
Ch m b
.

Ai r P um p
a er on , ,

port ,c a n d pushes the ,

piston cl t o the left the ste a m exh a usti ng from the left
, , ,

si d e of the p iston through th e port e a n d exh a ust f t o , , , ,

the a tmosph ere When the p iston ha s a lmost re a ched the

.

end o f i t s stroke the a r m 9 li nk i t a n d r od i reverse the

, , , , , , ,

a uxi li a ry p i ston j a n d sli de v a lve k s o th a t ste a m i s n ow

, , , ,

a dmitted to the l eft si de of the p iston through port e and , ,

a s the pi ston tr a vels t o the right th e e x ha u s e ste a m esc a pes

t hrough port c a n d exh a ust f t o the a tmosphere

, ,
The , , .
 P r i n c i p l es a n d. P r a c ti c e o f P l um b i n g 2 01

reci proc a ti ng moti o n of the ste a m pi ston i s tr a nsmitted to

the pump pi ston l i n the w a ter end of the pu mp by me a ns
, ,

of th e p i ston rod m to whi ch i t i s d i rect connected

, , Then .
,

a s the p ump p i ston tr a vels to the left w a ter flows through ,

the su ction v a lve n i nto the pum p cyli nd er whi le the w a ter
, , ,

to the left si d e of the p i sto n i s fo rced th rough the v a lve 0 , ,

i nto th e d i sch a rge p i pe O n the reverse stroke of the pi s

.

ton w a ter flows through the su ctio n v a lve p i nto th e p u mp

, , ,

cyl ind er whil e w a ter o n the right si d e of the pi ston i s

,

fo rced out through d isch a rge v a lve q i nto t he d i s c ha r g e , ,

pi pe .An a i r ch a mber r on top of the v a lve ch a mb er r e

, ,

d uces shock from w a ter h a mmer a n d p ro motes ste a dy fl ow .

Two d rip cocks s s serve to d r a i n w a ter of con dens a ti on

, ,

Fi g . 1 00
8 t ea m P um p

from the ste a m cyli nder a n d a lubri c a to r t oi ls the worki ng , ,

p a rts i n the ste a m chest Thi s pump i s known a s a double

.

stroke pum p a s it both lifts a n d fo rces with e a ch stroke of

,

the p iston .For l ow pressu re s ervi ce th e p i sto n i n the

w a ter end of a p ump m a y be p a cked with a fib rou s p a cki ng ;
fo r high pressu re servi ce h owever the p a cki ng sho ul d be of
, ,

met a l .

H O R S E P O W ER O F P U M P S — The ho rsepower necess a ry to.

ele v a te w a ter to a gi ven height c a n be fo un d by multi plyi ng

the weight of w a ter i n po unds elev a ted per mi nute by th e
height i n feet a n d d ivi d i ng the pro duct by
, An
2 02 P r i n ci p le s and P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

a llow a nce or ded u ctio n of 2 5 % from the theo reti ca l hors e

power sho ul d b e m a d e t o a ll ow f or the loss du e t o fri ct ion ,

when the ru ns a r e n ot long If the disch a rge p i pe i s l o n g .

,

or co n t a i n s m a ny b ends a n d br a nches the fri ction a l re s i st ,

a n ce of the p ip e a n d fi t tings shoul d b e c a l cul a ted .

CA PA CI TY di a meter of cyl i n der f or a

or P U M PS .
—Th e
si ngl e a cti ng p ump requ ire d t o del iver a cert a i n qu a nti t y
-

of w a ter p er mi nute c a n b e fo und by the fo rmul a :

{ 5 03 1 n
in wh i c h l z l e n gt h of t ke
s ro in f ee t , g z n um be r of g a ll ons

to be d e li v e r e d p er mi n u t e 11 n u mb e r o f s tr oke s p er m i n u t e d di am
z
,
:

e t e r of p um p i n i n c h e s .

E XAM P L E —W h a t di am e t e r of p um p p l un g e r wil l b e r e qui r e d t o di s c ha r ge

1 1 4 g a l l on s of wa t e r p e r m i n u t e ; s p e e d of p um p 90 s tr ok e s ; l e n g th of s tr oke , ,

1 f o ot ?

S O U TI
L O N — S ub s t i t u t i n g v a l u e s g i v en i n t he e x a m p l e ,

inc h di am e t er —A n s . .

X 1 X 90

When th e di a m eter of a cyli nder a n d th e l ength of

p iston tr a vel per mi nute a r e kn own th e qu a nti ty of w a te r ,

a p ump will d is ch a rge c a n b e fou nd by the formul a

q z l a s i,n w h i c h q c ub i c zf ee t o f w a t e r d e l i v e r e d p e r m i n u t e l = l e n gth ,

o f s tr ok e i n f e e t a ar e a o f p i s t on or p l un g e r i n
,
z f e e t s n um ber of ,
z

s tr ok e s p e r m i n u t e .

E XAM P L E —W h a t wi ll b e t he di s c h ar g e i n c ub i c f e e t p er m i n u t e fr om a
s i n g l e di r ec t a c t i n g p u m p w
-
i t h wa t e r p i s t on 6 i n c h e s i n di a m e t e r a n d l e n g t h o f
s tr ok e 8 i n c h e s wh e n r un n i n g a t a s p e e d o f 3 0 s tr o k e s p e r mi n u t e
?
,

S OL UT I O N The a r e a o f a 6 i n c h p i s t on i s 2 s q u ar e f oo t-
A n 8 i nch. .
-

p i s t on s t r oke e q ual s 66 6 f o o t T h e n
. .
,

6 6 6 X 30 x 2
. . c u b i c f e e t o f wa t e r p e r mi n u t e — A n s .

A CT UA L P ER F O R M AN C E Union or H OUS E P U M P .
—The
C entr a l O ffice B u il di ng C i nci nn a ti , O h io , i s 3 0 s t ori es ta ll
,
.

To pump w a ter to th e ho u s e t a nks loc a ted on the i 8t h a n d

3 ot h floors there a r e t wo F a i rb a n k s M o rse house pumps
,
-

s i z e 1 2 x 7 x l 2 a n d 1 8 x 7 x 1 2 i nches O nl y on e i s i n s e r .

vi ce a t a time th e other b ei ng kept i n res erv e a n d the t wo

, ,

a r e used on a ltern a t e d a ys An a ver a ge of 6 8 0 cubic feet .

of w a ter wa s p ump ed from the engi ne room servi c e t a nk

p er hou r t o th e t a nk on the 3 0t h floo r , whi ch i s a bout 4 3 4
feet a bove the fl oo r of the engine ro om .
2 04 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P l u m bi n g
o

i ngs bec a use the b ac k press ure o f the col umn of liqui d i s
,

delivered t o the mi ddle of the cyli nder a n d the en dwi se

p ressu re upon the screws i n o n e di rection i s ex a ctly counter
b a l a nced by a like press ure in the opposite di rection The .

sucti on O pens i nto a ch a mb er underne a th the p ump cyli nder

a n d the l iqu i d p a sses through this ch a mb er t o th e two ends

of the cyl i nd er a n d i s forced from the two ends tow a rds the
,

center by the a ction of the

two i nterm eshi ng p a i r of
thre a ds a n d thenc e out ,

through the di sch a rge port

t o the hous e t a nk The .

power t o drive the pump

i s a ppli ed to the m a in
sh a ft a a n d p a rt of it i s , ,

tr a nsmitted t o the a ux
i l i a r y sh a ft b by the , ,

ge a rs c , .

P umps f or house s e r
vi ce a r e usu a lly fitted up
to work a utom a ti c a lly .

Th e m a nner of s o c onnect
i ng a Qu imby P ump i s
shown i n F ig 1 02 The . .

pump i s oper a ted by a

d i rect connected elect ri c
moto r th a t i s controlled «

by a weighted flo a t i n the
hous e t a nk When w a ter .

i n the t a nk i s l ow the ,

F i g 1 02 -
weighted flo a t r a i ses the
A u t m ti S ta te f P um p
o a c r r
ch a in a n d cou nterweight
or
,

a, u ntil the di sk b trips the s witch lever c t hrowi ng the

, , , ,

cont a ct b a r cl over a s s hbwn by dotted li nes t o close the

, , , ,

ci rcu it a n d tu rn the electri c current on to the motor T hen . ,

a s the t a nk fills with w a ter the flo a t r a is es a n d the cou nter

,

weight pulls down on the ch a i n u nti l t he upper disk trips

the l ever 6 thus b re a ki ng the ci rc ui t a n d shutting O ff
, ,

c u rr e nt from t he motor By a d j t g
u s i n. the t wo di sk s t he
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l um b i n g 2 05

p ump c a n be m a de to oper a te u nd er the slightest loss of

he a d i n the t a nk bu t it i s better to so pl a ce the d i sks t h a t
,

they will close the switch when th e t a nk i s a lmost empty

a n d op en it when the t a nk i s full Thi s a voi ds frequently
.

st a rti ng a n d stoppi ng the p ump a n d insu res a frequ ent

ch a nge of w a ter i n the t a nk .

S crew pu mps ru n a t speeds r a ngi ng from 90 0 to

revol uti ons per mi nute a cco rd i ng to thei r si z e a n d the
,

s ervi ce u nder whi ch they O p er a te D i rect cu rrent 1 1 0 2 2 0

.
,

o r 5 00 volt moto rs o f G ener a l E lectri c C rocker Wheel er o r

-

,
-

S pr a gu e typ es a r e foun d s a ti sf a cto ry for this work

, .

E lectri c a lly d riven pu mps of the plunger typ e a r e some

times us ed fo r ho use s ervi ce p umps P umps of thi s typ e .
,

however shoul d b e p rovi d ed with a rh eost a t o r st a rti ng box

,

to tu rn the cu rrent on to the moto r gr a du a lly If the fu ll .

cu rrent were tu rned on i nst a ntly the a rm a tu re wo ul d prob

a bly be bu rned out ; a lso the poundi ng d u e to s u ddenly st a rt

i ng i n motio n a l a rge col umn of w a ter might i nj u re some of

th e mo re d eli c a te worki ng p a rts of the p ump .

M otors for pumps op er a ti ng und er a v a ri a ble lo a d

should be compoun d wo un d Those oper a ti ng u nd er a con
.

st a nt lo a d sho ul d be shu nt wo u nd
, A seri es wou n d moto r
.
-

when the lo a d i s removed i s li a ble to ru n a w a y or wild .

S low O per a ting pumps th a t a r e d irect connected sho ul d

h a ve slow S p eed motors Fo r high s peed p umps a lso fo r
.
,

ge a r connected p umps h igh speed motors m a y b e u sed

,
.

H O T A I R P U M P I N G E N GI N E S — H o t Ai r P ump ing E n
gi nes a r e u s ed for s upplying w a ter to cou ntry o r s ub u rb a n
resi d ences a n d i n t a ll a p a rtment houses to pump w a ter
,

from the servi ce pi pe to th e hou se t a nk o n the roof Thi s .

type of pum p c a n b e O per a ted by a n y ki n d of fu el a n d r e

qu i res n o skilled help to ru n i t I n s ubu rb a n lo c a li ti es
.
,

where a hyd r a ul i c r a m o r a wi ndmi ll wo uld not b e p r a cti c a

bl e a hot a i r p umpi ng engin e will prove th e n ext l e a st ex
,

pensive to o per a te .

S U C T I O N T AN K S .
—l f l a rge ste a m pumps su ch , as ar e

used fo r fire pumps a n d l a rge el ectri c p umps su ch a s a r e

u sed to fill hou se t a nks o n t a ll bu ild ings were a llowed to ,

pump w a ter d i rect from the city m a i ns they wou ld c a u s e ,

2 06 P r i n ci p l e s an d P r a c ti c e f
o P lu m bi n g _

cons i der a ble a nnoy a nce whi le O p er a ting by redu ci ng the

p ressu re a n d thus decre a si ng the flow of w a t er i n other
s upply systems i n the neighborhood F u r t hermore t he .
,

op er a ti o n of the pump might c a use w a ter r a m i n the m a in s

th a t woul d b e a nnoyi ng t o other w a ter c onsumers a n d d a m
a ging t o the w a ter s upply system For these r e a s o ns a lso
.
,

t o store a s upply of wa ter on the premi s es t o provi de a g a i nst

short a ge sho uld w a ter be tempor a ri ly shu t off from the
stree t m a i ns , su cti on t a nks shoul d b e provi ded i n a l l l a rge
b ui ldi n gs .

S u ction s t a nks u s u a lly co nsi st of a n O p en steel t a nk

covered with s teel or woo den p l a nki ng S ometime s how
w
.
,

ever , they a r e e n clos ed rect a ngul a r steel t a nks ith a m a n

hole a n d hi nged c ove r , t hr oug h whi c h a ccess m a y be ha d
’

t o the i nterior of th e t a nk .

T he s upply pipe t o s u cti on t a nks i s gener a lly s o l a rge

tha t a n ordi n a ry b a l l cock of the full c a lib re of the pip e
wo ul d b e subj ecte d t o t oo s evere a str a in henc e l a rge s i z e s ,

of s upply p ip es a r e u su a lly provi ded with a Ford b a l a n c e d

b a ll c o ck
. S u ction pip es from su ction t a nks t o hou s e pump s
a r e usu a lly cross co nnected t o the s treet supply s o i n c a se
-

of emergency , a s f or i n s t a nce du ri ng a fire w a ter c a n be ,

p ump ed di rect from the city m a i ns S u ction t a nks s hould

.

h a ve suffi ci ent c a p a city t o store at le a st on e d a y s supply of ’

w a ter f or the entire b u i ldi ng ; when sp a ce permits , it i s

b etter t o p rovi de c a p a city f or two d a ys sto r a ge Thi s ’
.

qu a ntity w ill ti de over a n y p rob a ble peri o d O f time th a t

w a ter will b e shut o ff from th e street m a i ns .

H O U S E T A N K S — Hou se t a nks a r e used t o store wa te r

.

f or the s upply of b u ildi ngs a n d shoul d b e lo c a ted a t le a st ten

feet a bove the level of the highest fixture t o b e s uppli ed .

The r e a r e t wo ki nds of t a nks comm only used woode n a n d ,

iron t a nk s When lo c a ted o utsi d e of b u ildings on r oof s o r

.

i n other exposed positions woo den t a nks a r e gener a lly u s ed ;

,

whe n loc a ted insi d e of b u ildi ngs i ron t a n k s a r e gener a lly

,

used . D uri ng w a rm we a ther moi stu re c ondense s o n the

o ut s i de of i ron t a nks a n d if n ot c a red f o r will dri p t o the
,

floo r a n d we t b oth floor a n d ceili ng below TO p revent this .

a d r i p p a n shoul d b e p l a ced under a l l i ron t a nks a n d a drip

2 08 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P l um bi n g
o

people t o be suppli ed a n d the l ength of time they a r e t o

,

su pply w a ter without bei ng repleni shed They shoul d h a ve

.

s u ffici ent stor a ge c a p a city f or a t le a st o n e d a y s supply t o ’

,

ti de over possible perio ds o f b re a kdown of p ump or boiler .

When figuri ng the c a p a city of sto r a ge t a nks 1 00 ga llons of ,

w a ter per d a y p er c a p it a should b e a llowed in hotels hos ,

p i t a l s a p a rtment houses a n d p ubli c i nstitutions

, .

I n l a rge office bu il di ngs m a ny stori es in height a lso ,

l a rge hotel bu ildi ngs the t a nks must be suffici ently l a rge
,

t o su pply w a ter f o r the gre a test perio d of tim e the w a ter i s

likely t o b e shut o ff from the m a i ns I n l a rge impor ta nt
.

b u ildi ngs of su ch ch a r a cter it is a dvi s a ble t o h a ve a s m a ny

,

a s three , a n d fou r i f possible sep a r a te servi ce pipes c on

,

n e c t e d t o m a i ns i n the d iff erent streets This i s qu ite p ossi

.

ble when th e b u il di ng fronts on three or fou r streets a n d it ,

m ight be a ccepted a s a rule t o run a s ervice p ipe from the

w a ter m a i n i n every street on whi ch a bu il di ng front s It .

i s n ot li kely th a t w a ter will b e shut off from a l l the streets

a t on e tim e , a n d the p oss ibil ity of i nterrupted servi ce b e

comes less the gre a ter the number of servi ce pipes provi ded .

Under s u ch conditi ons sm a ller t a nks c a n be used th a n when

the supply i s from o n e o r t wo streets only When there i s .

only on e or t wo servi ce pi pes f or a b u ildi ng housi ng a l a rge

number of p eople a n d where i nterruption o f w a ter servi ce
,

i s n ot t o b e permitted there ought t o b e stor a ge c a p a city

,

on th e premi ses f or a t le a st 4 8 hou rs supply of w a ter It .

i s n ot likely th a t w a ter s ervi ce i n the street m a i ns will b e

i nterru pte d f or a longer peri o d th a n th a t .

P a rt of the hou se s upply c a n b e c a rried i n th e ho use

t a nks a n d the rest i n the sucti on t a nk
, The s izes o f the .

t a nks c a n then be proportioned t o on e a nother t o su it condi

tions s o long a s there i s 4 8 hou rs supply of w a ter a v a il a ble
,
.

For i nst a nc e if sp a ce woul d n ot p ermit the i nst a ll a tion of

,

l a rge servi ce or ho us e t a nks the difference would h a ve t o

,

b e m a de up i n the s u cti on t a nk ; while on the other h a nd , ,

if there wa s b ut l ittle sp a ce f o r th e suction t a nk the house ,

t a nks woul d h a ve to be l a rge enou gh t o c a re f o r the rest of

the emergency supply .

The gener a l a rr a ngement of pipe conne c tions to a hous e

 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f
o P l um b i n g 2 09

t a nk i s shown i n Fi g 1 03 . The cle a no ut o r emptyi ng pi pe

.

i s v a lved a n d connected to the overflow p ipe The ho us e .

s up ply extends a few i nches a bove the bottom of th e t a nk

to p revent sed iment enteri ng the pip e B elow the v a lve .

th a t controls the hous e su pply i s co nnected a vent p ipe t o

a dmit a i r to the ho u se s u pply a n d perm it it t o empty when

the v a lve i s shu t o ff .A v a po r or reli ef pi pe from the high

est po int i n th e hot w a ter supply system b ends over the
t a nk a n d thu s p erm its the esc a pe of ste a m The p ump m a y .

di sch a rge i nto th e ho us e t a nk i n the m a nner i ndi c a ted when

the pu mp i s no t controlled a utom a ti c a lly When i t i s the .
,

pump pi p e should enter the t a nk through th e bottom a n d b e

controll ed b y a b a l
a n ce d flo a t v a lve .

A d ri p p a n a u n
, ,

de r the t a nk a n d
extend ing a f e w
i nch es o n a l l si des
of it c a tch es t he
,

w a ter of cond ens a

tion a n d d i sch a rges
it th rough th e
w a ste pipe , b i nto
,

th e overflow p ip e .

When a t a nk is
s uppli ed with wa
ter by a p ump th a t
i s n ot a utom a ti c i n oper a ti on a tell t a le pi pe sho uld be ru n
,
-

from a poi nt i n the t a nk a bout two i nch es below the l evel of

th e overflow pi pe to the engi neer s si nk W a ter flowi ng
’
.

th rough the pip e then noti fies th e engi nee r when th e t a nk

i s full .

I n a l l t a ll bu i ldi ngs the hot w a ter l in e shoul d h a ve a

reli ef v a lve a t th e hou se t a nk otherwi se hot w a ter wi ll flow
,

from the relief pi p e i nto the hou se t a nk O wi ng to the .

w a ter i n the col d w a ter dow n ri ser b eing he a vi e r th a n the

w a te r i n the hot w a te r ri ser the hot w a ter will ri se a bov e
,

the level of the w a ter i n th e hou se t a nk

C O M PL E T E M E C H A N I C AL E QU I P ME N T —A n illu str a ti on
.

.
2 10 P r i n c i p l es an d
“

P r a c ti c e f P l u m bi n g
o

of the complete mech a nic a l e qu i pment of a w a ter sup p l y

sy s te m i n a b ui ld i n g suppli ed with st reet a n d ta nk p res s u re
i s shown i n Fi g 1 04 Two s ep a r a te w a ter s e r v i ce p i p es
. .

from m a i ns i n diff erent str ee ts a r e cross co nn ecte d b efore -

bei ng co nn ected t o the meter s o th a t wa ter from eith er or ,

both street m a i n s c a n b e u se d The m ete r i s show n b y .

p a ssed S om e w a ter supply comp a ni es wi ll n ot p e r mi t a

—
.

b y p a s s a ro und a meter a n d where s u ch a r u le p r e v a i l s

,

a n o ther meter sho ul d b e pl a ced o n the b y p as s Fro m t he -

.

meters th e w a t er p a sses t o the fil t ers whi ch a r e s o con ,

fi r e Pam

Fi g . 1 04
M ec h an i c al In s ta l t
l a i on

n e c te dth a t they m a y b e us ed eith e r sep a r a tely or to ge ther .

A b y p a ss i s pro v i ded a rou nd the filters so w a ter ca n b e

-

suppli e d di rect t o the b uil di ng wi tho ut fil tr a tio n Af ter .

l ea vi ng the fil t ers on e b r a nch of the hous e m a i n i s co nnect ed

,

t o the col d w a ter m a in f o r the lo wer floors a no ther br a n ch ,

s uppli es the hot w a ter t a nk f or the lower fl oors st ill a n ,

other b r a nch s upp li es the su cti on t a nk through a b a l a nced

b a ll cock a n d th e rem a i n ing t wo b ra nches a r e connecte d to
,

th e su c ti o n pip es of th e two pumps s o they c a n pump di r ect ,

fr om th e city wa ter m a i ns The pumps a r e a l so connect e d .

2 12 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

C HA P T E R XXII
F I R E L I NE S

S YS T E M OF l N S TA LLA TI ON .
—Fi re lines
w gen are no

e r a l l y i nst a lled i n a l l l a rge b uild ings A typ ic a l a rr a nge

.

ment of p i pes f o r fire servi ce i s shown i n F ig 1 05 In thi s . .

system the li nes a r e cross connected s o th a t either the fire

-

p ump the hou se pump o r both pumps c a n supply w a ter i n

, ,

c a s e o f fire . A ho use t a nk on the roof keeps the li nes full

of w a ter a n d provi des a tempo r a ry s upply while the pum p s

a r e being st a rted B r a nch li nes extendi ng through the

.

b u il ding w a lls to the street termin a te with S i a mese twi n

con nections thro ugh whi ch w a ter from street hyd r a nts or
,

fire engi nes ca n b e forc ed i nto the system Th e fire system .

i s well s uppl i ed with soft s e a t check v a lves s o th a t w a ter ,

suppli ed from o n e so u rce c a nnot b e lost through other out

lets . A check v a lve i n the li ne of p ipe co nnected t o th e t a nk
prevents w a ter from fill i ng a n d overflo wi ng the t a nk when
suppl ied from p umps or twi n co nnections C hecks i n th e .

li nes le a di ng t o the twi n co nnections prevent the loss of

w a ter from these o utlets when w a ter i s s uppl ied from eith er
the p ump or the t a nk a n d check v a lves i n the p ump p ip e r e
,

li eve the pump v a lves of the p ressu re of w a ter i n the system .

E mptyi ng p ip es a r e provi ded t o dr a i n the enti re system ,

a n d sep a r a te p ipes a r e provi ded t o empty a n d thus prevent

w a ter freezi ng i n the po rtions o f pip e b etween the c heck

v a lves i n the cell a r a n d S i a mese twi n connections i n the
street . At e a ch floor of the b u ildi ng i nch outlets a r e -

left t o whi ch a r e a tt a ched soft s e a t a ngle hose v a lves with

,

5 0 t o 7 5 feet of under wri ters linen hose co iled on a reel o r

‘
’

fol ded on a r a ck .

E
S IZ S O S
F T AN D P I P E S —For fire li nes st a ndpi pes shoul d
.

be prop orti oned to the numb er o f hose outl ets they supply .

The size o f O p ening i n hose nozzle f or hose O f inches

di a meter seldom exceeds 1 14 i nches i n di a meter , a n d if
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e O f P l u m bi ng 2 13

a llow a nce of th e s ecti on a l a re a o f a 2 i nch p ip e b e m a d e

-

f or e a ch hose outlet i n the b u ild ing both suffici ent vol ume
,

a n d p ressu re will b e p rovi d ed to th row a n eff ective fi re

stre a m when a l l the no zzl es a r e b ei ng u sed .

R A N GE O F F I R E S T R E A M S —The extreme di st a nce w a te r

c a n be thrown both ho ri z o nt a lly a n d ver t i c a lly a n d the ,

d ist a nce th e stre a m s will b e effective fo r fire p u rposes u nd er

d i fferent h e a ds a n d th rough d iff e rent si zes of nozzles a r e ,

shown i n T a ble L V I .
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

N m
N e
N N

wm
h
fl
a
o N
N N m
N
v
fi
e
c
fi
« « m m
wO
fi N
N
N
e
N
m
a
”
o
N
N m
wo
m w
.

c s N o N N fi m o
N e o wm fi a A a N e n
a fi fi ~ N N N fi N N N

N A o m O w fi A N m e o n N N o
O N e m A
~
wo N n a a c w O N m
N N fi fl fi N N N N fi fl N N N

wA m m e ¢ m m
o
c a a N A fi
o A N o o
wc
fl fi
wwa
H H

a o fi m e n N m N m m n m O N m m
fi fl " fi fi fl fl ~ N N N N fl ~ fi ” N N N N

a
»m
a a
c
c
c
c
fl__
__ A
N
H
A
m
mwa a
wm wm fl fi
o
a
fl
N
O
N
H
fi
N
s
o
s

a
e
O
N m
~ ~
e N
a
fi
o
~
wA O
wn w O
fi fi N
a
H
N
A
N
N
o
w
N m
H

a
s
“
m
e
n
o
N
A
A
mm
c n
o
n
o
_
_
m
N
a
N
p
m
a
v
a
n
N
o
H

a
a
s
h
e
A
»x
fi m
e
c
o
O
H
m
N
e
m
o
w
wwm m m
e e »m

wa
e n
N
c
mm
a m
N
wm
e a
s
wC
e H
0
”
m
N
e
m m
u s
o
N
o
a x c
n »we
m H a h
o o _ wN
N m
a
s
ww
e e

a m n C m a m m mm c N m N s a m c o N m o
a o N s s
wm m m wwwm m
a
m a o A m » u o c o o o s m c h o o o

s m N A fi mm N m wn e a fi N m a a mm c N m n m s M w
o a e » wa m o a e o a s e o a n “ m m c o a o a o o e

w m m «ww o m m wo wn e h « m wo a
a ws
v
N c a
N c fl n
m e a u o fl wa w wo w o N a e wa H N
n m m wv
a
A a
w we
fi
N N m m wm m m . e e s e s s m c s n s

3 12 2 0 N
212 a m ss ar d
 P r i n c i p l es and P r a c ti c e f P l u m bi n g
o 2 17

S I A M ES E T W I N CO N N E CT I O N S Twi n C on —A S i a m ese
n e c t i o n i s shown i n Fi g 1 06 A fla p v a lve a closes o ne
. .
, ,

o pening when pressu re i s a ppli ed to the other a n d st a nd s ,

O pen a s shown i n the illustr a ti on when w a ter i s bei ng fo rced

throught both openi ngs .

F I R E H OS E —A very co nveni ent ho se fo r u se i n sho rt

lengths i n b u ild ings i s u nderwrit
ers li nen hose I t wi ll withst a nd
’
.

a lmost a n y pressu re likely to b e

subj ected to a n d bei ng flexible

, ,

c a n be ne a tly coi led o r folded i nto

a very sm a ll sp a ce The s i ze o f
.

hos e gen er a lly u sed f o r thi s pu r

pose i s i nches d i a meter Fo r .

lengths of more th a n 2 5 feet fo r ,

F g 1 06 i .

re a l fire fighti ng a smooth I l l b

,
Si m ' T wi C ct a ese n on n e i on

ber li ned hose i s th e b est to u s e a n d i n no c a s e sho ul d the

-

hos e be less th a n i nches i n di a meter if i t is 5 0 fe et o r ,

longer f or a sm a ller hos e wi ll h a ve o nly a b o ut on e h a lf th e

,
-

eff ective r a nge Fo r i nst a nce .

,

with 80 p ou nds pressu re 2 5 0 feet ,

of 2 1/z i nch u nli ned li nen hose

-

will h a ve a n effective height of

stre a m of 4 2 feet whi le u nder th e ,

s a m e p ressu re a n d wi th the s a me ,

len g th a 2 i nch unl i ned li nen hose

,
-

wi ll h a ve a n eff ective hei ght of

only 2 0 feet .

The s up eri o rity of smooth

l i ned hos e over ro ugh linen hose ,

fo r fire protection a lso the l oss ,

i n r a nge du e to fri cti on i n long

lengths of hose c a n b e j u dged
from the followi ng st a tement
b a sed o n experiments where th e ,

st a ti c p ressu re wa s 8 0 pou nds ,

a n d p ressu re a t th e hyd r a nt wh en the hos e wa s pl a yi ng 7 0 ,

pou nds per squ a re i nch W ith a l ing i nch nozzle the height s
.
-

of effective fire stre a ms were :

 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P l u m bi n g
o

With 50
feet of
i nch li nen hose
-

With 2 5 0 feet of i nch l i nen hos e

-

With 5 00 feet of i nc h l i nen hose

-

With 50 feet of b e s t a n d smoothest -

i nch
rubber li ned hos e . 81 feet
With 2 5 0 feet of best a n d smoothest -
i nch
r ubber li ned hose 61 feet
With 5 00 feet of b est a n d smoo thest -
i nch
rubber l ined hose 46 feet
Thi s shows the i mpo rt a nce of ha v m g fire li nes su ffi
c i e n t l y l a rge t o m a i nt a in a high pressu re a n d s upply a l a rge

volume O f w a ter when a l l the o utlets a r e i n u s e an d h a vi ng ,

the fi r e li nes a t su ch p oi nts th a t long lines of hose will n ot

be requ i r e d
H O S E R EE L S —E a ch length of hose sho uld be nea tly
.

fold ed or coiled on a r a ck or hose reel p rovi ded f or th a t p ur

pose a n d a tt a ched t o the w a ll or fire pipes close t o the v a lve
outlet . A swing hose reel i s sho wn i n F ig 1 07 It i s s u p
. .

po rted from the fire st a nd pipe by a hi nged cl a mp th a t p er

-

mits the reel t o turn i n m a ny directions A 1 % i nch .

-

smo oth noz z l e i s the b est t o u s e i n connecti on with fire lines .

220 P r i n c i p l es a nd P ractic e f P l um b i n g
o

twenty to thi r ty m i nutes co a gul a nts a r e u s ed t o a rti fici a lly

,

p ro duc e the j elly l a yer .

Th e co a gul a nts gener a l ly used ar e sul p h a t e of a lumi n a

( common a l um ) a n d s ulph a te of i ron W h en s ul ph a te of
"

a l um in a i s a d de d t o w a ter it decomposes i nto its compo nent

p a rts sulphu ri c a ci d a n d a l umi n a ; th e s ul phuri c a ci d com

,
e

bi n e s with lim e m a gnes i a or a n y other b a se present i n the

, .

wa ter whi l e the a lumi n a for m s a fl a ky pr e ipit a te th a t

,
c

g a thers together a n d hol ds wh a tever susp ended m a tter i t

enco u nte rs thu s formi ng i n a f e w hou r s a l a yer th a t with
,

out the use of co a gul a nt wo ul d r equire w eeks to form Th e .

th icker the l a yer of s ediment the gr ea ter the b a ct eri a l ,

efl i c i e n c y of a fil t er b ut us u a l ly a fter from twelve to twenty

fo ur hours op er a tion the s edim ent l a yer becom e s so thick
'

th a t s ufli c i e n t w a ter c a n not p a ss t hrough a n d the fil ter b ed ,

mu st th en b e cl ea n ed .

G RA VI TY T YP E F I L T ER — A filter of the s ubs i dence gra v

typ e i s shown in F igUnfilter e d w a t e r to whi ch
. 1 08 .
,

co a gul a nt ha s bee n
a dd ed enters th e s ub .

s i d en c e b a si n be
n ea th th e fil ter a n d
us u al l y ta ngent t o
the c i rcumf er ence a s ,

exp eriment ha s dem

ons t r a t e d th a t a r o

t a rv motion conduce s
t o gre a ter a n d more
r a p i d s e d i menta tion .

From the s ubsi dence

b a si n w a ter ri ses
thro ugh the hollow
verti ca l a xi s h a n d , ,

overflows t o the fil te r
b ed through whi ch it
Gi g
i i t er
p erco l a te s to the s y s

tem of u nder dr a i ns b elow The copp er flo a t a i n the filter

.
, ,

t a nk a uto m a t ic a ll y regul a tes the s upply of w a ter a n d thu s

m a i nt a i ns a u n i fo rm h e a d w hi l e th e a utom a ti c controller e
, , ,
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u mb i ng 221

on the o utlet o r pu re w a ter p i pe regu l a tes the r a te of

fil tr a ti on .

When the filter bed i s d i rty i t i s cle a ned by r e v e r s m g

the flow of w a ter throu gh the filter bed a n d thoroughl y
looseni ng the s a nd Thi s i s effected by pump ing filtered
.

wa ter i nto th e s a nd bed through the o utlet p i pe a n d wh en ,

the s a nd i s th oro ughly loosened revolvi ng th e i ro n r a kes ,

thu s b re a ki ng u p the j elly l a yer o n top of th e s a nd a n d sti r

ring u p the enti re filter b ed so a l l th e gr a i ns of s a n d will
be expose d to the sco u ri ng a ctio n of th e w a ter T he w a sh .

w a ter a n d di rt from th e filter b ed overflow the filter t a nk

i nto th e a nnul a r sp a ce b etween th e two t a nks a n d a r e c a r ,

ri ed ou t through th e v a lve b to the sewer For a f e w, , .

m inutes a fter a filter b ed i s w a shed its e ffi ci ency i s gre a tly ,

lowered so for a short,

ti me a fter st a rti ng the ,

w a ter i s a llowed to fi l
ter to w a ste thro ug h
the v a lve 0 After suf , .

fi c i e n t w a ter ha s ru n to
w a ste to i nsu re a goo d
filtr a te v a lve 0 i s clo s
,

ed v a lve i i o pened a n d
,
.

filtered w a ter d i s c ha r g
ed to th e cl e a r w a ter
m m ”

t a nk th rough th e con P M ” ,

troller e To cle a n t he
, .

filter bed v a lves 0 a n d d a r e clo sed v a lve f opened a n d a i r

, ,

a n d w a ter a ltern a tely forced th rou gh th e system of coll ect

o rs g to the filter b ed
, , .

CO A GU LA N T P U M P
To s ecu re the b est results th e
.
-

a mou nt of co a gul a nt used mu st b e p roport i oned to the con

d ition of the w a ter ; the a mount v a ri es from o ne qu a rter -

gr a i n to two gr a i ns per g a llon the ex a ct a mou nt fo r a n y ,

w a ter bei ng d etermined by experim ent If su ffi ci ent coa g u .

l a n t i s not fed to the r a w w a ter i t wi ll resu lt i n a n i nferi or ,

filtr a te a n d if too m u ch co a gu l a nt is u sed i t wi ll not only

, ,

i ncre a se th e cost o i oper a ti on bu t co a gul a nt wi ll p a ss

'

through the filter b ed to the d el ive ry m a i n s S ome wa ters .

 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P l u m bi n g
o

ar e so soft th a t i ns u ffi ci ent b a se I s present f o r co a gul a nt to

re a ct upon Wh en su ch i s the c a se a b a se usu a lly of lime
.
, , ,

i s a l so a d d ed to th e r a w w a ter .

To feed co a gul a nt t o th e r a w w a ter some form oi ,

p ump o r a pp a r a tus is requi red th a t will b e a utom a ti c i n

oper a ti o n a n d feed a me a s u red qu a ntity of co a gu l a nt p r o
porti on a l to the qu a ntity of w a ter A meter pump f o r this
.

pu rpose i s shown i n Fig 1 09 A co a gul a nt solution of the

. .

requ i red strength i s m ixed i n woo den co a gul a nt t a nk a , ,

wh i ch i s connected by feed p ip es t o a meter a ctu a ted d uplex -

p ump b , .

The m eter m e a s ures the qu a ntity of r a w w a ter p a ssi ng

thro ugh ; th e r a w w a ter O per a tes th e pumps whi ch dis
ch a rge a p roporti on a l qu a ntity of solu
tion i nto the r a w w a ter All wo rki ng .

p a rts of a p ump o r other co a gul a nt a p

p a r a tu s should b e m a de o f bronze t o
withst a nd the co rro d ing eff ects of s ul
ph a t e of a lumin a or sulph a te of i ro n ,

whi ch energeti c a lly a tt a cks a n d de

stroys i ron
FI L T RA T I O N CoN TR O LLE R s —
.

After .

filter b eds h a ve b een cle a ned the r a te of

filtr a ti on f or a wh ile i s m uch f a ste r
, ,

th a n a t other times a n d i s often too ,

gre a t for e ffi ci ent res ults Under work .

ing conditi o ns a n excessive r a te of fil

t r a t i o n might di stu rb the j elly l a yer a n d
tg
ig
m n éifit m n er
p ermit r a w w a ter t o p a ss thro ugh with
b u t little filtr a tion To regul a te the r a te of filtr a ti on a uto
.
,

m a ti c controllers Fi g 1 1 0 a r e n ow gener a lly u sed

, .
, I n thi s .

type of controller the o utlet i s fitted with remove a ble bush

'

i ngs th a t r e g ul a t e the disch a rge t o th e desire d velo city ; if

the r a te of filtr a tion then becomes gre a ter th a n ca n be d i s
ch a rged w a ter will fill the controller b ox a n d r a ise the flo a t
, ,

thus throttli ng the b a l a nce v a lve a n d reducing th e flow t o

”

the requ i red r a te .

E FFI CI E N CY or GR AV ITY F I L T E R S .
—
The b a cteri a l e f fi
c i e n c y of gr a vity filters depends upo n the us e of co a gul a nts .
 P r i n c i p l es a nd P r a c ti c e f
o P l um bi n g 2 25

O hi o given i n T a ble L V I I will serve to show the effi ci ency

, ,

of r a pi d s a n d filters .

A pl a n of a filter house fo r a sm a ll city pl a nt sho wi ng ,

the l a yo ut of filters p ip i ng a n d a pp a r a tu s i s illu str a ted i n

, ,

Fi g 1 1 1
. .

P R E SS UR E F I L T E R S — P ressu re filters a r e enclo sed i n

.

w a ter tight ch a mb ers so th a t w a ter c a n b e d riven th ro ug h

-

the filter bed by hy

d r a uli o p ressu re A .

J ewell pressu re filter of

the settli ng b a si n typ e i s
shown i n F ig 1 1 2 Thi s . .

filter is constru cted a n d

oper a ted si mil a r to th e
J ewell gr a vity type ,

from whi ch i t di ff ers

only by b ei ng enclosed
in a w a ter tight c a se -
.

P ressu re filters a r e not

efl fic i e n t a s gr a vi ty
a s

fi lters b ut owing to the

,

e a se with wh i ch th ey
ca n b e a tt a ched to a
w a ter su pply system
they a r e extensively
u sed fo r hou se filters .

Usu a lly p ressu re filters

are connected to the
service pi pe i n the cel
l a r a n d a l l w a ter used
,

in the b ui ld ing p a sses m m ,

thro ugh th em Wh en so .
I w l ll '
I es x n -
‘
l e rs

i nst a lled they should be provi ded with a b y p a ss to permi t -

u nfiltered w a ter bei ng suppli ed to fixtu res i n the b u ild ing i n

c a se the filter is cut o ut Th e b a cteri a l effi ciency of pressu re
.

filter s like th a t of gr a vity filters d epend s u pon the u se of

co a g ul a nt s When w a ter i s to b e u sed fo r m a nuf a ctu ri ng
.

pu rposes however a cle a r filtr a te c a n b e o bt a i ned witho ut

, ,

co a gul a nts An a utom a ti c a pp a r a tu s i s used to feed c oa g u

.

l a nt to pressu re filters .
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a cti ce o f P lu m bi n g

C HA P T E R XX IV
S O FTE N I N G O F WAT E R

E C O N O M Y or S O F T Wa r n s — Thro ughout the M issi s

si ppi V a lley a n d i n other p a rts of th e U nited S t a tes where
m uni cip a l w a ter s uppli es a r e obt a i ned from a rt esi a n wells
drille d t o the u nderlyi ng S t P eter or P ots d a m s a ndstone .
,

the w a ter i s p erm a nently a n d i n so me lo c a lities both tem

, ,

p o r a r i l y a n d perm a nently h a rd This i s du e t o the f a ct th a t.

i n thos e regi ons the geologi c a l form a tio n of the upper stra t a
i s limestone a n d i n percol a ting through the limestone , the
,

w a ter whi ch origi n a lly was soft di ssolves fro m ro ck c a r

, , ,

b on a t e s o r sulph a t es of l ime or m a gnesi a The s olvent .

c a p ac ity of w a ter f or c a rbo n a tes a n d sulph a tes of lime i s

gre a ter when the w a ter i s col d ; therefore d eep well w a ters ,

i n l im estone reg i ons usu a lly a r e s a tur a te d with lim e o r

m a gnesi a a n d when h e a ted i n w a ter t a nks o r boi lers t o a
,

temper a ture gre a ter th a n 1 4 0 degrees F a h renheit the point ,

‘

of s a tu r a ti on i s lowered a n d lim e i s p recip it a ted or li b er

a ted a n d fo rms a h a r d sc a le or i ncru st a tio n i n wa t e r b a ck s

a n d b oi lers T he eff ect of boi ler i ncru st a tion is to sho rte n

.

the life of a boiler a n d decre a se the e ffi ci ency of the a pp a

r a tus whil e i n servi ce .

It i s a ccepted by goo d a uthority th a t

l
/ l 6 inc h
-
li me l
sc a e m ean s a l os s of 1 3 p er c en t . o f f u el .

l
iq i n c h -
l i me sc a l e m e an s a l os s of 2 2 p er c en t . of fu e l .

1
A i n ch -
li m e s c al e m e an s a l os s of 38 p e r c en t . of fu e l .

73 i n c h -
l i me l
sc a e m e an s a l oss of 50 per c en t . of fue l .

l
/ i nc h
;3
-
li me sc al e m ean s a l oss o f 6 0 per c en t . of f ue l .

ii i nch
i -
l i me s c al e m e an s a l os s o f 91 p er c en t . of f ue l .

T hese v a lu es a r e prob a bly a little high but m a ki n g du e ,

a llow a nce fo r i na ccu r a cies th e t a bl e sti ll s erves to sho w the

enormou s w a ste o f co a l d u e to boi ler i ncru st a tion .

I ncrust a tion of wa t e r b a c k s a n d w a ter he a ters n ot o nly

decre a ses thei r effici ency whi le i n service but i s a lso a ,

so u rce of exp ense f or rep a irs I n li mestone regions w a ter .

b a cks a n d h e a ters become choked with lime a n d requ i re

 22 8 P r i nc i p l e s -
end P r ac ti c e of F i n i s hi n g

on a c c oun t of th ei r ch ea pn es s an d be c a us e t he v ar e re a di ly
o bta i n a bl e i n a n y m ar ket .

Wa r m S om m e A mat e u r s —A n a pp a ra t u f or s

s o fteni ng wa ter c o n s is ts of a mi x i n g cha mbe r for t he ch em

i ca l rea gent s a s ettl i ng b a s i n f or t he tr e a ted wa t e r af ter

,

th e r ea gent i s a d ded a n d a fi l t er t o remove fr om th e s oft

ened wa ter the b as e a cte d u p on b y t he chemi ca l .

Th ere ar e t wo gener al ar r a n g em ent of a pp a ra t u s f or s

so fteni n g w a t er O n e ar r a n gem en t i s k nc wn a s t he clo s e d

.

or pr es s u re s ys t em a n d t he ot her a r r a nge m ent a t he

.
,
s

g r a vi ty s ys tem
Th e gener al a rr a ngem en t of t he S c a i f e pres s ur e s y s tem
a s us e d for s ofteni n g fee d w a ter for bo i l e r s i s s ho wn i n

1 13 .

P r es s
ure W —$
a re r o f t e n i n g S ys t e m

wa t er en t ers th e en h ea ter a where s o me of

op , .

tem p o ra ry ha r dn es s i s rem ov e d b y rai s i ng th e t emp er

a t u r e to 2 0 0 or 2 1 0 deg r e es F ahr enh e i t t hus dri v i n g oh .

S o m e of t he fr e e ca rbo ni c a c i d g a s an d pr e cip it a t i n g ca r

b on a t es of li m e an d m a gn es i a o n r e m ov a hi e p a n s i n s i d e of
t h e h ea ter Fr om the h ea ter th e wa ter i s fo rc e d b y th e
.

b oi ler f ee d p um p i nto a l a rge p rec ipi t a t i n g ta nk c wh er e

. . .

th e ch emi ca l re a gents ar e i n tr o d uced by m e an s of t w o sm a l l

p u mps d cl
, ,
I n th e pr e cipi t a ti n g t a n k m os t of th e r em ai n
.

ing c a r b ona tes a n d s ulp ha te s of li m e a n d ma gn esi a a r e pr e

c i p i t a ted so m e o f t he li ghter p a r t i cles h owev er a r e c a rri e d , .
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e of P l um b i n g 22 9

i n s uspension to the filters ( c where a long wi th other i m

,
3
, ,

pu riti es they a r e removed .

When thi s system i s u sed fo r i nd ustri a l o r fo r d omesti c

pu rposes the he a ter a n d feed w a ter p umps m a y b e omitted
,

a n d th e h a rd w a ter d isch a rged d i rectly i nto the p r ec i p i t a t

Fi g . 114
G ra v ity W a te r f
S o te n i n g App a ra t us

ng t a nk . Wh en the h e a te r i s omitted howeve r a l a rger , ,

qu a ntity of re a gent i s re q u i red .

A gr a vity a pp a r a tus fo r w a ter softeni ng i s shown i n

Fi g 1 1 4
. . I n thi s system of tre a tm ent l ime i s sl a cked i n ,

th e trough a a fter wh ich i t i s emptied i nto the s a tur a to r b

, , , ,
2 80 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

w h e r e it ca n b e d ilut e d t o th e r e q u i r e d c onsi st e n c y and b e

k e p t agitat e d by r e volvi ng paddl e s I n a tank 0 a so luti on
.
, ,

of so da a s h i s pr e p ar e d w h i c h , lik e t he lim e soluti on i s

, ,

agitate d by r e volving paddl e s op e rat e d by th e w at e r motor ,

(I
. Lim e soluti on i s f e d t o t he ra w w at e r through pip e 6 ,

a n d soda soluti on i s f e d t o t he ra w w at e r thro ugh pi p e I

“

5y m e ans of an a utomati c propo rtional w at e r motor a ,

m e asu r e d q uantity of wat e r and proporti o nal amou nts of

e ith e r lim e s oda or both li m e and so da ar e i ntro du c e d i nto
, , ,

t he standp i p e g t he w at e r fl o w i ng i n through p ip e , h
, , .

Ba ffl e plat e s i n t he standpip e thoroughly mi x and agitat e

t he tr e at e d w at e r thu s ai ding pr e c i pitation
, The li m e .

d e pos it e d i n stan dpi p e g i s w ash e d out thro ugh the valv e d

, ,

pi p e 73 T h e tr e at e d wat e r ov e r fl o w s t he t op of t he stand
, .

p ip e pass e s u nd e r t he baffl e plat e j up through the fi lt e rs

, , ,

an d ov e r flo ws through trough k and pip e 1 to a c oll ec ti ng , , , ,

or storag e r e s e rvoi r Slu dg e from pr e c ip itation i n t he tank

.

s e ttl e s to t he c on e shap e d bottom and i s w ash e d o ut thro ugh

-

pi p e m
, . A fl oat n c ontro ls the su pply valv e 0 thus mak
, , , ,

ing t he app aratus automati c i n Op e ration .

W h e n the w at e r t o b e tr e at e d i s obtai n e d from a

“

str e am o r oth e r su rfa c e sou r c e w h e r e t he c on diti o ns of t he

w at e r a r e n ot u niform it i s b e tt e r t o u s e an i nt e rmi tt e nt
,

typ e o f apparatus By thi s syst e m a larg e Q

. uantity of
w at e r i s put i n a tank and tr e at e d ; w hil e that tank i s b e i ng
e mpti e d a s e c ond tank i s fi ll e d th e w at e r t e st e d and t he
, ,

right p ropo rti on of r e ag e nt mi x e d t o tr e at i t I n thi s man .

n e r e a c h tank of w at e r i s s e parate ly t e st e d an d t he c orr e c t

proportio n of c h e mi c als add e d .

TH E P ER M UT I T P R O CE SS S O F T EN I NG WA T E R —The
or

P e rmutit pro c e ss f o r soft e ni ng w at e r i s simpl e of Op e rati o n

and appli c abl e f or b oth dom e sti c and i ndustri al us e s The .

soft e ni ng i s a cc ompli sh e d automati c ally by passing t he hard

wat e r throu gh a tank a s sho w n i n F ig 1 1 5 c ontai ni ng
,
.
,

po rous b ut insolubl e c rystals o f alumi nu m sodium s ili c at e , -

wh e r e an e x c hang e tak e s pla c e b e t w e e n t he l im e and mag

me si a i n t he wat e r and t he sodi um formi ng t he bas e of t he
,

c rystals .

W h e n th e so di um bas e of th e P e r m utit b ec om e s ex
2 32 '
P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P l u m bi n g
o

o ughly t o p e n e trat e the grains o r z e oli t e s Admi ssion .

o c c upi e s 4 t o 5 hou rs and w h e n t he c harg e i s c ompl e t e ly

,

impr e gnat e d t he soluti on i s l e ft i n t he fi lt e r f or abo ut the

sam e p e ri od The c harg e i s th e n drai n e d and w ash e d
.

thoro ughly t o r e mov e all tra c e s o f salt S i n c e t he r e g e n e r .

ativ e p ro c e ss i s c ompl e t e d in abo ut 8 hou rs t he i nstallati on ,

of on e fi lt e r w ill sati sfy t he d e mands of t he ordi nary plant ,

but w h e r e c onti nuou s s e rvi c e i s r e q u ir e d t wo fi lt e rs w ill b e

n ec e ssary f or alt e rnat e soft e ni ng and r e g e n e ration .

D ATA O PERAT I O N —W at e r of any d e gr e e of hard

OF .

n e ss may b e soft e n e d by p assi ng it thro ugh a lay e r of

P e rmutit 2 4 t o 4 0 i n c h e s i n d e pth at a rat e of 1 0 t o 1 6 f e e t
an hou r ; and t he s p e e d of fi ltration usually adopt e d li e s
b e t w e e n th e s e li mits The p e rmi ssibl e sp e e d o f fi ltration
.

ca n b e rais e d by i n c r e as ing t he d e pth of P e rm utit c harg e ,

but i t i s limit e d by t he fa c t that f or effi c i e nt a c tio n t he w at e r

must hav e tim e t o p e n e trat e t he int e rior of t he grai ns The .

e xtr e m e limits Of sp e e d a r e : f o r w at e r c ontai ni ng p er

ce nt lim e app ro x imat e ly 2 7 f e e t ;
.
, p e r c e nt , 1 6 f ee t ; .

and p e r ce nt 1 0 f e e t an ho
. ur,
Th e volum e of wat e r .

t r e a t e d d e p e n d s of c o urs e on t he ar e a of t he c harg e
O

, ,
.

The fi lt e ri ng app aratu s sho w n i n t he illustration i s of

t he gravity typ e b ut a c los e d typ e f o r p r e ssur e w orki ng i s
,

e mploy e d i n so m e c as e s I n e ith e r typ e t he c harge of

.
,

P e rmutit r e sts on a b e d of c rush e d fl i nt and a similar b e d of

fl i nt c arri e d on a p e rfo rat e d plat e i s pla c e d i n the upp e r
, ,

part of t he fi lt e r t o pr e v e nt t he e s c ap e of P e rmutit du ri ng
t he r e g e n e rativ e p ro c e ss .

The p ri n c ipl e of Op e ration of t he P e rmutit pro c e ss is

bas e d on t he p e c uliar prop e rti e s Of z e olit e s N atural .

z e olit e s a r e c ombi nati ons Of aluminum and oth e r bas e s w ith

sili c i c a c i d The p ec uliarity of z e olit e s is t he prop e rty of
.

c hangi ng th e i r bas e s f o r oth e rs T hat i s a z e olit e form e d

.
,

of si l i c a al umi num and so di um or salt c a n e x c hang e its

,

bas e of salt f o r a b as e of lim e o r m a gn e sia ; and thi s prop

e r t y i s mad e u s e Of i n t he soft e ni ng of wat e r by t he P e rmutit

pro c e ss .

The z e olit e s us e d a r e arti fi c i al and i n the moist c ondi ,

tion a r e of a granular or fl aky form w ith a lu s tr e lik e that

 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P l um b i n g
o 2 33

of moth e r-
of e —
p a rl O wi ng to i ts po ros ity i n t he d ry stat e
.
,

t he mat e ri al r e adi ly abso rbs about 5 0 p e r c e nt of w at e r .

,

and must th e r e fo r e b e sto r e d i n a dry pla c e saf e from frost .

The w at e r fl o w i ng to P e rmutit w at e r s oft e n e r must b e

c lea r ,fr e e from i ron and m e c hani c al imp u riti e s an d t he ,

t e m pe ratu r e shoul d not b e mo r e than 1 00 d e gr ee s F ah r e n

h e it
.

The arti fi c ial z e olit e s us e d i n thi s p roc e ss a r e Obtai n e d

by fu si ng tog e th e r f e ldspar kaoli n c lay an d so da i n d efi nit e
, ,

propo rt ions .I t will b e s e e n th e r e for e that th e y partak e

, ,

of t he natu r e of a v e ry po rou s e arth e nwar e o r p or c e lai n .

 P r i n c i p les an d P r ac t i c e f P l u m bi n g
o

C HA P TE R XXV
S TE R I L IZ I N G WA TE R WI T H U L TR A VI O L ET R A YS

The st e ri li z ati on of
w at e r by m e ans of t he ul tra viol e t
rays i s bas e d on the w e ll kno w n g e rm i c i dal a cti on of s un
-

li ght. Wh at i s know n as t he w hi t e l ight O f t he s un is r e ally

t he r e sult of a bl e nd of a l l c olors of t he rai nbo w Th i s .

wh it e li ght ca n b e b rok e n up i nto i t s c o mpon e nt p art s by

p assi ng a b e am of t he l ight throu gh a tri an g ul ar glass p ri s m
whi c h giv e s th e sol ar sp e c tru m .

O f t he visibl e c olo rs t he blu e or vi ol e t i s at on e e n d of

,

t he sp e c trum an d t he r ed at th e o th e r e xtr e m e
, B eyond .

t he vis ibl e sp ec tr um a r e i n v i sibl e light w av e s kno w n as the

u ltra rays . B e yond t he v iol e t rays a r e the ultra v i ol et rays ,

wh i c h of c ou rs e a r e i nvi sibl e .

A l l li ght i s d u e t o wa v e vibratio ns The d i ff e r e n c e i n

.

c olo r i s d u e to a diff e r e n ce i n w av e l e ngth O f th e v isib l e .

c olors t he sho rt e st a r e thos e of t he vi ol e t J u st b e yo n d t he .

v i ol e t t he ultra viol e t wav e s a r e e v e n sho rt e r an d mor e

i nt e ns e i n th e i r vib rations .

The ultra v i ol e t rays a r e t he m ost d e stru c tiv e t o b a c

t e r i a l lif e
. The w e ll known st e ri l iz ing a c ti on of sunli ght is
-

d ue to t he sho rt w a v e vib rations of t he v i ol e t ultra vi ol e t ,

an d oth e r rays i t c ontai ns .

The e x a c t a c ti on o r r e a c tio n whi c h prov e s s o d es t r uc

tiv e to ba c t e ri al lif e i s not known I t i s b e l i e v e d ho wev e r
.
, ,

that th e ultra vi ol e t rays fi rst produ c e a c oagulati o n of t he

proto plasm whi c h r e sults fi nally i n an e nti r e di sapp e aran ce
,

o f t he b ody of th e g e rm E x haustiv e t e sts sho w that t he

.

b a c t e ria a r e ki ll e d n ot m e r e ly sho c k e d into a dorm ant s t ate

,

wi th t he poss ibility of futu r e r e c ov e ry T h e y also sho w .

tha t t he ba c t e ri al d e stru c ti on i s d ue di r e c tly to t he ultra

v i ol e t rays , n ot thro ugh t he m e di um of o xi datio n by c h e mi
c al s form e d by t he c onta c t of t he rays with t he wat e r nor ,

by any oth e r i ndir e c t m e ans The te mp e ratu r e of t he w at e r

.

has no eff ec t on thi s ba ct e ri al a cti o n T h e sam e g e rm i c i dal

.
23 6 P r i n c i p l es a nd P r a c ti c e f P l umbi ng
o

The w a te r fl ows o v e r thi s q ua rt z

yli nd e r a nd is thus c

ex p os e d to t he light from t he lamp withi n t he c yl i n d e r The .

spa c e b e tw e e n t he apparatus housing and t he outsi d e of t he

q uart z c yl in d e r v ari es from on e ha l f in c h t o e ight in c h e s or
-

if d e e p e r baffle plate s a r e pro v i d e d to sti r t he wate r and

,

t u r n it o v e r d u ri ng its passag e an d narrow t he passa g e so

wate r c annot flow through witho ut ha vi ng b e e n e xp os ed t o
t he light i n a c omparati v e ly thi n str ea m .

The rays a r e p ro du c e d in an ul tra v iol e t ray apparat us

by a m e r c u ry v apo r lamp— a m e r c u ry v ap or a r e i n a
v a c u um . The lamp c onsi sts of a stra ight q uart z tub e with
a bowl at on e e n d lik e a c lay p ip e
, T hi s tub e is pa rtia lly
.

fi ll e d with m e r c ury M e r c u ry i s an e l e c tri c c ond u ct or

. .

W h e n th e r e for e t wo e nds of t he lamp a r e c onn e c te d i n an

' '

e l e c tri c c ir c u it e l e c tri c ity fl ows through t he m e r c ur y b ut ,

witho ut pro du c i ng any ul tra v i ol e t rays T o fo rm t he m e r .

c u ry vap or a r e t he m e r c u ry bri dg e mu st b e brok e n Thi s .

is don e by raisi ng t he st e m of t he lamp slightly e ith e r auto ,

m a t i c a ll y o r by ha nd A sho rt m e r c ury v apo r a r c i s th e n

.

p ro du c e d j u st as t he e l e c tri c S park sp ans t he dist a n c e b e

,

t we e n t he c arb on i n a n a r e light The p r e ss ur e of t he

.

m e r c ury v apor g r a d u a l l v for c e s t he m e r c u ry up i n t he bowl ,

u nti l i n a f e w mi nut e s no m e r c u ry i s l e ft i n t he st e m The .

m e r c u ry v apo r a r e th e n e xt e nd s t he full l e ngth O f t he tub e ,

a n d u ltra v iol e t rays of gr e a t i nt e nsity a r e pro du c e d .

The m e r c u ry lamp i s pla c e d i nsi d e of the q uart z c yl i n

d e r i n t he u ltra v i ol e t r a y apparatu s and is fi tt e d up to tip ,

automati c a lly o n c e t he c u rr e nt i s turn e d on .

The ultra v iol e t rays ha v e no p e r c e ptibl e eff e c t on t he

wat e r tr ea t e d oth e r tha n th e ir g e rmi c i dal a c tion
,
Th e .

tr e a t m e nt do e s not c ha ng e t he t e mp e ratu r e ta st e app ea r , ,

an ce c h e mi c al o r mi n e ral prop e rti e s

, I t do e s n ot c harge .

“
with c arbon dio x i d e n or do e s it mak e t he wat e r fl at
, .

Fo r st e rili z ation by m e ans of ul tra v i ol e t rays t he

wat e r must b e c l e ar and fr e e from su sp e n d e d matt e r If it .

is not a ba c te ri um m ight g et b e hi nd or i ns i d e a s usp e nd e d

,

part i c l e an d e s ca p e e xp osu r e to t he rays I f th e r e fo r e t he .

, ,

wat e r is not c l e ar it m ust b e fi lt e r e d b e for e st e ri li z ati o n

,
.

S imp l e fi ltrat io n without c oagulati on may th e n b e r e sort e d

 P r i nc i p l e s a nd P ra c ti c e o f P l umbi ng 2 37

to , t he
u ltra vi ol e t rays aff e c ting st e ri l i z atio n w itho ut a d d
i n g an Ob j e c ti onabl e sulphat e of i ron o r sulphat e of al umi na

to t he wate r .

W h il e w at e r must b e fr e e from s usp e nd e d matt e r and

tu r bi di ty fo r s u c c e ssfu l tr e atm e nt with ultra vi ol e t rays a ,

c e rta i n amount of c ol o r and tu rbi dity a r e p e rm i ssibl e so ,

long as t he c olo r i s not a d e e p o n e o r t he tu rbi dity ov e r

,

fi ft e e n pa rt s p e r m illion .

”
The dos ag e of appli c atio n O f t he u ltra viol e t rays i s
“

i nd e p e nd e nt of t he m i n e ral o r orga ni c c ont e nt O f th e w at e r ,

an d si n c e no phys i c al or c h e mi c al c hang e i s pro d u c e d i n t he

wat e r by t he ult ra vi ol e t rays a v e ry h e avy ov e r dosag e
,
-

b e yo nd th at th eo r eti c ally r e q u i r e d c a n b e u s e d th e r e by giv

,

i ng full prot e c ti on aga inst u nu su al c onditi ons w hi c h ari s e i n

most p ubli c w at e r suppli e s .

Ultra vi ol e t ray appa ratus a r e mad e i n thr e e typ e s

po rtabl e gravity an d p r e ssu r e
, The p r e ssu r e typ e i s con
.

n ec t e d t o t he w at e r su pply syst e m and t he w at e r fl o w s

through th e apparatus u n d e r p r e ssu r e T h e gravity i s an

.

Op e n typ e st e ri li z e r thro ugh whi c h t he wat e r fl o w s by grav

ity un d e r a v e ry sl ight h e ad .
2 38 P r i n ci p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l um b i n g

C HA P TE R XXVI
P R E V E N TI ON O F R U S TI N G I N YVA TE R P I P E S A N D

The tr e atm e nt wat e r t o pr ev e nt it rusting pip e s i s

Of

not stri c tly sp e aki ng a p u ri fi ca tion pro ce ss nor is i t lik e

, , , ,

fi ltration and ultra vi ol e t ray st e rili z ation a s anitary pr e ,

c auti on . I t i s p ur e ly an e c onom i c m e asur e lik e w at e r ,

soft e ni ng i nt e nd e d to p r e v e nt p e c u niary loss

, .

T h e r e a r e t w o m e tho ds of rust p r e v e ntion kno w n r e ,

S p e c t i v e l y a s D e A er a t i n g an d a s D e oxi d i z i n g or D e a c t i v a t
-

i ng. The t w o m e thods a r e w holly u nli k e e a c h othe r a l ,

though th e y a c h i e v e t he sam e r e s ult th e p r e v e ntion Of r ust ,

ing or p itti ng of i ron or st e e l w at e r pi p e s and ta n ks .

N e ith e r syst e m i s appl i c able t o st e am or oth e r pipi ng s ys

t e ms . T h e y a r e u s e d e x c lusiv e ly for wat e r supply syst e ms
i n bui l di ngs .

R u st p r ev e ntio n i s a ff e c t e d by r e movi ng t he ai r or
o x yg e n from t he wat e r b e for e i t r e a c h e s t he distrib uti ng
sys t e m . Ai r whil e n ot an e l e m e nt o f wa t e r i s a natu ral
, ,

c onstitu e nt o f it At atmosph e ri c pr essu r e and ordi nary

.

t e mp e ratu r e wat e r will ab sorb fou r p e r c e nt of i t s own

, .

vol um e of a i r By i n c re asi ng t he p r e ssu r e of wat e r i t s

.
,

c apa c ity for abso rpti on i s i n c r e as e d i n di r e c t proportio n .

T hat is if t he pr e ssu r e b e in c r e as e d to t wo atm os ph e r e s

, ,

t he t e mp e ratur e r e mai ni ng u n c hang e d pur e wa t e r w i ll ,

abso rb e ight p e r c e nt of its volum e of ai r . U nd e r a h e ad .

of 1 00 f e e t a mod e rat e pr e ssur e i n wat e r s uppli e s w at e r

, ,

will abs orb t we l v e p e r c e nt of i t s volum e Of ai r . W itho ut .

t he ai r that is di ssol v e d i n all natural w at e rs fi s h and oth e r ,

a q u ati c animals c oul d n o t li v e and all wat e r v e g etation ,

woul d d i e W itho ut wi n d to c r e at e wa v e s an d ri ppl e s t he

. ,

ai r w oul d s oo n b e c om e e x haust e d from pon ds an d lak es .

I n li ke m ann e r wi thout ai r i n t he wat e r s uppli e d t o b u il d

,

i ngs t he pip e s woul d n ot rust n o r woul d i ron of a n y ki nd

, ,

rust i n wat e r from whi c h all ai r w as e x p e ll e d I t i s we ll .

2 40 P r i n c i p l es an d P r acti ce of P l um bi n g

D E A C T IVAT I NGO R D E O X ID IZ I NG APP ARATU S —I n t he d e

a c tivati ng m e tho d of rust pr e v e ntio n t he apparatus i s ,

l o c at e d i n t he b as e m e nt or c e llar n e ar t he h e at e r and w at e r ,

fl o w s from t he h e at e r t o t he d e ac tivating t ank w h il e a l l i t s ,

di ssolv e d o x yge n i s lib e rat e d from t he wat e r and i s r e ady

t o u nit e with anyt hi ng s u it a bl e f o r whi c h it ha s an affi n i t y .

The d e a c tivati ng tank i s pa rti ally fi ll e d with i ron strips

w hi c h t he wat e r atta c ks pro du c ing a l l t he rust of wh i c h it
,

i s c ap abl e und e r t he c ir c umstan c e s I f it d i d n ot e x p e nd i t s

.

e n e rgy th e r e i t woul d a tta c k and pit t he p ip e s

, The ta nk .

i s e asily c l e an e d and c harg e d w ith d e a c tivating mat e ri al

wh e n e v e r n e ce ssary .

Fi g . 11 6

D act i at i
e v n g A pp arat u s

A d e a c tivating syst e m i n w hi c h c oal i s us e d f or fu e l i s

sho w n i n F ig 1 1 6 . F rom t he c oal h e at e r c t he h e at e d
.
, ,

wat e r fl ows i n t he dir e c tio n of t he arrows t o t he d e a c tivator ,

d th e n t o t he fil t e r f w ith a b y pas s d ir e c t t o t he b uil di ng

, , ,
-
.

Wh e n t he hot w at e r l e av e s t he d e a c ti v ating tank it c ontai ns

rust . T his rust i s r e mov e d by t he fi lt e r s o that wh e n t he
wat e r e nt e rs t he distributi ng syst e m it i s c l e an and pra e
ti c ally fr e e d from o xyg e n .

W at e r e nt e rs the syst e m thro ugh t he pip e a pass e s ,

thro ugh or b y pass e s aro u nd t he c oagulat e ta nk 6 a s t he

-

, ,
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P l um bi n g
o 2 41

cas e m a y b e into the h e at e r

, The c i r c ulatio n pi p e r e tu rns .
,

as sho w n by the arro w s ov e r t he r e c o rdi ng th e rmom e t e r g

, , ,

and fl o w s through t he r e h e at e r h th e n b a c k to t he ho u s e
-

, ,

supply b agai n , , .

Fi g . 117

D ac t i a t i
e v ng A pp ara t u s

I n F ig 1 1 7 i s sho w n t he sam e syst e m i n w hi c h st e a m

.

c o ils tak e th e pla c e of t he c o al h e at e r C ol d w at e r ent e rs .

through p ip e a passi ng through o r b y passi ng t he c oagulat e

, ,
-

tank e to t he h e at e r 0 w hi c h i s provi d e d w ith a st e am c oil

, , , , .

F rom t he st e am c o il i t pass e s t o t he d e a c tivato r d w hi c h , ,

i s b y pass e d as i n t he p r e c e d i ng illu strati on

-
F rom th e .

d e a c tivator i t fl o w s to th e fi lt e r t o r e mov e th e ru st th e n out ,

through b to t he hot w at e r d istr i buti ng syst e m The tank .

,

h i s a st e am h e at e d r e c i r c ulati o n h e at e r t o boo st t he t e m
,
-

p e r a t u r e of t he w at e r i n t he c ir c ulation pi p e from t he b u i ld
i ng s o it c a n agai n m ingl e w ith the hou s e s u pply w itho ut
,

passi ng through t he d e a c tivato r agai n .

AERAT I NG APPA R A T U S —The d e a e rati ng pro c e ss

DE -
.
-

of ru st p r e v e ntion i s bas e d o n t he fa c t that v e ry hot w at e r

c annot hold ai r i n solutio n I t i s assi st e d b y t he furth e r
.

fa c t that r e du c i ng t he p r e ssu r e e v e n of c ol d w at e r r e d u c e s, ,

t he amount of a i r it c a n hol d i n s oluti on I n d e a c tivatio n .

-

t he wat e r i s alm o st boi l e d i n an op e n ty p e of ap p aratu s o n

t he roof of a bu ild ing o r abo v e t he high e s t o utl e t i n t he
,
242 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u mb i n g

sys te m . The tr ea t e d wat e r th e n flows di r e c t to t he hot

wat e r h e at e r i n t he bas e m e nt th e n c e t o t he hot wat e r dis~
,

trib uting syst e m . The d e a c tivati ng app aratus ca n be

lo c at e d i n t he bas e m e nt o r s ub b as e m e nt of a tall b uildi ng
-

but i ts op e rati on is n ot s o sa tisfa c t ory as w h e n at t he top of

t he b u i ld ing. H e at ing t he wat e r i n op e n ta nk s at t he t op of
t he bu ild ing r e mo v e s abo ut ni n e ty p e r c e nt of t he dissolv e d .

FE A T15 6

Fi g . 118

D e -
ae ra t i n g A p pa r a tu s
 P r i nc i p l es an d .
P r a cti c e f P l u m bi n g
o

The t e mp e ratu r e of the

wat e r i n t he c o i ls h i s r e gu lat e d , ,

by the automati c te mp e ratur e c ontrol 3 I t p a rt s with

, .

som e of i t s h e at as b e for e e xpl ai n e d t o t he w at e r i n t he

, ,

c oils g an d r e a c h e s t he wat e r h e at er i n t he ce llar at a te m

, ,

p e r at u r e of about 1 2 0 d e gr e e s F ahr e nh e i t
The di agram F ig 1 1 9 shows t he way a d e —
.

, .
, a e rati ng
app aratus i s i nstall e d i n a b u il di ng w ith r e lation t o t he
oth e r p arts of t he wat e r supply syst e m .
 P r i n c i p l es a nd P r a c ti c e of P l i u n bi ng 2 45

PART I V

H OT W A TE R S U P P LY

C HA P TE R XXV II
WA TE R H E A TI N G A P P A R A T US

P r o pe rti e s of He at
T RA N S F ER O F HE AT — W h e n t wo bo di e s of diff e r e nt t e m
.

p e r a t u r e s a r e n e a r e a c h oth e r a transf e r of h e at tak e s pla c e

from t he hott e r to t he c ol d e r body T hi s t e nd e n c y to w ard s
.

maintai ni ng an e q u il ib ri u m of t e m p e ratu r e is u niv e rsal an d

t he transf e r of h e at may tak e pla c e i n any of thr e e w ays ;
by c o n d uc t i on b y c on n e c t i on o r by r a d i a ti o n .

C o nd u c ti o n i s t he progr e ss iv e mov e m e nt of h e at
thro ugh a sub stan c e w ithout p e r c e ptibl e mov e m e nt of t he
mol e c ul e s ; if o n e e n d o f a pok e r b e h e l d i n a fi r e t he oth e r ,

T ABL E LX . A b so r p ti on and R a diati on of H e at

P o wers

Su bt
s an c e
di t
R a a i n g or
ti
A bs 0rb i
ng
R e fle c ng

L a mpb l ack
Vt
\ a er
t
C ar bo n a e o f e ad l
t
W ri i n g p a pe r
M a rb e l
I s i ngl as s
O r d inar y
I ce .

t
C as i r on
t
Vi r ou gh i ron , p o is h e dl
l
S t e e , p ol i s h e d
Ti n
B r as s c as t d e ad pol is h e d
B r a ss h a mm e r e d d e ad p oli s h e d
, ,

B r a ss c a s t b ri gh t p ol is h e d
, ,

B rass ha mm e r e d b r i gh t poli s he d
, , .

, ,

C opp e r x a r ni s he d
,

C o p pe r d e p o si t e d on ir o n
C o p pe r h a m m e r e d o r c a s t
,
2 46 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P l u m bi n g
o

en d w i ll b e c om e h e at e d by c ondu c ti on W at e r in a w ate r .

b a c k or v e ss e l b e c o m e s h e ate d from t he fl am e s a n d hot

gas e s of a fi r e by c ondu c tion of h e at through t he m e tal w alls
of t he wa t e r b a c k o r v e ss el .

C onv e c ti o n i s t he transf e r of h e at by mov e m e nt o r c i r

c ulatio n of t he mol e c ul e s of th e substan ce t o b e h e at e d .

W at e r i n a v e ss e l pl a ce d on a stov e i s h e at e d by lo c al c ir c ula
tio n of t he w at e r . F lui ds and gas e s su c h a s w at e r o r ai r , ,

c a n b e h e at e d o nly by c onv e c tio n T his is d u e t o t he fa c t

.

that wh e n h e at i s appli e d t o a fl ui d t he parti ,

c l e s i n c onta c t w ith t he h e at e x pand i n b ulk ,

c ons e q u e ntly b e c om e light e r i n w e ight an d a r e

r e pla ce d by c old e r and d e ns e r parti c l e s .

R adiation i s t he transmi ssion of h e at

thro ugh S p a c e from a w arm b o dy to on e of
lo w e r t e mp e ratu r e For e x ampl e t he E arth .
,

i s w arm e d by radi ation fro m t he Su n R adiant .

h e at do e s n ot h e at t he ai r thro ugh w hi c h it
pass e s ; i t trav e ls di r e c t and i n straight li n e s
u ntil i nt e r c e pt e d w h e n it is r e fl e ct e d or a h
,

sorb e d by thi s int e r c e pti v e body The c ool e r .

body w ill r e fle c t o r absorb o r partly r e fl e c t

and partly abso rb all t he h e at rays it i nt e r
c e p t s and t he s um of t he absorpti on and r e

fle c t i o n eq uals t he total o f t he int e r c e pt e d

rays .

Absorpti on a n d radiation a r e e q ual and

Opposit e .The b e tt e r t he ab sorptiv e po w e r
o f a substan c e t he b e tt e r radi ating mat e ri al

it w oul d mak e . Lampbla c k w hi c h ha s absorbi ng a n d

,

rad iating p o w e rs rat e d at 1 00 i s tak e n a s t he standard of,

c ompari son . I n p roportio n a s t he r efl e c ti ng p o w e r of a

sub stan c e dimi nish e s i t s po we r to abso r b o r radi at e h e at
,

i n c r e as e s
. The absorbi ng radi ati ng and r e fl e c ti ng c apa c ity
,

of vari ou s s ubstan c e s a r e giv e n i n T abl e LX .

M E A SU RE M E N T or HE A T The a m o u nt of h e at trans
.
-

m i t t e d t o w at e r is m e asur e d by t he B r i ti s h Ther ma l U n i t
u sually abb r e vi at e d B T U . .A B T U i s t he q uantity of
. . . .

h e at r e q u i r e d t o rai s e t he t e m p er at u r e of on e po u n d of wat e r
2 48 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

p i p e s u rfa c e The r e lativ e transmi ssion of h e at f or dif

.

f e r e n t m e tals i s S ho w n i n T abl e LX I .

F rom t he abo v e tabl e o f e x p e rim e nts T abl e LX II ,

of av e rag e h e at u nits transmitt e d through various s ub

stan ce s i s ad du c e d The tabl e i s bas e d on t he assumptio n
.

that t he out e r su rfa c e i s c l e an and fr e e from soot or ash e s ,

and that t he i nn e r s urfa c e i s fr e e from i n c rustations of

l im e o r oth e r sub stan c e s .

T AB L E LX II . C om p a ri s on of D i ff e re n t H ea t Tr a n s m i tti n g
S u rf a c e s

H ea tr mi t t d p q r
t an s e er s ua e
foo f h at i g f
t o e n s ur a c e
r
M at e i al s hh rf h d gr
b tw th
ea c ou or ea c e ee
F h di ff r
a r e en ce e e en e
h t i g m di m d t h w t r
.

ea n e u an e a e

C op pe r p ip e
W r ou gh t ir o n or s ee t lpp i e or s ur fa ce
C as t ir f c
on s ur a e

TE M PERA T U RE OF F I RE S — T e mp e ratur e t e sts of a fi r e

.

by o bs e rvati on can b e tol d i n a fai rly e x a c t mann e r by

T abl e LX III .

T ABL E LX III . Te m p e r a t ure of Fi re s

A p p ea r
an c e of Fi r
e A pp r ox i m at e Tem p e r atu e, r F hr a .

Ab u t 977 d g
o e r ee
Ab u t 1 2 90 d eg ees
o r
Ab ou t 1 470 d gr ees e
Ab u t 1 6 50 degree
o s
Ab u t 1 830 d gree s
o e
Ab u t 2 01 0 d eg ees
o r
Ab ou t 2 1 90 deg e r es
Ab u t 2 370 d g ee s
o e r
Ab ou t 2 550 d eg s r ee
Ab u t 2 730 d g ee
o e r s

P r op e rt i e s of H ot Wa t e r
E XP A N S I O N O F WAT E R —W h e n w at e r at or abov e t he
t e mp e ratu r e of d e gr e e s F ahr e nh e i t i s h e at e d it e x pands
i n volum e T h e t e mp e ratur e
. d e gr e e s F ahr e nh e it i s
kno w n a s the point of m a xi m u m d en s i ty W h e n th e w at e r . ,
 P r i n c i p l es a nd P r a c ti c e o f P l um b i n g 2 49

i s a t a low e r te mp e ratu r e t he appli c ati o n o f h e a t c aus e s i t

to c o ntra c t i n b ulk an d the a ppli c atio n of c ol d c au s e s i t to
e x pand .

The e x pansi o n w e i ght d e nsi ty and c omparativ e vol

, ,

u m e of pur e w at e r at d iff e r e nt t e mp e ratu r e s c a n b e fo und

i n T abl e LX I V .

The i n c r e as e i n bulk of a giv e n q uanti ty of w a te r c a n

b e fo u nd by t he fo rmula

in wh ic h v z fi n a l vol ume o f wat e r , o z or i g i n a l v ol ume o f wat e r ,

z c o m pa i a ti v e olu m
v f wa t r a t fi n a l
e o e l e i u p c r a un c , q z c o m pa ra l iw
v olume of wat e r at ori g i a l t e m p e r a tur e
n .

EXA M L P E — Wh at wi ll be t he fi n a l vo l u m e i n a ss e l co n tain i n g
ve ga ll o n s
o f wat e r at 62 d e gre e s F ah r . wh e n rais e d to a t e m p e ratur e of 2 00 d e gr e e s F a h r 9

S O LU I ION —l nT a bl L XI V i t wi ll be s e e n t h at the co m parati

e ve v o l u m e of
wat e r at 6 2 d e g r e e s F a h r is . an d at 2 00 d e g r e s F a h r e . S ub
s t i t u t i n g t h os e v a l u e s i t he for m u l a
n ,

40 X
ga ll ons fina l v o l u m e —A ns we r . .

The c ontra c tio n i n b ulk Of a giv e n q u antity Of wat e r

0c

ca n be fo u nd by t he fo rm ula V , as i n t he form e r c as e ,

(1

with thi s diffe r e n c e how e v e r that th e o rigi nal t e mp e ratu r e

, ,

and volum e i n thi s c as e i s th e high e r o n e w hi l e t he fi nal ,

t e mp e ratu r e and volum e i s t he small e r on e .

E X A M P L E —Wh at wi ll b e t he fina l o l u m e of ga ll ons of wat e 1 t h at

v

i s coo l e d fro m 2 00 d e g r e e s F a h r to 6 2 d e g r e e s F a h r ? . .

S OL UT I ON fi l
l } X 40 g a ll o n s —A ns we r .

B O I L I NG P O I N T O F WAT ER The t e mp e ratu r e at w hi c h .

-

wat e r b oils vari e s w ith t he pr e ss u r e I n a va c u um of .

p ou nds b e lo w atmosph e ri c p r e ssu r e w at e r bo i ls at a t e m

p e r a t u r e of d e gr e e s F ahr e nh e it At atmosph e ri c .

p r e ssu r e whi c h i s g e n e rally tak e n as

, po und s p e r
s q ua r e in c h wat e r boil s a t 2 1 2 d e gr e e s F ah r e nh e it
, At .

pou nds pr e ssu r e abo v e atm o sph e ri c pr e ssu r e wat e r

boils at a t e mp e ratu r e O f d e gr e e s F ah r e nh e i t The .
2 52 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

tur e and p r e ssu r e of t he st e am i n c onta c t w ith it a r e al w ays

e q ual .

The r e lativ e pr e ssu r e and t e mp e ratur e of bo i li ng w at e r

an d st e am also t he vol um e Of st e am at that p r e ssu r e c om
,

par e d to t he volum e O f w at e r of whi c h it i s c ompos e d c a n b e

fou nd i n T abl e LXV .

C I RC U L AT I O N O F WAT ER —W at e r i s a poor c ondu c tor of

h e at . I t c annot b e h e at e d by c on du c ti on or by radiation .

I f h e at i s appli e d t o the t op Of a v e s s e l Of w at er b ut S light ,

ri s e of t e mp e ratu r e w i ll r e su lt W at e r must b e h e at e d by
.

c i r c ulati on or c onv e c ti on and t o c aus e t he w at e r t o c i r c ulat e

,

t he h e at mu st b e ap pli e d at t he lo w e st p art of t he c ontai ning

v e ss e l .

I f h e at i s appli e d t o t he b otto m o f a v e s s e l Of w at e r t he ,

wat e r imm e di at e ly b e gins t o c i r c ulat e The w at e r di r e c tly

.

abov e w h e r e the h e at i s appli e d i s h e at e d by c ondu c tion ,

e x pands i n b ulk c ons e q u e ntly b e c om e s

,

light e r I t i s th e n displa c e d by t he
.

c ool e r and d e ns e r w at e r su rro u ndi ng

it w h i c h i n tu rn b e c om e s h e at e d and
,

i s d ispla c e d by t he su rroundi ng w at e r ;
thu s e stablishing lo c al c i r c ulatio n of
t he w at e r i nsi d e o f t he v e ss e l .

I f i n pla c e of a v e ss e l of w at e r a
U sh ap e d tub e F ig 1 2 1 b e us e d and
-

, .
,

th e e nds o f the loop c onn e c t e d at t he

t op a s sho w n i n t he i llustrati on t he
, ,

w at e r w i ll ri s e i n the l e g of th e tub e
t o w hi c h t he h e at i s appli e d and w ill ,

d e s ce nd i n th e o th e r l eg t o r e pla c e th e
as ce n di ng c olumn of w at e r T his .

establi sh e s a c ontinuou s mov e m e nt Of

t he e nti r e vol um e of w at e r i n t he tub e s
Fi g 1 2 1
i n t he dir e c ti on Of t he arro w s T hi s
C i r c u l a ti o o f W a te r
.

mov e m e nt i s kno w n a s c ir c ulation i n a

c i r c u it . T hat i s w hat o c c urs w h e n w at e r i n a sto rage tank
o r rang e b oil e r i s h e at e d from a wa t e r b a ck or w at e r h e at e r .

The v e lo c ity Of c i r c ulati on i n a c i r c u it d e p e nds u pon

th e t e mp e r atu r e t o w hi c h t he w at e r i s h e at e d an d th e h e ight
 P r i n c i p l es a nd P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g
0

Of t he
i r c u itc T h u s wi th a hot ti r e a nd a high loo p the
.

v e lo c i t y of flo w would b e mu c h gr e at e r tha n wi th t he sam e

loop a n d a slow fi r e o r with a hot fi r e and a low l oop The .

c hi e f c au s e r e t a rdi ng c i r c ulati on i s fri c ti on th e r e for e sho r t ,

ra d i us b e nds c ontr a c t e d wat e rways small pip e s and n u

, ,

r e am e d pip e e nds shou ld b e avoi d e d wh e n installi ng hot

wat e r su pply syst e ms .

M I XI NG WAT ER S O F T E M PER ATU RE S — The

D IFF EREN T .

r e sulti ng t e mp e ratur e wh e n t w o o r mor e q u antiti e s of w at e r

of d iff e r e nt t e mp e r a t u r e s a r e m i x e d c a n b e fou nd by d ivi d ,

i ng t he total numb e r of h e at u ni ts by t he w e i ght O f wat e r .

I nst e ad of r e du c ing t he wat e r to p ou nds w e ight how e v e r , ,

t he m e thod c a n b e S hort e n e d a s S hown by t he follo w i ng

e x a mpl e and soluti on .

E X A M P L E —W h at wi ll be t he t m p e ratur e r e ul ti g fro m m i x i n g 30 g a l l o n
e s n s

of wat e r at 5 0 d e g r e e s F a h r e n h e i t wit h 1 5 ga ll o n s of wat e r at 1 80 d e g r e e s

,

t e m p e ratur e ?
S OLU T IO N —30 ga l s of wat e r at
. 50
°
e q ua l s 30 X 50 or 1 500
1 5 g al s of at e r at e q ual s or
°
. “ 1 80 1 5 X 1 80 2 700

45 4 2 00
d i i d e d by 4 5 g i
v ves 93 p l us ,
wh ic h wo u ld be t he t e m pe ratur e o f t he wat e r
a ft e r m i x t ur e .

T h r e e fi v e te n o r a n y n u mb e r of q uanti ti e s m ay b e
, ,

m i x e d t he sam e wa y a n d t he r e sulti ng t e mp e ra tu r e s d e t e r
,

mi n e d by divi di ng t he total q uantity O f h e at fo u nd by a dd

i ng t he p ro du c ts O f t he s e v e ral volum e s ti m e s th e i r t e m
p e r a t u r e s by t he total
, numb e r O f gallons i n t he m i x tu r e .

R U L E I I — To fin d t he a m o un t a n d t e m p e r a t ur e of
wa t e r r e qu i r e d , to r es u l t in a m i x tu r e o f g i v en v ol u m e a n d

t e m p e r a t u r e , t he c o l d or ho t wa t e r v ol um e a n d t e m p er a tu r e
b e i n g k n own M u l ti p l y t he t ot a l g a l l on s of t he r e q ui r e d
:

m i x tu r e b y t he r e q u i r e d r e s u l t a n t t e m p e r a tu r e t o fi n d t he
t o ta l d e g r e e g a l l on r e q u i r e m e n t ; s u b tr a c t f r om t ha t p r od u c t
-

t he p r o d uc t o f t he k n o wn n um b e r of g a l l on s a n d t he k n o wn ,

t e m p e r a t ur e , whi c h p r o d uc t i s t he k n o wn d e g r e e g a l l o n f a c -

to r Fr o m t he t o t a l g a l l on s r e q ui r e d s ub t r a c t t he t o ta l g a l
.

lo ns o f t he k n o wn fa c to r to fi n d t h e a mo un t o f wa t e r n oc e s

s ar y t o g i r e t he r e q ui r e d v olu me . D i v i d e t ha t re ma i nde r
2 54 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P l u m bi n g
o

i n t o t he d i ff er en c e b e twe en t he t ot a l d e g r e e g a l l on r e q ui r e -

m en t a n d t he kn own d e g r e e g a l l on f a c t or The qu oti en t

‘

-
.

wi l l b e t he t em p er a tur e a t whi c h t he r e qu i r ed v o lu m e m u s t
b e t o g i v e t he r es u l t a n t t e m p er a tu r e r e qu i r e d .

E X A M P L E —H ow m u c h wat e r and at wh at t e m p e ratur e m ust be add e d to

g a ll ons of wat e r at 5 0 to g i v e 3 0 ga l l ons of wat e r at
°
15

S OL U T IO N —30 ga l s .
X 110
°
( r e q uir e d r e sul tant ) de g r e e ga ll o n s
-
.

15 ga l sX de gr e e
50
°
75 0 d e gr e e
-

g a ll o n s ( The kn o wn -
ga l l on factor )
—
. . .

( The r e q uir e d d e gr e e g a ll on factor ) 30 -

.
g a l s 1 5 ga l s .

1 5 ga l s ( R e q uir e d v o l u m e ) 1 5 ) 2 55 0 ( 1 70 A n s we r ga ll ons of
°
. . z

wat e r at 1 70 wi ll wh e n add e d to 15 ga ll o n s of wat e r at r e sul t in 3 0

°

g a l l o n s of wat e r at

E X A M P L E —H O W m u c h wat e r a n d at wh at te m p e rat ur e m u st b e add e d to

2 0 g a ll ons of wat e r at 1 40 to r e su l t in a v o l u m e of 4 5 ga ll ons at
°

S OL U T IO N —4 5 g a l s X 1 00 d e gr e e ga l l o n s 2 0 g a l s X 1 40
° °
-
. . .

d e gr e e ga ll ons
-
. de gr e e g a ll ons 4 5 gal s — 2 0 gal s 25 -
. . 2

ga l s 2 5 ) 1 700 ( 6 8
. A nswe r 2 5 g a l l ons of wate r at 6 8 adde d to 2 0 ga l l o n s
° °

of wat e r at 1 40 wi l l r e sul t i n a v o l um e of 45 ga l l ons of wat e r at

°

W A TE R B A C K S — The hollo w c asting formi ng part of t he

.

fi r e b ox li ni ng of kit c h e n rang e s and through w hi c h w at e r

-

c i r c ulat e s an d i s h e at e d for sto rag e i n t he rang e bo il e r is ,

c o m monly kno w n a s a wa t e r b a c k I n most wa t e r b a ck s a .

ho ri z ontal p artition a F ig 1 2 2 giv e s th e wat e r a positi v e , ,

.
,

c i r c ulatio n thro ugh t he c asti ng and pr e v e nts a c ommingli ng

of wat e rs of d i ff e r e nt t e mp e ratur e s a s i s t he c as e w h e r e ,

wa te r b a c k s w itho ut thi s parti tion a r e us e d I t i s q u it e .

impo rtant that t he op e ni ng f or t he flo w pip e b b e drill e d , ,

c los e t o t he t op w all of t he c asti ng s o that t he hott e st w at e r ,

c a n flo w from t he wa t e r b a c k and n ot c aus e a rattli ng sound

by b e ing r etai n e d i n t he wa t e r b a c k t o fo r m st e am .

WAT ER HE AT I NG CO I L S I n range s w hi c h a r e n ot p r o .
-

v i d e d w ith wa t e r b a c k s h e ati ng c o ils a r e Som e tim e s mad e ,

t o supply t he d e fi c i e n c y Usually th e y c onsi st of t wo pi e c e s .

of o n e i n c h b l afc k i ron pi p e j oi n e d at on e en d by a r e turn

’
-

b e nd The fr ee e nds a r e th e n e x t e nd e d through th e w all of

.

t he fi r e b ox s o th e y c a n b e c onn e c t e d t o t he boil e r
-

,
The .

c hi e f ob j e c tio n t o t he u s e o f wat e r h e ating c o ils i s t he fa c t

that th e i r eff e c t on t he draft of t he stov e o r o n t he h e ati ng

2 56 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

i s us e d f o r baki ng or roasti ng o n e s q uar e foot of surfa c e

,

w ill h e at ab out 3 5 gallons of wat e r p e r ho u r .

H ow e v e r t he av e rag e si z e of wat e r b a ck c ontains only

,

1 1 0 s q uar e i n c h e s or abo ut s q uar e foo t of e x pos e d s ur

fa c e and w at e r f o r dom e sti c us e s i s s e l dom h e at e d t o abov e
,

t he t e mp e ratu r e o f 1 8 0 d e gr e e s F ahr e nh e it th e r e fo r e an ,

ordinary wa t e r b a c k with an av e rag e fi r e w ill h e at from

ordi nary t e mp e ratur e t o bo il ing poi nt abo ut 1 7 gallons of
wat e r p e r hou r o r from o rdi nary t e m p e ratur e t o 1 8 0 d e
,

gr e e s F ahr e nh e it about 2 1 gallons o f w at e r p e r hou r w hi l e ,

w ith a fi r e su c h a s i s us e d f or c ooki ng or baking it w ill h e at

2 3 gallons of wat e r t o t he boili ng
poi nt o r 2 7 gallons of wat e r t o a
,

t e mp e ratu r e of 1 8 0 d e gr e e s F ahr e n
h e it W rought i ron p ip e s will h e a t
.

from 3 0 t o 4 0 gallo ns of w at e r n u
d e r t he sam e c onditi ons and c opp e r ,

p i p e s w ill h e at from 4 5 t o 6 0 gallo ns

p e r hou r f o r e a c h s q uar e foot o f s u r

fa c e e x pos e d t o t he fi r e I n c a l c ul at .

i ng t he h e ati ng c apa c ity of a w at e r

ba c k o r co il t he av e rag e t e mp e ra
,

tu r e of the w at e r i s tak e n ; thu s if ,

wat e r at 6 0 d e gr e e s F ahr e nh e it is
h e at e d t o 2 00 d e gr e e s F ahr e nh e it ,

the av e rag e t e mp e ratur e of t he

Fi g 1 2 3
wat e r wo ul d b e 6 0 2 00 2 1 30
W t r H at r
z

a e e e

d e gr e e s F ahr e nh e it and t he rang e ,

of t e mp e ratur e through w hi c h it i s h e at e d w ou ld b e
2 00 60 1 4 0 d e gr e e s F ahr e nh e it
Z .

WAT ER HE AT ER S —A maga z i n e f ee di ng w at e r h e at er
. ,

su c h as i s us e d for h e ati ng larg e q u antiti e s of w at e r i n

apartm e nt hous e s barb e r shops bathi ng e stablishm e nts
, , ,

et c .i s sho w n i n s e c ti on i n F ig 1 2 3
,
. I t c onsists simply of
.
.

a c ombu stion c hamb e r su rround e d by an annular spa c e

through w hi c h wat e r c ir c ulat e s and i s h e at e d fro m t h
fl am e s and hot gas e s withi n H e at e rs of this typ e ar e mad
.

havi ng c apa c iti e s o f from 5 0 t o 6 0 0 gallons p e r hour an d ,

large r s e c tional h e at e rs of diff e r e nt typ e s a r e mad e with

 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g 2 57

c apa c iti e s up to s e v e ral thousan d gallo ns p e r ho u r The . .

h e at e r sho w n i n t he i llustration has a maga z i n e f e e d T his .

c ons i sts simply o f a tub e i n th e c e nt e r of th e h e at e r that

holds s e v e ral hou rs supply of c oal an d automati c ally f e e ds

’

it to t he fi r e I t c a n b e mad e i nto a han d fi r e d h e at e r by

.
-

r e movi ng t he maga z i n e A maga z i n e f e e d h e at e r ho w e v e r

.
, ,

i s pr e f e rabl e to a han d f e e d h e at e r f or t he r e as on that it

w ill ru n fo r 2 4 ho u rs if n e c e ssary w ithout att e nti on .

C A PA C I T Y O F WAT ER HE AT ER S — The c apa c ity o f a .

w at e r h e at e r d e p e nds upo n t he amou nt of c oal i t c a n e fli

c i e n t l y b urn d u ring a giv e n p e rio d of tim e and t he c on ,

d u c t i v i ty and thi c kn e ss of th e w alls of t he fi r e b ox B oi l e r -

.

i ro n is a b e tt e r c ond u c tor of h e a t than c ast i ro n , th e r e fo r e

a bo il e r i ron h e at e r of giv e n su rfa c e w i ll h e at mor e w at e r
i n an hou r than w ill a c ast i ro n h e at e r of eq u al s urfa c e , th e
amou nt of c oal b urn e d and t he i nt e nsity of th e fi r e i n b oth
c as e s b e i ng eq ual T h e amo u nt of c oal e c o no mi c ally b u rn e d
.

i n a h e at e r d e p e nds upon t he ar e a of grat e and s i z e of t he

smok e flu e .H e at e rs bu rn from 3 t o 6 pou nds an d w i ll pro b
ably av e rag e 4 pou nds of c oal p e r ho u r p e r s q uar e foot o f
grat e s u rfa c e The total h e at of c omb u sti on of a p ou nd of
.

c oal of av e rag e co mpos itio n i s B T U O f this . . .

amou nt ho w e v e r a larg e p e r c e ntag e pass e s u p t he c himn e y

, ,

as hot gas e s s o that u nd e r ordi nary c ond iti ons only abo ut
,

8000 B T U ar e a c tu ally transmitt e d t o t he w at e r

.
. . . There .

fo r e i n c al c ulati ng th e c apa c ity of a h e at e r th e a r e a of

, ,

grat e s u rfa c e amou nt of co al effi c i e ntly b u rn e d an d t he

,

availabl e B T U i n a p ou n d of c oal a r e th e li miti ng fa c tors

. . . .

Ar c hit e cts and plumb e rs shoul d d e t e rmi n e f or th e ms e lv e s ,

by c al c ulation t he h e ati ng c apa c ity of a h e at e r , and not

,
’
r e ly upo n manufa c tu r e rs rati ngs T hi s i s mad e n e c e ssary
.

by t he la c k of u niform ity among manufa c tu r e rs i n t he rat

ing of th e i r h e at e rs w hi c h d i ff e r from o n e anoth e r i n so m e
,

c as e s ov e r 1 0 0 p e r c e nt for eq ual a r e a of grat e s

. Som e .

part of that p e r c e ntag e might b e a cc ou nt e d for by th e diff e r

e n c e of c onstru c tion w hi c h giv e s som e h e at e rs gr e at e r h e a t
,

i ng s u rfa c e than oth e rs b ut maki ng du e allo w an c e f or t he

, ,

improv e d d e s ign o f som e h e at e rs th e y w ill i nvari ably b e ,

fou n d ov e rrat e d w hil e t he ru n of h e at e rs ar e ov e rra te d

,
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P lu m b i n g

from 2 0 to 5 0 p e r ap a c ity of h ea te rs ca n b e ca l
ce nt . The c

c ul a t ed by m ea ns of t he rul e o r fo rm u l a s follo w i ng :

Wh e n the q u antity of w at e r t o b e h e ate d p e r ho u r i s

kno w n t he s i z e o f grat e r e q u i r e d c a n b e fou nd by th e f ol
,

lo w ng rul e
i

R l
u e — M u l t i p l y t he we i g ht of wa t er i n p o u n d s b y t h
n um b er of d e g r e es r i s e i n t e m p er a tu r e a n d d i v i d e t he
p r od u c t by t he n um b er of p ou n d s of c oa l bu r ne d p er hou r
p e r s q ua r e f oot of g r a t e s u r f ac e b y t he n u m b er of hea t ,

u n i t s t r a n s m i tt e d t o t he wa t er f r om 1 p o un d of coa l The .

r e s ul t wi l l b e t he a r e a i n s q ua r e f e e t of g r a t e r e q ui r e d .

E x p r e ss e d a s a fo rm ula :
W t
whi c h s e i g ht po u n d s of wat e r to h e at e d t d e gr e e s
.

In in be :

Cu ,

F ahr wat e r is to be rai s e d C poun d of coa l b urn e d p e r h o u r p e r s qu ar e

.
,
2 s

foo t of g rat e u un i t s of h e at ab sor be d by wat e r fr o m e ac h pou n d of

,
2

coal ar e a of grat e i n fe e t .

E XA MP L E —Wh at si ze of grat e wi ll be r e qui r e d to h e at 300 g a ll ons of wat e r

p er h our fro m 6 2 to 2 1 2 d e gr e e s F ahr .
, 1 ga ll on we igh ing po unds ?
300 X 8 3 X ( 2 1 2 6 2 )
.

s q ft grat e sur fac e —An swe r

. . .

I n t he abov e s ol uti o n 6 pou nds of c oal was ass um e d as

t he c onsumptio n p e r s q uar e foot of grat e su rfa ce b eca us e
t he ma xi mum rati ng o f t he h ea te r i s d e si r e d .

The c apa c ity of a w at e r h e at e r of known d im e nsions

c a n b e as c e rtai n e d by t he follo w i ng rul e

R ul e —M u l t i p l y t he c o n s u m p t i on o f c oa l p er s qu a r e f o ot
o f g r a t e s u r f a c e b y t he n um b er tr a n s m i t t e d t o of B T U . . .

t he wa t er fr om eac h p ou n d of c oa l , b y t he n u m b e r of s q ua r e
f e e t of s u r fac e i n t he g r a t e, a n d d i v i d e t he p r od uc t by i h
we i g ht of 1 g a l l on of wa t er t i m es t he d e g r e es o f t e mp e r a t u r e
t he wa t e r i s r a i s e d .

E x pr e ss e d as a fo rmula

g c u

1 11 whi c h g 2 s i z e of g rat e in s quar e f e e t , 0 2

‘

poun d s of coa l b urn e d

pt
pe r h o ur p e r s q u a r e foot of g rat e s ur fac e u un i t s of h e at a bsor be d b ,
2

the wat e r fro m e ac h po u n d of coa l p we i g h t of 1 po u n d of wat e r

,

t 2 d e gr e e s F ahr wat e r i s ra i se d q quant i t ) of wat e r i n ga ll o n s h e at e d

.
,
2
~

p er h our .
2 60 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e O f P l u m bi n g

foot Of sp a c e shoul d b e allow e d i n t he fi r e box i n additio n ,

t o th e sp a c e o c c up i e d by t he c oal for e a c h s q uar e foot of ,

grat e su rfa c e .

GAR B A GE B URN I NG WATER H E A TER s .

— Garb ag e b urn
i ng wat e r h e at e rs a r e som e tim e s u s e d i n larg e i nstitutions
w h e r e th e y s e rv e t he doubl e pu rpos e Of d e st royi ng r efu s e
and h e ati ng w at e r for dom e sti c supply A typ e O f su c h.

w a t e r h e at e r i s shown i n F i g 1 2 4 I t s di sti ngui sh ing

. .

f e atur e s a r e two grat e s on e an ordinary grat e to b u rn c oal

,

or oth e r fu e l on and t he oth e r a p ip e c oi l thro ugh w hi c h

,

w at e r c i r c ul at e s an d on wh i c h t he garbag e t o b e bu rn e d i s
pla c e d .Whe r e larg e q u antiti e s O f c omb u stibl e mat e ri als
must b e di spos e d Of su c h h e at e rs a r e both effi c i e nt and
,

ec onomi c al .

S M O KE F L U ES — I t i s i m portant that a goo d c hi mn e y

.

flu e straight a n d smo oth i nsi d e an d p rop o rti on e d t o t he

,

ar e a Of th e grat e b e ,

p rovi d e d f or e a c h
w at e r h e at e r NO
.

oth e r smok e p ip e
shoul d b e p e rmitt e d
t o c onn e c t w ith thi s
flue , n or should
oth e r Op e ni ngs to it
be p e rmitt e d as ,

th e y w o ul d spoil t he
c himn e y d raft .

S m o k e flue s F i g 1 2 5
b ck C l e a e r
-

A u to m at i c W t a er a n
sho uld b e c as e d W i th
flue l i ni ngs to giv e th e m a smooth i nt e r i or surfa c e Th e .

b e st form f o r flue li ni ngs i s roun d or o v al as smok e and hot ,

gas e s pass up w ith l e ss fri c tio nal r e si stan c e i n a rou nd flue

than i n a s q u ar e on e S q u ar e fi n e s a r e mu c h mor e effi c i e nt
.

than r e c tan g ular on e s o n a c c ount O f t he l e ss surfa c e ex

,

pos e d f or a gi v e n ar e a of fi n e ; f or i nstan c e a flu e 1 2 x 1 2 ,

i n c h e s ha s an ar e a of 1 4 4 s q uar e in c h e s an d a p e rim e t e r Of
onl y 4 8 i n c h e s w hil e a flu e 8 X 1 8 i n c h e s havi ng an e q ual
,

ar e a ha s a p e rim e t e r Of 5 2 i n c h e s thus p r e s e nti ng fou r

,
,

a d ditio n a l i n ch e s t o off e r r e s is t an c e N o s atisfa c,

tory
 Pr i n c i p l e s and P r a c ti c e O f P l u m bi n g 261

fo rmula w as e v e r d e vi s e d to c al c ulat e t he ar e a Of smok e

flu e s un d e r varyi ng c on d itions A s impl e e mp i ri c al rul e
.

that w i ll b e fo u nd sati sfa c to ry fo r d e t e rmi ni ng th e ar e a of

fi n e s for w at e r h e at e rs follo w s
R ul e—A l l ow f or s m ok e fl ue on e ei g ht h
-
t he s ec ti on a l

a r ea O f hea t er g r a te .

EX A M P L E —W h at si z e O f s m ok e flue wi ll be r e q uir e d for a wat e r he at e r

contai n ing 4 s q uar e fe e t of g rat e ?
—
S OL U T I O N 4 s q uar e fe e t 5 76 s q uar e inc h e s
2
I
A; O f 5 76 72 s q uar e
.
-
2

inc h e s ar e a O f s m oke flue The n e ar e st si ze s o f co m m e rcia l flue l inings ar e

2 .

S q uar ,e 8 % X inc h e s 2 s q u ar e inc h e s ro und 1 0 ti m e s 7584

2
, . 2

s q uar e inc h e s .

I N CR U S TAT I O N O F WAT ER H E A TE R s —A n ap paratu s f or .

automati c ally f e e ding so da ash o r oth e r p r e c i pitati ng c h e m

i c a l s to hard w at e r i s sho w n i n Fi g .

12 5 T hi s apparatus i s u s e d i n c o nn e c
.

ti o n w ith wa t e r b a c k s and w at e r h e at
e r s t o p r e v e nt th e m b e c om i ng c hok e d

by d e posits Of li m e W h e n prop e rly .

look e d aft e r an app aratu s Of th i s ki nd

w ill p r e c ip itat e so larg e a q uantity of
t he lim e or magn e si a h e l d i n s oluti o n
by t he w at e rs that th e p e ri o ds b e ,

t w e e n c l e ani ngs O f wa t e r b a ck s or
h e at e rs w i ll b e l e ngth e n e d from 5 0 t o
1 00 p e r c e nt .

T h e p r e c ip itati ng r e ag e nts a r e
pla c e d i n thi s v e ss e l wett e d an d the , ,

t w o valv e s op e n e d s uffi c i e ntly to giv e a

flow through t he apparatus propo r
t i on e d to t he amou nt Of w at e r fl o w i ng
thro ugh t he p ip e The apparatu s th e n .

mg 1 2 6 wo rks automati c ally unti l t he c h e mi c al

l
’
wi t h r e ag e nt i s e x haust e d T o s e c u r e sati s
l g f gén
V erti a
.

an
fa c tory r e sults t he apparatus m u st b e
pla ce d o n the r e tu rn pip e to t he wa t e r b a ck as sho w n All , .

wat e r is thu s tr e at e d b e fo r e r e a c h ing t he wa t e r b a c k o r

h e at e r .
2 62 P r i n c i p l es an d Pr a c ti c e f
o P lu m bi n g

S T E A M CO I L S — W at e r i n tanks i s som etim e s h e at e d by

.

a st e am c oi l imm e rs e d i n t he w at e r T hi s m etho d Of h ea t
.

i ng ha s t he advantage Of r e q u i ri ng n o c ar e w hate v e r and ,

sav e s t he labo r e x p e ns e an d di rt Of an e x tra fi r e

,
Whe n .

e x haust st e am i s a vailabl e th e c ost o f h e ating w at e r by thi s

m e tho d i s p r a c
ti c ally nothi ng .

A st e am c oi l
c a n b e pla ce d i n

e ith e r a v e r ti c al

or i n a hori z ontal

tank t he only r e ,
Fi g 1 2 7
i r e m e n t s b e i ng
S t e am C oi l i q u
H i o ta l Ta k
n or n n

that th e pi p e us e d
i n t he c o il b e large e no ugh t o tak e c ar e of t he w at e r Of c on
d e nsatio n and that it hav e a slight fall from th e t op co n
,

n e c t i o n w h e r e t he st e am e nt e rs t o t he bottom outl e t to w ards

whi c h t he w at e r Of co nd e nsatio n drai ns .

I n a v e rti c al tank F i g 1 2 6 t he st e am co i l i s spi ral and

, .
,

pla c e d n e ar t he bottom T his typ e Of c oil i s u s e d p ri n e

.

pally i n co nn e c tion w ith kit c h e n rang e s Larg e si ze hot

.

wat e r tanks a r e us ually pla c e d i n a hori z ontal p osition .

F i g 1 2 7 sho w s a m e tho d Of pla c ing a c oil f or high pr e ssur e

.

st e am i nsi d e Of a
hot w at e r
-
tank .

I n this c o il st e am ,

o r t he c ond e nsa

ti on travels
,

through t he e n
ti r e l e n g t h or
co il . W h e n ex
hau st s t e a m i s
F g 1 28 i

E x h au s t S t e a m C o i l i
.

us e d ho we v e r , a
, T an k n

sho rt e r c O u r s e
sho ul d b e p rovi d e d t o mi nimi z e t he ba c k pr e s s u r e on the
e ngin e s .A h e ati ng c oi l f or e x haust st e am i s sho w n i n
F ig 1 2 8. T hi s typ e Of h e at e r i s b e tt e r than a c onti n u ou s
.

c oi l e ith e r f or e x haust st e am o r f or l iv e st e am
,
.

St e a m c oils f o r tanks may b e m ad e Of c opp e r b ras s ,

2 64 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P l u m bi n g
o

W g a ll ons wat e r to h e at p e r h our

2 .

W 10 s q u a r e fe e t iron pip e coi l r e q uir e d for e xh aust st e a m

2 .

W 15 s q uar e fe e t copp e r coi l r e q uir e d for e xh aust st e a m

2 .

W X 07 s q uar e f ee t iron pip e coi l for 5 pounds pr e ssur e st e a m

. 2 .

W X 04 5 s q uar e fe e t copp e r pip e coi l for 5 poun ds pr e ssur e st e a m

. 2 .

W X 05 s q uar e fee t iron pip e coi l for 2 5 poun d s st e am pr e ssur e

. 2 .

W X 03 5 s q uar e fe e t copp e r pip e coi l for 2 5 pounds st e a m pr e ssur e

. 2 .

W X 04 s q uar e fe e t iron pip e coi l for 50 poun d s st e am pr e ssur e

. 2 .

W X 02 5 s q uar e fee t copp e r p i p e coi l for 50 pounds st e am pr e ssur e

. 2 .

W X 03 s q uar e fe e t i ron pip e coi l for 75 poun d s st e a m pr e ssur e

’

. 2 .

W X 02 s q uar e fe e t copp e r pip e coi l for 75 pou nds st e a m pr e ssu r e

2 .

W 30 h ors e po we r O f b oi l e r to supp ly st e am
2 -
.

W Z 7 pounds O f coa l p e r h our to h e at wat e r

2 .

W + 2 00 tank h e at e r g rat e ar e a ( not l e ss 1 2 inch e s

2

W— Z 30 s q uar e fe e t h e ating surfac e in tank h e at e r

2 .

C onde nsation fro m ste am h e ating coi 1 1 poun d O f st e a m 2

p er ga l l on of
wat e r h e at e d p e r h our 1 000 h e at units 2 .

I ncr e as e d we ig h t or pounds O f st e a m b l o wn into wat er 2 un i t s Of h e at

1 000 .

I ncr e as e in ga ll ons 2 units Of h e at X

The ab o v e data apply t o c los e d tanks Fo r Op e n k e ttl e s .

th e r e i s a larg e loss of h e at by evapo ration from t he surfa c e

Of t he w at e r W ith a c lo s e d tank th e r e i s a loss Of about
.

2 00 u nits p e r ho u r p e r s q uar e foot Of e x pos e d surfa c e .

T aking th e for e going e x ampl e f or c omparison th e n e ar ,

e s t valu e t o 1 5 p ounds st e am i s 2 5 pou nds , and t he c o e ffi c i e nt

f o r c opp e r pip e at this t e mp e ratur e i s 03 5 H ence . .

,

3 00 03 5 . s q uar e f ee t
2 Ans w e r . .

E X A M P L E —Wh at si ze st e a m coi l is r e q u ir e d to h e at 300 g a ll o n s p e r ho ur

in a C l os e d b oil e r wit h e xh aust st e a m ? 300 1 0 30 s q u ar e fe e t i n coi l 2 .

Wit h st e a m at 2 5 pounds pr e ss u r e ? 300 X 2 1 s q uar e fe e t -

2 .

H ow m an y poun d s Of st e a m wi ll be r e q uir e d ? 300 poun ds (1 pound per

ga ll on ) .

Wh at h orse po we r st e a m b oi l e r wi l l
-
be r e q uir d e
? 10 h orse
po we r .

H ow m an y p oun d s of coa l p e r h our 3 00 I ? -

7 2 pounds
43 .

Wh at s i ze tan k h e at e r is r e q ui r e d ( grat e ar e a in s qu ar e fe e t ) 3 00 2 00
s q uar e fe e t a b out 1 7 i n c h e s d i a m e t er
2 .

AC T UA L P ER F OR M A N CE OF S T E A M WAT ER H E A TE R s .
—I n
th e Uni on C entral O ffi ce B u i l di ng C i n c i nnati , , O hi o , ar e
 Pr i n ci p l es an d P r a c ti c e f
o P lu m bi n g 2 65

thr ee Go ub e rt h e at e rs f or h e ati ng th e wa t e r t hrougho u t t he

b uil di ng . H ot w at e r b e i ng us e d o nly at lavatori e s and slop
s i nks . W ate r e nt e rs t he h e at e r at a t e mp e rat u r e Of 7 2
d e gr e e s F ahr e nh e it and th e av e rag e t e mp e ratur e Of t he
,

w at e r d e l iv e r e d througho u t t he 3 0 stori e s of th e b uil di ng i s

1 3 8 d e gr e e s F T h e r e ar e i n t he b ui ldi ng appro x i m a t e ly
.

2 7 5 lava t o ri e s a nd l p sinks or fix tu r e s s upp lyi ng hot w at e r

to th e t e nants .

D u ring th e e ight hou rs Of th e t e st it wa s e stimat e d th at

2 4 9 4 pou nds Of st e am w e r e u s e d i n h e ati ng w at e r f or t he
b ui ldi ng , or an av e rag e Of p o unds p e r hou r T h e c ost .

Of p ro du c i ng hot w at e r f or e i ght ho urs wa s m aki ng

th e c ost p e r ho u r T h e co st Of h e ating w a t e r p e r
fix tu r e p e r day av e rag e d abo ut
HE AT I N G WAT ER B Y S T E A M I N CO N T A C T —T h e q u i c k .

e s t and most e c onomi c al w ay t o h e at w at e r w ith s t e am i s t o

bri ng t he st e am i nto d ir e c t c o nta c t w ith th e w a t e r T his .

m etho d i s us e d e xt e nsiv e ly t o h e at w at e r i n s w i m mi ng pools ,

vats f or i ndustri al p urpos e s , di sh w ashi ng , et c , an d i s .

us ually a c c ompli sh e d by for c ing s t e a m thro ugh a p e rfo rat e d

p ip e or st e am no zz l e lo c at e d n e ar t he bo tt om O f th e tank an d
s ubm e rg e d by th e w at e r W h e n p e rforat e d p ip e s a r e u s e d
.

f o r this p u rp os e th e y sho ul d b e Of brass or C op p e r t o pr e

v e nt c orro s io n and th e c o mbi n e d ar e a Of t he p e rfo r a ti ons
,

shoul d b e at l e ast e i ght tim e s th e ar e a Of pi p e t o e q ual it i n

c apa c ity . E x hau st st e am from p ump s , e ngi n e s or oth e r
ap paratus that i s liabl e t o c ontai n O i l or gr e as e , i s n ot s u it
,

abl e for thi s p u rpos e .

W h e n st e am is
b ro ught i n c o nta c t w ith w at e r i n an
Op e n v e ss e l st e am b ubbl e s a r e fo rm ed, ri s e to w ard t he s ur
fa c e and c ollaps e w ith a r e p ort For thi s r e aso n w at e r i s
.

h e at e d by st e am i n dir e c t c onta c t thro ugh p e rfo rat e d p i p e s

o nly w h e n nois e i s n ot O b j e c t i on a b l e .

N O I S E L E S S WAT ER HE AT ER S —A st e am no zz l e f or noi s e
.

l e s sly h e ati ng w at e r by st e am i n d ir e c t c onta c t i s sho w n i n

F ig 1 2 9
. . Th is apparatu s c onsists Of an o ut w ard an d
up w ard di s c hargi ng st e am no zz l e c ov e r e d by a shi e l d w hi c h
ha s num e rou s Op e ni ngs f or t he admi ss ion Of w at e r , s o that
2 66 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P l u m bi n g
o

t he j e t tak e s the fo rm Of an inv e rt e d c o n e dis c harging ,

up w ard s .

Ai r a dm itt e d through a small p ip e i s dra w n i n by t he

, ,

j et an d by mi x i ng w ith t he st e am pr e v e nts t he su d d e n col

,

lap s e Of bubbl e s and th e c ons eq u e nt no is e w hi c h i s su c h a

gr e at Ob j ec tio n t o h e ating by di r ec t st e am i n t he Old w ay .

A valv e or cock
'

on thi s air pip e

r e gulat es t he
ai r t o the
q uantity most
d e si rabl e .

If w at e r
i s t o b e h e at e d
t o a l e ss t e m
p e r a t ur e than
165 d e g r e e s
Fa h r e n h e i t
Fi g 1 29 ,
w h i c h w oul d b e

S t a m \V at r H at r
e e e et h e C a S e In
mo st i nst a lla
ti ons t he ai r p i p e i s not us e d as t he h e at e r w i ll op e rat e
, ,

no i s e l e ssly w ithout it I f ho w e v e r t he t e mp e ratu r e Of th e

.
, ,

w at e r i s t o b e rais e d abov e 1 6 5 d e gr e e s F ahr e nh e i t an ai r

p i p e must b e u s e d A pr e ssur e O f ai r i s n ot r e q ui r e d i n th e
.

ai r p ip e w h e n t he pr e ss ur e o f st e am is s ufli c i e n t t o dra w
ai r i n by i nspi rati on The p r e ssur e O f st e am r e q ui r e d f or
.

this pu rpos e i s p roportion e d t o th e d e pth Of w at e r abov e th e

h e at e r i n t he tank and c annot b e l e ss than thos e giv e n i n
,

T abl e LXV I .

T ABL E LXV I . P r e s s ur e s of St e a m f or H e a d s Of Wa t e r
H e a d O f wa te r in fee t a b ov e h e a t e r . 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
M inim um s team p r e ssur e p oun d s
, . 4 8 12 18 24 32 40 50

I f w at e r i s to b e h e at e d to a gr e at e r t e mp e ratur e than
1 6 5 d e gr e e s F ahr e nh e i t w ith l e ss st e am pr e ss ur e than i s
c all e d f o r i n t he for e goi ng tabl e ai r must b e s uppli e d u nd e r
,

pr e ssu r e an d b oth t he air pr e ssu r e and t he st e am pr e ssur e

,
2 68 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P l u m bi n g
o

CO M M I NG L ER A h apparatus f o r nois e l e ssly h e ati ng

.
-

w at e r by dir e c t c o nta c t i n a c los ed c i r c u it i s sho w n i n F i g .

130 . T his app aratus i s kno w n a s a c om m i n g l er and tak e s ,

th e pla c e of and i s c o nn e c t e d to a storag e tank i n t he sam e

, ,

manne r a s a wa t e r b a c k o r h e at e r W at e r from the hot

.

wat e r tank e nt e rs t he c ommingl e r throu gh t he pip e a pass e s ,

up through the b ody of t he c asti ng and fl ows ba ck through

t he pi p e b i nto th e tank St e am i s s uppli e d t o th e h e at e r
.

through th e p ip e 0 pass e s do w n p ip e d and e s c ap e s i nto the

, ,

bo dy Of t he c omm ingl e r through t he small hol e s e sho w n , ,

i n t he no zz l e .

The admi ss ion Of st e am t o t he bo dy Of th e wat e r i n

this mann e r p r e v e nts t he
no is e w hi c h i s e x p e ri e n c e d
w h e n st e am e nt e rs a bo dy Of
c ol d wat e r dir ec tly and w ith

out b e i ng p r e viously brok e n

up a s i s don e by th e s e hol e s
,
.

Som etim e s a po rtion Of t he

i nt e ri or of th e c asting i s fi ll e d
w ith small p ebbl e s su rrou nd
i ng the no zz l e th e eff e ct b e ing ,

to still furth e r b r e ak up t he
st e am w h i c h ha s t o for c e i t s
,

w ay thro ugh th e s e p e bbl e s b e

for e striki ng t he mai n bo dy
Of w at e r in t he c asting .

TO us e thi s apparatu s i n
a c los e d c irc ui t t he st e am
Fi g 1 30 . p r e ssu r e must b e gr e a t e r than
S te a m a d W a te r C o m m i g l e r
"

the wat e r p r e ssur e an d a

n n
,

c h ec k valv e sho ul d b e pla c e d i n t he st e am p ip e t o pr ev e nt

-

w at e r fl o w i ng from th e c ommi ngl e r t o t he st e am boi l e r

w h e n the st e am pr e ssur e i s l ow
—
.

HEAT TR A N S M I TT ED B Y S TE A M T O A
W TE R Wh e n
st e am i s b ro ught i n c onta c t w ith w at e r of lo we r t em p e ratu r e
than t he st e am it almo st i nstantly p arts w ith all of i t s
,

lat e nt h e at and all of i t s s e nsib l e h e at abov e t he t e mp e ratu r e

of t h e W at r
e . w
Thus h e a p n ,
o u n d of st ea m i s br ou g h t i n
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P l u m bi n g
o 2 69

c onta c t w ith w at e r it i mparts a s many B T U t o the w at e r . . .

a s t h e r e a r e B T U i n a poun d of s t e a m at tha t p r e ss u r e
. . .

a bo v e t he t e mp e ratu r e of th e w at e r For i nstan c e th e r e

.
,

TABL E LXV III . B T U i n Wa t e r

. . . at D i ff e r e n t Te m p e r a
t u re s

N um e b r of
q r d to
B T U R e ui e
ra t ur ra a
. . .

Te
m pe
D gr Fahr
e. i s e t he T e m p er
r of
tu e Wa r
t he te
o l Po
e ee s .

to B i i n g i nt
2 1 2 Fa h r
°
.
2 70 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P lu mb i n g

ar e B T U i n on e pound of st e am at atmosph e ri c
. . .

pr e ssur e r ec ko ni ng from t he fr e e z ing point and if allow e d ,

to e x pand i n wat e r with a t e mp e ratur e of 6 0 d e gr e e s

F ahr e nh e it t he st e am will part with all of its h e at unti l t he
,

t e mp e ratu r e of t he wat e r of c ond e nsation i s e q ual to t he

t e mp e rat ur e of t he wat e r to b e h e at e d I n do ing so it w ill .

impa rt + 3 2 — 6 0 B T U to t he wat e r . . .
,

an d w ill i n c r e as e its bulk by o n e pound o r about gallo n , .

The numb e r of B T U i n a p ound of st e am v ari e s with its

. . .

t e mp e ratu r e an d p r e ssu r e .

The numb e r of B T U c ontai n e d i n on e poun d o f . . .

wat e r at diff e r e nt t e mp e ratur e s also t he numb e r of B T U , . . .

r eq u ir e d to rais e o n e p oun d o f wat e r from diffe r e nt t e mp e r

atur e s to boili ng po int at atmosph e ri c p r e ssur e m ay b e ,

fou n d i n Ta bl e LXV III .

S T E A M R E QU IR ED To HEAT W AT ER — The w e ight of

st eam r e q uir e d to h e at a gi v e n q uanti t y of wat e r from a c e r
tai n t e mp e ratur e to bo il ing poi nt c a n b e found by the fol
lo w i ng rul e :
R u l e—M u l t i p l y t he n um b er o f p ou n d s f wa t er t o b e
o

he a t e d by t he n u m b er of d e g r e e s t e m p er a tu r e t he wa t er i s
t o b e r a i s e d , a n d d i v i d e t he p r od u c t b y t he t ot a l hea t of
s t ea m a t t he p r es s u r e i t i s t o b e u s e d , l es s t he s en s i bl e hea t

a t a t mo s p he r i c p r es s u r e .

T his may b e e x pr e ss e d by t he formula

wh
whi c h of st e a m poun d s wat e r to
L —l
in s : we i g ht in wi p o un ds of

be h e a te d h d e gr e e s F ah r wat e r to b e h e at e d ; L tota l h e at of st e a m
,
: .

at pr e ss ur e u s e d I s e s i bl e h e at at at m osp h e r i c pr e ss ur e
,
: n .

E XA M P L E — H ow m a n y po un d s of st e a m at 70 poun d s pr e ss u r e wil l b e
r e qui r e d to h e at po un d s of wat e r fr o m 4 8 d e gr e e s F ah r to b o i l ng po nt
i i ?
.

7500 ( 2 12 —4 8 )
S OL U T IO N
—
1 2 37 po un d s of st e a m . A ns w r e .

( 1 1 74 1 80 )

An e mp i ri c al rul e that is s uffi c i e ntly app ro x imat e f or

most purpos e s i s to allow 1 p oun d of st eam f o r 6 pounds of
w at e r to b e h e at e d T aki ng t he abov e ex ampl e th e n :
.

75 00 6 z 12 50 po n d s of st am Ans w r
u e . e .
2 72 P r i nc i p l e s an d P r ac ti c e of P l u m bi n g

T ABL E LXI X —C on ti n u ed

A b l
s o ut e

Fa hr .

In Wat er

90 8 2
.

2 69 7

2 82 8 .

2 84 5 .

885 4
P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g 2 73

T ABL E LX I X —C on ti n ue d
H ea t U ni t s a b ov e 32 D gr
e e es
F hr
C P
a
di d
.

on t a i n e n 1 o un of S tea m

In Wtra e
2 74 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P lum bi n g

T A BL E LXX . P r op e r t i e s of S a t ur a t e d St ea m of fro m 3 2
D e g r ee s t o 2 1 2 D e gre e s Fa hr . at P re ss u r e s U nd e r
O n e At m os p h e r e

Pr r
es s u e

P u ds p
o n er
S qu r In h
a e c
2 76 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u mbi n g

Wat e r ga s whi c h p robably mo r e e xt e ns iv e l y manu

, is
f a c t ur ed than any oth e r ki nd of g a s f or g e n e ral di s t r i b u
tion i s mad e c o mm e r c ially by t he c onta c t of st e am w ith
,

i n ca nd es ce nt ca rbo n i n t he form of anthr a c it e c oal or c ok e .

Th e st ea m i s d e c omp os e d t he hydr og e n b e i ng s e parat e d

,

fro m th e o xyg e n Th e o xyg e n th e n tak e s up c arbo n from

.

th e c oal or c ok e
‘

T his g a s w o ul d b u rn w ith a n on l u mi n o us fl am e a nd -

w o ul d b e us e l es s f or lighti ng e x c e pt w ith i n c and es ce nt

mant e ls s o i n p ra c ti c e th e w ate r g a s i s e nr i c h e d w ith o i l
,

g a s w hi c h fu rni sh es t he hydro c arb on n e ce ssary t o mak e a

lu m i nous fl am e b ut a d ds v e ry l ittl e to th e h ea ti ng q uality
,

of th e g a s .

T h e i ll u mi nati ng p ow e r of g a s i s d et e rmi n e d by i ts
c a n d l ep o wer The c a n dl e po w e r i s m ea s ur e d w hi l e th e g as
.

is b ur ni ng i n a n O p e n burn e r at th e rat e of fi v e c ubi c f ee t

p e r ho ur by c ompar i n g th e li ght gi v e n off w ith that of a
,

s ta n d a r d c a n d l e A stan dar d ca n dl e i s on e that wi ll b urn

.

1 2 0 grai ns of sp e rm a c e ti p e r ho ur .

A s a sta nda r d of q u ali ty t he c a ndl e p o we r of g a s i s

,

gi v i ng w ay t o th e mo r e rat io nal on e of h eat valu e g a s b e ing ,

us e d n ow almost e x c lus iv e ly f or h e ating n ot f or l ight in g , .

HE A T UNI T S I N Gui s e T h e r e i s n o on e d e fini te num b e r

-

of h ea t u n i ts B T U , tha t ca n b e giv e n a s th e h ea t valu e

. . .
,

of gas A s ha s alr e a dy b ee n po i nt e d out th e r e ar e thr ee

.
,

p ro ce ss es of ma n ufa c t ur e of a rti fi c ial g a s also n a t ural gas , ,

all of w hi c h a r e u s e d thr o ugho ut t he c oun t ry O f the m a n .

uf a ct u r e d gas es t wo o r mo re ki n d s a r e som e t i m e s com

,

b i n e d a s f or i nst an ce w h e n oi l g a s i s ad d e d t o w at e r g a s
, , , ,

s o that th e exa ct amo unt of h e at gi v e n ofi by a c ub i c foo t of

g a s w ill d e p e n d upon t he st a ndard of t he lo c al g as c ompany ,

w hi c h shoul d b e tak e n i nto a c c ou nt w h e n c omp uti ng t he

amo unt of w ate r that ca n b e h ea t e d by g a s i n that lo c a li ty .

Arti fi c ial g a s i s g e n e rally sa id t o co ntain 7 00 h ea t u ni ts ,

an d na t ural g as from 7 4 0 t o 1 1 1 7 h ea t un its a c co r di ng t o ,

t he te rri t ory w h e r e t he nat u ral g a s i s p ro du c e d As a .

m at te r o f fa c t th e h ea t c o nta in e d in man uf a c tur e d g a s

,

vari e s from 5 00 t o 6 00 B T U I t s e l dom e x c ee ds 6 5 0

. . . .

I t i s gov e rn e d by laws i n som e stat e s an d t he pr es e nt ,

 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g 2 77

t e nd e n c y s ee ms to w ard s e stabli shing a standard of 52 5 B .

T U p e r c ub i c fo ot of manufa c tu r e d gas
. . .

A UT O M AT I C WA T ER H E A TE R s —A thoro ugh un d e r .
*

stand ing of w hat i s m e ant by t he rat e d c apa c ity of a h e at e r

mus t b e had b e for e an i nt e lli g e nt s e l e c ti on of s i z e c a n b e
mad e .

E v e ry i nstantan eo us automati c and multi c oi l storag e -

h e at e r ha s a d e fi nit e rat e d c apa c ity w h i c h e x p r e ss e s i n th e ,

c as e of t he i nstantan e ou s au tomati c w at e r h e at e r th e n u m

b e r of gallons p e r mi nut e an d i n the multi c oi l sto rag e ,

-

h e at e r t he numb e r of gallo ns p e r hou r that t he h e at e r w ill ,

d e liv e r at any giv e n ri s e i n t e mp e ratu r e w ith i t s norm a l g a s

c onsumpti on .

For th e sak e of c onv e ni e n c e t he h e at e rs h av e g e n e rally

b e e n numb e r e d t o c orr e spon d to the numb e r of gallons th e y
w ill d e liv e r raisi ng th e t e mp e ratu r e 6 3 F
,
°
T h e r e for e a .
,

N o 4 h e at e r ha s a rat e d c apa c ity at 6 3 ris e i n t e mp e ratu r e

.
°

of 4 gallons p e r mi nut e b ut shoul d t he r eq u i r e d ri s e b e 8 0

°
,

i nst e ad of t he rat e d c ap a c ity of a 4 gallon h e at e r w oul d -

be gallons i nst e ad of 4 gallo ns w hi l e if th e r e q u i r e d ,

t e mp e ratu r e ri s e b e only t he rat e d c apa c ity of t he

4 gallon h e at e r w oul d b e
-
gallons p e r m i nut e I n t he .

c as e of t he m ulti c oil sto rag e h e at e r t he rat e d c apa c ity of

-

t he N o 2 00 h e at e r at 6 3 t e mp e ratu r e ris e i s 2 00 gallo ns

.
°

p e r hou r w hi l e if
, t he r e q u i r e d t e mp e ratu r e ri s e b e t he

rat e d c apa c i ty w ill b e 1 5 7 gallons p e r ho u r b ut shou l d t he ,

t e mp e ratu r e ri s e r e q ui r e d b e o nly t he rat e d c apa c ity

w o uld b e 2 5 2 gallons p e r hou r The abov e i s b as e d u po n t he
.

c ons umpti on of 1 c ub i c foot of gas havi ng a h e at val u e of

6 5 0 B T U for e a c h gallon of w at e r rai s e d

. . .

A rul e by w hi c h the rat e d c apa c ity of any i nsta ntan e ou s

auto mati c or multi c oi l storag e h e at e r f o r any giv e n t e m
-

p e r a t u r e ri s e m ay b e fou nd i s a s follo w s :

R u l e—M u l t i p l y t he si ze o f t he hea t er by 6 3 , t he r es u l t

of whi c h wi l l b e t he d eg r e e -

g a l l on ca p a c i t y o f t he hea t er ;
d i v i d e t hi s r es u l t by t he n u m be r o f d e g r ees t he t e m p er a tur e
i s t o be r ai s e d an d t he r es u l t wi l l b e the r a ted ca pa c i t y o f
*
Da t a co mp i l ed by A me ri can Gas A s s oc i a i o n , t
27 8 P r i n c i p le s a nd P ra ct i c e o f P l a m hi a g

t he he a t e r at t ha t t e m p e ra t ure r is e . Fo r c e ri r e n i ei i c e , t he
fo r me l a w o ul d be as f a ll e n - s
"

S he n em he: 63
— Ri s i i
e d r e na m e? a t he fi er .

Fr o m t hi s i t fe li ne s 2; a
£ i f t he r eq ui r e d fi n e an d

m ul a t he si ze n n i n he r a t t he hea t e r m a y b e

Fo r m I f it i s r e q ui r e d i n d e li v e r n ae g a ll e n s
per m i n ut e wi t h a t e m p e r a tu re ri s e a i 9h °

The re fo r e h ea t e r t n he i rs ad i n th i s ea s e e n i fld
,
th e s i ne

he a n 8 g a l l an p e r m in ut e h e a t e r s in ce t he r as a i t i s g r ea t e r
-
e
,

tha n a N o 6 a n d l e s t ha n a N a 8 t he n e xt l a r g e r s i ze
. .
s . . .

W he r e hea t e r s a r e n e t n n m he r ed a a ss e r i he d a b ov e t he s

r a te d m p a e i ty shnul d he as t e r ra i n ed an d thi s qu a n ti t y s ub -

J . WM f e r t he si ze n u m b er i n t he s hor e i nr m ul a i f t he .

r a t e d ca p a e i t y i s n e t g i v e n a s a t t he d eg r ee ri s e g i v en

Ta hl e m i s hn w s th e s i ze s mann
i
ae I» i n t he i n
s ta n t a n en n s an tem ati e w a t e r h ea t e r an d T s hi e LX X H t he

T AB L E LXXI . Ca p ae i t i es at In s t a n ta n > A mtuym fi c

m Hea te r s
”
a

5 -
513
6 i 33
1 3 63 1 3 315 a m 23 2
l fi i ii i i g i -

l éfis fifth

S h i i i ii
z mi e t he p er
: m i n uti a aspi re an 63 ?
r i se i t r
- n rit e ma s h e n s
- un a i he -
i m n ee
2 80 P r i n ci p l es an d P r a c ti c e f
o P l um bi n g

8gallo n p e r mi nut e h e at e r or 1 00 gallon multi c oil stor

-
-

—
-

ag e syst e m R e s i d e n c e s havi ng thr ee or fo u r p rivat e baths ,

s e rvants bath room t wo o r thr ee b e droom lavato ri e s

’
-

, ,

kitc h e n an d p antry si nks , larg e lau ndry C omparativ e ly .

small family .

D u e t o th e larg e p e r m inut e g a s r eq u ir e m e nts f or th e

8 gallo n p e r m i nut e h e at e r it i s fr eq u e n t ly fou nd mor e
-

d e s i rabl e e sp ec i ally i n hous e s of gr e at l e ngth t o supply a

, ,

3 or 4 gallon p e r mi nut e h e at e r f or th e supply of hot w at e r

-

f o r th e e nti r e lau ndry and kit c h e n and i nstall a 6 gallon p e r ,

-

mi nut e h e at e r f or th e supply of w at e r t o various bath rooms -

of th e hus e .

1 00 gallo n p e r ho u r h e at e r w ith 1 0 0 , 1 2 0 or 1 5 0 gallon

- -

—
tanks Larg e r e s i d e n c e s having thr ee t o fi v e bath roo ms -

bath room lavato ri e s , larg e kit c h e n si nk p antry si nk and

-

lau ndry F lat b u il dings w ith s i x ap artm e nts of fo ur or fi v e

.

room s e ac h .

2 00 gallon p e r hou r h e at e r w ith 1 2 0 1 5 0 or 2 5 0 gallon

-

,
-

tanks— Larg e r e s i d e n c e s havi ng s e v e n t o t e n bath rooms -

larg e kit c h e n s ink p antry sink dish w ashi ng ma c hi n e larg e

, , ,

lau nd ry Apartm e nt bu il di ngs havi ng t e n to fo urt ee n fl ats

.

of fi v e o r s i x rooms e a c h .
,

3 00 gallon p e r hou r h e at e r w ith 2 5 0 3 00 o r 3 6 5 gallon

-

,
-

t anks — Larg e r e s i d e n c e s havi ng s e ve n t o t e n bath rooms -

larg e kit c h e n s ink p antry s ink dish w ashi ng ma c hin e larg e

, , ,

laundry Apartm e nt b u il di ngs havi ng t e n t o fou rt ee n fl ats

.

of fi v e o r s i x rooms e a c h .

4 00 gallon p e r hou r h e at e r w ith 3 6 5 or 4 2 5 gallon tanks

- -

— Larg e apartm e nt bu ildi ngs havi ng fou rt ee n t o t we nty fiv e -

fl ats of fiv e s i x o r s e v e n rooms ,
V e ry larg e c ity hom e s . .

T hi rty t o fi f t y room hot e ls -

.

5 00 gallon p e r hou r h e at e r w it h 4 2 5 5 00 or 6 00 gallo n

-
,
-

tanks—Apartm e nt b u ildi ngs havi ng t we nty t o thirty fl ats

of fi v e s i x o r s e v e n rooms e a c h
,
V e ry larg e c ity hom e s . .

F o rty t o s i x ty room hot e ls -

.

Larg e r r eq u ir e m e nts may b e m e t by using w hat ar e

kno w n a s dupl ex sto rag e syst e ms i n w hi c h t wo or mor e ,

multi c oi l storag e h e at e rs ar e c onn e c t e d t o a s ingl e tank of

-

p rop e r storag e c apa c ity .

 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l um bi n g 2 81

W hil e th e abov e tabl e may b e u s e da gui d e , u nu s ual as

c ond iti o ns m ay mak e i t n e c e ssary to d e p art from it .

T h e str ee t mai n and th e s e rvi c e from th e mai n t o th e

m et e r mu st b e of su ffi c i e nt s i ze t o s upply th e m a x im um
d e mand s of th e h e at e r .

T h e g a s s u pply shoul d b e ru n di r e c t f rom th e m e t e r t o

th e th e rmostat w i tho ut any b ran c h e s an d sho ul d b e l arg e ,

e no ugh f or th e ma x imum am ou nt of g a s r eq u i r e d by th e
h e at e r .

As i n th e c as e of th e i nstantan eo u s a ut om at l c w at e r
h e at e r a tag shou l d b e atta c h e d t o th e m et e r , stati ng that a
,

multi c oil storag e syst e m i s i n s tall e d

-
.

T h e si ze of g a s p ip e m e t e r an d flue f or automati c
, , gas
h e at e rs c a n b e fou n d i n T abl e LX X III .

T AB L E LXX III . S ize of P i p e s f or A u t om a t i c St ora g e

Sy s t e m s

Si z e of W t Su pp ly W ter Su pp ly} Ga s Mt
t Fi x t u
a er a e er
H ea t er t Sy t m
o s e o r es Lt
l ch c
.

Ga s . In es I n hes

1 1
1 to 1 to 1%
1 to 1 to I V;
1% to 2 1% to 2
to 2 to 2
2 to 2 % 2 to 2%

I n T abl e s LX X I V t o LX X X i n c lu siv e w i ll b e fo un d ,

r e c ord s of th e ac tual p e rforman c e of w at e r h e at e rs i n s e v f ‘

e ral diff e r e nt typ e s of b u ildi ngs T h e data we r e c ompil e d .

by th e Am e ri c an Ga s Asso c i ation an d th e g a s u s e d had an ,

a p pro x imat e h e at val ue of 6 5 0 B T U p e r c ub i c foot . . . .

9
84 P r i n c i p les an d P r ac t i c e f P l um bi n g
o
2 88 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f
o P l u m bi n g

C H A P TE R X X V III
T A NK S F O R S T O R I N G H O T WA TE R

RA B O IL ER S
N GE R ang e boi l e rs ar e storag e tanks f or
.
-

hot w at e r T h e y ar e usually lo c at e d n e ar th e kit c h e n rang e

.
,

and th e w at e r i n t h e m i s h e at e d by th e wa t e r ba c k i n th e
rang e . Som e boil e rs ar e mad e of c opp e r , som e of w ro ught
i ron and som e of st ee l W ro ught i ro n and s t ee l boil e rs ar e
.

mad e plai n p ai nt e d and galvani ze d R ang e boil e rs of larg e r

, .

c apa c ity than 2 00 gal l ons ar e n ot mad e in stoc k si ze s .

CO PPER B O IL ER S — C opp e r boi l e rs ar e mad e f or bo th l ow

pr e ss ur e and f or h e avy p r e ssu r e w at e r s uppli e s A l ow .

pr e ssur e b oi l e r i s mad e of light c ol d dra w n c opp e r polish e d -

on th e outsi d e an d g e n e rally ti nn e d on th e i nsi d e T h e y ar e .

t e st e d t o about 7 5 p ou nds p r e ssu r e and ar e s uitabl e only f o r,

syst e ms w h e r e t he p r e ssu r e do e s n ot ex c ee d 2 0 p ou nds p e r

s q uar e i n c h T h e c hi ef o b j e c tion to boil e rs of thi s typ e i s
.

th e ir l iab ility t o c ollaps e from atmosph e ri c pr e ssur e w h e n

t he w at e r i s i n any w ay siphon e d fro m th e m C opp e r boi l .

er s, w hi l e th e y c ost mor e ar e b e tt e r than i ron boil e rs f or

,

s t orag e pu rpos e s T h e y ar e c h e ap e r i n th e e nd a s th ey last

.

long e r and rust w i ll n ot a cc umulat e i n th e boil e r t o di s c olo r

,

c loth e s i n w ashi ng a s it do e s w ith bla c k or galvani ze d i ro n

,

boil e rs .

S AF E TY CO PPER B O IL ER S Saf e ty c opp e r boil e rs ar e

.
-

m a d e wi th i nt e rnal brass ribs t o r e i n f or c e th e m I n som e

'

.
p

t yp e s of saf e ty boi l e rs t he i nt e rnal rib runs spi rally arou nd

,

t he boil e r from on e e nd t o th e oth e r R e i nfor c i ng bo il e rs

.

mak e s th e m p roof against c ollap si ng from ex t e rnal pr e ss ur e .

Saf e ty c opp e r bo il e rs ar e t e st e d b efor e shi ppi ng T h e r e .

ar e two grad e s of saf e ty boil e rs : on e t e st e d to 1 5 0 po u nds

p r e ssu r e and gu arant ee d t o stan d a w orking pr e ssur e of 1 00
pou nds ; th e oth e r t e st e d t o 2 5 0 pounds pr e ss ur e and guar
ant ee d t o stan d a w o rki ng pr e ssur e of 1 5 0 pounds Both .

grad e s ar e gu arant ee d agai nst c ollapsi ng p rovi d e d n o c h e c k ,

valv e i s u s e d on th e c ol d w at e r supply t o th e boil e r If a .

c h e c k valv e i s u s e d it c on fi n e s t o th e boi l er th e w at e r that

 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P lu m bi n g 2 89

w o uld oth e r w is e ex pan d ba c k i nto th e w at e r mai ns , w h e n

th e w at e r i n th e bo il e r i s h e at e d , and ex pansi o n mi ght s ub
j e c t th e b oil e r to a pr e ssur e far i n ex c e ss of w hat it i s gu ar
ant ee d t o stand . C op p e r bo il e rs ar e th e b e st app e ari ng -

rang e boi l e rs mad e .T h e y ar e e asi ly s tai n e d gr ee n , how

e v e r , and th e y r a d i a t e he a t t o s urrou nd i ng ob j e c ts at a
‘

gr e at e r rat e than d o i ro n boi l e rs .

GA LVA N I Z ED R A N GE B O ILER S — T h e s e bo il e rs ar e mad e

.

f or both standard an d ex tra h e avy p r e ss ur es The stan d .

=

ard boil e rs ar e g e n e r ally mark e d t e st e d t o 1 5 0 pou nds pr e ss

ur e and rat e d t o s tand a wo rki ng p r e ssu r e of 8 5 p o u nds .

T h e extra h e avy boi l e rs ar e mark e d t es t e d t o a pr e ss u r e

of 2 0 0 po unds and rat e d t o stan d a w orki ng p r e s s ur e of 1 5 0

po unds . G alvani z e d rang e boil e rs ar e mad e both si ngl e an d

do ubl e riv e t e d . Si ngl e riv e t boi l e rs hav e b ut o n e r ow of
riv e ts along th e s e am w hil e do ub l e riv e t bo i l e rs hav e a
,

doubl e r ow of riv e ts along th e s e am .

G alvani ze d rang e bo il e rs ar e galvani ze d a ft e r b e i ng

mad e , an d ar e galvani ze d both i nsi d e and out T h e c oati ng .

of z i n c d e pos it e d on both i nn e r and o ut e r s u rfa c e s h e lps to

mak e th e j oi nts and riv e ts w at e r tight G alvani z e d rang e

-
.

boil e rs ar e n ot all guarant ee d and not w ithstan ding t he

,

st e n c i l e d stat e m e nt pri nt e d on e a c h boi l e r that it ha s bee n

t e st e d t o a c e rtai n pr e ss u r e th e y ar e s e l dom t e st e d b e fo r e
,

l e avi ng th e fa c tory , a n d ar e n ot s u itabl e f or p r e ss u r e of

mo r e than on e half that w hi c h th e y ar e mark e d t e st e d
-
.

M U D D RU M F OR B O I LE R S —In
lo c aliti e s w h e r e th e w at e r
.

s upply c arri e s larg e q uantiti e s of c lay or lo am i n s u sp e nsio n ,

a boil e r w ith a m u d drum or s e dim e nt c hamb e r , F i g 1 3 1 .

,

may b e us e d T h e bo il e r w i ll th e n s e rv e a s a s e ttli ng basi n

.

an d most of th e s usp e nd e d matt e r w ill s e ttl e t o th e b ottom of

th e boil e r and i nto th e s e di m e nt sp a c e I t c a n th e n b e
.

w ash e d out at su itabl e i nt e rvals by op e ni ng th e blo w off co c k -

at th e bottom of th e boil e r I f th e parti c l e s h e l d i n s us

.

p e nsion i n th e w at e r ar e c omparativ e ly c oars e abo u t fi fty ,

p e r c e nt w ill b e r e mov e d by s e d im e ntation

H O T WATE R T A N K S —H ot w at e r tanks ar e larg e
. .

w rought i ro n or st ee l storag e tanks of 2 00 gallons or mor e

-

c apa c ity us e d i n c onn e c tio n w ith w at e r h e at e rs

, T h e y ar e .
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

g e n e rally us e d plai n or pai n t e d b ut ar e s e l dom galvani ze d

, .

Larg e hot w at e r t anks ar e s e l dom c arri e d i n st o c k b ut ar e ,

mad e t o o rd e r . A sk et c h sho w i ng t he loc a t ion and si ze of

,

all o utl e ts sho uld a cc om pany all or d e rs f o r hot w at e r tanks .

T h e s i ze of th e t ank and pr e ssu r e of t he w a t e r should al w ays

b e c onsi d e r e d w h e n ord e ri ng and w h e n storag e tanks ar e
,

ex t r e m e ly larg e and sub j e ct t o gr e at i n t e rnal pr e ss ur e stay ,

bolts and c ross brac e s sho u ld b e u s e d t o giv e t he t ank addi

t i on a l s t r e ngth B oil e rs and
.

t anks of w ha t e v e r t yp e o r mak e
, ,

sho uld b e t e s t e d and guarant ee d

t o stand a p r e ssu r e of at l e as t
doubl e t he s t ati c pr e ssur e of th e
w at e r t o b e stor e d T his i s t o
.

p rovi d e a fa c tor of saf ety f or

o c c asions w h e n t he i n t e rnal
p r e ssu r e i s i n c r e as e d by th e ex
p a n s i on of th e w at e r w h e n
h e at e d o r t he i n c r e as e d pr e ss
,

u r e p e rhaps doubl e th e stati c

,

pr e ss u r e du e t o w a t e r hamm e r
, .

S U PP ORTS F OR B O ILER S A N D
TA N K S R ang e boil e rs ar e
.

usually pla c e d alo ngsi d e t he

ki t c h e n rang e i n a v e rt ic al posi
t i on w h e r e t h e y r e st upon a c as t
,

i ron boil e r s t and W h e n rang e

.

b o il e rs ar e pla c e d ho ri z on t ally
th e y usually r e s t on i ron br a c k
e ts a tt a c h e d t o th e top or ba c k
F i g 1 31
of t he rang e H ori z ontal s t or
t Ch a m b e s f or B o i l e
.

S ed i m
.

en r r

ag e tanks ar e g e n e rally sup

por t e d by i ron bands at tac h e d t o th e iron fl oor b e ams abov e .

W h e n th ey ar e s e t v e rti cally th e y ar e support e d by i ron

fram e s or l e gs . Larg e t a n k s s ho ul d hav e c ross bra c e s
w ithi n t o giv e th e m str e ngth t o w i t hs t and ra c ki ng str e ss e s .

P R O P O R TI O N I N G S I Z E o r T A N K A N D B O IL ER S — R ang e
.

boi l e rs and h e at e r tanks ar e us e d to stor e w at e r h e at e d by

wat e r b a ck or w at e r h e at e r du ri ng p e riods w h e n hot w at e r
2 92 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P l u m bi n g
o

w at e r i n c r e as e s th e volum e of availabl e hot w at e r In .

T abl e LX XX I c a n b e found th e t e mp e ratur e at w hi c h ho t

w at e r is us e d i n b u il di ngs of diff e r e nt c lass e s .

T h e si ze of hot wa t e r t ank r eq u ir e d f o r a larg e bu ilding

d e p e nds so m u c h upo n c on ditions p e c ul iar t o that b u il di ng
t hat a sa t i sfa c tory rul e appli c abl e t o all c as e s c anno t b e
formulat e d A saf e rul e i s t o a l lo w a suffi c i e nt c apa c ity in
.

th e t ank for th e m ax imum hou rly c ons umptio n An a p .

p ro x ima t ion that w ill b e fo und su ffi c i e nt f or most ap a r tm e nt

hous e s i s to allo w from 5 t o 7 gallons c ap a c ity i n t he tank
fo r e a c h i nma t e th e bui ldi ng w ill a c c ommodat e For l a rg e .

hot e ls and p ubli c i nst ituti ons t hat hav e a c c ommo dat ions f o r
3 00 an d m or e p e opl e a small e r allo w an c e abo ut from 2 t o
, ,

T ABL E LXXX I W a t e r Te m p e ra t u r e s Re q ui r ed f or Vari ous

.

Cla s s e s of S e rvi c e

T em p t
e r a ur e r eq ui r ed

Ga r a ges (for wa s hi ng c ar s )

B be
ar r s h op (n ot s t eri li zi ng)
B
.

ar s a n d s od a fou n t a m s
L av a t or y a n d cl e a nm g u s es
S hower b at h s

B ap t i s t r i es

D i s hwas hi n g (m a chi n e )
d
Mi l k ea l er s (n ot s t erili zi ng or p as te ur i z m g) .

4 gallons p e r c apit a w ill b e fou n d s ufli c i e n t

, T ak e th e c as e .

of a t we lv e fam ily ap art m e nt ho us e i n w hi c h sl ee pi ng

-

a c c ommo da t ions ar e p rovi d e d i n ea c h apart m e nt f o r fou r

p eopl e and i n t he j a n i t or s apartm e nt f or two
,
’
T hat w o ul d .

mak e a c c ommo dations i n th e b u il di ng f or 5 0 p e op l e Al lo w .

i ng 7 gallons c ap a c ity in th e hot w at e r t ank f o r e a c h inmat e -

Of t he b uil ding i t w o ul d r eq uir e a 3 5 0 gallon st orag e tank

-

a nd a h e at e r wi th a c a p a city of 1 7 5 g al l o ns per ho ur That .

 Pr i n c i p les an d P r a c ti c e f P l u m bi n g
o 2 93

w i ll allo w e a c h t e nant o f th e b u il di ng to tak e a hot b ath

w ithi n an hou r an d hav e a suffi c i e nt supply for th e pu rpo s e
, .

I t w i ll tak e e a c h p e rson fi ft ee n m inut e s t o tak e a bath At .

th e b e gi nni ng of t he hou r th e r e i s i n th e tank 3 5 0 gallo ns

,

of w at e r a t a t e mp e ra t u r e of about 2 00 d e gr ee s and th e ,

h e at e r i s supplyi ng w at e r at that t e mp e ratur e at th e rat e of

1 7 5 gallons p e r ho u r maki ng a total of abo ut 5 2 5 gallons of
,

w at e r at a t e mp e ratu r e of 2 00 d e gr ee s availab le w ithi n 6 0

mi nut e s . T hat w i ll allo w f or e a c h b at h e r , gallons of
hot w at e r of that t e mp e ratur e A bath at any t e mp e ratur e
.

b e t wee n 9 8 an d 1 04 d e gr ee s F ahr e nh e i t i s c ons i d e r e d a hot

bath , s o if we allo w f o r th e w at e r t o b e u s e d a t a t e mp e ra
tur e of 1 1 0 th e allo w an c e w ill b e saf e As sumi ng that th e
.

w at e r i n th e s t r ee t mai n i s at a te mp e ratu r e of 6 5 d e gr ee s ,

th e n , m i x i ng gallons of w at e r at 2 00 d e gr ee s w ith 2 1
gallons of w at e r a t a t e mp e ra t u r e of 6 5 d e gr ee s w o u l d giv e ,

a r e s ultant t e mp e ratur e t o th e e nti r e m i xtur e of 1 1 0 d e gr ee s

F ahr e nh e it t he t e mp e ratur e r eq u i r e d f or b athi ng
, N ow, .

3 0 gallo ns of w a t e r i s s u ffi c i e nt f o r a b a t h e ith e r sho w e r o r

,

s t at ionary ; and a s it w ill b e v e ry s e l do m that all t e nants

,

w ill bath e w ithi n t he sam e hou r th e r e w i ll i nvari ably b e a

,

r e s e rv e s upply al w ays on hand At th e sam e allo w an c e

.
,

thi s w o ul d giv e e a c h fami ly 1 2 0 gallons of w at e r th e fi rst

ho u r at a t e mp e ra t u r e of 1 1 0 d e gr ee s f or w ashi ng , an d
abo ut 1 5 gallo ns a t a t e mp e ratu r e of 2 00 d e gr ee s f or w ash
i ng c loth e s ; and t hi s a l l owa n c e w ill b e foun d t o b e suffi c i e nt
‘

fo r all pu rpos e s .

E a c h c lass of b u il di ng mu s t b e c onsi d e r e d s e parat e ly .

I n an apar t m e nt ho us e t he ma x i mum c onsumptio n of hot

w a t e r w oul d b e a t th e hou r of arising A t t his tim e b r e ak
.

fast i s i n p rogr e ss and th e r e i s s o li t tl e di s h w ashi ng o r

c loth e s w ashi ng b e i ng don e t ha t i t i s n e gligibl e I t i s n ot
.

lik e ly that mor e than fo u r b a t hs c a n b e tak e n i n an ho u r i n

any on e b a t h tub As a matt e r of fa c t t he av e rag e w o u ld
.
,

prob ably b e b e l o w t w o b ut m a x i mum s ar e w hat mus t b e

,

p rovi d e d f or .

T h e t e mp e ratur e of w a t e r i n w hi c h p e opl e lik e to bath e

vari e s w i t h th e i nd ivi dual B a t hs i n w at e r from 6 5 to 8 0
.

d e gr ee s F ahr e nh e i t ar e c ons i d e r e d c ol d ; i n w a t e r from 80 to

 P r i n ci p l es an d Pr a c ti c e f P lu m bi n g
o

92 d e gr ee s F ahr e nh e i t t e pi d ; from 9 2 to 98 d e gr ee s F ahr e n

,

h e it w arm ; and from 9 8 t o 1 04 d e gr ee s F ahre nh e it , hot

, .

Agai n th e ma x imum mus t b e tak e n f or w h e n a p e rson lik e s

,

a hot bath h e lik e s it hot .

T h e pro bl e m i s th e n t o fi nd th e amou nt of hot w at e r

, ,

that w ill b e r eq u i r e d p e r hou r f or e a c h bath tub H aving .

t hat it c a n b e mu lti pli e d by any numb e r of baths

, An .

ordi nary fi v e foot tub w h e n fi ll e d 5 14 i n c h e s d ee p c ontai ns

-

fi ft ee n gallons of w at e r T hat i s th e d e pth o f w at e r p e r

.

hap s m ost g e n e rally us e d At a d e pth of 6 14 i n c h e s an

.
, ,

un c omfortabl e d e pth th e tub c o ntai ns t we nty gallo ns of

,

w at e r .

Fo r a hot ba t h at a t e mp e ratu r e of 1 00 d e gr ee s w at e r ,

from t he h e at e r d e liv e r e d a t 1 8 0 d e gr ee s and th e c ol d w at e r

,

fl o w ing a t 6 0 d e gr ee s w ou ld r eq ui r e 7 gallons of hot w at e r

,

and 1 3 gallons of c old w a t e r T hat wo uld b e eq ual t o 2 8

.

gallons of hot w a t e r p e r family i n an apar t m e nt hou s e and ,

i n a t we l v e fami ly apar t m e nt w oul d r eq ui r e a hot w at e r

-

t ank w i t h a c apa c ity of 1 2 X 2 8 eq uals 3 3 6 gallons and a ,

h e a t e r w ith a c apa c i t y of half t hat amount p e r hou r .

I t w i ll b e o bs e rv e d tha t t h e r e i s a lib e ral fa c tor of

saf et y i n th e fo r e goi ng proportion I n t he fi rs t pla c e th e r e
.
,

w ould n ot b e fo u r ba t hs p e r family i n any o n e ho u r i n e v e ry

apartm e nt I n t he s e c ond pla c e if th e r e should b e th e y
.
, ,

w oul d n ot all b e hot baths a t a t e mp e ratu r e of 1 00 d e gr ee s ;

and fi nally sho uld 2 8 baths of 2 0 gallons e a c h b e tak e n i n
, ,

any on e hou r a t a t e mp e ratu r e of 1 00 d e gr ee s by th e e nd

, ,

of that hou r th e origi nal ho t w a t e r w oul d all b e dra w n from

th e tank b ut t he h e at e r w ould hav e r epla c e d half that

,

amou nt s o mor e t han s e v e n t y fi v e p e r c e nt i n ex c e ss of th e

,
-
.

numb e r of ba t hs a c tually p rovi d e d f o r c oul d b e tak e n .

I n th e c hap t e r on h e a t i ng w a t e r by g a s w ill b e found

t he a c tual amou nt of ho t w a t e r suppli e d p e r day p e r ma x i ,

m um h our and p e r wee k i n bu ildi ngs of various typ e s .

I n T abl e LX XX II w ill b e fou nd us e ful data to ai d i n

e stima t ing th e q u anti t y of hot w at e r r eq u i r e d p e r hou r i n
various typ e s of b ui ldi ngs .

B O ILER A N D T A N K CO NN E CTI O N S —C onn e c ti 0 ns be .

twee n tank and h e at e r should b e mad e w ith c opp e r brass or ,

2 96 P r i n c i p l es a nd P r ac ti c e f P l um bi n g
o

wa t e r b a c k th e h ea t from t he fi r e w oul d m e lt off th e sol d e r e d

,

j oi nts .

C i r c ula t i on b e twee n w at e r h eat e r and t ank i s imp e d e d

by fri ct ion t h e r efor e the e nds of b rass c opp e r and iron pip e
, ,

s hou l d b e c a r e full y r e am e d t o r e

mov e th e b urr form e d by c utting ,

an d 4 5 d e gr ee b e n ds or larg e
radi us 9 0 d e gr ee b e nds of r e c e ss
patt e rn shoul d b e u s e d t o c onn e c t
t he h e at e r an d t ank P ip e of .

sma ll e r di am et e r t han i nch -

sho ul d n e v e r b e u s e d t o c onn e c t a
wat e r b a ck o r h e at e r t o a storag e
t ank an d th e l arg e r t he p i pe us e d
,

w it hi n r e asonab l e limits t he b ett e r

th e c i r c ula t io n of w at e r .

T h e usual m e tho d of c onn e c t

i ng a h e at e r t o a hot w at e r tank i s
sho w n i n F ig 1 3 2 T h e c i r c ula
. .

tio n pip e a from t he bottom of th e

, ,

tank i s c onn e c t e d to th e botto m

op e ni ng of th e wa t e r b a ck an d th e ,

flow p ip e b gra d e s from th e t op

, ,

op e ni ng of th e wat e r b a ck up t o th e
si d e c o n n e c t e d to
t h e bo il e r ab out ,

on e thi rd
-
distan c e
from th e bo ttom .

T h e c ol d e st w at e r i n
a tank i s al w ays a t t he bottom an d th e
ho tt e st w at e r at th e t op r ea dy t o b e
dra w n thro ugh t he hot w at e r p ip e T h e .

t e mp e ratu r e of t he w at e r grad e s u ni
for ml y from t he hott e s t w at e r at th e
t op t o th e c ol d e st w a t e r at th e bottom of
th e tank T h e flow p ip e b mu st al w ays
.
, ,

hav e a ris e from t he wa t e r b a c k to t he b o il e r I f i t sho ul d .

b e trapp e d th e w at e r w i ll not h e at and a rattli ng s napp in g

, , ,

so un d w i ll b e h e ard w h en a fir e i s sta rt e d ,
 P r i n c i p l es an d Pr a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g 2 97

A b e tt e r w ay to c onn e c t th e flow pi p e from a wa t e r b a c k

t o a rang e bo i l e r i s sho w n by th e dott e d l i n e s , 0 I n p la c e .

of e nt e ring th e s i d e of th e boil e r a s i n th e o rdi nary m e thod

, ,

th e flo w pip e i s c o nn e c t e d to a bran c h i n th e ho t w at e r s up

ply abov e th e boi l e r T h e efii c i e n c y of a h e at e r d e p e nd s
.

u pon th e v e lo c ity of th e c i r c u lati ng w at e r , and th e v e lo c ity

d e p e n ds upo n th e v e rti c al h e ight of th e c ol umn of w at e r ,

th e r e for e w ith th e flow p i p e c onn e c t e d to th e t op of th e

boil e r th e r e w ould b e a gr e at e r h e a d c o ns eq u e n t ly a gr e at e r
,

v e lo c ity than if th e flow p ip e e nt e r e d th e s i d e of th e bo i l e r .

Som e plumb e rs ob j e c t t o th e t op c o nn ec tio n on a c c ou nt

of th e poss ibl e los s of c i r c ulati on i n c as e th e w at e r i s

siphon e d fro m th e boi l e r t o th e l e v e l of th e ho l e f i n th e , ,

c ol d w at e r tub e or t o th e b ottom of th e c ol d w at e r tub e a

, , .

T h e ob j e c ti o n i s n ot a goo d o n e , ho we v e r , f or a s lo ng a s th e
wa t e r b a ck r e mai ns full o f w at e r n o damag e c a n r e sult .

I f st e am i s g e n e rat e d it w ill e ith e r c o nd e ns e on the

w alls of th e b oil e r or e s c ap e thro ugh th e c ol d w at e r pip e to
th e str ee t mai ns I t i s o nly w h e n w at e r i s s iphon e d out of
.

a boi l e r l ow e no ugh t o e mpty th e wa t e r b a ck that i t i s dam

ag e d. T h e n i f th e fi r e i s c onti nu e d i n th e rang e th e w at e r
, ,

ba c k b e co m e s ov e rh e at e d and i s li abl e t o c ra c k if c old w at e r

,

is q u i c kly turn e d i nto it .

T h e t op c onn e cti on m i ght b e ob j e c ti onabl e w h e n a c i r

c ulation pi p e i s c arri e d ba c k from th e fix tu r e s I n s uch a .

c as e th e hot w at e r from th e wa t e r b a c k w o ul d c i r c ulat e

thro ugh th e hot w at e r supply p ip e n ot through th e boil e r , .

T h e c ol d w at e r s upply t o a b oil e r us ually e nt e rs th e

t op an d is c ondu c t e d do w n through th e hot w at e r by a t ub e ,

a. I f th e tub e we r e om itt e d c ol d w at e r might short c i r c u i t

from th e c ol d w at e r t o th e hot w at e r p i p e a s sho w n by th e ,

arro w h and c ol d w at e r w o ul d th e n b e dra w n fro m th e ho t

, ,

w at e r fau c et I f th e c ol d w at e r supply di d n ot short c i r c ui t

.

to th e hot w at e r pi p e it w ou ld mi ngl e w ith th e hot w at e r at

,

th e t op of th e bo il e r thu s t e nding t o c ool it

, T h e tub e d .
, ,

shoul d b e tapp e d at f w ith a ho l e suffi c i e ntly larg e to admi t

ai r t o br e ak th e siphon i n c as e a va c u um i s form e d i n th e
c ol d w at e r su pply p ip e T h e si ze of th e hol e sho ul d vary
.
 P r i n c i p l es a nd P r ac t i c e of P l u m bi n g

wi t h th e siz e of the t ube and s ho ul d hav e a s ec ti onal ar e a o f

,

at l east on e q u art e r t he s e c t i onal ar ea of t he tu b e

-

T h e c ol d w at e r t ub e in a bo il e r sho ul d n ev e r ext e nd
b e lo w the l e v e l of w h e r e t he flo w p ip e e nt e rs t he si d e of t he
b o il e r.
I f w at e r i s s iphon ed from t he boil e r i t c annot b e
e mp ti e d b e lo w t he e n d of t he c old w at e r t ub e an d if th e e nd ,

of t he t ub e i s abov e t he flow pi p e from t he wa te r b a ck i t ,

provi d e s for c i r c ul a t i on t hro ugh t he wat e r b a ck w h e n t he

flow p i p e i s c onn e c t e d t o t he s i d e t app ing in th e bo il e r an d ,

i n any e v e n t i t w il l e ns ur e t he wa t e r b a c k r e mai ni n g ful l of

w a t e r w h e n t h e si phonag e t ak e s pla c e Bo i l e r t u b e s f or th e
.

c ol d w at e r sho uld be o f b r a s s or c op p e r t o pr e v e n t t h e i r

r u s t i ng off or t h e v e n t t ub e c hoki ng w i t h ru s t .

M any plumbe rs n o w c onn ec t t he flow p i p e f r om t he

w a t e rb e c k t o bo t h t he s i d e and t o t h e t o p of a boil e r a s ,

s ho wn by t h e so li d li n e s b and dot t e d li n e s
-

, , c i n t he i ll us , ,

t r a t i on .

S A FE TY A PPLI A N CE S — T h e most se ri ous r e sul t of w a t e r

.

b e in g si phon e d from a bo il e r i s t h e li a b ili ty of t he b oi l e r

c oll apsi ng from at mo s ph e ri c pr es sur e To pr ev e nt t hi s a
.
,

vac uum valv e c a n b e pla c e d c los e to t he bo il e r in a bran c h t o

t he c ol d w at e r pi p e T h e va c u um valv e w ill admi t ai r t o
.

t he bo il e r i n c as e a va c u um i s form e d an d t hu s pr e v e n t t he
,

bo il e r b ei ng e mpt i e d and t h e n c ol lap s e d by ext e rnal pr ess

u re . A va c u um valv e shoul d b e us e d w h e n e v e r a bo il e r i s
l oc at e d a t su c h a h e igh t i n a b uil di n g t hat t h e r e is dange r of
t he w at e r b e in g si phon e d ou t w h e n a c ol d w at e r fau c et i s
op e n e d a t a fixt ur e b e lo w afte r t he w a t e r i s shut off from
,

t he b ui l d i ng .

Ano t h e r wa y of pr e v e n t ing t he w at e r b e ing siphon ed

from a boi l e r i s t o pla c e a c h e c k valv e in t he c ol d w at e r pip e .

T hi s m et hod ho we v e r pr ev e nt s th e w at e r ex pan d i ng ba c k
, ,

in t o t he s t r e et m ai n s w h e n t he wat e r i s h e a t e d an d mi ght ,

c a u s e th e bo il e r t o bu r s t from int e rn al p r e s s ur e u nl e s s som e

r e li ef i s p rovi d e d R e li ef is g e n e rall y pro v i d e d un d e r s u c h

.

c on di t i on s by m e a n s of a s af e ty v a lv e or ex p ansi on pi p e .

A s af ety v alv e F ig 1 3 3 c onsi st s of a v alv e t hat i s

,
.
,

h el d c los e d by m e ans of a s pri ng a d j us t e d so t ha t w h e n t he

i n t e rn al pr e ss ur e r ea ch e s a c e rta in i n t e ns ity i t w ill o p e n
 3 00 P r i n ci p l es an d P r ac ti c e o f P l um bi n g

drai n e d of w ate r .
I f th e wa t er b a ck i s lo c at e d on on e fl o or
an d th e bo il e r at a high e r l e v e l th e n th e blo w off c oc k w oul d
,
-

hav e t o b e c onn e c t e d n e ar th e wat er b a ck .

DOU B LEH E A TE R CO N NE CTI ON S TO B O ILE RS — TW O or

mor e h e at e rs ar e som e tim e s c onn e ct ed t o o n e boil e r For .

i ns tan c e a c oal or g a s h e at e r
,

i s som et im e s us e d t o h e at th e
w ate r du ri ng summ e r months ,

and a st e am c oil us e d t o h eat

th e w at e r du ri ng w int e r
w eath e r E ach
. c onn e c ti on

w o ul d b e mad e i nd ep e nd e ntly
of th e oth e r u nd e r su c h c i r
c um s t a n ces an d e ith e r m eans
,

or both m e ans c oul d b e us e d

t og e th e r t o h e at t he w at e r .

T h e r e al t e st of th e effi
c i e n cy of a doubl e h e at e r con

n e ct i on t o a bo il e r i s th e ab ility

to h e at w ith on e or bo th h e at
er s tog e th e r Wh e n t wo w at e r
.

ba c ks or h e at e rs ar e c onn e ct e d
to th e on e hot w at e r tank by ,

j oi ni ng t he flow an d r e tu rn
pip e from b oth c ir c uits gr e at ,

c ar e must b e tak e n to c onn e c t

th e m i n su c h a mann e r that th e
c u rr e n t from on e c i r c u it w ill

n ot b e strong e r than th e c ur =

r e nt to th e o th e r c ir c u it and ,

thus short c i r c u it th e st rong

c urr e nt an d S hut O ff th e flow
Tw o H ea t e r 5 355330 3 t o B oi l e r
11
from t he w eak on e T hat 1 8 .

w hat us uall y hap p e ns w h e n on e h e at e r i s lo c at e d at a lo we r

l e v e l than th e o t h e r h e at e r or if lo c at e d a t t he sam e l ev e l
,

b ut at a gr e at di stan c e Al s o it mi ght happ e n if on e c i r c u i t

.
,

wa s mad e of small e r p i p e t han th e ot h e r on e or f or any ,

oth e r c au s e wa s sub j ec t t o gr e a t e r fri c tion .

T h e b e st w a y to co nne ct two or mo r e h ea t e r s to on e
 P r i n ci p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g 3 01

tank is to c onn e c t e a c h o n e s e parat e ly I f th e r e ar e only

.

t wo h e at e rs t h e y may b e c o nn e c t e d as sho w n i n F i g 1 3 4 or .
,

t he flow c onn e c tio n c a n b e r e v e rs e d s o th e flo w pip e from

,

th e h e at e r on th e lo we r fl oo r w i ll
e nt e r th e t op of th e boi l e r T hi s w i ll
.

n ot a ff ec t th e c i r c ulatio n from e ith e r

h e at e r oth e r w is e than to c aus e a loss

of v e lo c ity i n th e upp e r c i r c u it d u e ,

t o loss of h e ad I f mor e than t wo

.

h e at e rs ar e t o b e c onn e c t e d s p e c ial ,

tapp ings sho ul d b e p rovi d e d i n th e

t ank f or th e ex tra flow an d c i r c ula
t i on pip e s .

W h e n two h e at e rs ar e lo c at e d at
diff e r e nt l e v e ls th e y ar e so m etim e s
c onn e c t e d s o th e w at e r w ill pas s i n

c i r c uit th rough both of th e w at e r

ba c ks . T hi s ho we v e r i s a p oor
, ,

m e tho d of c onn e c ting th e m W h e n a .

fi r e i s bu rni ng i n only o n e h e at e r a ,

gr e at amo u nt of h e at i s lost by radi a

tio n i n passi ng through th e c ol d
h e at e r an d ex tra c i r c ulati o n p ipi ng ,

and w h e n th e r e i s a fi r e i n both h e at
e rs th e h e at impart e d t o th e w at e r i n
th e tank i s l e s s than if e a c h h e at e r
w as c onn e ct e d s e parat e ly t o th e tank .

H E A TE R CO NNE CTI O N To B O ILER

A T L O W ER LE VE L C i r c ulati on ca n
-

b e s e c u r e d an d th e w at e r h e at e d i n a
boil e r that i s lo c at e d b e lo w th e l e v e l
o f t he wa t e r b a c k a s sho w n i n F i g
, .

135 . W h e n th e b oil e r i s s o lo c at e d ,

ho we v e r th e c i r c ulati on i s sluggi sh
, F i g 1 35 .

ea t e C on n e c t e d t o B oi l e
a t all tim e s and t he we ights o f th e H r r
,
at L owe L e e l r v
t wo c olumns of w at e r s o n e arly bal
an c e e a c h o t h e r t ha t goo d c i r c ula t i o n c annot al w ays b e d e
p e nd e d upon B e tt e r r e su l t s w ill b e obtain e d by susp e nd
.

i ng th e boil e r i n a ho ri z ontal p osi t io n c los e t o th e c e llar

 P r i n c i p l es an d Pr a cti c e
. o f P l u m bi n g

c e iling and ext e ndi ng t he t o p loop a t l e ast t w i c e t he h e ight

,

of th e lo we r loop or po r t io n of t he c i r c u it Al so mak e th e .

t op or hori z on t al p o r t ion of t he upp e r loop t wo S i ze s larg e r

t han t he flow and r e turn pi p e s an d a s long as poss ibl e
, In .

c onn e c t ing th e wa t e r b a c k t o t he boi l e r und e r su c h c ondi

t i ons t he c i r c ulatio n p ip e from th e boil e r t o t he wa t e r b a c k

,

is t ak e n from t he b o tt om of t he boil e r an d th e flow p i p e ,

from th e wa t e r b a c k t o t he boil e r i s ex t e nd e d v e rt i c ally from

t he wa t e r b a c k t o a di stan c e eq ual t o t he dis t an c e from t he
wa t er b a c k t o t he bottom o f t he b oi l e r I f gr e at e r v e rt i c al
.

h e ight c a n b e giv e n t o fl o w p ip e t he mor e positiv e w i ll b e

,

t he c ir c ulatio n T h e c ir c ulati on pi p e r et u rns from th e high

.

e s t p oint t o w hi c h i t i s c arri e d and e nt e rs th e t op of t he

bo il e r . T h e hot w a t e r pi p e i s tak e n from t he to p of t he

c ir c ula t i o n loop or a s e para t e c onn e c t i on from boil e r .

CO N NE CTI O N S To H OR IZ O N TA L B oi LE R s —Bo il e rs ar e .

som et im e s pla c e d in hori zo ntal posi t io n w h e n t h e r e i s n o

fl oo r sp a c e t o s et t h e m v e rt i c ally T h e usual t ap pi ng f or
.

a v e rtic al bo i l e r may b e us e d w h e n s e t hori z on t ally b ut the ,

b e tt e r pra c t i c e is t o hav e sp e c ial t app ings W h e n a v e rti c al

.

boi l e r i s p la c e d ho ri z on t ally and st o c k t appi ngs u s e d a ,

b o il e r t ub e sho ul d b e pla c e d i n t he hot w at e r p ip e and

c u rv e d u p w ard i nsi d e o f t he boi l e r s o a s t o off e r an o utl e t

n e ar t he t op of t he bo il e r f or th e hot w at e r T h e sid e .

t app ing of t he boi l e r i s t u rn e d do w n and us e d f or th e c i r

c ulatio n Op e ni ng t o t he wa t e r b a c k T h e flow p ip e f rom
.

t he wa t e r b a c k e n t e r s w ha t w ould b e t he bot t om t appi ng of

t he bo il e r and t he c old w a t e r e n t e rs t he c old w a t e r t appi ng
w ithou t a t ub e T h e only S p e c ial t appi ng n e c e ssary f or a
.

ho ri z ontally plac e d bo il e r i s on t he t op s i d e to provi d e a ,

c onn e ct i on f o r t he hot w at e r p i p e .

O V ER H E A TED VVA TE R — As pr e viously s t at e d t he r e la

.
,

t io n b e t wee n t he bo ili ng po in t of w a t e r ( w hi c h also i s t he

g e n e ra t i ng poi nt of s t e am ) and pr e ssur e i s ab so l u t e Un .

d e r a giv e n pr e ssu r e w a t e r w i ll bo il and s t e am w ill g e n e rat e

a t a c e r t ai n t e mp e ra t ur e I n c r e as e t he pr e ssu r e and th e
.

poi nt a t w hi c h t he w a t e r w ill boi l w ill also i n c r e as e T hus .

,

a t atmosph e ri c p r e ssur e w a t e r w ill boil a t 2 1 2 d e gr ee s

,

F ahr e nh e i t w hi l e if th e pr e ssu r e i s i n c r e as e d t o 5 0 pou nds

, ,
3 04 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

and by th e s e m e ans mai ntai n a u niform t e mp e ratur e of

w at e r i n a tank .

G T —
D RAF RE U LA OR S A n apparatus u s e d t o r egulat e
T .

th e drafts of a w a t e r h e a t e r i s sho w n i n F ig 1 3 6 '

I t con . .

si sts of a c hamb e r a e n c los e d i n a c as t i ng b w ith an a n

, , , ,

n ul a r spa c e b et wee n t h e m f o r w at e r t o c ir c ulat e t hro ugh .

T h e i nn e r c hamb e r i s c onn e c t e d by m e ans of a pip e c t o a , ,

di aphragm i n valv e ( 1 w hi c h it fi tt e d w i t h a l ev e r and c hain

, , ,

s o that any mov e m e n t of th e l e v e r w ill op e n or c los e th e

damp e rs .T h e r e gula t o r i s atta c h e d t o t he fl o w pip e from

a h e at e r a s sho w n i n th e illu strati on
, T h e o p e ration of .

th e apparatus i s a s follo w s : T h e i nn e r c hamb e r i s p artly

fi ll e d w ith w a t e r through t he p lugg e d c onn ec t ion e and , ,

th e plug s c r ewe d i n t o p r e v e nt th e e s c ap e of w at e r or st e am .

The w at e r i n th e i nn e r c hamb e r i s un d e r atmosph e ri c p r e ss

ur e w hi c h boi ls at 2 1 2 d e gr ee s F ahr e nh e it w hil e th e w at e r
, ,

i n th e h e at e r i s u nd e r an a ddi t io nal pr e ss u r e that pr ev e nts

i t boi li ng at th e sam e t e mp e ratu r e a s that i n th e c hamb e r ;
h e n c e w h e n th e t e mp e ratur e of th e w at e r i n th e h e at e r
,

ri s e s abo v e 2 1 2 d e gr ee s F ah r e nh e it it w i ll c aus e th e w at e r
i n th e c hamb e r t o g e n e rat e st ea m w hi c h p r e ss e s th e w at e r
,

a gai nst th e di aphragm o f th e valv e d th e r eby d e p r e ssing

, ,

t he l e v e r and c los ing th e damp e rs T h e fi r e i s at on c e

.

c h e c k e d an d n o st e am c a n form i n th e hot w at e r ta nk as ,

t he boil i ng poi nt f or th e c orr e spondi ng pr e ssu r e ha s n ot

b ee n r ea c h e d W h e n th e t e mp e ratu r e of th e w at e r i n th e
.

h ea te r falls b e lo w 2 1 2 d e gr ee s F ahr e nh e it th e st e am i n th e
c hamb e r c ond e ns e s and p r e ss ur e i s r e l e as e d from th e dia

p hr a g m , w h i c h imm e dia t e ly s e ttl e s ba c k i nto pla c e thus ,

op e ni ng t he damp e rs .

S TE A M CO IL R E GU LA TOR S —A r e gu lato r us e d f or c on
.

trolli ng t he supply of st e am t o h e at ing c oils i n tanks i s

sho w n in F i g 1 3 7 . I t i s op e rat e d by m e ans of th e u n eq ual
.

exp ansio n of two diff e r e nt m etal bars a w hi c h w h e n h e at e d , ,

t o a c e rt ai n t e mp e ratur e by w at e r i n t he t ank b op e n a , ,

small valv e c i n a w a t e r s upply p ip e thus admitti ng th e

, , ,

w at e r p r e ss ur e t o th e di aphragm valv e d T h e pr e ssur e of , .

w at e r on th e diaphragm c los e s t he valv e and thus c uts off

the supply of steam f rom the coil A s soo n a s t he t e m pe ra
. .
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l um bi n g 3 05

tu r e of w at e r i n th e tank falls suffi c i e ntly th e m e tal bars ,

c ontra c t thu s shutti ng off th e supply of w at e r from th e

,

d iaphragm valv e w hi c h i s op e n e d by a S p ri ng an d agai n

,

admits st e am t o th e c oil .

C I R CU LA TI O N P IPE S —H ot w at e r pip e s that ar e ex t e nd

e d any gr e at d istan c e t o a fixtu r e or gro up of fixt u r e s shoul d
b e provi d e d w ith a c i r c ulatio n pip e th ro ugh w hi c h ho t w at e r
ca n c i r c ulat e and thus b e c los e t o th e fau c e ts at a l l tim e s .

I f c i r c ulati on pi p e s ar e n ot p rovi d e d th e w at e r i n hot w at e r

,

pip e s c ools w h e n n ot b e i ng c onstantly d ra w n , an d m uc h

tim e i s w ast e d e mptyi ng th e pi p e s of c ol d w at e r w h e n hot
w at e r i s w an t e d T h e w at e r annually w ast e d i n thi s man
.

n e r i n any b ui ld i ng w o ul d
,

mo r e than pay fo r c i r c ulati o n

pi pes .

W h e n i nstalling th e hot
w at e r syst e m a r et u rn p ip e of
,

small e r d iam e t e r than th e hot

w at e r pi p e i s c arri e d from th e
high e st p oi nt of th e hot w at e r
ri s e r ba c k to th e b oil e r w h e r e
,

it may b e c onn e c t e d t o a
s e parat e tapp i ng i n th e b oil e r
o r i t may b e c onn e c t e d t o th e

r e turn pi p e from bo il e r t o
wa t e r ba ck .A valv e sho ul d
b e p u t i n e a c h r e tu rn p ip e i n Fi g 1 37 .

S t ea m C O “ R e g ul a t “
a positi on t o c orr e sp o nd w ith
th e shut off valv e i n a hot w at e r p i p e and both sho ul d b e
-

op e n e d or c los e d a s th e c as e may b e Shoul d o nly th e hot .

w at e r valv e b e c los e d w at e r wo ul d b a c k up through th e

,

c i r c ulati on p ip e and shoul d th e r e tu rn valv e b e c los e d t h e r e

,

w oul d b e n o c i r c ulation through th e p ip e s .

A hot w at e r pip e shoul d ri s e from th e bo il e r c onn e c ti on

-

t o th e high e st p oi nt i n th e syst e m th e n r e tu rn t o th e bottom

,

c onn e c tion of th e boi l e r or t o w h e r e it i s c onn e c t e d t o th e

apparatus . I f th e hot w at e r pi p e sho uld dip b e lo w i t s

-

grad e , sho ul d b e trapp e d or p it c h do w n i nst e ad o f up th e

, ,

syst e m w o ul d n ot w o rk , an d th e r e w o ul d b e n o c i r c ulati on
3 06 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P lu m bi n g
o

T h e r e turn pi p e from t he h igh e s t part of t he c i r c ulation

sys t e m may b e t rapp e d or di p b e lo w t he l e v e l of th e boil e r ,

as f or i ns t an c e sho uld i t b e n e c e ssary t o c arry t he r et urn

, ,

t o t he boil e r i n t he bas e m e n t or c e llar and t his w ill n ot ,

i n t e rf e r e w i t h t he c i r c ulati on of w at e r T h e hot water .

-

pi p e ho we v e r mus t hav e a posi t iv e ris e fr om th e boi l e r t o

, ,

t he hi gh e s t poi n t i n t he sys t e m .

G ravi t y c ir c ula t ion c anno t b e mai nta i n e d i n long l o w ,

b u ildi ngs w i t hou t t he ai d of a c i r c ulati ng p u mp I f th e .

l e ngth of t he b u il di ng i s n ot t oo gr e at c i r c ulation c a n b e ,

mai n t ai n e d by risi ng di r e c t from t he boil e r t o the t op of

t he b u ildi ng along t he c e ili ng of t he to p fl oo r t o th e e nd of
'

t he ru n do w n t o supply t he groups of fixt u r e s and ba c k t o

, ,

t he bo il e r along t he c e llar c e ili ng .

E X PA N SI O N O F P IP E S —W at e r pi p e s ex pand or c on t ra c t
.

for e v e ry c hang e of t e mp e ra t u r e t o w hi c h t h e y ar e s ub
j e cte d To p rovi d e .

f or thi s i n all tall ,

bu ild ings ex pansio n

l oops ar e pla c e d i n
bot h hot w at e r an d
c i r c ul a ti o n p ip e t o
p e rmit t he ex p a n
F g 1 38 l

E xp a s i o L oo p
.

n S i on an d c ontra e
n

t i o n of th e l i n e s
w ithou t i n j ury t o t he pip e s T h e loop s ar e usually from .

6 to 8 f eet long mad e a s sho w n i n F i g 1 3 8 pla c e d und e r

, .
,

fl oors an d spa c e d abo u t 5 0 f eet apar t U sually hot w at e r .

and c ir c ula t ion p ip e s ar e fast e n e d mi d w ay b et wee n loo ps

and allo we d t o ex pand both u p and do w n Lo ng ho ri z ontal .

ru ns shou ld lik ew i s e hav e ex pansio n loops or room t o ex

pand T h e l e ngth t ha t w a t e r pip e s w ill ex pand d e p e nds
.

upo n th e d e gr ee t o w hi c h t h e y ar e h e ate d and t he mat e ri al

of t he p ip e s W i t hi n o rdi nary rang e s of t e mp e rat u r e c ast
.
,

_
1
i ron p ip e vari e s 1 6 2 0 0 O
of i ts l e ngth f or e a c h d e gr ee F ahr e n
h e i t h e at e d
, or c ool e d W rought iro n pip e vari e s
.
l
1 5 0 0 O 0

of l e ngth f or
i ts e a c h d e gr ee F ah r e nh e it h e at e d o r c ool e d ,

1
an d b ras s pip e vari e s 1 0 0 0 0 0 of l e n g th f o r e a c h d e gr ee
i ts
F ahr e n he i t h e a t e d o r c ool e d . H e n c e t he ex p ansi on o r con
3 08 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

COVE R I N GS — H ot w at e r pip e s an d hot w at e r tanks

P IPE .

that ar e un c ov e r e d los e by radi a t ion from th e i r su rfa c e

ab out 1 3 B T U p e r mi nut e p e r s q uar e foot of su rfa c e
. . . .

T ABL E LXXX V . E xp an s i o n of Br as s P i p e

L gth
en of Pi pe w h h td
en ea e to

265 D F h
eg a r 2 97 D egF h a r 338 D egF h a r
P d Pu d Pu d
. . . . .

15 o un s 84 o n s 1 00 o n s
Pr es s ur e Pr es s ur e Pr es s ure P
r es s ur e

Feet I n ch es Feet I n ch es F eet I n ch e s F eet In ch e s

1 00 2 58. 100 1 00 3 56. 1 00
1 00 1 00 2 79
. 1 00 1 00 3 67
.

1 00 100 1 00 1 00

To pr e v e nt this loss of h e at an d c ons eq u e nt extra c on s um p

tio n of c oal , hot w at e r p ip e s , c i r c ulatio n p i p e s , an d hot w at e r
t anks i n larg e i nst allat i ons ar e u su ally c ov e r e d ith som e w
n on h e at c o ndu c ting s ub stan c e
-
.

T ABL E L X XX V I . Va l u e s of P i pe Cov e ri n g s

2 E
.
‘

éé

N ame Mka er
F

: 33
C
6; 3;
D E
‘

a
; 24
3
aif
“
d e
e s
8 ty a
:E 8
m i s? M8 5 E
-
‘

i
E 3

N onp ar eil nd d
Cor k S t a a r N on p a r eil C or k C O m
N n
on p a r ei l C or k O ct a g o a l N on p a r eil C or k C o u
n H
M a v i ll e i g h Pr es sur e Ma v il l e C ov er i g C o
. n n n
n
M ag es i a K eas b y M a tt i s o C o n n
I m
. .

A
m p er i al s b es t os H F W at s o n
W B w m
. .

“
.
”
H F W t a so n 2 .

m
. . .

As bes t os Ai C e ll r A bes t P s os a pe r Co
M nv i ll e Infus i l E t h M n il l e C
a or a ar a v ov er i n g m m
M n i lle Low P essu r e M n il l e C
a v r a v ov er i n g C o y
M nv il l e M agn e i a
a s
As bes t os M i ll e C an v ov er i n g C o . .
65
K eas b y M att i s on C o . . 2 91 .

H F W ts n a o 41
Fi r e B
. .

A s be s t os oar d A bes tos P pe C

s a r o 35
Phil i p C ey C o
.

ar 3 61 . 66
1 3 84 .
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P lu m bi n g 3 09

T h e r e lati v e valu e s of d iff e r e nt mak e s of p ip e c ov e r

i ngs a s d e t e rmi n e d by t e sts c ondu c t e d by C harl e s L N o r
, .

t o n of th e M assa c hu s e tts I nstitut e of Te c hno logy f or th e

, ,

M utual Boi l e r I ns u ran c e Co of B oston c a n b e fou nd i n .

, ,

T abl e LXX X V I .

C arbonat e of magn e s ia i s a v e ry p oor c ondu c to r of

h e at th e r e for e it i s a go o d mat e ri al f or c ov e ri ng hot w at e r
, ,
“ ”
p ip e s T h e nam e M agn e s ia
. ho we v e r i s oft e n ap pli e d , ,

to pi p e c ov e ri ngs mad e of c arb onat e of l im e or of plast e r ,

of pari s T abl e LX X X V II sho w s th e p e r c e ntag e of lim e

.

and magn e si a fo un d by C L N orto n i n s e v e ral we ll kno w n . .

-

“ ”
b rands o f M agn e si a c ov e ri ngs .

T A BL E LXXX V II . Li m e an d M ag n e s i a i n P i p e C ov e ri n g s

P c t g C m p ti
er e n a e o os i on

N ame

K M M a gnesi a
. .

M a nv i ll e H P Li ni ng . .

W a t s on M ou ld ed

Ma nv i ll e M a gnes i a A sbes t os

D a a t on pi p c e ov e r i n g f r om C i r c u l a r N o 6 of t he M u uat l B il
o er I n s ur a n c e
C p y B os t on
.

om an , of .

M i n e ral w ool , w hi c h wa s al w ays onsi d e r e d a goo d c

c ov e ri ng wa s n ot r e p ort e d u pon by th e abov e ex p e ri m e nt e r

, ,

f or th e r e ason that m in e ral w ool i s of n o valu e a s a h e at

r e tardant .

“
U nd e r vib rati o n it i s apt to b e c om e mor e an d mor e
mass e d i nto a s e mi soli d l e aving th e t op of a p ip e p artially
-

c ov e r e d th e u nd e r si d e of th e c ov e ri ng mor e an d mo r e soli d
,

and th e r e for e l e ss eff e c tiv e I t i s a dang e rou s mat e ri al t o .

handl e and t o u s e T h e fi n e dust g e tti ng u nd e r th e nai ls

.

c r e at e s i rritatio n and som e tim e s b ad so r e s o r pass i ng i nto , ,

th e b ro n c hi al tub e s and th e lungs som e tim e s c au s e s he m or ,

”
r ha g e .

T h e c on c lusi ons to w hi c h we hav e b ee n l e d b y the t e sts

on wh i ch r e p o rt i s n ow made , a r e as f ol l o ws
310 P r i n c i p le s a nd P r a c ti c e o
f P l umb i n g

T h e r e a r e a s ufii c i e n t n umb e r of s af e s ui ta bl e and ,

i n c omb u s t i b l e c ov e r i ngs for s t ea m pi p es and bo il e rs t o mai n

ta i n a r ea s o n a bl e and a d eq u a t e c ompe t it i o n w i t hout gi vi ng ,

r e g a rd t o any of t he c ompo s i t e pipe c o v e ri ng s whi c h c ontai n

c ombu s t ib l e m a t e ri al in gr ea t e r or l e s s q u a n t ity a cc or ding ,

t o the i n t e gri ty of t he mak e r s a n d w i t hou t givi n g r e ga rd to

,

pip e c o v e rin gs whi c h c ont a i n s ub st a n ce s li k e t he sul pha t e of

li m e whi c h ma y c a u s e t he dang e ro u s c o rrosi on of t he m e ta l
.

a gai n st w hi c h i t i s p l a c e d W e t h e r efo r e na m e as th e p i p e
.

a n d bo il e r cov e ri ngs whi c h m a y h a v e t he p r ef e r e n ce i n

r es p e c t t o s a f et y from fi r e a nd effi c i e n c y i n se rvi c e t he

'

fo llo wi ng mak es :

A s be s t os A i r Ce l l

H ai f el t an d woo l f e l t wh e n n e w ar e good h ea t r eta r d

r

a n t s b u t d e t e ri ora t e w i t h ag e and be s i d es fur n i sh a br ee d

, .

i n g pla c e for ho u se bug s an d v e rm i n .

The v a lu e of pi pe c ov e rings i s n ot propo rt i o nal t o i t s

t hi c kn es s Se c t i o nal p i pe c ov e ri ngs a v e rag e abo ut
.

i n c h es i n t hi c k n e s s and r e du c e t he lo ss by rad ia t i on a b ou t
90 p e r c e nt doubli ng
.
,

t he t hi c kn es of p i pe
s

c ov e r i n g o nl y 5 a v e 5
a bo u t anot h e r 5 p e r
ce nt . of h ea t los s In .

p e c i f yi n g c o v e ri n g for
p ip es a n d bo il er s t h e r e ,

f o r e a t hi c kn e ss of 1 %
,

i n c h e s w ill b e s ufi c i e n t .
H g 11 ,

C O V E R I N G FOR Ce v eri n g fer H ot W at er Tan k

TA N Ks —O h a c c o un t of the ob j ec ti o nabl e appe a ranc e t h ey
"
.

woul d pr es e nt r a ng e b oil e r s ar e s e l dom c ov e r t o pr e v e n t

l e s s of hea t b y r a di at io n H ot w a t e r ta nks ho we v e r ar e
.
, ,

u s u a ll y l n c a t e d i n t he b a se m e n t o r c e ll a r wh e r e a p p e a r a n c e .
312 P r i n c i p l es an d P r ac ti c e f
o P lu m bi n g

C H A P TE R X X I X
ICE WA TE R-
S UP P LY

COO LI N G TA N K S —The . o li ng of w at e r f or dri nking

c o

p u rpos e s b e gi ns at th e c ooli ng tanks , w hi c h m ust b e rightly

p roportio n e d and prop e rly bui lt if th e b e st and most e c o .

n om i c a l r e s ults ar e t o b e obtain e d C ool i ng tanks ar e noth

.

i ng mor e or l e ss than o rdinary i ce bo xe s and any we ll mad e ,

-

i c e c h e st c a n b e us e d f or th e p urpos e although on a cc ount ,

of th e hard u sag e r ec e iv e d i t i s we ll t o hav e c ooli ng tanks

,

mad e of ex tra str e ngth .

T ightn e ss and h e at i nsulatio n ar e th e t wo pri m e r eq ui

s it e s of th e i c e b ox . T h e b ox may b e mad e w at e r tight by -

li ni ng i t w ith sh ee t m e tal of som e kind or by pla c i ng i nsi d e ,

of th e i c e c h e st a sp e c i ally b u il t galvani ze d st ee l tank So .

far a s effi c i e n c y i s c on c e rn e d e i t h e r w ill ans we r , although

,

th e st ee l ta nk w i ll we ar th e b e tt e r .

T h e i c e c h est must b e we ll i ns ul at e d w ith from four t o

s i x i n c h e s of c har c oal granulat e d c ork o r som e eq ually good
,

n on h e at c on du c ti ng substan c e and fi t t e d w i t h g oo d c ov e rs
-

, ,

e ith e r s ingl e or doubl e .

W h e r e only on e dri nki ng fountai n i s to b e i nstall e d or ,

w h e r e th e fou ntai ns ar e w i d e ly s c a tt e r e d i ndivi du al i c e ,

bo xe s f or e a c h fo untai n w i ll prov e th e most sati sfa ct ory and

e co nomi c al . W h e n ho we v e r th e r e ar e a numb e r of dri nk
, ,

i ng fountains group e d fairly c los e tog et h e r on e i c e b ox c e n ,

t r a l l y lo c at e d w i ll b e fo u nd th e mo s t sati sfac tory .

An i c e b ox sui t abl e f or this p urpos e i s sho w n i n

F ig 1 4 0 I t w ill b e no t e d that t he i ce i n this b ox r e sts on
. .

a p e rfo rat e d p latform abov e th e i c e c oils T his pr e v e nts .

th e c oils from b e i ng damag e d w h e n putti ng i c e i n th e c h e st ,

and a s th e i c e do e s n ot c om e i n c on t a c t w ith th e c oils n e c e s

, ,

s i t a t e s r e tai ni ng w at e r i n th e t ank T his i s far from b e i ng

.

a di sadvan t ag e ho we v e r f or th e w at e r from m e lt e d i c e i s
, ,

c ol d e nough t o c ool th e drinki ng w at e r t o th e right d e gr ee ,

and w ill a b so rb e nough h e at from th e dri nki ng w at e r t o

mak e it e c onomi c ally a dvisabl e t o us e th e w at e r f or c ooling
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g 313

p u rpos e s For i nstan c e th e follo w ing data ab out w at e r

.
,

an i c e c ool e r of this d e s c ri pti o n w ill prov e th e poi nt :

T m pe t u
e ra re of wa t er at s ur af ce in c on t a c t wi th i c e 41
°
F .

Te m p e t ur e ra of wa t e r at b ott om of i c e b ox 43
°
F .

Te m p e r a t ur e of wa t e r d wn
ra at b a s e m e n t f ou n t a i n 53
°
F .

T em p e r a t ur e of wa t e r dr a wn a t fir s t floor f o un t a i n 53
°
F .

T e m p e r a t ur e of wa t er dr a wn a t s e c ond floor fo u n t a i n 53
°
F .

T e m p e r a t ur e of wa t e r dr a wn a t th i r d flo or f o un t a i n 53
°
F .

A c c e pti ng th e av e rag e t e mp e ratur e o f th e w at e r i n th e

i c e c h e st a s 4 2 d e gr ee s F ahr e nh e it , th e n it i s o nly ab out t e n
d e gr ee s w arm e r than th e t e mp e ratu r e of th e i c e and that ,

t e n d e gr ee s h e at or th e gr e at e r po rti o n of i t n o doubt wa s
, ,

absorb e d from th e dri nki ng w at e r passi ng th rou gh th e c oils .

T h e w ast e and ov e r fl o w c onn ec ti ons ar e so arrang e d

that w at e r c a n b e r etai n e d i n th e i c e b ox up t o th e l e v e l of
th e ov e r fl o w and th e w at e r th e n ov e r fl o w ing i s from th e
,

bottom of th e i ce b ox w h e r e th e w arm e st w at e r w ill b e

,

fo und o r by , ,

op e ni ng t h e
valv e i n th e
w ast e p i p e ,

th e w at e r w ill
d rain o u t a s
fast a s th e i c e
m e lts .

In p r o
p o r t i o n i n g t he
i c e b ox , abou t
t h r e e c ubi c
f ee t of sp a c e
shoul d b e a l
1o w e d f o r
Fi g 1 40
e a c h dri nki ng C o l i g T a n k f I c e W a t e r S u pp l y
o n or
.

fou ntai n to b e
s e rv e d I nd ee d i t w ou ld b e we ll t o allo w slightly m or e
.
,

spa c e to tak e c ar e of t he i c e n ee d e d i n ext r e m e ly hot

we ath e r t h e n t he c ooli ng of w a t e r c a n b e r e gulat e d i n ordi
,

nary we ath e r by not u s ing so mu c h i c e T h e amou nt of i c e .

r e qu ir e d w i l l of co u rs e d e p e n d u p o n t he we ath e r Ordinar .
314 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P l u m bi n g
o

i ly 5 0 pou nds of i c e p e r day f or e a c h fou ntain w ill b e fo und

,

suffi c i e nt altho ugh i n ex c e ssiv ely hot we at h e r it might

,

r eq ui r e ov e r thr ee tim e s t hat amou n t .

C OO LI N G CO ILS — I n t he for e go ing illustra t ion th e pi p e

.
,

c oil i s sho w n o c c upyi ng t he mai n par t of t he tank T hi s i s .

n ot n e c e ssa r y ho wev e r and ot h e r m e t hod s ar e oft e n

, ,

r e so rt e d to For inst an c e a fla t c oil may b e lai d on th e

.
,

bottom of t he i c e tank or w all c oils may b e run arou nd th e , ,

si d e s of th e t ank t h e r e by k ee pi ng t h e m out of th e w ay of th e
i c e s o th e y w ill n ot b e damag e d w h e n put ting th e i ce i n th e
,

b ox and a t t he sam e t im e p e rmi t ting a small e r si ze of t ank

,

to b e u s e d .

W h e n a bo t to m c oil i s u s e d it i s we ll t o fast e n ov e r th e ,

c oil a ra c k or grati ng of h e avy t imb e rs say x 5 t o k ee p , ,

t he i c e from c omi ng i n c onta c t w ith t he c oi ls and possibly

damagi ng th e m .

S IZE AND M A TE R I A L O F COO LI N G C onord inary s —For

s e rvi c e 1 0 f ee t of
, i n c h p i p e w ill b e a s u fli c i e n t allo w an c e
-

f or e a c h dri nki ng fou ntain s uppli e d T hat w ould b e th e .

eq u ival e nt o f abo ut 2 14 s q uar e f ee t of su r fa c e th e i nsi d e ,

s urfa c e of t he pi p e b e i ng tak e n a s that i s th e s u rfa c e t o ,

w h i c h h e at i s appli e d ; fo urt ee n f eet of l/g i nc h p i p e ; e ight -

f ee t of 1 i n c h p ip e ;
-
li n e al f eet of 1 14 4 11 0 11 pi p e or ,

f ee t of i nc h p i p e -
.

W at e r stands in th e c ooling c oils som et i m e s f o r a long

w hil e s o it i s u nd e s i rabl e t o u s e l e ad p ip e or c ommon i ro n
,

pi p e f or thi s pu rpos e B rass p i p e c op p e r pip e blo c k tin

.
, ,
-

pi p e or B e n e di c t N i c k e l St ee l p ip e w ill b e found b e st f or t hi s
p urpos e .

D IS TR IB UTI O N O F I CE WA TER — C old w a t e r c annot b e

-
-
.

satisfa c torily c i r c ula t e d w i t hout th e ai d of a p ump The .

att e mpt ha s b ee n mad e t o s e c u r e a c i r c ulatio n by gravi t y by ,

lo c ati ng th e i c e b ox i n th e a tt i c and d e p e nding on th e h e at ,

i ng of th e w at e r i n th e do w n sup ply ups etting th e balan c e

of th e t wo c olumns of w at e r e nough t o c aus e an u p c i r c ula

t ion i n th e r e t u rn pi p e T h e d iff e r e n c e i n t e mp e ratur e i s s o

.

slight ho we v e r and th e fri c tion of th e pip e pro p orti onally

, ,

s o gr e at t hat i t wi ll n ot c i r c ulat e
,
E v e n if it di d th e r e ar e .
,

pra c ti c al Ob j e ct ions t o su c h a syst e m of i c e w at e r s upply -

.
31 6 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P lu m bi n g

i ng w at e r f or larg e ofli c e b u il di ngs hot e ls c lubs and lik e

, ,

b uil di ngs. T hi s r eq ui r e s a mi ni atu r e plant of i t s own or ,

an ex pansi on or b rin e co il from th e g e n e ral sys t e m w h e n ,

r efrig e rat ion for o t h e r purp os e s i s r eq u i r e d i n th e b uil ding .

T h e c ompl e t e r e frig e ra t i ng sy s te m for a w at e r c ooling -

plant i s sho w n i n F ig 1 4 2 . T hi s wa s d e s ign e d w ith a

.

c ap a c i t y of from t we nt y fi v e t o t hi r t y dri nki ng fountains

-
,

and is op e rat e d by an e l e ctri c mo t o r I n supplyi ng i c e

.
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f
o P l u m bi n g 317

w at e r t o a b uil di ng a p ump i s n e c e ssary t o k ee p u p a c i r c u

lati on through th e su pply pi p e s s o that c ol d w at e r w ill b e ,

o n tap th e m om e nt a fau c e t i s op e n e d I f th e w at e r we r e .

n ot k e pt i n c i r c u lation it w oul d soo n gro w w arm a n d c on

, ,

s i d e r a b l e w at e r w o ul d h av e t o b e dra w n b e for e c ol d w at e r

c ould b e obtai n e d F rom th e c i r c ulati ng p ump th e ris e rs

“
.

ar e tak e n t o th e atti c o r 1 0 or 1 2 f ee t abov e th e l e v e l o f th e

,

h igh e st fix tu r e if th e r e ar e non e on th e t op fl oo r th e n
, ,

r e t urn e d and di s c harg e d i nto th e c ool i ng tank I n som e .

“
c as e s a small tank c all e d a b alan c ing tank i s provi d e d i n
th e atti c an d th e w at e r from th e ri s e rs di s c harg e i nto thi s
, ,

th e ov e r fl o w b e i ng c arri e d b a c k to th e c ool i ng tank i n th e

c e llar or bas e m e nt S upply b ran c h e s t o th e drinki ng fo u n
.

tains ar e tak e n off t he up ri s e rs s o th e r e w ill al w ays b e a

-

S upply availabl e and u nd e r a su itabl e h e ad or p r e ssu r e

, .

I t i s v e ry n e c es sary to i nsulat e tho roughly th e i ce w at e r -

pip e s or th e y w i ll c ond e ns e th e moi stu r e i n th e atmosph e r e ,

“ ”
th e r eby s we ati ng an d b e i ng a nui san c e g e n e rally .

I n p roporti oni ng th e syst e m an allo w an c e of abo ut 3 ,

gallons c apa c ity i n th e c ol d w at e r tank f or e a c h fou ntai n t o

b e s uppli e d w i ll b e right f or ord i nary s e rvi c e
, .

A CTUA L P ER F O R M A N CE O F R E F R I GER A TI N G M A C H I N E .

I n th e 3 0 story U ni o n C e ntral O ffi c e B ui ldi ng C i n c i nnati

-

, ,

O hio a 1 0 t on F ri c k ma c hi n e fu rni sh e s th e t e nants w ith i c e

,
-

w at e r . St e am pr e ssu r e 8 0 pound s ; b a c k p r e ssur e on c on -

d e ns e r 1 5 pounds and c ond e ns e r p r e ssu r e 1 5 0 pou n ds C ity

, .

w at e r i s tak e n i n at a t e mp e ratu r e of 75 d e gr ee s F ahr e nh e it

and c ool e d to an av e rag e of 4 4 d e gr ee s at th e fo u ntai ns
th roughout th e bu i l di ng of w hi c h th e r e ar e 5 0 b e twee n th e
,

bas e m e nt and th e t we nty e ighth fl oo r T h e r e we r e

-
.

po unds of st e am u s e d by th e i ce ma c h in e p e r hou r or ,

d u ri ng th e e ight hou r t e st , w hi ch r e qu i r e d 4 3 0 pou nds of

-

coal .
318 P r i n c i p l es a nd P r a cti ce o f P l u m bi n g

C H A P TE R X X X
W A TE R S U P P LY F O R S U B UR BA N P LA CE S

W I ND M ILLS O n e of t he c h ea p es t and mos t s a t i s f a c

.
-

tory ways of p umping w a t e r f or dom e st i c o r i rriga t io n pur

p os e s i s by m eans of w i ndmil ls T h e r e ar e t wo t yp e s of
.

w i ndmi lls i n u s e dis t ingu ish e d by t he mat e rials us e d i n

,

maki ng t he sails of t he w i nd w h ee l O n e i s t he w i ndmill

.

w ith t he sails of t he wi n d whe e l mad e of narro w s t ri ps of

w oo d s e t a t a s t ee p angl e S u c h w i ndmills run a t slo w
.

sp ee d and op e rat e t he p ump d ir e c t from t he c rank and ar e ,

“ ”
c all e d d ir e c t st rok e w i ndmi lls T h e ot h e r ty p e ha s c u rv e d
-
.

st ee l sails s et a t a fla t angl e i n t he wi n d whe e l T h es e .

wh ee ls r e vol v e _a t h igh sp ee d and t he high sp ee d of t he

,

wi n d whe e l i s g e ar e d do wn t o t he prop e r S p ee d f or op e ra t i ng
“ ”
t he p ump . T h e s e w i ndmill s ar e kno w n as ba c k g ear e d -

w i ndm ills . B o t h t yp e s o f w i ndmi lls hav e c e rta in f eatu r es

adap t i ng t h e m t o diff e r e n t r eq ui r e m e nt s .

A CTI O N O F W I N D O N W i N D M I LL s — I t r eq ui r e s at l eas t .

a n 8 mil e w i nd t o do any eff e c t iv e w ork w i t h a w i ndmill

-

and t h e y w ill n ot op e rat e t o t he b e s t advant ag e i n w i nds of

ov e r 2 5 m il e s an hou r V e ry f e w w indmi l ls a r e m ad e w i t h
.

larg e r w h ee ls t han 3 0 f eet i n diam et e r an d t h e y ar e r e g u ,

lat e d t o go v e rn a t a v e lo c i t y of 2 5 mil es an hou r There .

ar e n o pumps or a tt a c hm e n t s w hi c h w ill e nabl e t he us e r of

a w i ndmi ll t o ut ili ze t he i n c r e as e d po we r ob ta in e d from
w i nds of hi gh v e lo c i t y so t ha t i n p ra c t i c e t he amoun t of
,

w at e r p ump e d by w i ndmi ll s i n hi gh w i nds is b ut l ittl e mor e

t han i s p ump e d by t he sam e mills in w i nds havi ng v e lo c i t i e s
of from 1 2 t o 1 8 m il e s an hou r T h e v e lo c ity of w i nd
.
,

pr e ssu r e p e r s q uar e foo t on t he s ails and a ct ion of t he w i nd

o n a w i ndmi ll c a n b e s ee n i n T abl e LXX X V III
, .

F rom t he t abl e i t w ill b e s ee n t ha t t he o n ly availabl e

w i nds ar e thos e blo w ing w i t h a v e lo c i t y of from 8 t o 2 5
m il e s p e r hou r and t ha t a 1 5 mi l e w i nd ca n b e util i ze d t o
,
-
-

“ ”
t he b e s t advan t ag e I t i s b e s t t h e r e fo r e t o load a w i nd
.
, ,

mill for a 1 55 mi l e w ind

-
I t will t h e n s t a r t pumpi ng i n an
.
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

p e r hour Agai n i n c e rtai n small ar e as s it uat e d i n mou n

.
,

t a i n ous distri c ts th e av e rag e v e lo c i t y i s a s l ow a s 5 mil e s

,

p e r hou r ; th e r e for e i n s e l e c ting and loadi ng a w i ndmill

, ,

th e wi n d v e lo c ity p r e vaili ng i n th e parti c ular lo c ality w h e r e

it w ill b e us e d m ust b e c onsi d e r ed I n su c h lo c aliti e s th e .

m ills should b e load e d to op e rat e i n l o m il e w i nds i nst e ad

‘

of 1 5 m il e w i n d r e c omm e nd e d f or g e n e ral u s e
-
A mi ll
load e d f or a 1 0—
.

mil e w i nd c a n b e d e p e nd e d up o n t o fu rni sh
a suffi c i e nt supply of w at e r i n t hos e lo c aliti e s w h e r e th e
av e rag e w i n d v e lo c ity i s l ow .

T ABL E LXXX I X . Ca p a c i t y of W i n d mi l l s

Ga ll on s of Wt a er R ai se dp er

M t in u e to an El ev a ti on of
E
‘
35
3
q)

§s §
75 1 00 2 00 E g g
Fe e t F t ee F t ee F t L1 4 n:
ee 1

16 40 t o 50
10 16 35 t o 40
12 16 30 130 35 5 6 80
14 16 2 8 to 35 7 807 0 28
16 16 2 5 to 30 9 77 1 0 41
18 16 2 2 to 25 97 6 82
. 17 4 85
20 16 2 0 to 22 3 1 2 48 1 9 2 84 0 78
25 16 1 6 to 18 2 12 38 1 1 06 96 4 49 72 5 3 7 34 9 2 6 7 4 1

P ump i ng w i ndmills hav e th e i r wi n dwhe el s d e sign e d

an d pro p o rtion e d fo r th e S p ee d at w h i c h th e p ump ca n b e
prop e rly Op e rat e d P ump s i n we lls up t o 1 00 f ee t d ee p ar e
.

op e rat e d at ab out 3 5 or 4 0 stro k e s p e r minut e P umps i n .

we lls from 1 00 t o 2 00 f ee t d ee p ar e op e rat e d at from 2 5 t o

3 0 strok e s p e r mi nut e ; and i n we lls from 2 0 0 to 4 00 f ee t
d eep th e pumps S ho ul d n ot b e Op e rat e d fast e r than 1 5 t o
,

2 0 strok e s p e r mi nut e P ump s f or d ee p we lls m ust b e s et

.

di r e c tly o v e r th e we ll I f a s u c ti on pump i s t o b e us e d on
.
,

t he oth e r hand it c a n b e s et at any c onv e ni e nt poi nt s o long

,

a s it i s n ot t oo far abov e th e l e v e l of th e w at e r s upply

W OOD EN S TORA GE T A N K S —C yli n dri c al w oo d e n t anks

.

f or th e storag e of w at e r sho uld b e mad e of w hit e c e d a r ,

c ypr e ss w hit e o r r e d p in e D ouglas or W ashington fi r or

, , ,
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g 32 1

a ir dri e d r e d w oo d
-
T h e lumb e r must b e fr ee from s a p
.
,

loos e o r u ns ou nd knots w orm hol e s and S hak e s and b e thor

, ,

oughly ai r dri e d -
T anks of th e b e st w hit e c e da r and thos e
.

of goo d c ypr e ss ar e abo ut eq u ally durabl e T h e y w ill last .

a t l e ast 1 5 y e ars and c ommo nly from 2 0 t o 2 5 y e ars

, The .

follo w ing sp e c i fi c ati ons fo r sto rag e tanks , ab stra c t e d from

th e r eq u i r e m e nts of th e fi r e u nd e r w rit e rs , giv e s th e b e st
p ra c ti c e i n tank d e sign T h e stav e s and bottoms f or tanks
.

n ot ex c ee di ng i n di am e t e r 1 6 f ee t n or m or e than 1 6 f ee t
,

d ee p m ust b e mad e of 2 1/z i n c h sto c k dr e ss e d on both S i d e s

,
-

t o a thi c kn e ss of i n ch e s For larg e r tanks 3 i n c h sto c k

.
-

dr e ss e d on both S i d e s t o 2 % i n c h e s m u st be u s e d and f or ,

tanks small e r than 1 6 f ee t 2 i n c h sto c k may b e us e d

,
-
.

T h e hoops must b e ro und i n c ross s e c tion .

T h e str e ngth of a tank d e p e nds c hi efl y on i t s hoops .

E x p e ri e n c e S ho w s that fl at hoops , e sp e c ially thos e of st ee l ,

rust from th e ba ck S i d e w h e r e th e y b e ar agai nst th e stav e s ,

and s e ri o us a c c i d e nts hav e happ e n e d by hoops b u rsti ng on

a c c ou nt of thi s unob s e rv e d c orrosion Som e tim e s g a l v a n i z
.

ing or pai nt i ng i s d e p e nd e d upo n t o p r e v e nt rusting b ut ,

th e r e i s al w ays th e possibil ity that S po ts of th e p rot e c tiv e

c oati ng w ill b e kno c k e d off i n han dling and on e sp ot l e ft ,

unprot e c t e d may r e s ult i n th e fai lur e of th e hoop R o und .

hoops ar e t h e r efor e advis e d f or all tanks si n c e f or a giv e n

, , ,

c ross s e c ti o n of m e tal th e s e hoops hav e th e a dvantag e of

,

pr e s e nting t he l e ast s u rfa c e t o c orrosio n N e arly th e w hol e

.

su rfa c e c a n mor e ov e r b e ex amin e d o r pai nt e d w hi l e th e

, ,

hoop s ar e i n pla c e I n s e tti ng u p a tank w ith rou nd ho op s

.

th e r e i s l ittl e probab ility of tight e ni ng th e hoop s t o s u c h an

ext e nt that w h e n th e tank s we lls th e hoops w ill b u rst ; f or
th e rou nd hoop s w ill S imply i nd e nt th e w oo d mor e a s th e
tank s we lls and th e str e ss i n th e hoops i s n ot lik e ly t o b e
i n c r e as e d t o th e b r e aki ng po i nt if r e aso nabl e c ar e i s us e d .

T h e hoops must b e mad e of w ro ught i ro n or m il d st ee l

of goo d q uali t y W ro ught i ron i s pr e f e rabl e ho we v e r
.
, ,

b e c aus e i t i s mor e rust r e sisting T h e w rough t i ro n must

.

hav e a t e ns il e str e n g th of a t l e ast po un ds p e r s q uar e

i nch . S t ee l must hav e a t e ns il e str e ngth n ot l e S S than
to pou nds p e r s q uar e i n c h and th e p e r c e ntag e
 Pr i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P lu m bi n g

of c arbon must n ot ex c ee d T h e r e must b e n o we l ds

i n th e hoO p s W h e r e mor e than on e l e ngth of i ron i s n e c e s
-
.

sary lugs S im ilar t o F i g 1 43 mu st b e u s e d t o mak e th e c on

, .

n e c t i on C ast i ron lugs n ot mall e abl e i ze d ar e n ot a c c e pt

.

abl e a s th e y ar e liabl e t o c ra c k
, .

H oops w ith
“
ups et e nds ar e n ot allo we d b e c aus e : fi rst
th e m e tal i s lik e ly t o b e
b u rn e d i n up s ett i ng u n
l e ss don e u nd e r c ar e ful
s up e rvi s ion ; and s e c ond
, ,

th e a dditio nal d iam et e r

i s lik e ly t o b e gai n e d by
we ldi ng bolt e nds t o
Fi g
1 43
L ug f f; H oo p s small e r ro ds thus i ntro
,

d uc i n g a we ak plac e in
th e we ld .

W h e n th e s c r ew thr e a ds ar e c ut di r e c tly on th e e nd of a
ho op , th e unthr e ad e d porti on may b e c orrod e d t o a d e pth
eq ual t o th e d e pt h of th e thr e ads w ithout we ak e ni ng t he
ho op T h e s c r ew thr e ad its e lf i s n ot s o li abl e t o s e rious
.

c orros ion a s th e portion of th e hoop w hi c h b e ars agai nst th e

stav e s S in c e th e latt e r i s sub j e ct e d t o moi stur e from th e

,

w oo d .

T A BL E X C . Str e n g t h of Woo de n Ta n k H oop s

A re a o f S c ti
e on
of Ro d i Sn q ua r e
I ch
n es

T h e hoop s must b e of su c h S i ze and S pa c ing that th e

str e ss w ill n ot ex c ee d p ounds p e r s q uar e i n c h w h e n
c omp ut e d from ar e a at root of thr e ad H oops mu st n ot b e .

l e S S than 34 i n c h diam e t e r
,
T abl e X C giv e s p rop e r w ork .

i ng s tr e n g th f o r hoops of S i ze s c ommonly us e d , bas e d o n th i s

allo w abl e str e ss .
32 4 P ri n ci p l es an d P r ac t i c e of P lu m b i n g

di agram : H ow f ar ap a ho d rt s ul
hoops b e pla c e d a t
l i nc h
-

1 5 f ee t fr o m t he t O p o n a t a nk 2 0 f ee t diam et e r ?
,

15 X 2 0
'
3 00
2 F oll o w up th e ri ght s i d e of th e di a
.
.

gram wh e r e mar k e d P rodu ct of di am et e r ( f e et ) X d e p t h

“

( f eet ) ti l l yo u c om e t o 3 0 0 ; t h e n follo w t he hori z o nt a l l in e

“
t o th e l ef t ti ll i t int e rs e c s t he di ago n al li n e m a rk e d l i n c h
t
-

H oop th e n foll o w do w n w ar d t o th e bo tto m of t he di agram ,

a nd i t wi ll b e s ee n t hat t he h oo p s un d e r c ondi ti ons a b o v e

s t a t e d may b e in c h e s ap art .

”Hoops
m n

{ di m i die
—
'

i di a .
e
l f tloo
-
ps 5 Hoop s 4 di a .
Al l l oo p s
-
.

”Hoo ps
’

lZ Hoo ps i d i a
'

i di a . .

P pro er S p ci g
a n of H o op s

I n a s im il a r wa y t he spa c in g for a ny hoop for a n y s i ze

t ank may b e foun d .

E xt ra hoop s m u s t b e p rovi d e d n ea r t he bo t t om t o ta k e
t he ad di t ional loa d du e t o th e s we lli ng of t he bo tt om p l a nks .

Fo r at nk s u p t o 2 0 f ee t i n di ame t e r on e ho op of th e si ze ,
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P lu m bi n g 82 5

us e d n ext abov e it mu st b e pla c e d aroun d th e bottom oppo

sit e th e c ro ze F or tanks 2 0 f ee t o r m or e i n di am et e r t wo
.

hoops must b e us e d as ab ov e .

T h e hoop o r h 0 0 ps a t th e c ro ze ar e t o b e c ou n t e d u po n
a s t aki ng t he w a t e r p r e ssur e of half th e S p a c e ab ov e .

T h e sp a c ing of hoops o n tanks is sho w n graphi c ally f or

s e v e ral diff e r e nt si ze s of tanks i n F i g 1 4 5
—
. .

D I MEN S I O N S F O R TAN K S O F S T A N D A R SD u n s For con

v en i e n c e T abl e X CI givi ng d im e ns i o ns f or a f ew tanks of
,

c e rtai n si ze s i s ad d e d
, .

T AB L E X CI . D i m e n s i on s of Wood e n T an k s

I
S ZE
H OO P S
( O t id
u s e
D i m en smn s)

L gth St B tm '

C
en a v es o
f St
o av e A B
Ft . In . In . In .

1 0,000

4 0,000

T h e numb e r an d si ze of hoop s ar e stat e d an d th e spa c

i ng fo r sam e ar e sho w n i n F i g 1 4 5 T h e prop e r si ze and . .

spa c i ng of hoops fo r tanks o f oth e r dim e nsions ca n r e adi ly

b e c omput e d by us e of th e di agram .

T anks lo c at e d o utdoors must b e c ov e r e d w ith a do ubl e

roof an a c c e p t abl e c ons t ru c t io n b e i ng sho w n i n plan i n
,

F ig 1 4 6 and i n e l e va t i on i n F i g 1 4 7
.
,
I t mu st c onsi st o f a . .

tight flat c ov e r mad e of mat c h e d boards s upport e d by j oists ,

 P r i n ci p l e s an d P r acti c e f P lu m bi n g
“

. o

an d abov e thi s a c o ni ca l r oof I n th e l ar g e r s iz e s th e c oni ca l

.

roof mu st b e s up p o rte d by r a ft e rs ext e ndi ng from th e t op of

t he ta nk t o t he p e ak of t he r oof .

T h e c o ni c al r oof m us t b e co v e r e d wi t h galvani z ed sh eet

iron or a goo d c ompo s it i o n r oo fi ng whi c h i s n ot r e a dily
i gn i t ibl e
.

Pl an of T an k R oof

E XPA N S I O N J O I N T — W h e n a tank i s s up po rt e d by a
.

to we r 3 0 f e e t o r mor e i n h e ight w h e th e r o n t he gro un d or

,

on a b uil di ng a n exp ans ion j o int of t he approv e d t yp e

,

sho wn i n F ig 1 4 8 m ust b e pro vi d e d i n th e di s c harg e pip e at

.

De n bl e C ov er f or Tan k
t he ta nk c o nn ec t ion I n t hos e c as e s w h e r e a t ank i s l oc at e d
.

i n a b ri c k or r e i nfor c e d c on c r et e to we r a four e lbo w s wi ng ,

-

j o int may b e u s e d .
32 8 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P l u m bi n g
o

c ol d w int e r w i nds fr eq u e n c y O f c ir c ulati on i n th e p 1 p e and

,

amou nt Of h e at t o b e suppli e d
T h e standard frost —
.

proo f bo x ings ar e mad e Of w oo d

and ar e c i r c ula r a s sho w n i n F ig 1 4 9 or s q uar e i n s e c tion
.
,

a s sho w n i n F ig 1 5 0 . .

T h e bo x ings may b e mad e mor e du rabl e by usi ng s t o c k

w hi c h ha s b ee n antis e pti c ally tr e at e d .

A goo d tight j oint must b e mad e b e t wee n bo x i ng and

bottom Of tank . T h e lo we r e nd o f bo x i ng must b e s up
p ort e d by th e si d e s O f th e p i t w hi c h mu st ex t e nd about a
,

foot abov e ground T h e w ood w ork mus t b e we ll pai n t e d

. .

Sh ee t l e ad or tarr e d pap e r shoul d b e pla c e d b e twee n b ot

t om O f bo x i ng and t he pit t o avoi d abso rption Of moi stu r e .

T h e upp e r p art Of
bo x i ng m u s t b e con
stru ct e d s o a s t o p e rmit Of
a cc e ss t o th e ex p an s i on
j o int w i thout th e n e c es
s i ty Of d e stroyi ng any
porti on Of th e bo x i ng .

T h e bo x i ng must b e
ma d e fou r ply w ith two -

ai r spa c e s f or tanks i n ,

north e rn C anada I t must .

b e thr ee ply w it h two ai r -

Fi g 1 49 sp a c e s a s sho w n i n F igs ,
.

C i r c u l a F os t P o of B o x i g
.

r r r
1 4 9 a n d 1 5 0 f o r tanks i n
n
-

N ew E nglan d N e w Y ork O ntario M i c higan and W is c onsin

, , ,
.

Two ply bo x ing w i th t wo ai r spa c e s m us t b e us e d i n Stat e s

-

i mm e d iat e ly south Of thi s s e c tio n T h is bo x ing may also .

b e us e d i n th e South e rn Stat e s or e ls e th e pip e s may b e

w rapp e d w ith f e lt an d tar pap e r and c ov e r e d w ith c anvas .

Ca l cul a t i n g W i n d Str e s s e s i n a Fou r P o s t Towe r -

T h e follo w i ng i s on e m e tho d Of c omputi ng t he str e ss e s

du e t o th e w in d T h e p robl e m 1 n v ol v e s a simpl e appli c ati on
.

Of graphi c stati c s and d e p e nds upon th e proposi t io n that

,

a for c e i s fully d e t e rmi n e d w h e n i t s magnitu d e d ir e ct i on ,

a n d poi nt Of appli c ation ar e kno w n Su c h a for c e m a y b e

.
 P r i n ci p l e s an d P r a c ti c e o f P lu m bi n g 32 9

r e pr e s e nt e d by a li n e and th e str e ss di agram i n i ts si m

, p l est
form r e pr e s e nts th e for c e a s s i d e s Of a polygon tak e n i n
ord e r . T h e c lo s ing si d e i n r e v e rs e ord e r i s th e r e s ultant i n
magnitu d e and di r e c tion T h e di agram sho w n i n F ig 1 5 1
. .

i s a typ i c al o n e and th e m e tho d O f c omp utati on i s a s follo w s

1 r e p r e s e nts on e b e nt O f a 1 00 foot to we r supporti ng a -

gallon tank
-
T h e loa di ngs b e ginni ng a t th e t op Of
.

th e diagram ar e p oun ds appl i e d at c e ntr e Of gravity

,

Of th e pro j e c t e d surfa c e Of tank an d roof ; po u nds ,

w hi c h i s eq u al t o 1 00 po u nds p e r foot or th e h e i ght Of th e

t op stag e ; pou nds w h i c h i s eq ual to 1 00 p ou nds p e r
,

foot f o r th e h e ights Of th e t op an d mi ddl e stag e s ; and

Fi g 1 50
t P r o of B o x i n g
.

Sq u a re F r os -

pou nds w hi c h i s eq ual to 1 00 p o u nds p e r foot f or

,

th e h e ights Of mi ddl e and b ottom stag e s O n e half th e .

-

w i n d loa d i s u s e d b e c aus e o n e b e nt i s b e i ng c ons i d e r e d .

2 sho w s th e str e ss di agram and a s it i s dra w n t o s c al e , ,

th e for c e r es ulting may b e m e asur e d di r e c tly fro m it .

3 i s a plan vi ew Of 1 and sho w s th e w i n d blo w i ng i n

-

th e plan e Of on e b e nt T his b e i ng th e c as e th e a x i s Of rota

.

tion w i ll b e t hrough was and p osts r an d 3 w i ll t ak e c om

pr e ssio n w hil e p osts 0 and p w ill tak e t e nsi o n
,
T h e amou nt .

O f th e c ompr e ssion i n p ost 0 ha s b ee n fo un d from th e dia

gram t o b e 3 9 6 00 pou nds T h e uplift o r t e nsio n i n th e

.

an c hor b olt at th e foot Of post p w ill b e a l ik e amo unt S up .

 P r i n c i p l es an d Pr a c ti c e o f P lu m bi n g

p o s e ho we v e r we c o ns i d e r t he wi n d b l owi ng i n s n e oth e r
, ,

di r ec ti o n a n d d et e rm i n e w hi c h i s th e w ors t ca se for wi n d
l oa di n g .

4 s ho w s th e s am e pla n vi ew wi th th e w i n d blo wi ng in
-

a d i a go na l di r ec ti on a s indi ca t ed by ar r o w T h e axi s of
, .

r ot a t io n wi ll be t hr ough ar e an d thi s be in g th e ca s e po st r
,

S cale l i P IOOOO l bs .

D i a g ram of Wi n d P r e s s u re s

wi ll t a k e al l th e c ompr e s s io n T h e r e l ati v e
. O f th e

c ompr ess io n i n t h e s e t wo ax e s ar e s ho wn t o be as foll o w s

I n 3 l et m r e p r es e nt t he t ota l ov e rt ur ni n g mom e nt th e n ,

t he c ompr es sion i n r an d s is eq ua l to w hil e i n 4 th e c om

4 Y
MW
p r es s m n
3 32 P r i n c i p l es a nd P r ac t ic e of P l umbi n g

th e p ip e mark e d h z i s omi tt e d and th e Op e ration Of th e

'

e ngi n e i s as follo w s :
Th e valv e a t b b e i ng op e n the w ate r from t he so ur c e O f
,

supply a t mor e or l es s e l evat ion abov e t he m a c hi n e fl o ws

do w n th e driv e pip e a an d e s c ap e s t hr ough th e O p eni ng at
-

b u ntil t h e pr e ss u r e du e t o t h e i n c r ea s i ng v e lo c i t y Of t he
,

w ate r i s s uffi c i ent t o c los e t he valv e b A t t h e mom e nt .

w h e n th e flow t hr o ugh t hi s valv e c ea s e s t he i n e rt ia of th e

movi ng c olum n O f w at e r prod u c es
—
t he s o c all e d r amm i ng s t rok e wh i c h ,

Op e ns t he valv e at c an d c om ,

p r es s e s t he a i r i n the a i r c hamb e r
( 1 u ntil t he p r e ss ur e O f t he a i r p lu s
,

t he pr e ssur e du e t o t he h e a d Of th e
wa te r i n t he mai n i s s ufi ci en t to
,

ov e r c om e the in e rti a O f t he m oving

c olum n O f w at e r i n t he driv e pi pe -
.

Thi s mo t i on m a v b e li k e n e d t o th e
o s c il l at ions —
U t ub e At thi s .

R i
f
e H y d r a ul i c E gi
n n e

i ns ta nt t he c olum n Of w at e r i n t he dri v e pi p e ha s c om e t o a -

r e s t an d th e a i r p r e s s ur e b ei ng gr e at e r t han t he s t at i c h ea d
, .

al on e t he dir ec ti on Of moti o n O f t he movi ng c olumn i s

,

r e v e rs e d and t he val v e c c los e d , T h e w a t e r i n t he d r iv e

,
.

p i p e i s t h e n movi ng b a c kw ard and wi t h t h e c lo s i ng of c a

,

t en d e n c y t o a V acu um i s p r odu c e d a t t he base 9 15 the d r i v e

 P r i n ci p l es an d P r a c ti c e of P lu m bi n g 33 3

p ip e ; thi s n e gativ e p r e ss u r e c aus e s th e valv e b t o Op e n ,

agai n c ompl e ti ng th e c y c l e of op e rations

, At th e mom e n t .

of n e gativ e pr e ss u r e th e l i t t l e s nifti ng valv e e a dmits a , ,

small q uantity of ai r and at th e follo w i ng strok e thi s pass e s

,

i nt o th e ai r c hamb e r w hi c h w oul d oth e r w is e gradu ally fi ll

,

w ith w at e r th e ai r b e i ng gradually tak e n u p by w at e r

, .

I n many ma c hin e s th e mi stak e i s mad e of m aki ng th e

w ast e valv e b suffi c i e ntly h e avy t o ov e r com e th e stati c h e ad
-

, ,

o f w at e r i n th e driv e pi p e I n fa c t most w rit e rs on this

-
.
,
“ ”
s ub j e c t i n c lu di ng t he E n c yc l op e d i a B r i t a n n i c a stat e that
, ,

we ight w ast e valv e b mu st b e gr e at e r than th e , ,

Fi g . 1 53

S cti
e on of Ri f e H yd r au li c R am f or P um pi n g W a ter ,
U si n g Im p ure W a t er f or P o we r

pr e ssur e of th e stati c al h e ad of w at e r on i t s u nd e r s i d e s o
that it may op e n w h e n th e c ol umn of w at e r c om e s t o r e st .

I n th e m a c hi n e w hi c h we ar e d e s c r ib i ng thi s w o uld b e p ra e
t i c ally i mposs i bl e on a c c ou nt of th e larg e ar e a of th e Op e n
i ng at b .

I n this ma c hi n e th e valv e b i s mad e a s l ight a s i s c on , ,

sist e nt w ith th e n e c e ssary str e ngth ; th e n e gativ e pr e ssu r e

at t he e n d of th e strok e i s r e li e d up on t o Op e n th e valv e .

W h e n an imp u r e w at e r i s to b e u s e d t o driv e th e ram

and d e liv e r a p ur e w at e r th e pip e h i i s atta c h e d t o th e
, ,
-

ram a s sho w n i n th e illustrati on an d th e spri ng w at e r i s ,

d e l iv e r e d to th e ram thro ugh thi s pi p e T h e e ngi n e i s th e n .

 Pr i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P lu m bi n g

do ubl e a c ti ng and by a prop e r a d j ustm e nt Of th e r e lat iv e

-

flow of t he impur e drivi ng w at e r an d t he p ur e S p ri ng w at e r ,

t he e ngi n e may b e ma d e t o d e li v e r only p u r e w at e r t o t he

s upply t ank T his m e tho d i s us e d only w h e r e t he supply of
.

p ur e w at e r i s li m it e d and t h e r e i s a p l e ntiful s upply of t he

,

drivi ng w at e r To d e l iv e r p ur e w a t e r us ing imp ur e w at e r

.
,

a s po we r th e r e mus t b e a t l e ast 1 8 t o 2 4 i n c h e s of fall from

,

t he sp ri ng s ta nd p i p e t o t he e ngin e -
I f th e r e i s a gr eat e r .

natural fall i t must b e p ip e d t o a t a nk havi ng an ov e rfl o w

,

2 4 i n c h e s ab ov e th e s upp ly p ip e h i s o th e r e w ill n ot b e a ,
-

gr e at e r h e ad t han t wo f eet t o t he pur e w at e r T h e e ngi n e .

shou l d b e s et on a fi rm l e v e l fou nda t ion b ut n ee d n ot b e, ,

fast e n e d .

TA BL E X C I I . S i ze s of Ri f e Ra m s

Ga l l
Mi t
on s p er
nu e

*
Si gl
n e .
I D up lex .

D R IV E -
P IPE FO R R A M —T h e l e ngth
driv e p i p e i s g ov
. of

e rn e d b y th e rat i o of fall or dri vi ng h e a d to e l e vati on or

p ump i ng h e ad I f t he driv e p ip e is e it h e r too long or t oo
.

short t he automati c sup ply of ai r w i ll b e i n t e rf e r e d w i t h

,

and t he effi c i en c y of th e e ngin e impai r e d T h e driv e p ip e .

mus t b e lai d i n a p e rf e c tly s t raigh t l i n e w i t hout b e nds or ,

c u rv e s ex c e p t w h e re t he p ip e e nt e rs t he e ngi n e and t his

, ,

shoul d b e ma d e by b e ndi ng t he p ip e T h e upp e r e n d of th e .

driv e p ip e w h e r e i t t ak e s i n w a t e r ought t o b e far e nough

33 6 P r i n ci p l e s and P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

driv e p ip e ; q th e q uan t i t y flo w i ng p e r s e c ond t o th e sta n d

-

p ip e t hro ugh t he di s c harg e p ip e ; H th e h e ight from th e , ,

e s c ap e valv e t o t he l e v e l of th e r e s e rvoi r w hi c h f ee ds t he
driv e pip e ; and h t he d i fi e r e n c e i n t he l e v e l of th e w at e r
-

s upply r e s e rvoi r an d t he w a t e r i n t he s ta nd p ip e D A ub i s -
.
’

so n s t a t e s th e form ula for effi c i e n c y a s

q (H h)
QH
D A u b i s s on
’
i s th e c orr e ct on e c o nsi d e ri ng th e m e c han
’
s ,

i s m a s a ma c hin e r e c e i vi ng e n e rgy at on e e n d an d d e l iv e ri ng
it a t t he ot h e r w h il e if t he ma c hi n e i s c onsi d e r e d as e l ev at
,

i ng w at e r o nl y from t he on e r e s e rvoir t o th e oth e r R an ,

ki n e s formula i s t he c orr e ct on e t o us e
’
.

T h e c ap a c it i e s o f R if e R ams ca n b e found i n T abl e

X CI V .

T h e s i ze of ram to us e is e as i ly d et e rm in e d by e ith e r of
t he tw o tab l e s giv e n F or i ns t an c e o pposit e e a c h ram th e
.
,

ma xi mum an d mi nim um amou nt of w at e r th is ram w ill u s e

w ill b e fou nd an d by s imply mul t iplyi ng e i t h e r the ma x i
,

mum O r m i ni mum amo unt s t he ram us e s by th e fa c tors

fo und i n t he ta bl e of c ap a c it i e s w i ll giv e e ith e r th e mi ni ,

mum or ma x i mum amount thi s part i c ular ram w i ll d e l iv e r .

T ak e a N o 2 0 e ngi n e f or ex ampl e
. T hi s ram w i ll u s e from
.

1 0 t o 1 8 gallons a m inu t e N ow t h e n if it i s foun d that

.
, ,

1 5 gallons of w at e r i s all t ha t i s ava ilabl e t h e n multiply ,

t hat amou n t by t he fa ct or fou nd i n th e tabl e of effi c i e n c i e s ,

w hi c h wi ll giv e t he amount of w at e r t ha t w i ll b e d e liv e r e d .

T h e fa ct o rs i n t he tabl e ar e b as e d on t he rat i o of po we r
h e ad o r fall f or t he driv e p ip e t o t he h e igh t t he w at e r mu st
,

b e e l e vat e d T his an d t he effi c i e n c y d e v e lop e d ar e sho w n

.

i n c onn e ct i on w i t h th e ex ampl e w ork e d out i n th e c orn e r of ,

T abl e of C apa c i t i e s I t w ill b e not e d t hat t h e numb e r of

.

gallons i s 1 4 00 p e r mi nu t e w hi c h i s mult ipli e d by 1 9 2 N ow

,
.
,

opp os it e 1 0 foot fall and u nd e r 5 0 e l e vat i o n t his numb e r ,

1 92 i s found T hi s i s a ra t i o of 5 t o 1
. I n looki ng a t t he .

bottom of p ag e givi ng t he efii c i e n c i e s i t w i ll b e fou nd t hat ,

t he rat i o from 1 t o 3 up to 1 t o 1 8 eq uals 6 6 effi c i e n c y ,

s o t hat in d et e rm ini ng t he amount t his ram w i ll d e li v e r i t ,

wa s fi gu r e d on 6 6 effi c i e n c y A ram if i ns t all e d . ,

 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P lum bi n g

u nd e r 3 foot fall and 7 5 foot e l evation w hi c h i s a rat i o of ,

1 t o 2 5 th e effi c i e n c y t abl e sho w s t hat 5 0 % effi c i e n cy w ould

,

b e d e v e lop e d w h e r e th e rati o i s 1 to 2 3 up t o 1 t o 3 0 .

P NE U M A TI C W A TE R S U PPL Y T h e pn e umati c syst e m .

-

of w a t e r sup ply utili ze s t he c ompr e ss ib ili t y of ai r t o for c e

w at e r out of a tank to any r eq uir e d e l e vati on Wh en .

w at e r i s pump e d int o an e mp t y t ank t he ai r alr e ady i n th e ,

t ank i s trapp e d t h e r e and c omp r e ss e d i n th e upp e r p art th e ,

w at e r o c c upyi ng th e lo we r p ar t of th e tank All pi p e c on .

n e c t i on s ar e mad e n e ar t h e bo ttom of th e tank s o th e air

c annot e s c ap e t h e n w h e n a fau c e t i s Op e n e d th e com

, , ,

p r e ss e d ai r w it h in th e tank for c e s th e w at e r out at th e

fix tu r e .

T h e air i n th e tank w oul d soo n b e c om e e x haust e d how ,

e v e r if mor e ai r we r e n ot suppl i e d i n p rop orti on t o th e

,

w at e r pump e d i nto th e tank and t o k ee p up th e s upply of ,

“
ai r a sm all ai r c ompr e ssor snift e r valv e or som e oth e r , ,

eq ually positiv e d e vi c e m ust b e e mploy e d to pump ai r i nto

th e tank T h e q uant i t y of w at e r that a tank w ill d e liv e r
.

at a giv e n pr e ssur e and e l e va t io n d ep e nds on the propo rtion

of ai r an d w at e r i n th e tank I f th e air c ushi on i s Of small
.

vol um e th e pr e ssu r e drops s o rap i dly w h e n w at e r i s d ra w n

, ,

that it b e c om e s n e c essary t o p ump in mor e w at e r thus i n ,

c r e asi ng th e pr e ss ur e by c ompr e ssi ng th e ai r i nto sti ll

small e r spa c e B ut t hi s do e s n ot i n c r e as e th e volum e of ai r

. .

T h e pr e ss ur e of ai r i n tanks w h e n p artly full of w at e r ,

c a n b e s ee n i n T abl e X C V .

T ABL E X CV . P ro p or t i on s of Air an d Wat e r i n Tan k s

kC k
I f T an i s F t
i rs
Am t fW t I f T an
ly Atm p h
o n ta med P pd
um e to 10 P
o un d
k
o un o a er s
Pu m pe d i n T an on
P
os er e ,
th
Pr e ss ur e wi A i r
r e ss ur e W I 11 be t he Pr ess u r e wi be ll

1 /4 ful l of W at re
2 /5 ful l of W a t er
1 /2 full of W a t er
3 /5 full f W o a t er
2 /3 full f W o a t er
3 /4 full f W o at e r

I t w il l b e n oti c e d f ro m t he t abl e of pr e ss ur e s that w h e r e

 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P lu m bi n g

C H A P TE R XX X I
P L UM B I N G FI X T UR E S

C l a s s i fi c a t i on of F i x t ur e s
P L U MB I N G — P lumb i ng fixt ur e s ar e h e r e
Fi xTU R E s .

c ons i d e r e d sol e ly from a sani t ary poi nt of vi ew T yp e s ar e .

dis c uss e d b ut n ot th e vari ou s mo di fi c ati ons or mak e s T hos e .

may b e s ee n i n th e sho w rooms of plu m b i ng supply ho us e s

or v e ry natura l i ll u s t rat ions of t h e m c a n b e s ee n i n plumb

i ng s upply c atalogu e s .

P lumbi ng fixt u r e s ar e r e c e pta c l e s for soi l and w ast e

w at e r from w h i c h it i s di s c harg e d i nt o th e d rai nag e syst e m .

T h e r e ar e s e v e ral c lass e s of fixt ur e s e a c h fixtu r e b e i ng ,

c lassi fie d a c cor di ng t o i t s u s e T hus : Soi l fix t ur e s i n c lu d e

.

w at e r c los et s u ri nals s c hool si nks b i d et s slop si nks and

, , , , ,

a l l oth e r fix t ur e s i nto w hi c h soi l i s dis c harg e d S c ull e ry .

fixt ur e s i n c lu d e kit c h e n si nks pantry si nk s laundry tubs, , ,

and any fixtu r e u s e d i n t he pr e pa ra t i on of m e als or w ashi ng

of hou s e hol d goo ds Lavi ng fixt ur e s i n c l u d e w ash basi ns
.
,

b ath tubs n ee dl e sho we r and S pray b aths an d any fixt ur e

, , ,

us e d f or c l e ansi ng t he p e rson C l e an w at e r fixt u r e s lik e

.

dri nki ng fou ntai ns form a gro up by t h e ms e lv e s .

R E QU IR E M EN TS O F S A N I TAR Y FI XTU R E s —To b e p e r .

f e ct l y sanit ary pl umbi ng fixt ur e s must b e mad e of som e

,

n on ab so rb e nt
-
n on c orrosiv e mat e ri al t ha t i s
,
-
not e as ily
c ra c k e d c ra ze d or b rok e n
, an d t hat ha s p e rf e ct ly smoot h
,

s u rfa c e s t o w hi c h so il w ill n o t adh e r e s o fi rmly t hat it c a n

n ot b e r e mov e d by a fl ush of w at e r O u t l et s of fixt ur e s .

sho ul d b e a s larg e or larg e r t han th e w as t e pip e an d shoul d

b e u nob s t ru c t e d by strain e rs or c ross bars S O t hat t he w as t e -

p i p e w ill r e c e iv e a s c ourgi ng fl ush at e a c h dis c harg e of th e

fixtur e . F i xt u r e s t hat ar e p rovi d e d w i t h st opp e rs f o r the
w ast e ou t l et g e n e rally hav e ov e r fl o w s to p r e v e nt w a t e r
ov e r fl o w i ng t he fixt ur e w h e n th e s t opp e r i s in pla c e T h e r e .

i s n o r e ason w hy lavat ori e s and b at h t ub s S houl d hav e ov e r

flow c hann e ls ho we v e r
,
T h e y s e l dom ar e o f su ffi c i e nt S i ze
.

t o c arry off th e in fl o w of w at e r s o th e y do n ot p e rform th e ,

 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g 34 1

fun c ti o n fo r w hi c h i nt e nd e d O ft e n th e y l e ak w h e n w at e r
.

ri s e s to th e i r l e v e l and at all tim e s t h e y ar e u nsati s f a c tory

,

c hann e ls w hi c h migh t we ll b e disp e ns e d w ith

, F i x tu r e s .

should b e s et Op e n that i s p e rf e c tly fr ee from e n c losi ng

, ,

w oo d w ork or oth e r c asings t hat w oul d c ut off light an d ai r .

T h e y sho ul d b e we ll suppl i e d w ith

w at e r f or fl u shi ng an d i n p ubli c ,

pla c e s th e w alls an d fl oor w h e r e

th e y ar e s et S houl d b e lin e d w ith
som e n on ab sorb e nt mat e ri al
-
.

R E QU I RE M EN TS O F A S A N I
TA R Y C LO S ET .
—To
b e effi c i e nt an d s a n
i t a r y a w at e r c los e t
,

shoul d b e mad e of
po rc e lai n e nam e l e d
i ron or of vitr e ous
w ar e and m ust b e
,

absolut e ly fr ee from
w or king m e c hani sm w ithi n th e
r e c e pta c l e I t m ust c ontai n a s uf
.

fi c i e n t d e pth of w at e r t o com
p l et e l y c ov e r any ex c r e m e ntal
matt e r d e posit e d i n it s o a s t o ,

pr e v e nt O dor I t mu st hav e n o
.

su rfa c e s that c a n b e c om e soil e d

or that ar e not thor

oughly w at e r s c ou r
e d e v e ry tim e th e
fix tu r e i s fl ush e d I t .

m ust b e suppli e d at
F i g 1 54 .

e a c h di s c harg e w i th H pp e r C l os e t o

a s uffi c i e nt volum e
of w at e r t o r e mov e t he e nti r e c ont e nts of th e bo w l and t rap

an d r e plac e it w ith fr e sh w at e r T h e w at e r shoul d b e di s

.

c harg e d i nto t he c los e t su dd e nly w i th for c e and i n a larg e, ,

vol um e and t he c los et mus t b e c onn e c t e d t o th e soil pip e

,

w i th a p e rf e c t ly tight and p e rm an e ntly tight fl oor fl ang e ,

that i s flexi bl e to yi e l d w i th sh r i nkag e , s e tt l eme nt , and

3 42 P r i n c i p l es an d P r ac t i c e o f P l u mb i n g

o t h e r mov e m e nt of t he b uil di ng N O c lo s e t ca n b e sa ni ta ry .

w hi c h d e p e n ds on a putt y j oi nt f or a s ea l -
.

H O PPE R C LO S ETS — T h e simpl es t form of w at e r c los et

.

i s a hopp e r c los et sho wn i n F ig 1 5 4 , I t c o ns is t s of a fun . .

n e l or hopp e r shap e d bo w l fit te d w i t h a fl us hi ng rim or pip e

-

wash c onn e c tion T hi s typ e of c los et c ont a i ns no w a t e r in

.

t he bo wl an d t he c o nv e rgi n g s i d es ar e dry and p r e s e nt t he

m a xi mum su rfa c e to b e so il e d H O p p e r c los ets ar e i ns t all e d
.

pr in c ipal ly i n exp o s e d pla c es w h e r e ot h e r t yp e s of c los e ts

t hat c onta i n w a t e r wo ul d b e damag e d by t he fros t W hen .

t hus in s t a l l e d t he c l o s e t t r a p and w at e r s up ply valv e ar e

‘

lo ca te d i n a p i t b e lo w fros t l e v el an d aft e r e a c h fl ush of t he ,

fix t ur e t he w at e r i s auto mat i ca lly drai n ed from t he fl ush

p ip e do wn t o t he valv e W h e n fitt e d up i n t hi s mann e r t he
.

e nti r e i nn e r su r fa c e of t he p ip e from the hopp e r t o t he t rap _

,

s om et im e s b e c om e s c ov e r e d w i t h a c o at ing of s lim e t hat in

warm w eat h e r giv es off a v ery di sagr eea bl e O dor A t t h ei r .

b e st t h ey ar e u ns a ni ta ry and Ob j e c t i o nab l e and shoul d n o t ,

b e pe rmi tt e d H oppe r c los et s lo c at e d i n warm pla c e s

.

shoul d b e fl u sh e d from a t a nk or fl us h valv e and sho ul d hav e

t he t r ap pl a c e d a s c los e as possibl e t o t he c los et b o w l .

N U MB ER O F F I XTU RE S R EQUI R E D — Th e numb e r of

plumb i ng fix tur e s r eq u i r e d d ep e nds som ew hat on t he typ e
of b ui l di ng t o b e eq u ipp e d I n T abl e X C V I wi l l b e f o und
.

t he num b e r of fixt u r es of vari o us ki n ds fou nd s u mc i e n t t o

s e r e 1 00 pa t i e n t s i n sta t e hosp i t a l s f or t he i nsa n e i n N ew
v

Y ork Sta t e .

TAB L E X CV I . P lum b in g Fi x t ur es R eq ui re d i n H os p i ta l s

E n d of Fi t u
x r es

T h e n umb e r of to il et fix tur e s r eq u i r e d i n s ch o ol b ui l d
i n g s ca n b e f o un d i n T ab l e XCVI L
 P r i n c i p l es P r a c ti c e f P l u m bi n g
”

3 44 an d o

T ABL E X C VI I . N u m b e r of T oi l e t Fi x t u r e s f or S c hool s

Kin d an d N um b er of Fi xt u res

N um b er of P pi l
u s

W te C l
a r os e s t
Gi r l s Ki n d g t
er ar en

Und e r 30 Chi l dr e n
50
70
1 00
1 50

S IP H O N A CTI O N
-
C L O S E TS — The
most sati sfa c tory
.

c los e ts ar e thos e w hi c h Op e rat e on th e siphon pri n c i pl e and ,

c o ntain s ufii c i e n t l y larg e bod i e s of w at e r i n th e bo w ls t o

subm e rg e and d e o dori ze anythi ng dis c harg e d into th e m .

I n addition th e y ought to
b e s o c onstru c t e d that
th e r e w i ll b e n o dry s ur
fa c e s li abl e t o foul or t o
w hi c h so il c a n adh e r e .

T h e si phon a ction c los e t -

sho w n i n s e c tion i n F ig .

1 5 5 i s disti ngu ish e d from

all oth e r typ e s of sipho n
a c ting c los ets by th e hori
z on t a l p orti on of th e out

l e t l e g of th e t rap u nd e r
F 183 1 55 n e ath th e b o w l T h e trap
S e c t i o of a n O r d i a y S i p h o A c t i on i nst e a d
.

n n r n
Of havi ng a
-

C l os e t
straight out l et i s mor e or ,

l e ss Offs et an d c u rv e d a s i n all siphon a c ti ng c los e ts s o that -

w at e r ov e r fl o w i ng from th e bo w l W ill rarify t he ai r t o su c h

an ex t e nt a s t o i ndu c e siphoni c a c tion t o c arry t he co nt e n t s
from th e bo w l T h e r e i s c onsi d e rabl e dry spa c e abov e t he
.

w at e r li n e i n th e bo w l of this c los e t and it i s the l e ast sati s ,

fa c tory O f a l l th e sip hon a c ti on t yp e s -

I nd ee d th e di a .
,

p h r a g m formi ng th e upp e r p art o f th e sh o rt l e g of th e trap

 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

i n th e bo w l i s s o c ompl et e ly ab ov e th e w at e r an d , so i n th e
w ay that i t c annot e s cap e b e i ng soil e d mo r e or l e s s
, .

R E V ER S E T R A P S IP H O N A CTI O N CLO S E Ts —W hat i s

- -

kno w n a s th e r e v e rs e trap siphon a c t io n c los e t i s sho w n i n

- -

F ig 1 5 6 T h e o utl e t l e g
. .

o f th e trap i n thi s typ e i s

q u it e simi la r t o th e o utl e t
l e g of th e siphon j e t -

c los e t w hi c h i t r e s e mb l e s
,

i n g e n e ral app e aran c e I t .

i s a b ett e r ap p e ari ng and

mor e s ati sfa c to ry c los e t
i n e v e ry w ay than th e or
d i n a r y S ipho n a c ti on c los -

ets . A S a rul e th e y ar e
small e r than th e S i phon
S e c t i o f ai l t ie s e T a p
F lI l 5 t 1
j e t Clos et c o ntai n l e ss
- ‘

’ n o ei r r
S i p ho A c t io C l se t
parts a n d c ons eq u e ntly
,
n -
n o

c ost l e ss w hi l e at th e sam e tim e th e y rank a c l o s e s e c on d

, .

S IP H O N JE T CLO S E Ts —A sip ho n j e t c los e t i s sho w n i n

-
.
-

Fig 1 5 7
. T his c los e t i s vitr e o us smooth imp e rvi ou s and
.
, ,

c ontai ns a larg e bo dy of w at e r i n a r e c e pta c l e s o shap e d

that it c annot e asi ly b e

so il e d I n Op e ration it i s .

almost noi s e l e ss .

T h e op e rati on of a
s ipho n j e t c los e t i s a s f ol -

lo w s :
T h e fl ush ing w at e r
p arts upo n e nt e ri ng th e
c los e t ; som e of i t e nt e rs

Fi g 1 57 th e fl ushing rim and

S i p h J t C l os e t
,

c l e ans e s th e bo w l w hi l e
on -

e
,

th e r e st of i t fl o w s through th e j e t and ej e c ts th e w at e r ,

from th e c los e t T h e ej e c t e d w at e r e nt e rs t he o utl e t l e g of

.

t he c los et w hi c h i s us ually S O c onstru c t e d that th e o utl e t

,

c a n b e e as ily fi ll e d w ith w at e r o r th e ai r r a r i fi e d Wh e n .

th e outl e t l e g b e c om e s fi ll e d w i t h w at e r i t a c ts a s th e lo ng
l e g of a s iphon an d thu s S i phons th e c ont e nts Of th e bo wl
,
346 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P l u m bi n g
o

i nto th e so i l p ip e O n c e t he sipho ni c a ct i on i s start e d it

.

c onti nu e s until th e b o w l i s e mpty and e nough ai r ha s e n

t e r e d th e trap t o pr e v e nt fu rth e r siphonag e T h e c los et i s .

th e n r efi ll e d by th e aft e r w ash from t he tank or fl u sh valv e -

A S th e c ont e n t s of a siphon j e t c los e t ar e e j e c t e d by th e -

p r e ssur e of th e atmosph e r e on th e s urfa c e of th e w at e r in

th e bo w l it follo w s t hat a c onsi d e rabl e vol um e of ai r from
,

i n and arou n d th e c los e t w ill b e c arri e d into th e soil p ip e at

e a c h dis c harg e thus c arryi ng o ff th e most imp ur e ai r from
,

aroun d th e c los e t S om e si phon ac t ion c los et s ar e n ow

.
-

mad e w ith a j e t s o it i s hard t o disti ngu i sh on e typ e from

,

th e oth e r H o we v e r th e S iphon a c tion i s small e r and

.
,
-

u sually ha s a si d e fl ush c onn e ct i on w hil e th e S iphon j e t ha s ,

-

a t op c onn e cti on .

O n e Ob j e c tion t o th e siphon j et c l os e t i s th e liab ility -

of S hri nkag e c ra c ks or fi r e c ra c ks w hi c h allo w drai n ai r t o

e s c ap e i nto th e room O n a c c ount of th e diffic ulty of manu

.

fa c tu r e a larg e p e r c e ntag e of s iphon j e t c los e ts hav e thi s

,
-

co n c e al e d d e f e c t .

W all hu ng c los e ts ar e n ot si phon a c t i ng T h e y ar e

- -
.

blo w out c los e ts from w hi c h t he c ont e nts ar e ej e c t e d or

-

blo w n o ut by m e ans of a j e t of w at e r C los e ts ar e b ett e r .

i nstall e d r e sti ng on th e fl oo r than hu ng fro m w all or parti

ti on .

C L O S E T F L OOR F LAN GE S — N O c los e t c a n b e c ons i d e r e d .

p e rf e c tly sanitary w hi c h d e p e nds up on a p utty j oi nt gask et -

or sli p j o int f o r a s e al
-
T h e on e bad and we ak spot in
.

past p ra c ti c e ha s b ee n t he p oi nt w h e r e th e w at e r c los e t i s
c onn e c t e d t o th e soi l pip e E x p e ri e n c e ha s sho w n that
.

w h e r e a p utty j oi nt o r a rigi d gask e t j oi nt or s l i p c onn e c

-

,
-

tio n ar e us e d th e c los e t i s e ith e r brok e n or th e c onn e c tion

,

d e stroy e d w ithi n a S h o rt t im e af t e r t he c los e t i s i ns t all e d .

T hi s i s du e t o t he s ett l e m e nts and S hrinkag e s of th e bu ild

i ng o r th e s e ttl e m e n t s ex pansions and c ontra c tio ns of th e
, ,

dra i nag e syst e m .

T h e only sani t ary c onn e ct ion f or a w at e r c los e t i s a

j oi nt w hi c h i s n ot only tight w h e n i t i s p ut in but w ill ,

r e mai n s o d uring all t he c h ang e s and mov e m e nts w hi c h

t ak e p la c e w ithi n t he b u i l di n g A s man y a s 1 5 0 clo s e t s i
. n ,
34 8 P r i n c i p l es an d P r ac t i c e o f P lu m bi n g

tak e c ar e of any r e asonabl e s ettl e m e n t , shrinkag e or oth er ,

mov e m e nt of th e p ip i ng o r b u il d i ng T his fl ang e lik e th e .

,

B all j o int i s mad e tight a t t he fa c tory an d t e st e d b e for e

-

, ,

b e i ng s e nt o ut w hi c h o ught t o b e r eq uir e d of any fl ang e

,

b e for e S p e c ifyi ng I f t he mak e r i s n ot w illi ng t o s t and ba c k

.

of hi s goods f or fi v e y e ars th e sp e c ifyi ng ar c hit e c t s c anno t

,

b e ex p e ct e d to hav e mu c h c on fi d e n c e i n i t .

F L U S H TA N KS —W a t e r c los e ts sho ul d al w ays b e fl ush e d

w ith w at e r from fl ush tanks o r t hro ugh S p e c i ally c on ,

stru c t e d fl ush valv e s T h e r e ar e t wo r e asons f or th e s e

.

r eq u ir e m e nts : F i rst th e fl ush pi p e or fl ush valv e w i ll b e of

,

B a s e of 6 70 5

Fi g . 1 59

Mt l
e a -

to Me t a l
— Fl oo r F l a ge
n

s ufli c i en t S i ze t o s upply a larg e volum e of w at e r i n a short

p e ri o d of tim e t hus insuri ng a go o d fl ush ; s e c ond th e tank
, ,

ca n b e p rop or t ion e d or th e fl ush valv e r e gulat e d t o furni sh

a c e rt ain q uantity of w a t e r at e a c h fl ush .

F lush t anks ar e mad e w i t h c apa c iti e s rangi ng from 6

to 1 2 gallons I n larg e c i t y apartm e nt hous e s hot e ls and
.
,

l ik e b u i ldings w h e r e a c onsi d e rabl e volum e of w at e r i s g e n

,

e r a l l y fl o w i ng thro ugh th e ho us e drain tanks of small e r ,

c ap a c ity m ay b e us e d t han w ould b e r eq uir e d i n privat e

ho us e s or i n larg e c o untry i nstitutions w hi c h ar e lo c at e d a

c onsi d e rabl e distan c e from a tru nk s ewe r or oth e r pla c e of
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g 3 49

s ew ag e di sposal T h e r e aso n f or thi s i s that i n larg e c ity

.

bu ildi ngs if a s uffi c i e nt volum e of w at e r i s pro vi d e d i n

c lo s e t tank or fl ush valv e t o di s c harg e th e c ont e nts of a

c los e t i nto t he soi l sta c k it w i ll fall by gravi t y t o th e hou s e

,

drai n , w h e r e assi st e d by t he fl o w ing w at e r i n th e d rai n it ,

w i ll b e c arri e d t o th e str eet s ewe r T h e fu n c tio ns of th e

.

fl ushi ng w at e r i s t h e r e by p e rfo rm e d an d w a t e r e co nomi ze d

at th e sam e tim e O n th e oth e r hand ass i s t an c e from oth e r
.
,

sour c e s c annot b e d e p e nd e d u po n i n privat e b ui l di ngs an d

c ountry i nsti t u t i ons S O a suffi c i e nt volum e Of w at e r m ust b e
,

provi d e d that w i ll c arry th e c ont e nts of th e c los e t bo w l all

th e w ay to th e s t r ee t s ewe r C los e t t anks w i t h siphon fl ush
.

valv e s ar e g e n e rally us e d i n c o nn e c tio n w ith w ashdo w n and ,

hopp e r c los e ts w hil e S lo w c losi ng fl ush valv e s ar e us e d w ith

,
-

si phon j e t c ombi nati ons

-
.

F L U S H VA LV E S — F lu sh valv e s ar e m e c hani c ally s uc

c e s s f ul i n op e rati on b ut ar e s u itabl e o nly f or b ui ldi ngs s u p
,

pl i e d w i t h w at e r from a s t orag e tank T hi s do e s n ot m e an

.

t h e y w ill n ot op e rat e on di r e c t c i t y pr e ss ur e or t hat th e r e ,

i s any sani t ary r e ason f or s o i nstalli ng t h e m T h e tro ubl e .

li e s i n th e larg e si ze of p i p e r eq u i r e d I f all t he c los ets i n

.

a larg e c it y we r e s e rv e d di r e c t from t he c i t y mains thro ugh

fl u sh valv e s th e si ze of mai ns w o uld b e ex c e ss iv e
, .

F lush valv e s c anno t b e s u c c e ssfully us e d u nl e ss t h e r e i s

suffi c i e n t volum e and pr e ss ur e t o Op e rat e th e m For high .

p r e ssur e s e rvi c e th e y r eq u ir e a h e ad of a t l e ast t we n t y _f ee t ;

w h e r e t his h e ad i s u navailabl e S p e c i al lo w pr e ssu r e valv e s
,
-

S hould b e us e d .

F lush valv e s c a n b e r e gu lat e d to di s c harg e almost any

d e s ir e d q uan t i t y of w at e r at e a c h fl ush of a fix tur e The .

usual amou nt s vary from 4 t o 8 gallons w hi c h ar e d i s ,

c harg e d i n from 3 t o 6 s e c onds tim e I f t he s e rvi c e p ip e i s

’
.

n ot larg e e no ugh to supply t his q uanti ty of w at e r w ithi n th e

r eq u ir e d t im e a fl ush valv e c anno t b e s u c c e ssfully u s e d .

S I Z E O F P IP E S F O R F L U S H V A LV E S — C ar e must b e tak e n
w h e n i ns t alli ng fl ush valv e sys t e ms t o propor t i o n t he pip e s
s o e a c h valv e w i ll hav e an ad eq u a t e su pply of w at e r No .

p ip e i n t he s ys t e m shoul d b e small e r t han 1 i n c h i n di am e t e r ,

an d thr e e t o fiv e c los e ts is th e gr e a t es t n umb e r a 1 4 4 t 1

,
35 0 P r i n c i p l es and P r a c ti c e f P l u m bi n g
o

p i pe wi ll supply a t th e av e r age p r ess ur e of 3 0 po un ds .

Wh e n the r e ar e m o r e than four c l c s e ts i n a n in s ta ll a t i o n a ,

s a f e r ul e i s t o all o w i n t he s upply ma i n t he ca pa c i t y o f

-
in c h p i pe for ea c h c l c se t W h e n the l ar g e ba t t er y of
.

c lo se ts i s a t a pl a c e of p ubli c as s e mb l ag e l i k e a ba l l gr o un d ,

the al l o wan c e s ho ul d b e mi d w ay b et wee n 3g and 1 in c h f or

ea c h c los e t Wh e n th e r e ar e a gr ea t e r numb e r of c los e t s
t ha n 1 00 i n an omc e b ui l d n g i t ca n b e ass um ed t ha t a ll wil l
i
,

n ot b e op er at i ng a t t h e s a m e t i m e a nd an al l o wan c e of t he

ca p a c it y O f Eli HI GH p-
ip e b e m a d e f or al l the c lo s et s or Of a
1 in c h p ipe for t he gr ea t e s t pr ob a bl e num b er t hat will be
-

Ope ra t e d s imul t a n eo us ly .

M ERLE — m at si z e at wa t er m a i n wil l be r eq u i r e d t n sup p ly t wen t y c u e -

p i pe s , an d Tab l e LI sh c ws tha t a fi fe i n c h p i pe
-
ha s a ca pa ci ty c f

T h e s i ze s of p ipe s r e qui r e d f O r fl u h val v es d et e r mi n ed s

by t he f or e g c i n g r ul e ar e b a s e d on t he as su mp ti o n t hat a
ma in of a d e qu a t e s i ze i s p r o vi d e d f or th e group so the ,

l e ng t h of r un fr c m t he m ai n t o the fi rs t fl us h val v e wi ll n ot
b e ov e r t we nt y t o f c r t y f ee t d e p e ndi n g on t he pr e ss u r e t he
, ,

r an g e of p r e s s u r e b ei ng fr om t we nt y t o Si x ty po un ds If .

t h e r e i s a long r un of p i pe from t he s our c e of su pply t o the

gr oup c f c l c s e t s t o b e s e r v e d t he mai n mus t b e pro po r
t i o n e d t o t a k e c a r e of t he a d d it i o nal fr i c ti ona l r es i st an c e i n
th e p ip e s T h e ca p a c i t y of a 1 i n c h pi pe for ea c h c los e t i n
.
-

th e gro u p wi ll ta k e ca r e of t he fri ct i on .

T a b l e X CV I II gi v e s the s i ze O f p ipe req ui re d f o r a

s ingl e fl u s h val v e i n s t a ll a t i c n i t be i n g un d e r s tc od
, of co ur s e , .

tha t a s th e num b er c f wa t e r c lo s et s in c rea s e s the ra t io of ,

t he s i ze of p i pe b e e c m e s s mal l e r du e t o th e fa c t t ha t t he
'

s
,

s upp ly pi p i n g mus t onl y b e la r g e e no ugh t o t a k e ca r e of

the m axi m um numb e r of c lo s e ts tha t ar e li a bl e t o be Ope r

a t e d a t on e ti m e

SCH OO L S a rx s A M ) LATRI N E TR O U GH s —Sc h oo l si n ks

.

or la t r i n es ar e s c m et i m es in s ta l l e d i n sch oo ls ba rr a c ks , ,
3 52 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P lu m bi n g
o

s e parat e ly through t he roof or b e j oi n e d at c onsi d e rabl e

distan c e from t he rooms W h e n j oi n e d t o flue s from a d
.

j oi ni ng rooms th e y s e rv e a s sou nd co ndu c to rs from on e

room t o anoth e r .

I n c as e t he w at e r c los e ts a r e of th e siphon typ e or of ,

any d e s ign w hi c h c ontai ns a larg e volum e of w at e r and b ut

littl e soil i ng surfa c e v e ntilatio n of t he room w ill b e all that
,

i s n e c e ssary t he v e nt r e gi st e rs b e i ng lo c at e d ba c k of t he
,

c los e ts I f f or any r e ason the toi l e t room i s s o l oc at e d that

.

t he ai r i s h e avy and t he v e nti lati on c ons eq u e ntly sluggish ,

or if it i s approa c h e d by d e s c e n ding a f ew st e ps i nto t he

roo m e a c h c lo s e t of w hat e v e r typ e should b e v e nt e d

, \ ,

through a lo c al v e nt
havi ng at l e ast e ight
s q u ar e i n c h e s of
ar e a and c onn e c t e d
,

to a shaft havi ng a
p osi tiv e draft i n s u r
e d by m ec hani c al
m e ans I n many .

c as e s it i s b e tt e r t o

v e nt th e c los e ts or ,

th e room through
t he lo c al v e nts of
the c los e ts than t o ,
F i g 1 60
v e nt t he r o oms
.

T o i l e t R oo m V e t i l ator n

th rough r e gist e rs
lo c at e d ba c k of t he c los e ts ; but a s a rul e it i s b e tt e r t o v e nt
t he c los e t c ompartm e nts us e d by girls through r e gist e rs
b a c k of t he c los e ts than to v e nt th e m thro ugh lo c al v e nts
,

i n th e c los e ts .

UR I N A L S Uri nals sho ul d b e mad e from t he l e ast

.
-

ab sorb e nt and l e ast co rrosiv e o f mat e ri als and all e x pos e d ,

c onn e c tions ,
w alls fl oo r an d p artition shoul d b e e q ually
, ,

n on ab sorb e nt an d n on c orrosiv e
-
-
I f t he u ri nals or s ur
.

ro u ndings a r e abso rb e nt th e y w ill soon b e co m e saturat e d

W ith u ri n e and e m it a most pu ng e nt and di sagr ee abl e o dor .

I f mad e of c orrosiv e mat e ri als th e y w ill b e e n e rg e ti c ally

atta c k e d and d e stroy e d by t he u ri n e Stall u ri nals of
.
 P r i nc i p l e s an d P r a c ti c e f
o P l u m bi n g 353

v i t r eos w ar e are t he most satisfa c tory or th e l e ast

, j
ob e c

t i o n ab l e, and ar e b e st fl u sh e d w i th a foo t valve .

S LO P S I N K S .
— t o dra w w at e r f or
A slop si nk at w hi c h
s c rubb i ng and g e n e ral c l e ani ng an d in w hi c h t o e mpty s oil e d
s c r ubb i ng w at e r and oth e r s 10 p s sho ul d b e provi d e d i n
,

e v e ry bui ldi ng I n a r e si
.

d e n c e a slop s ink on t he s ec
on d fl oo r w i ll oft e n sav e th e

c ost of t he fix tu r e by p r o

t e eting the bath tub and

w at e r c los e t from t he we ar
and t e ar i n c i d e nt t o u si ng
t he m for dra w i ng and
e mptyi ng s c rub w at e r and
slop s Hot e ls offi c e b u il d
.
,

i ngs and oth e r larg e i n s t i tu

ti ons should hav e on e or
mo r e s l o p si nk s on e a c h
fl oor an d i n hospitals s lop
,

s inks ar e i nd isp e nsabl e o n

all fl oors .

I t i s e vi d e nt from t he
us e s of a slop si nk that i t
shoul d b e suppl i e d w ith hot
and c ol d w at e r an d i n addi ,

ti on ,hospital s l o p si nks
sho ul d b e fl u sh e d from an
ov e rh e ad tank or from a
fl ush valv e The c ont e nts of
.

b e d pans ar e e mpti e d into

-

hospital s i nks s o that t o a

,

c e rtai n e x t e nt th e y partak e
Fi g 1 6 1
of th e fu n c ti ons of a w at e r
.

H os p i t a l S l o p S i k n

c los e t and must th e r e fo r e b e

mad e and Op e rat e d lik e on e The o utl e t to slop si nks sho uld
.

b e unobstru c t e d by strai n e rs or c ross b ars s o th e w ast e p i p e ,

w ill r e c e iv e a g oo d fl u sh I n t he c as e of hosp ital si nks thi s

.

r eq u i r e m e nt i s absolut e on a c c o unt of th e i r d ual fu n c ti on

, .

A s th e y a r e i n t he natu r e of w at e r c lo s e ts th e y shoul d lik e

35 4 Pr i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P lu m bi n g

w i s e b e pro vi d e d w ith fl e x ibl e m e tal t o m e tal flo or fl ang e s

’

- -
.

Slop si nks ar e us ua l l y m a d e 1 0 t o 1 2 i n c h e s d ee p and

from 2 0 to 2 4 i n c h e s s q uar e T h e y a r e m ad e b o t h of i ron
.

and o f p or c e lain I ron slop si nks a r e mad e e ith e r plai n

.
,

galvani z e d or p or c e lai n e nam e l e d .

H OS P IT A L S LO P S I N K S —.A hospital s ink i s sho w ns l op

i n F ig 1 6 1
. The bo w l of t he s ink i s shap e d l ik e a c los e t
.

bo w l c onv e rgi ng to w ard t he o utl e t w hi c h i s larg e and u n ob

,

s t ru c t e d by a strai n e r . The sink i s fl ush e d thro u gh a flus h

i ng r i m a from a tank ov e rh e ad or from a fl ush valv e , and
, ,

i s also suppli e d w ith hot and c ol d w at e r through a c omb i n a

tio n c o ck , b T h e .

s lop s i nk i s a l so
if i t t e d w i t h a
c l e an s ing j et , c t o ,

w hi c h th e w a t e r
may b e t u rn e d on
b y hand valv e s a t
t he ba c k of t he
si nk o r by th e foot
valv e d on th e , ,

fl oor T h e nur s e .

or ord e rly e mpti e s

th e c ont e nt s of a
b e d p a n on th e -

right si d e of th e
s ink w h i c h i s
fl ush e d from th e
tan k , t he b e d p an -

is th e n i nv e rt e d
Fi g 1 6 2 and h e l d ov e r th e
H os p i t a l L a v a t or y
.

c l e an s i ng j et i n
th e l eft si d e of th e bo w l t o b e w ash e d
—
.

H OS P IT A L L A V AT O R Y . A lavatory su itabl e f or ho s pital

op e rating rooms i s sho w n i n F ig 1 6 2 . A hospital lava .

to ry diff e rs from a c ommon typ e o nly i n t he m ann e r of

op e rati ng t he supply and w ast e valv e s T his i s a ec om .

l i s he d by m e ans o f l e v e rs atta c h ed t o th e fl oo r and op e r

p
at e d by foot A hospital lavatory shoul d b e suppli e d w ith
.
356 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

bath w ill w ork sati sfa c torily w ith a l e ss p r e ssur e than 2 0

o r 2 5 po unds and a supply of t he full s i z e of th e fix tur e con
,

n e ct i on s c apabl e of d e l iv e ri ng fro m 3 0 t o 4 0 gallons of

w at e r p e r mi nut e E v e n th e n th e y w ill n ot w ork u nl e ss t he

.

w hol e wat e r s upply syst e m i s s o prop orti on e d that th e r e w i ll

n ot b e a drop of pr e ssur e b e lo w t he 2 0 p oun d lim it w h e n -

oth e r fixtur e s i n t he b u il di ng a r e b e i ng Op e rat e d Wh ere .

sho w e rs a r e fitt e d u p i n b att e ry t he supply mains to th e m ,

m ust b e s uffi c i e ntly larg e s o t he thro w i ng into s e rvi c e o r

c utti ng out of e ith e r t he hot o r c ol d w at e r of on e w ill n ot

aff e c t t he oth e rs . Small pip e s a r e t he c aus e of many fail

ur es of sho w e rs .Unl e ss t he supply mai ns ar e p ro p e rly
p roportion e d w h e n a b ath e r ha s t he w at e r f or hi s show e r
,

t e mp e r e d t o t he right d e gr e e it i s su dd e nly mad e e ith e r

,

ho tt e r o r c ol d e r by anoth e r sho w e r b e i ng turn e d on o r shut

O ff. T hi s w ill happ e n e v e n w h e n m i x i ng valv e s a r e u s e d ,

although t he fl u c tuati o n of t e mp e ratu r e w ill n ot b e noti c e

abl e i f t he syst e m i s rightly prop orti on e d or a L e onard typ e ,

of th e rmostati c mi x ing valv e u s e d A hand on this valv e i s

.

s e t at th e t e mp e ratur e of w at e r w ant e d and t he vari ation

from that t e mp e ratur e w i ll no t b e mor e than t wo d egr e e s .

A gr e at mi stak e i n insti tutional w o rk w h e r e a numb e r

Of sho w e rs a r e to b e u s e d i s i n g e tting t he show e r h e ads t oo
,

larg e i n diam e t e r and w ith t he p e rforation or hol e s t oo

larg e an d t oo num e ro us T hi s i s u nn e c e ssary from a pra e
.

ti c al standpoi nt f or a small sho w e r h e ad w ith small hol e s

‘

w ill giv e a s good r e sults ; an d it i s w ast e ful from an eco

nomi c standpoi nt f o r it w ill u s e t oo mu c h w at e r part Of
, ,

w hi c h ha s t o b e h e at e d By a c tual m e asu r e m e nt it wa s
.
,

fo und that on e sho w e r h e ad wa s using w at e r at th e rat e of

3 5 gallo ns p er m i nut e .

I n p ra c ti c e it i s fo u nd that a sho w e r h e ad 4 i n c h e s i n
diam e t e r havi ng 7 0 ho l e s of abo ut
, i n c h e a c h i s larg e
-

e no ugh f or all t he ordinary r e q ui r e m e nts of i nstitution o r

oth e r sho w e r w ork and i s at the sam e tim e parti c ularly s a v

,

i ng of w at e r . T his s i z e sho w e r h e a d Op e rat e s v e ry satis

f a ct or i l y at a l ow h e ad or pr e s sur e o w i ng t o t he i n c r e as e d
,

V e loc ity obtai n e d by t he us e of small spray hol e s

‘
.

I t i s f o u n d that a in ch p i pe w i th w at e r at 5 0 poun ds
-
 P r i n ci p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P lu m bi n g

pr e ssu r e w i ll s upply s i x 4 i n c h sho w e r h e ads e a c h havi ng 7 0

-

hol e s of -
i n c h diam e t e rs T hat i s t he v e ry small e st
.

s up ply f or that numb e r and e v e n at t he pr e ssur e stat e d i s

, ,

i n c li n e d t o b e small T hat i s it w o uld b e b e tt e r f or s i x

.
,

sho w e r h e ads of t he ki nd d e s c rib e d to p rovi d e larg e r

pli e s and a s t he p r e ssur e d e c r e as e s i n c r e as e t he si z e still
, ,

m or e.
35 8 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f
o P l u m bi n g

C HA P TE R X X X II
S WI M M I N G P O O LS

CO N S T R U C T I O N O F S W I M M I NG P OO L s —The stru c tu ral .

f e atur e s of a s w imming pool d e p e nd so m e w hat upon the

pla ce w h e r e it w ill b e lo c at e d an d p arti c ularly on w h eth e r
,

i t w i ll r e st on soli d fou ndati on or b e s usp e n d e d from th e

st ee l fl oor b e ams Of a b u ilding .

A s w immi ng po ol or plu ng e b ath b u ilt o n a soli d foun

, ,

dati on of e a rth or b e d ro c k c a n b e s e e n i n F i g 1 6 4
‘

It i s . .

ma d e of r e i nfor c e d c on c r et e w ith w alls of a thi c kn e ss p r o

portio nal t o the si z e an d d epth of t he tank T h e c onc r e t e .

w o ul d b e pour e d wet an d m i x e d w ith an i nt e gral w at e r

,

Fi g 1 64
Pl
.

un ge T an k
p roo fi ng c ompou nd I n ad dition t he bottom and w alls
.
,

w oul d b e w at e r proof e d by applying a c oating of asphalt or ,

som e oth e r goo d w at e r p roo fi ng mat e ri al ab out i n ch ,

-

thi c k lai d hot i n b urlap of 8 t o 1 2 oun ce w e ight th e n w hil e

, ,

still hot c ov e r e d w ith anoth r /z i n c h of th e w at e r p roo fi ng

e l -
360 P r i n c i p l es a nd P r acti c e of P l u m bi n g

gro un d w at e r at t he sit e ; o r i nst e ad of using br i c k th e ,

w at e r p roo fi ng mat e rial may b e lai d b e tw e e n two w a lls of

c on c r e t e an d t he i nn e r s urfa c e lin e d wi th t il e
, .

The b ottom of a s w imm i ng pool i s mad e slopi ng s o ,

th e r e w i ll b e goo d drai nag e towa r ds o n e poi nt and s o t he ,

tank w ill b e d ee p e r at on e e n d than at t he oth e r I n small .

tanks t he d e pth at the shallow e n d w i ll av e rage b e tw e e n

an d 4 f e e t an d 5 t o 6 f e e t at t he d e e p e n d
, I n large plung e .

b aths a d e pth of 7 t o 8 f e e t w ill b e fo u nd at t he d e e p en d

-

Fi g . 1 66

W ast C o
e n n ec t e d to P l u nge T an k
A gutt e r i s sho wn at th e surfa c e l e v e l of t he w at e r .

T hi s gutte r e xt e nds aro u nd all si d e s of t he pool s e rv i ng as ,

a n ov e rfl o w Also by turning on t he w ate r t he t op s c um or

.

fil m ca n b e s kimm e d O ff th e r e by ,
c arry ing o ff fl oati ng
imp uriti e s from the surfa c e A railing is sho w n about a
.

foot b e lo w the l e v e l of t he gu tt e r .

A hanging or s usp end e d swimmi ng p ool i s sho w n I n

Fi g 1 6 5
.
T h
.
e d e tails o f c onstru c ti o n a r e v e ry c l e arly
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f
o P l u m bi n g 36 1

sho w n . The b e ari ng w alls of t he b u i ldi ng mu st b e mad e

stro ng e nough t o sustai n t he tr e m e n do us w e ight of t he p ool
w h e n i t i s fi ll e d w ith w at e r and do ub l e I b e ams w ill b e
,

r e q u i r e d at fr e q u e nt i nt e rvals to su ppo rt t he fram e w ork Of

t he tank . The fram e w ork i s mad e o f I b e ams an d c hann e l
i rons and i nsi d e of t he fram e w ork a st e e l tank i s bu ilt a s a
,

c asi ng f or t he plu ng e T his tank m ust b e mad e of s uf

.

fi c i e n t l y h e avy plat e s to sustai n t he w e ight of li ning an d

w at e r w ithout b e ndi ng or yi e ldi ng b e tw e e n supp orts The .

i nsi d e of t he tank i s w at e r p roof e d an d l i n e d a s e x plai n e d

i n t he c as e of tanks r e sti ng on t he grou n d .

The w ast e and ov e r fl o w c onn e c tions t o a s w im m i ng

pool i s sho w n i n F ig 1 6 6 The ov e r fl o w pi p e i s mad e larg e
. .

e nough t o c arry
off a s mu c h w at e r
as can b e di s
c harg e d i nto t he

tank by t he s up
ply p ip e s an d t he
,

w a s t e pi p e i s
m a d e l a rge
e nough t o e mpty

t he tank i nsi d e of
an hou r .

Som e t i m e s
Fi g 1 6 7
s w imm ing p ools
H a d R a i l S u p p or t
.

a r e lo c at e d b e lo w

t he l e v e l of t he str e e t s ew e r i n w hi c h c as e th e c ont e nt s o f
,

t he tank must b e e l e vat e d to t he s e w e r w h e n e mptyi ng by

m e ans of pumps O rdinari ly a c e ntrifugal p ump di r ec t
.

c o nn ec te d to an e l e c tri c motor i s us e d f o r thi s p urpos e .

O n e m e tho d of atta c hi ng an c hors f o r t he s upp ort of

hand rails i s sho w n i n F ig 1 6 7 A pi e c e Of p i p e fl att e n e d
. .

at on e e n d t o k e e p from turni ng and thr e ad e d and b e nt at

t he right angl e i s b ui lt i nto t he w all
, T h e n w h e n t he
.

gla z e d b ri c k or til e a r e i n pla c e t he rail c a n b e fi ni sh e d by

p utti ng t he c ast b rass sk e w plat e s o n t he an c hor pip e s , th e n
s c r e w i ng i nto pla ce th e c ast b rass ri ng h e ads .

HE AT I NG WAT ER FOR S W I M M I NG P ooL s .

-
Th e w at e r i n
362 P r i n ci p l es an d P r ac ti c e f P lu m bi n g
o

a s w i m m i ng p ool i s g e n e rally h e at e d by c i r c ul ating it

through a st e am w ate r h e at e r Som e tim e s w h e n th e pool i s
.

at a hi gh e r l ev e l than t he bo il e r ro om a simpl e gravity s ys ,

t e m of h eati ng by m e a ns of a c oal w at e r h e at e r s uc h a s i s
sho w n i n F i g 1 6 8 i s e mploy e d
. The c ol d w ate r s up ply i s
.

c onn e c t e d t o t he h e ate r an d b y p a ss e d to the pool s o w at e r

‘

, ,

c a n b e s uppl i e d di r e c t or thro ugh t he h e at e r I n v e ry small .

ta n ks only o n e i nl e t an d outl et c onn e c ti on w ill b e n e c e ssary ,

b ut in larg e tanks m ulti pl e c onn e c ti ons giv e a b e tt e r d i s tr i

b ut i on and c i r c ulation
w at e r of t he .

The us ual m e thod of

h e ating w at e r f or s w imm ing
pools i s sho w n i n F i g 1 6 9 The . .

h e ate r w hi c h i n thi s c as e i s an
,

ordi nary f ee d wat e r h e ate r i s -

.

c onn e c t e d up so e ith e r l iv e s t e am

o r e x haust st e am c a n b e us e d
-

A p ump i s us e d for c i r c ulati ng

t he w at e r an d t he c onn e c tions ,

H e ati g P l u g e
n n to th e p ump ar e c ross c onn e cte d
W i t h w at e r H ea t e r
to the s e w e r s o t he w at e r from ,

th e pool c a n b e di sc harg e d by th e p ump i nto t he c ity s ew e r .

S TE R I LI Z AT I O N O F S W I M M I NG P OO L WA TER —The w at e r
-

i n a s w i mmi ng p ool b e c om es c onta mi nat e d v e ry q u i c kly

w h e n i n us e e a c h b ath e r c o ntrib uti ng som e to w ards this
,

st at e of affai rs S e ri ous i nf e c tions hav e b e e n tra ce d d i r e c tly

.

t o u ns a ni ta ry p oo l s The D etroit B oard of H e alth took

.

wee kly sampl e s of a p ool f or a p e ri o d of on e y ea r D u ri ng .

 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

standard e stablish e d a s ye t how e v e r s o t he p r a c ti c e la c ks

, ,

uniformity The C al i fornia Stat e B oard of H e alth Off e rs

.

t he followi ng a s a stan dar d f or t he b a c t e ri al purity of wat e r .

i n swimming p oo ls w hi c h w i ll ans w e r unti l a national

,

s ta ndard i s a dopt e d
“
All t he w at e r i n the pool and appl i e d t o t he p ool shall

Fi g . 1 70
S wi m m i ng P oo l P l an

be onti nu ously saf e hygi e ni c ally

c A s a t e ntativ e standard
.
,

a total b ac t e ri al c ount of c oloni e s p e r c ub i c c e ntim e t e r

o n agar in c ubat e d at
, d e gr e e s C and a B C oli co unt of .
, .

1 p e r c ub i c c e ntim e t e r i s s e t for t he pool wat e r i n any part

,

of t he pool e x am in e d within 4 8 hours aft e r sampli ng .

“
All t e sts a r e t o b e mad e i n a c c ordan ce w ith t he lat e st

Fi g . 1 71
S wi m m i n g P oo l Se ct i o n

m etho ds of t he Am e ri c an P ubl i c H e alth Asso c iatio n

The dil ution m
.

e tho d i s now g e n e rally e mploy e d t o main

tai n t he p urity of t he wat e r i n a swimmi ng pool The dil u .

tion m etho d c onsists of supplying a wat e r that i s originally

pur e di strib uti ng that wat e r e v e nly and u niformly through
,

out th e t a n k a nd s u ppl yi n g i t i n suffi c i e nt qua nt ity to i n s u r e

,
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P lu m bi n g 365

fr eq u e nt c hang e s of t he wat e r i n t he pool T hi s i s don e by .

r e c i r c ulati ng t he wat e r through c l eansi ng an d h e ati ng appa

ratu s an d b a c k agai n t o t he pool
, .

I n F i g 1 7 0 i s shown t he plan of a s w immi ng pool an d

.
,

i n F i g 1 7 1 a s e c ti on through t he s am e pool
. I n F ig 1 7 2 . .

ca n b e s e e n t he layout of ap paratus s e rvi ng t he p ool R ef .

e r e n c e l e tt e rs r e f e r t o all thr e e i llustrati ons I t w i ll b e .

obs e rve d that t he i nl e ts a r e a t on e e n d of t he tank and t he ,

o utl e ts at t he oth e r W at e r i s dra w n from t he pool and

.

W A TE R S UP P LY TO PO OL IN LE TS

h — TO S E W E R FR O M P O O L DRA N I
Fi g 1 72
P oo l
.

Lay -

ou t of A pp arat u s Se rv i n g

fo r c e d thro ugh t he fi lt e r A by m e ans of p ump B , , F rom , .

t he fi lt e r t he w at e r fl o w s to t he h e at e r C or i s b y pass e d , ,
-

arou n d t he he at e r if the w at e r i s w arm e nough F rom th e .

h e at e r it fl o w s through a batt e ry of t wo u ltra vi ol et ray

st e ril i z e rs w hi c h a r e g e n e rally u s e d f or th e st e rili z i ng of
,

w at e r i n swimmi ng p ools The fi lt e rs c larify th e w at e r

.
,

t he h e at e r h e ats it and t he ultra V i ol e t ray apparatus st e ri l

,

i z e s t he w ate r The apparatus i s s o c onn e c t e d that n e w

.

w at e r from t he c ity mai ns ca n b e mad e pass through fi lt e r ,

h e at e r and st e rili z e r b e for e dis c hargi ng i nto t he po ol .

 Pr i n c i p l es an d Pr a c ti c e f P lu m bi n g
o

C HA P TE R X X X III
AP P END IXE S

D E CI M A L F R A C T I O N S O F A FOOT —M e asur e m e nts

. ex

pr es s e d i n fra c tions of an i n c h c a n b e c onv e rt e d i nto d e c imal

fra c tions of a foot by the follo w i ng rul e
R ule —M u l t i p l y t he m eas ur em en t e xp r es s e d in fr a c ti on s
of an i n c h by an d d i v i d e t he n u m er a t or o f t he p r od uc t
by t he d en om i n a t or ; t he qu ot i en t wi l l b e t he c or r es p on d i n g

fr a c ti on of a f oot exp r e s s e d a s a d ec i m a l .

EX M L
A P E — R e duc e inc h to a d e c i m a l fraction of a foot .

S OL UTI O —374 X z Answ r

N
/
3 48 . 06 2 5 . e .

For onv e ni e n c e i n re f e r e n c e T abl e X CI X of d e c imal

c ,

eq uival e nts Of a foot f or e a c h of an i n c h i s app e nd e d .

D e c imal fra c tions of a foot ca n b e c onv e rt e d to c ommon

fra ctio ns of an in c h by r e du c i ng t he d e c imal to a common
fra c ti on of lo we st d e nomi natio n and d ivi ding it by
EXA M P L E —R e duc e . 06 2 5 of a foot to a fraction of an inc h .

S OL UTI O N and 3
74 . A nsw r
e .

D EC I M A L E QU IVA L EN T S OF A N I NC H .
—M e as ur e m e nts
that a r e e x pr e ss e d i n fra c ti ons Of an i n c h ca n b e c onv e rt e d
i nto d e c imal fra c ti ons by divi di ng t he num e rator by th e
d e no m i nat o r .

—
EXA M P L E W h at is the d e ci m a l e q ui v a l e nt of o f an inc h ?

S OL U T IO N —1’
7s 1 8 z 12 5 A n swe r
. . .

F ra c tions Of an in c h e x pr e ss e d a s d e c imals c a n b e con

v er t e d to c o mm o n fra c ti ons of an i n c h by c hangi ng the
d e c i m al t o a c ommo n fra c tion and th e n r e du c i ng it t o i t s
,

lo we st t e r m s D e c imals c a n b e c hang e d t o c ommon fra c

.

tion s by us i ng the d e c imal f or a num e rato r and w riti ng ,

b e lo w it f or d e nominator 1 w i th a s many c i ph e rs ann exe d

,

as th e r e ar e d e c imal pla c e s i n t he num e rato r .

E XA M P L E —R e duc e . 12 5 to a co mm on fraction .

S OL UT IO N A nsw r e .

1 000
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g 369

D e c imal eq u ival e nts of fra ctions of an i n c h ca n be

fou nd i n T abl e C .

T AB L E C . D e c i m al E q ui v a l e n t s of F ra c t i on s of a n In c h

I
I

I
I

I
I

D EC I M A L S O F A S QUA RE FOU L —M e asu r em e nts t ak e n i n

s q uar e i n c h e s c a n b e c o nv e rt e d i nto d e c imals of a s q u ar e
fo ot by divi di ng th e numb e r Of s q u ar e i n c h e s by 1 44 w hi c h ,

i s th e numb e r of s q uar e i n c h e s c ontai n e d i n a s q uar e foot .

EX A M P L E —E x pr e ss 20 s q uar e inc h e s as a de ci m a l o f a s q uar e foot .

S OL UTI O N — 2 0 s q uar inc h s e e

20
14 4
—
2 0 Z 1 44 . 1 38 . A nsw r e .

S q uar e i n c h e s e x pr e ss e d a s d e c imals of a s q uar e foot

c a n b e fo u nd i n T abl e CI .

To r e du ce d e c imals of a s q uar e foot t o s q uar e i n c h e s ,

multiply th e d ec imal by 1 4 4 .

EX A M P L E —R e d uc e 1 388 of a foot to s q uar e inc h e s

. .

S OL U TI O N X 1 44 2 20 s q uar e inc h e s n e ar l y . A nsw r e .

ARE A O F A C I RC L E — To fi nd th e ar e a
of a c i r c l e s q uar e ,

th e d iam e t e r and multi ply by 7 85 4 S q uari ng t he d iam et e r . .

m e ans multi plyi ng t he l e ngth of t he di am e t e r by its e lf .

E X A M P L E —Wh at is t he ar e a of a circ l e h a v ing a dia m e t e r of 20 fe e t ?

S OL U T IO N —2 0 X 20 X . 785 4 s q uar e fe e t . A sw r
n e .

D I A ME T ER O F A C I RC LE —W h e n
ar e a of a c i r c l e i s t he
kno w n t he diam e t e r c a n b e fo und by divi di ng t he a r e a by
,

7 8 5 4 and extra c ting t he s q u ar e ro ot

. .
3 70 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

EX A M P L E —Wh at is t he dia m e t e r o f a circ l e h av ing an ar e a of

s q uar e fe e t ?
S OL UTI O N . 78 54 400 and d 4 00 20 f t Answ r
ee . e .

TAB L E CI . S q ua r e I n c hes i n D e c i m a l s
'

of a S q ua re Foot

S q u re
a S q u re
a S qu re
a S q u a re
I ch
n Fo t
o I h
nc Foo t

Li f e of Ca s t I r on P i p e s
T h e q u e sti on oft e n aris e s how long w ill c ast iron pip e
,

las t w h e n b u ri e d i n the e a r th T hi s q u e stion c an n ot b e

.
3 72 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

gr e atly short e n e d Som e c h e mi c al c onditions of so il w hi c h

.

w ill sho rt e n t he lif e of pip e will doubtl e ss also b e m e t w ith .

L e n gt h of L i f e of Wr ou g h t I r on Gas P i p e

Lik e w i th c ast i ron p ip e b uri e d i n t he gro und any ,

stat e m e nt abou t w rought p ip e that w ould b e c orr ec t i n on e

lo c ality might b e e ntir e ly wro ng i n anoth e r i t s lif e d e p e nd ,

i ng larg e ly upo n t he c h e mi c al c omposition of t he land

through w h i c h it runs T h e r e a r e c as e s wh e r e pi p e s whi c h
.

ha d b e e n i n b ut 1 0 y e ars upon e x ami nation w e r e fo und t o

,

b e badly d e c ompos e d w hil e i n anoth e r lo c ality whi c h p i p e

,

that h a d b e e n u nd e r gr o u nd 2 5 y e ars w h e n un c ov e r e d sho w

e d b ut littl e si gns of d e c ay T h is r e f e r s t o t he outsi d e
.

s urfa c e only C as e s a r e rar e ho we v e r w h e n p ip e w oul d

.
, ,

b e s o aff e c t e d i n 1 0 y e ars a s t o r e q u i r e r e pla c i ng W hil e .

c h e mi c al a c ti o n fi gur e s larg e ly in c ons i d e ring thi s q u es tion

it i s n ot t he only thing t o tak e into a c co u nt w h e n c onsi d e r

i ng th e lif e of g a s p i p e E l ec trolysi s i s li abl e t o b e mor e
.

d e stru c tiv e i n i t s atta c ks than t he ordi nary c h e mi c al s of th e

e arth . I t w ill b e s e e n th e r e for e that it i s q u it e i m po s s i bl e
, ,

t o giv e any d e fi nit e data on t he s ub j e c t b ut und e r ordi na r y ,

c i r c umstan c e s c u t ting o u t t he possibiliti e s o f e l e c troly s i s

and e sp e c i ally c orros iv e so il 2 5 y e ars w oul d b e about as

,

long a lif e a s t he av e rag e u nd e rground g a s pip e w oul d la s t ,

s o far a s ou ts i d e d e t e riorati on i s c on ce rn e d W h e n th e .

i nn e r s urfa ce i s c ons i d e r e d ho w e v e r an e nti r e ly diff e r e nt

, ,

pro bl e m i s p r e s e nt e d T h e r e we hav e th e q u ality of th e g as

.

t o c onsi d e r .

For i nstan c e g a s pip e s w hi c h f o r y e ars gav e p e rf e c t

,

satisfa c tion w hil e c oal g a s wa s b e ing dis trib ut e d b e c am e

, ,

e nti r e ly us e l e ss from t he e ff e c ts of t he g a s w h e n adult e rat e d ,

g a s w a s for c e d through t he mai ns naphthal e n e and rust

,

a c c umulating t o s u c h an e x t e nt a s t o stop t he flow of g a s

e nti r e ly. A s a rul e g a s p ip e s suffe r mor e from t he i nsi d e
than t he o uts i d e p arti c ularly i n t he c as e of small p ip e s
,

w h e r e t he imp u riti e s and c ond e nsation hav e a b e tt e r c han c e

t o w ork on t he e nt i r e su rfa c e maki ng small pip e s sho rt e r
,

liv e d than t he larg e r on e s .

And w hil e a goo d si z e d p i p e m i ght b e i n fai rly goo d

 P r i n ci p l e s an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g 3 73

c onditio n at t he a g e of 2 5 t he small e r si z e d mi ght b e fi ll e d

,

w ith rust an d c ond e nsatio n an d b e c ond e m n e d at 1 5 Und e r .

favorabl e c o nditio ns goo d g a s et c th e r e i s n o r e aso n w hy

, , .
,

p ip e of s ufli c i e n t si z e s should n ot b e goo d f or 2 5 y e ars at

‘

l e ast c ond u c ting e ith e r g a s o r w at e r

, .

The S he rar di z i n g P r oc e s s

T h e pro c e ss of sh e rardi z in g m e tals i s b e c omi ng s o e x

t e n s i v e l y u s e d i n t he manufa c tu r e of plumbi ng mat e ri als ,

that a b e tt e r kno w l e dg e of t he p ro ce ss shou ld b e had by all

e ngag e d i n th e b u si n e ss .

I n t he c o urs e of som e e x t e nsiv e e x p e ri m e nts w rit e s ,

T homas Ligg e tt i n The F ou n d r y f or t he pu rpos e of imp rov ,

i ng c as e hard e ni ng m e thods e arly i n t he t w e nti e th c e ntu ry

-

, ,

D r Sh e rard CO p e w C o w l e s S p ri nkl e d som e z i n c dust on a

.
-

pi e c e Of st e e l and sub j e c t e d t he w hol e t o t he ordi nary c as e

hard e ni ng pro c e ss and at a t e mp e ratur e l e ss than t he m e lt
i ng p oi nt o f z in c—l e ss than 7 8 8 d e gr ee s F ahr e nh e it W h e n .

th e mat e rial c ool e d he fou nd that t he st e e l wa s c oat e d w ith

,

a thi n l ay e r of z i n c Aft e r tho rough an d e x haustiv e t e sts

.

it wa s fou nd that thi s c oati ng gav e t he u nd e rlyi ng m e tal

b e tt e r p rot e c tio n than that Obtai n e d by t he w e ll kno w n ho t
pro c e ss or galvani z i ng a s thi s i s kno w n
, .

The e ss e nti al apparatus n e c e ssary i n a sh e rardi z i ng

plant i s an ov e n larg e e no ugh t o r e c e iv e t he r e torts or
drums w hi c h c ontai n t he mat e ri al t o b e tr e at e d T h e larg .

es t r e torts i n u s e to day a r e 2 6 i n c h e s i n di am e t e r and 2 3

f ee t lo ng d e sign e d f o r m e r c hant pip e

, The r e to rts ar e .

load e d w ith t he mat e ri al t o b e tr e at e d and z i n c du s t or dro ss ,

pla c e d i n the ov e n and sub j e c t e d to t he h e at from any of

t he c ommon fu e ls provi di ng that an e v e n t e mp e ratur e m a y
,

b e maintai n e d . The r e to rts a r e l e ft i n t he ov e n f or a short

p e rio d at a c o nstant t e mp e ratu r e and th e n r e mov e d When .

th e y c a n b e handl e d th e y a r e Op e n e d and t he mat e ri al an d

,

u nu s e d dust a r e dump e d o n a s c r e e n o r grati ng The d ust .

falls through and i s r e ady t o b e us e d agai n The mat e rial .

i s fi nish e d and fou nd to b e c ov e r e d w ith a c onti nuous uni

.
,

for m c oati ng O f z i n c i ron alloy , wi th a v er y t h i n coat i n g of

metal l i c zi nc on th e s u rfa c e .
3 74 P r i n ci p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P lu m bi n g

NO matt e r how I rr egular t he shap e of the mat eri al it ,

ha s a uniform c o ati ng an d e v e rything i s r e p ro du c e d .

An i n c ons i d e rabl e amou nt o f s up e r fi c i al mat e ri al i s

add e d by t he sh e rardi z ing pro ce ss The z in c dust whi c h i s
.

us e d i n t he pro ce ss i s a s e c on dary pro du c t from a z i n c

sm elt e r an d i s r e c ov e r e d i n the fi n e s The dust i s c om .

p os e d of from 8 5 t o 9 2 p e r c e nt m e talli c z in c abo ut 7 p e r

.
,

c e nt z i n c o x i d e and som e oth e r imp uriti e s w hi c h a r e n ot in

.

s uffi c i e nt q u antiti e s to work any i n j u ry Z in c dross also .

c a n b e u s e d i nst e a d of dust and i t ha s i t s a dvantag es It i s .

t he mat e ri al w hi c h s e t tl e s t o the bottom of a galvani z ing

k e ttl e . Aft e r tr e ati ng it n o diffi c ulty i s foun d i n p ul v e r i z
,

ing it for u s e W hil e th e r e hav e b e e n s e v e ral th e ori e s a d

.

v a n ce d as to t he a c tio n w hi c h tak e s pla ce i n t he r e torts or

drums d uring t he p ro ce ss t he f ol l owm g fa c ts alon e a r e

,

kno w n
I f m etalli c z i n c c ont e nt i n t he dust i s k e pt c onstant
th e r e i s on t he sam e c lass O f mat e ri als e q u al w e ights of
c oati ng un d e r t he sam e t e mp e ratu r e and tim e O f tr e atm e nt
, .

Z i n c do e s n ot b e gin to d e posit u nti l t he mat e ri al ha s

r e a c h e d t he t e mp e ratur e at w hi c h magn e ti c o x i d e of i ron
app e ars .

I ron w h i c h o x i di z e s with diffi c ulty sh e rardi z e s w ith ,

diffi c ulty .

The c onti nuity of the z i n c dust c oati ng wh e n prop e rly ,

appli e d i s e q ual to and i n t he ma j ority of c as e s sup e ri or t o

,

t he hot galvani z e d c o ati ng W hil e it i s tru e und e r t he

.
, ,

mi c ros c op e the z in c i ron al loy sho ws c ra c ks o r fi ssur e s ,

th e s e a r e of s u c h m inut e dim e ns ions that nothi ng c a n g e t

thro ugh to t he un d e rlyi ng m etal .

The a dh e r e n c e O f this allo y is v e ry t e na c ious The .

durab i lity o f the alloy c oati ng i s gr e at although it i s a littl e ,

mor e b rittl e tha n p ur e z i n c an d has a slight t e nd e n c y to

fl ak e if b e nt thro ugh a sharp angl e The m e tal whi c h i s .

e xp os e d aft e r t he fl aki ng i s still r e s ist e nt t o c orrosion ,

w hi c h sho w s that t he und e rlyi ng m e tal i s n ot ex pos e d The .

r e s istan c e of t he allo y to c orrosiv e ag e n c i e s i s mu c h gr e at e r

than w ith t he z i n c c oating I n t e sti ng sh e rardi z e d mat e ri al
.

the m t h d m os t f tl d i th P i G P P QI’ '

u s e r e s s? O O
e o r e
q eg y u se .
376 P r i n ci p l e s an d Pr a c t i c e o f P lu m bi n g

ba ck fil l i n g w ill be abo ut 1 2nts th us ma ki ng the tota l c ost

ce ,

p e r yard o nly 3 1 c e nts I t is s e ldom that s to n e whi c h m ust

.

be dri ll e d a nd blast ed will c os t mor e than

, p e r cu yd . .

I ce
F r ee zi ng of wat e r i s t he c a use of m u c h tr o ubl e i n
plum b i ng syst e ms .B ur st p ip e s a nd v es s e ls t he most com ,

mon dama g e i s c a us e d b y t he e xp ans io n of w ate r w h e n it

,

turn s fro m t he fl ui d to the s oli d stat e Wh e n it fr ee zes .

,

w at e r in c r ea s e s i n volum e 1 0 p e r ce nt so that t e n vol um e s .

,

of w at e r prod u c e 1 1 vo lum e s of i ce F r es h w at e r un d e r
.
,

ordin a ry c ir c um s ta n c es wh e n it r ea c h e s t he t e mp e rat ur e of
,

3 2 d e gr ee s F ahr e nh e it pass e s to t he so li d stat e or c rystal

, ,

i z e s into i c e .

W at e r i n fr ee zi ng al ways e xpands If it b e s o c o n fi n e d .

th a t e xp ans io n is i mposs ib l e it r e mai ns li qui d e v e n at t e m

,

p e r a t ur es far b e l o w t he fr ee zi n g p o int ; b ut t he ins t a nt t he

pr e ss ur e i s r e mov e d th e w at e r fr ee z e s into so li d i ce A s
, .

th e r e i s a c ons ta nt eff o rt on t he p art of wat e r e xp o s e d t o

fr ee z in g t e mp er atur e s to form i ce a nd as a v e ry c o ns i d er,

ab l e p res s ur e i s n ee d e d t o c o un t e rbala n ce its e xp an s i v e

for c e t he low e r t he t e mp e ra t ur e the gr ea t e r t he pr es s ur e
,

bec om es . At a t e mp e ratur e O f 3 0 d e gr ee s F ahr e nh ei t th e

pr es sur e amo unts to 1 4 6 atm osp h e r e s o r t he w e ight Of a ,

c ol um n of i ce on e mi l e hi gh ; or 1 3 8 to ns p e r s q uar e foo t .

C o ns eq u e ntly wh e n wate r fr ee ze s at a lo w e r t e mp e ra t ur e
, ,

t he pr e ssur e on th e wal ls of its e n c lo s i ng v e ss e l e x c e e d s 1 3 8

tons p e r s q uar e foot B o m b sh e ll s a nd c ann o n fill e d w ith
.
-

w at e r an d h e rm e ti c all y s ea l ed ha v e be e n b urst i n fr ee z i n g
,

w ea th e r by t he e xp an s io n of t he fr ee z i ng w at e r wi thi n
th e m . W h e n wate r is un d e r p r e s sur e for e v e ry a tm os ,

p he r e of p r es s ur e tha t i s for e v e ry
, , poun ds to t he
sq uar e in c h t he fr ee zi n g po int i s lowe r e d by 007 5 d egr ee
, .

C e nti grad e .

M U L T I P LE S H R I N K A GE O F F LOO R BEA M S —I n b uil d in g s .

of w oo d e n fl oo r c o ns t ru c ti o n th e r e i s mor e to c ons i d e r tha n

t he m e r e s hr i nka g e of on e d e p th of fl oo r j ois t T h e r e is the .

mul ti pl e shri nkage of the s e v e ral t i e rs of j o ist s B uil di n gs .

 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P l u m bi n g
o 3 77

ov e r fi v e stori e s i n h e ight s e ldom hav e w oo d e n fl oo r b e am s ,

a ltho ugh up to that h e ight th e y a r e t he rul e rath e r than

th e e x c e ption. I f we tak e a s an e x ampl e th e n t he multipl e , ,

shri nkag e i n a thr e e story b uil di ng it w ill d o t o e x plai n t he

-

c as e
. I n F ig 1 7 3 i s sho w n th e fram ew ork of an ordi nary
.

bu ildi ng w h e n prop e rly put tog e th e r T hi s illustratio n .

sho w s a r ow of b ri c k p i e rs i n th e c e ntr e Of t he b u ild i ng

s upporti ng a 1 0 x 1 2 gi rd e r o n w hi c h r e sts the c e ntr e b e ar
i ng partiti on t o c arry t he fl oo r b e ams f or t he upp e r fl oors .

THIQ D Fum e

Fi g . 1 73

F ra m wor k o f
e O r d i ar y B u i l d i
an n n g
W h P ro p r l y P t T o g t h r
en e u e e

I t w i ll b e Obs e rv e d that e a c h ti e r of b e ams r e sts on a plat e

mad e o f t wo 2 x 4 an d from th is plat e t he stu d di ngs a r e
e r e c t e d f o r th e n e x t ti e r of b e ams I f t he total shri nkag e
.

f o r t he thr ee flo ors b e n ow c omp ut e d it w ill b e s e e n that t he

1 0 x 1 2 gi rd e r ha s shrunk app ro x imat e ly i n c h and t he ,

t w o p lat e s on w hi c h t h e s e co n d and thi rd floo r b e ams r e st ,

3 78 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P l um bi n g
o

e a c h b e i ng 4 i n c h e s d e e p shri nk appro x imat e ly

, in c h
e ac h T h e total shri nkag e f or t he t hird fl oo r th e r e for e
.

w o uld b e plus plus e q ual s of an in c h The .

dott e d li n e sho w s the o riginal p o siti on of th e j oi sts and t he ,

soli d li n e s t he position aft e r s hri nkag e ha s tak e n pla c e It .

might b e w e ll t o add that c arp e nt e rs a r e a w ar e of thi s

'

shrinkag e of t i m b e r s a n d i n b u il di ng mak e t he fl oors high e r

i n the ce ntr e than at t he w alls t o allo w f o r t he shri nkage
s o t he fl oors w ill b e ab o ut l e v e l w h e n t he b uil di ng ha s dri e d

ou t .

TH l Q D F u m e

a be t/f 75 m c /r

a bet/ f Z; Mai
“

Fi g . 1 74
F ra m e wor k of a C om m o l y C o tr ct d
n ns u e B ui ldi ng

B ut bui ldi ngs a r e n ot al w ays e r ec t e d a s th e y should b e .

I n t he i llus trati on F ig 1 7 4 i s sho w n how th e y c ommonly

, .
,

a r e c onstru c t e d T hi s m e thod Of frami ng sav e s a foot i n

.

l e ngt h of e v e ry stu dding at e a c h flo or and f or this r e aso n i s ,

mor e oft e n follo w e d than the b e tt e r m e tho d .

The diff e r e n c e t o t he plumb e r and fi tt e r ho w e v e r w ill , ,

b e r e adily s ee n I nst e ad of all fl oors r e sti ng o n a partition

.

s u pp ort e d by a gi rd er s o t he re w oul d b e no shri n ka ge to

Pr i n c i p l e s an d P r a c ti c e f
o P l u m bi n g

W B FR A N K L I N
. .
,

P r ss
e of L yo n Arm or
P hi la d lp hi a
e . Pa .
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f
o P l u m bi n g 381

IND E X

A bsorption and R a d iation of H at e

A cid and A l ka l i F i br C o duit for , e n

A cid and A l ka l i Wast s P iping for e ,

A cids R sistanc o f M tal s and A ll o y s to

, e e e

A ction of Wind on Wind mi ll s

A ir Ch a m b rs e

A ir C h a mb rs e

A ir L akag Eff ct of on a S ip h on
e e, e

A ir L k in P l um bing
oo s

A l ka l i and A cid F i br C onduit for , e

A l k l i and A cid Wast s P iping f

a a e , or

A ll o y s d M tal s R sistanc of to A cids

an e , e e

A pparatus D acti v ating , e

A pparatus D A rating , e -

A pparatus D o idi ing , e x z

A pparatus Wat r H ating , e e

A pp l ianc s S a f t y e , e

A r a and Yar d Drai ns

e .

A r a of a C irc l
e e

A uto m atic Wat r H at rs e e e

Back P r e ssur e on Traps

-

Back Ve nting T raps

-

Boi l e r C onn e ctions

B l o w O ff T anks
-

Boi l e rs C opp e r ,

B oi l e rs R ang e ,

B oi l ing P oint of Wat e r

Boost e r H e at e rs
B rass P ip e
Bui l dings S e t t l e m e nt and S h ri n kag e of
,

C apacit y of Drains R unning F ull

C apacit y of P ip e s Disch arging ,

C apacit y of P u m ps
C apacit y of S e we r P ip e s .

C apacit y of W a te r b a c k s and C o i l s
C apacit y of Wat e r H e at e rs .

C ast I ron P ip e L ife of

-

Circ l e A r e a o f a
,
3 82 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P l u m bi n g
o

C irc le Dia m e t e r of a
,

C ircu l ation o f Wat e r

C ircul a tion P ip e s
C l assi fication of Wat e r
C le ano ut F e rrul e s
C l os e t F l oor F l ang e s
C l os et s R e ve rs e T rap
,
-

C l os e ts S ip h on A c tion
,
-

C l os e ts S ip h on Je t
,
-

C oagu l ant
C ocks and V a lv e s
C oi l s and W a t e r b a c k s C apacit y of ,

C oi l s C oo l ing
,

C oi l s S t e a m
,

C omm ing l e r
Co nn e ction S e rv ic e
,

C on n e cti ons to Hous e Drain

C onn e ction to S tre e t S e we r
C onsum ption of Wate r P e r C apit a ,

C ontinuous V e nt or L oop S y st e m
C ontract e d V e in The ,

Co ntraction and E x pansion o f L e ad e rs

C oo l ing C oi l s
C oo l ing T anks
C opp er Boi l e rs
C orrosion of L e ad P ip e
C ost of Digging
C o v e ring for T anks
C o v e rings P ip e
,

D e acti v ati n g A pparatus

D e A e rating A ppar a tus
-

D e ci m a l E q uiv a l e nts of an I n c h
D e ci m al E q uiv a l e nts of F ractio ns of an I nc h .

D e ci m a l F ractions of a F oot
D e ci m a l s of a S q uar e F oot
D e o x idi z ing A pparatus
Dia m e t e r of a C irc l e .

Diggin g C ost of
,

Dis c har g in g C apacit y of P ip e s

Distanc e F i x tur e s C an B e fro m S tack
Distanc e of Back Ve nt fro m T rap -

Draft R e g u l ators
Draina g e S ub S oi l
,
-

D r a in a g e S
ys t e m
,
E x a m
pl e of
3 84 P r in c i p l es an d Pr ac ti c e f P l um bi n g
o

Fr e sh A i r I nle t
-

Gas , Ki nds of
G aso lin e an d Oil S e parators

Hardn e ss of W at e r
H e ad L o s s of
,

He at Ab sorpti on an d R adiati on of
,

H e at M e a ur e m e n t of
,
s

H ea t T ransmi ss i o n of
,

H e at e rs A u t om a ti c W at e r
,

H e a te rs Bo ost e r
,

H e at e rs M ul t i C o i l S t or ag
,
-

H e at e rs W at e r
,

H e atin g W at e r by S team i n C ontact

He a ti n g W at e r for S wi mm i n g P oo l s

Hor s epowe r of P um ps
Hose F ir e
,

Hos e R ee l s
Hosp i ta l L a ator y v

Hot W at e r S upp ly
H ot W at e r T ank s for
, S torin g
House Drai n
Hous e Dr ains S iz e of ,

House S e we r, The

H y dr aul ic P r e ss ur e L aws of
H y dr aul ic R ams
H ydro dyn am ics
H dr osta ti cs
y
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f
o P l u m bi n g 3 85

Ice W at e r S upp ly
-

I n crustatio n of Wat e r H e at e rs
I ron P i p e H ouse S e we rs

J o i nts Le ad C a l ke d
,

J o i n ts R ust ,

Jo i n ts T i l e P i p e
,

L a v at ori e s R o u g h i n g I n for
,
-

La w of P r e ssur e P asca l s
’

L a ws of Hy drau l i c P r e ssure
L a y i n g T i l e S e we r M e t h ods of ,

L e a d e rs E x pansio n and C ontraction of

,

L e ad C a l k e d J oints
-

L e ad P ip e C orrosio n of
,

L e a d P ip e S tr e ngt h of
,

L e ad e rs S i ze of ,

L e ve l i n g T i l e P ip e
L i fe of C ast I ro n P ip e -

Li fe of Wrough t Iron P ip e -

L i ft of a P um p .

L i ft of P u m ps S uction ,

L oop or Co nt inuous Ve nt S y st e m
L oss o f H e ad
L oss of H e ad i n M e t e rs
L oss of S e a l
L au n dr y F i x tur e s a n d C onn e ctio n s

M a i n D rai n T rap
-

Mat e ria l s for H ous e Drain

Mate ria l s for S tacks
M e asure m e nt of H e at
M e as u r e m e n t of T e m p eratur e
M e as u r e m e nt o f Wat e r
Me c h a n i ca l Disc h ar g e S y st e m s
M e rc h ant and F u ll W e igh t P ip e -

M e ta l s and A ll o y s R e s i sta n c e of to A ci d s
,

M e t e rs L oss of H e ad in
,

M et e rs Ve l ocit y ,

M e t e rs V o l um e ,
Av
M e t e r R at e s Wat e r ,
 3 86 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e o f P l u m bi n g

M e t e r Ve n t ur i
'

M i x i n g W at e rs of D i fi e r e n t T e m p e rat u r e s
M ud Drum
_

M u l t i C o i l S tora g e H e at e rs
-
-

- N o i se l e ss
W at e r H e at e rs
N on S ip h on T raps
-

N u m be r of Fi x t u r e s R e q uir e d
N u m be r of T o i l e t F i x tur e s for S c h oo l s

( Oil S e parators
s One P i p e S y st e m of P l u m bi n g
s O v er he a t e d W at e r 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

P asca l s La w of P r e ss ur e
’

P e rfor m an c e of Ho u s e P u m ps
P e r m utit P roc e ss The ,

P i p e Brass ,

-P i p e C o ve ri n g s
P i p e E x pa n si o n of
,

P i p e L ev e li ng Ti le
,

P i p e Life of C ast I ron

,
-

P i p e L ife of Wrou g h t I ro n
,
-

_P i p e M e rc h a n t a n d F ull W e i gh t
,
-

fiP i p e J oi n ts T i l e ,

P i p e s C i rcul at i on
,

P ip e s D i sc h ar g i n g C apacit y of
,

P ip e s E q uation of,

P ip e s F rictio n in ,

P i p e s S i ze s of Wat e r
,

P ip e s Wat e r S upp ly,

Tip e s Wroug ht Iron and S t e e l

,

P iping for A l ka l i and A cid Wast e s

P l u m b i n g F i x tur e s
P l u m b in g F i x tur e s Flo w of Wat e r at ,

P l u m b ing O n e P ip e S y st em of
,

P l u m bi n g S y st e m R e q uir e m e nts o f a ,

P l u m bi n g Two P ip e S y st e m of
,
-

P n e um atic Wat e r S upp l y

P o o l s S wi m mi ng ,

P r e ssur e P asca l s La w o f
’
,

P r e ssur e L a ws of H y drau l ic
,
3 88 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P l u m bi n g
o

S e al , L o ss of
S e rv i c e C onn ec ti on

S ewe rs , I ron P i pe H o u se .

S oft e ni ng of Wate r

S h e rardi z i n g Pr oc e ss , The

S hr i nk a g e an d Se tt l e m e n t of Buil di n g s
S h r i nka g e of Fl oo r Be am s
S i a m e se T wi n C onn e c t i ons
S i p h o n ag e A pp li ca t ion of to Fi x t ur e T rap
,

S i p h o n Je t
-
C l o m ts

S i p h on s , A pp li ca t io of
n to C l ose ts

S i ze of Ho u s e Drai ns

S o i l an d W ast e S ta cks Ex pansi o n of

,

S q uar e F oot D ec i m al s of a
,

S tack s an d Bran c h e s

S t e am CO l l S p

S t e am , Prope r ti e s of
S t e am P um ps
S t e am R e qui r e d to H e at Wat e r
 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P l u m bi n g
o 3 89

S t ee l and Wrough t I ron P ip s e .

S t e ri l i z ing S wi m m i ng P oo l Wat e r
S t e ri l i z ing wit h U l tra V i o l e t R a y s
S tr e e t S e we r C onn e ction to
,

S t r e ngt h of L e a d P ip e
S u b S e we r S y st e m s
-

S u b S oi l Drai n ag e
-

S ub ur ban P l ac e s Wat e r S upp l y for ,

S uctio n L ift of P u m ps
S uction or L ift P u m ps
S upp l y I c e Wat e r
,
-

S upp ly H ot Wat e r
,

S upp ly P ip e s Wat e r ,

S upports for Hous e Drains

S upports for S tacks
S wi m m ing P oo l s
S wi m m l n g P oo l s H e ati n g Wat e r for
,

S wi m m ing P oo l Wat e r S t e ri l i z ing ,

S y st e m of P l u m b ing O n e P ip e ,
-

S y st e m of P l u m b i n g Two P ip e ,
-

T a ll Bui l din g s R o u g h i n g I n ,
-

T anks B l o w O ff
,
-

T anks C oo l in g
,

T a n ks C o ve ri n g for
,

T anks Fl us h
,

T anks for S toring Hot Wat e r

T e m p e ratur e M e asur e m e nt of
,

T e m p e ratur e of F ir e s
T id e Wat e r T rap
-

T i l e P ip e J oints
T i l e P ip e L e v el ing
,

T i l e S e we r P ip e Wh e r e I t Ma y B e, U se d
T ransfe r of H e at
T ra n s m ission of H e at
T raps and T rapping
T raps Back P r e ssur e on
,
-

T raps Back V e ntin g

,
-

T raps G r e as e
,

T raps Dista n c e of Back Ve n t fro m

,
-

T raps E v aporation fro m

,

T raps Main Drai n

,

T raps N on S ip h on
,
-

T raps S ip h on
,
 3 90 P r i n c i p l es an d P r a c ti c e f P l u m bi n g
o

T raps Ti d W at r , e -
e

Two -

P i pe S y st e m of

V al s Fl u h
ve ,
s

V l oc i t y of Fl o w
e

V l oci t y of F l o w i D rai s
e n n

V l oci ty bl t
e e er s

V l oci t y of Wi n d
e

V t an d S o i l S tack S i of
en s
, ze

V t S st m L oop or C o ti o s V t
en y e , n nu u en

V ti l a t io of C l os t C o m pa t m ts
en n e r en

V t ri M t r
en u e e

Vo l um M t rs e e e

W ast e of W ate r
Wa t s R e fri g e rator
e
“

W a t e r b ac k s
W a t e r b a c ks C o i l s C apaci ty of
an d ,

Wat e r at P l um b i g Fmt ur e s Fl ow of
n ,

W at e r Bo i li g P o i nt of
n

W at e r C i c ul ati on of
r

Wat r e C l a ss i ficat i o of n

W at e r C l os ts e

Wate r C oo l e r for O u t d oor F o un t a i n

W at r e -
C oo l i g R e f i g e rati n g M achi e s
n r n

W at e r Eff e ct of U pon Me tal s

Wate r , E xp an s i o n of
W ate r ,
Fl o w of T hr o u g h P i pe s
W at e r H a mm e r
W at r e Har d e ss of n

Wat r e H ea te rs
W at r e H e at e rs Ca p ac n y o f
,

Wate r H at e rs G ar b a e Burn i n g
e ,
g

W at e r He at rs A u to m at i c
e

W ate r He at i g A pparatus
n

W at r e H e at i n g D ata
W at e r ,
H e ati g wi t h G as
n