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    3rdLE Lecture 36 - R14 Bernoulli's Principle

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    Sofia Calub
    1. The continuity equation relates that the mass flow rate entering a pipe must equal the mass flow rate leaving the pipe. 2. Bernoulli's equation relates that for an incompressible fluid flowing steadily through a pipe, the sum of pressure, potential, and kinetic energy at any point along the pipe is constant. 3. Bernoulli's principle states that as the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure within the fluid decreases, and vice versa. This is due to the conservation of energy for flowing fluids.

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    3rdLE Lecture 36 - R14 Bernoulli's Principle

    Uploaded by

    Sofia Calub
    158 views24 pages
    1. The continuity equation relates that the mass flow rate entering a pipe must equal the mass flow rate leaving the pipe. 2. Bernoulli's equation relates that for an incompressible fluid flowing steadily through a pipe, the sum of pressure, potential, and kinetic energy at any point along the pipe is constant. 3. Bernoulli's principle states that as the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure within the fluid decreases, and vice versa. This is due to the conservation of energy for flowing fluids.

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    Lecture on Bernoulli's Principle

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    1. The continuity equation relates that the mass flow rate entering a pipe must equal the mass flow rate leaving the pipe. 2. Bernoulli's equation relates that for an incompressible fluid flowing steadily through a pipe, the sum of pressure, potential, and kinetic energy at any point along the pipe is constant. 3. Bernoulli's principle states that as the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure within the fluid decreases, and vice versa. This is due to the conservation of energy for flowing fluids.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    158 views24 pages

    3rdLE Lecture 36 - R14 Bernoulli's Principle

    Uploaded by

    Sofia Calub
    1. The continuity equation relates that the mass flow rate entering a pipe must equal the mass flow rate leaving the pipe. 2. Bernoulli's equation relates that for an incompressible fluid flowing steadily through a pipe, the sum of pressure, potential, and kinetic energy at any point along the pipe is constant. 3. Bernoulli's principle states that as the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure within the fluid decreases, and vice versa. This is due to the conservation of energy for flowing fluids.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 24

    Lecture 37 Objectives

    1. Apply Bernoulli’s principle and continuity equation,


    whenever appropriate, in obtaining conclusions relating
    pressure, elevation, speed and flux.
    Today: Fluid Dynamics
    We assume the following
    -Steady flow (Laminar)
    -Density is constant (incompressible)
    - No internal friction (Fluid is not viscous)

    Continuity Equation:
    Mass of fluid flowing does not change

        

    Volume flow rate


    
       constant
    
    2
    Continuity equation

    
       :      !"#$!#
    
    Continuity equation

    4
    Sample Problem: Incompressible fluid flow
    As a part of a lubricating system for heavy machinery, oil of
    density 850kg/m3 is pumped through a cylindrical pipe of
    diameter 8.0cm at a rate of 9.5liters per second.
    (a)What is the speed of the oil? What is the mass flow rate?
    (b)If the pipe diameter is reduced to 4.0cm, what are the new
    values of the speed and volume flow rate?
    Assume that the oil is incompressible.
    
        %&'()')
    
          *+,-.,
    (a) The volume flow rate dV/dt equals the product A1v1, where A1
    is the cross sectional area of the pipe (d = 8.0cm so r = 4.0cm).
    Therefore:

    The mass flow rate is:

    (b) Since the oil is incompressible; then the flow rate is 9.5liters/second
    in both end of the pipe; decreasing the diameter from 8.0cm to 4.0cm
    means decreasing the radius from 4.0cm to 2.0cm. Using the continuity:
    Conservation of Energy in Fluids
    Derivation of Bernoulli’s
    equation

    • Work done on fluid:


    /0  12 3 14 /5
    • Change in kinetic energy
    1
    /6  9/5:;4 4 3 ;2 4 <
    2
    • Change in potential energy
    /=  9/5>:?4 3 ?2 <
    • Work-energy theorem
    /0  /6 @ /=
    Bernoulli's principle states that when an
    incompressible, smoothly flowing fluid gains
    speed, internal pressure in the fluid decreases,
    and vice versa.
    If pressure is high -> slow fluid motion
    If pressure is low -> fast fluid motion
    Sample Problem:
    Water enters a house through a pipe with an inside diameter of
    2.0cm at an absolute pressure of 4.0x105Pa. A 1.0cm diameter
    pipe leads to the second-floor bathroom 5.0m above. When the
    flow speed at the inlet pipe is 1.5m/s; find the flow speed,
    pressure and volume flow rate in the bathroom.
    d1 = 2.0cm
    d2 = 1.0cm
    p1 = 4.0x105Pa
    v1 = 1.50m/s
    y2-y1= 5.0m

    To solve:
    Flow speed: continuity equation
    Pressure: Bernoulli equation
    Volume flow rate: by definition
    Find the speed v2 at the bathroom using the continuity equation:

    Since p1 and v1 are given; we can get p2 from Bernoulli’s equation:

    And the flow rate is:

    reasonable flow rate for a


    bathroom ☺
    Sample Problem: Venturi meter is used to measure the flow speed in
    a pipe. The narrow part of the pipe is called the throat. Derive an
    expression for the flow speed v1 in terms of the cross-sectional areas
    A1 and A2 and the difference in height h of the liquid levels in the two
    vertical tubes.
    Use Bernoulli equation for points 1 and 2; relate velocities using continuity equation

    Continuity eqn:
        

    Speed increases a
    height/pressure drops
    Sample Problem: Venturi meter is used to measure the flow speed in
    a pipe. The narrow part of the pipe is called the throat. Derive an
    expression for the flow speed v1 in terms of the cross-sectional areas
    A1 and A2 and the difference in height h of the liquid levels in the two
    vertical tubes.
    Use Bernoulli equation for points 1 and 2; relate velocities using continuity equation

    Since: v2 = (A1/A2)v1. Substitute v2:

    Note that p1-p2 = ρgh.


    Substituting this to the LHS;
    then solving for v1 gives:

    Speed increases a
    height/pressure drops
    Applications of Bernoulli Principle
    Bernoulli and Airplane
    lift: Difference in
    pressure (above and
    below) causes an
    upward lift!

    ABOVE the wing:


    Lower pressure; higher
    speed;
    downward momentum;
    reaction force on
    airplane is upward
    Summary:
    
    =   = %&'()')
    

      =  
    Bernoulli’s equation
    1
    12 3 14  9 ;4 4 − ;2 4 + 9> ?4 − ?2
    2
    1 4
    1 + 9>? + 9; = constant
    2
    Bernoulli's principle states that when an incompressible,
    smoothly flowing fluid gains speed, internal pressure in
    the fluid decreases, and vice versa.
    Homework Yesterday
    A hollow plastic sphere is held below the surface of a freshwater lake by a cord
    anchored to the bottom of the lake. The sphere has a volume of 0.650m3 and the
    tension in the cord is 900N. (1) calculate the buoyant force exerted by the water in
    the sphere; (2) draw the free-body diagram of the sphere anchored at the bottom;
    (3) what is the mass of the sphere?

    1) B = ρgV = (1000kg / m3 )(9.80m / s 2 )(0.650m3 ) = 6.37 ×103 N

    B = T + Mg

    B − T 6.37 ×103 N − 900 N


    3) M = = 2
    = 558kg
    g 9.80m / s
    Identical-sized lead and aluminum cubes are
    suspended at different depths by two wires in a large
    body of water.
    4. Which cube experiences greater
    buoyant force? Same :AB = CDEF<
    5. For which cube is the tension in the
    wire greater? Lead (CPb>CAl ; heavier)
    6. Which cube experiences a greater
    force on its lower face? Lead (deeper)
    7. For which cube is the difference in
    pressure between the upper and
    lower faces greater? Same
    (same dimension)
    19
    I 8.90> 4 3 :1.9OI<4
    9GH = → I = 9GH 5 = : <:2.00OI<:3.14< :2.5OI<
    5 OIP

    9.81I
    I I> I> 500[>: 4 <
    1T  9UVHWX >Y  >Y  →Z  \  1.63`10a4 I4
    5 Z 1T :3<100[]^
    Y Y
    1  1b @ 9cUVHWX > @ 9defgh >: <
    2 2
    Seatwork April 19, 2017
    - solve problems in your 1. Blah?
    notebooks
    2. Blah blah!
    - write the answers only in
    your bluebook 3. Blah blah blah!
    - indicate the date
    4. Blah blah blah blah!

    23
    (4) Water runs into a fountain, filling all the pipes, at a steady
    rate of 0.750m3/s. How fast will it shoot out of a hole 4.50cm
    in diameter?
    Given: volume flow rate: v1A1 = 0.750m3/s; use continuity eqn

    1. Calculate p2-p1 with Bernoulli equation:


    1
    12 − 14 = 9 ;4 4 3 ;2 4 @ 9> ?4 3 ?2
    2
    ijkl: ml O^i il>nlOk kYl kloI 9> ?1 3 ?2 plO^q\l this is very small
    2. Calculate upward force

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