TOPIC 2 COMPUTER COMPONENT

Computer
Component

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1
Discovering Computers: Fundamentals (Shelly Cashman)
by Gary B. Shelly, Thomas J. Cashman, Misty E. Vermaat, Paperback, Fourth Edition, 488 pages
Published February 21st 2007, Course Technology
 FUNCTIONS OF HARDWARE
IN A COMPUTER CAN BE
DIVIDED INTO FIVE MAIN
UNITS

• Input Unit
• Storage Unit
• Arithmetic Unit
• Control Unit
• Output Unit

Image source
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Block diagram of cpu | What is the between cpu and memory? | Computer architecture, Computer basic, Computer basics (pinterest.ph)
A computer device is made up of
various elements which help in its
effective functioning and processing.
There are five basic components of
the computer which help in making
this processing of data easier and
convenient.

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4
 Watch the following videos for more knowledge about
Computer components

Computer Basics: Inside a Computer

How Computers Work: Hardware and Software

Discovering Computers 2018 (PDFDrive) PDF | PDF (scribd.com) 5

Download PDF - Discovering Computers 2018 [PDF] [4iqal7egcr60] (vdoc.pub)
 Topic 2 Computer Component

INPUT
AND
OUTPUT
DEVICES
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How Computers Work: CPU, Memory, Input & Output
 • What Is Input?
• Input is any data and
instructions entered into the
memory of a computer

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http://techwelkin.com/difference-between-ram-and-rom
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 KEYBOARDS
• Most desktop computer keyboards have…

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Discovering Computers 2014: Chapter 7

 KEYBOARDS
• There are various types of keyboards in addition to standard
keyboards found on desktops

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 KEYBOARDS
• An ergonomic keyboard has a design that reduces the chance of
repetitive strain injuries
• Ergonomics incorporates comfort, efficiency, and safety into the
design of the workplace

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Page 292
Discovering Computers 2014: Chapter 7
Figure 7-4
POINTING DEVICES

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POINTING DEVICES
• A mouse is a pointing device that fits under the palm of your hand
comfortably
• Optical mouse, laser mouse, and touch mouse

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POINTING DEVICES

• A touchpad is a • A pointing • A trackball is a

Touchpad

Pointing Stick

Trackball
small, flat, stick is a stationary
rectangular pressure- pointing device
pointing device sensitive pointing with a ball on its
that is sensitive device shaped top or side
to pressure and like a pencil
motion eraser that is
positioned
between keys on
a mobile
computer
keyboard
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 TOUCH SCREENS

• A touch screen is a touch-sensitive display device

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 PEN INPUT
• With pen input, you touch a stylus or digital pen on a flat surface
to write, draw, or make selections

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 PEN INPUT

• A graphics tablet, also called

a digitizer, is an electronic
plastic board that detects and
converts movements of a style
or digital pen into signals that
are sent to the computer

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 MOTION INPUT
• With motion input, sometimes
called gesture recognition,
users can guide on-screen
elements using air gestures

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 VOICE INPUT
• Voice input is the process of
entering input by speaking into
a microphone
• Voice recognition, also called
speech recognition, is the
computer or mobile device’s
capability of distinguishing
spoken words 20
 AUDIO INPUT
• Audio input is the process of
entering any sound into the
computer such as speech, music,
and sound effects
• Music production software allows
users to record, compose, mix,
and edit music and sounds
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 VIDEO INPUT
• Video input is the process of capturing full-motion images and storing them
on a computer or mobile device’s storage medium

Record video on a digital

video (DV) camera

Transfer video to a
computer or mobile
device 22
 VIDEO INPUT
• A webcam is a type of DV camera that enables a user to:

Send email
Capture video Add live images to
messages with
and still images instant messages
video attachments

Broadcast live
Conduct
images over the Make video calls
videoconferences
Internet
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 VIDEO INPUT
• A videoconference is a meeting between two or more geographically
separated people

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 SCANNERS AND READING DEVICES
• A scanner is a light-sensing input device that reads printed text
and graphics and then translates the results into a form the
computer can process
• A flatbed scanner works in a manner similar to a copy machine except it
creates a file of the document in memory instead of a paper copy

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SCANNERS AND READING DEVICES

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 SCANNERS AND READING DEVICES

• An optical reader is a device that uses a light

source to read characters, marks, and codes
and then converts them into digital data that a
computer can process
• Optical character recognition (OCR)
• Optical mark recognition (OMR)

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 OPTICAL MARK RECOGNITION (OMR)

Optical mark recognition is the

process of capturing human-
marked data from document
forms such as surveys and
tests. They are used to read
questionnaires, multiple choice
examination paper in the form
of lines or shaded areas.
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 OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR)
• is the electronic or mechanical
conversion of images of typed,
handwritten or printed text into
machine-encoded text, whether
from a scanned document, a
photo of a document, a scene-
photo (for example the text on
signs and billboards in a
landscape photo)
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SCANNERS AND READING DEVICES
• A bar code reader, also called a
bar code scanner uses laser
beams to read bar codes
• A QR code stores information in
both a vertical and horizontal
direction

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 SCANNERS AND READING DEVICES
• RFID (radio frequency identification) uses radio signals to communicate with a tag placed in
or attached to an object
• An RFID reader reads information on the tag via radio waves
• RFID can track: Tracking times of Tracking location
Checking lift Managing
runners in a of people and
tickets of skiers inventory
marathon other items

Gauging
Providing access
temperature and Checking out
to rooms or
pressure of tires library books
buildings
on a vehicle
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 SCANNERS AND READING DEVICES
• Magstripe readers read the magnetic stripe on the back of cards such as:

Credit cards

Entertainment cards

Bank cards

Identification cards

Other similar cards 32

 SCANNERS AND READING DEVICES
• MICR (magnetic ink character recognition) devices read text printed with
magnetized ink
• An MICR reader converts MICR characters into a form the computer can
process
• Banking industry uses MICR for check processing

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 SCANNERS AND READING DEVICES
• A data collection device obtains data directly at the location where the
transaction or event takes place

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 WHAT IS OUTPUT?

• Output is data that has

been processed into a
useful form

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 DISPLAYS
• A display visually conveys text,
graphics, and video information
• Displays a softcopy form of output
• A monitor is a display that is
packaged as a separate peripheral
device
• LCD monitor
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 DISPLAYS
• Types of computer monitors
• CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors. These monitors
employ CRT technology, which was used most
commonly in the manufacturing of television
screens. ...
• LCD (liquid crystal display) monitors. The LCD
monitor incorporates one of the most advanced
technologies available today. ...
• LED (light-emitting diodes) monitors.

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 DISPLAYS

• The quality of a display depends primarily on its:

Resolution Response time Brightness

Dot pitch Contrast ratio

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 DISPLAYS
• Today’s monitors use a digital signal to produce a picture
• To display the highest quality images, the monitor should plug
into:
• A DVI port
• An HDMI port
• A VGA port
• A Display port
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 DISPLAYS
• Home users sometimes use a
digital television (DTV) as a
display
• HDTV is the most advanced
form of digital television
• A Smart TV is an Internet-enabled
HDTV

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PRINTERS
• A printer produces
hardcopy output in text
and graphics on a physical
medium
• Before purchasing a
printer, ask yourself a
series of questions
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 PRINTERS
• A nonimpact printer forms characters and graphics on a piece of paper
without actually contacting the paper

Ink-jet Photo Laser All-in-one

printers printers printers printers

Large-
Thermal Mobile
Plotters format
printers printers
printers

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 PRINTERS
• An ink-jet printer forms characters and graphics by spraying tiny
drops of liquid ink onto a piece of paper
• Color or black-and-white
• Speed is measured by the number of pages per minute (ppm) it can print

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PRINTERS

A photo printer produces

lab-quality pictures
• Many use ink-jet technology
• PictBridge allows you to print photos
directly from a digital camera
• Print from a memory card 44
PRINTERS

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 4-DIMENSIONAL PRINTING
4-dimensional printing uses the
same techniques of 3D printing
through computer-programmed
deposition of material in
successive layers to create a
three-dimensional object.
However, 4D printing adds the
dimension of transformation over
time

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PRINTERS

High-
speed

Black- Laser High-

and-
white printer quality

Color

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 PRINTERS
• An all-in-one printer is a single device that prints, scans, copies, and in some cases,
faxes
• Sometimes called a multifunction printer

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 PRINTERS
• A thermal printer generates images by pushing electrically heated pins against the heat-sensitive
paper

Dye-
sublimation
printer

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 PRINTERS
• A mobile printer is a small, lightweight, battery-powered printer that allows a mobile user to
print from a mobile device

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 PRINTERS

• A label printer is a small printer that prints on an adhesive-

type material that can be placed on a variety of items

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PRINTERS

• Plotters are used to produce high-quality drawings

• Large-format printers create photo-realistic quality color prints

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 PRINTERS
• Impact printers form characters and graphics on a
piece of paper by striking a mechanism against an inked
ribbon that physically contacts the paper

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 OTHER OUTPUT DEVICES

• Many users attach surround sound speakers or speaker systems to

their computers, game consoles, and mobile devices to generate higher-
quality sounds

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 OTHER OUTPUT DEVICES

• Headphones are speakers that

cover or are placed outside of the
ear
• Earbuds (also called earphones)
rest inside the ear canal

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 OTHER OUTPUT DEVICES

• A data projector is a device that

takes the text and images
displaying on a computer or
mobile device screen and projects
them on a larger screen

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 OTHER OUTPUT DEVICES

• An interactive whiteboard is a
touch-sensitive device, resembling
a dry-erase board, that displays
the image on a connected
computer screen

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 OTHER OUTPUT DEVICES
• Joysticks, wheels, gamepads, and motion-sensing game controllers can be considered output devices
when they include force feedback
• Technology that sends resistance to the device in response to actions of the user

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Discovering Computers 2014: Chapter 7
 ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY INPUT AND OUTPUT
•Mobility aids, such as wheelchairs, scooters, walkers,
Head-mounted pointer canes, crutches, prosthetic devices, and orthotic devices.
•Hearing aids to help people hear or hear more clearly.

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Braille Keyboard for the Blind and Visually
Impaired is a braille keyboard designed for
use by individuals who are blind or have
low vision.

• Google announced on Thursday that it now

offers a Braille keyboard integrated directly
into Android. The company says the new
feature will make its operating system more
accessible for people who are visually
impaired, without requiring extra
hardware. The keyboard, called TalkBack,
uses a six-key layout.

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Braille printer

Shubham Banerjee invented a low-cost

Braille printer from a Lego set. A 12-
year-old student from California has
created a Braille printer by repurposing
parts from a Lego set.
https://youtu.be/DxjPfud8ZD 61
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62
TOPIC 2 COMPUTER COMPONENTS

SYSTEM UNIT
AND
CPU
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 SYSTEM UNIT

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SMBs-2.jpg
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 SYSTEM UNIT
• A system unit is the part of a computer that houses the primary devices
that perform operations and produce results for complex calculations
• The storage devices, input devices, output devices, communication devices,
connection devices, as well as the processing devices are the part of a
system unit
• The term system unit is generally used to differentiate between
the computer itself and its peripheral devices, such as the keyboard, mouse
and monitor.
• It also includes several electronic components and circuits that are
connected to each other in order to perform the successful operations like,
monitor, printer, scanner, Web cam, speakers, and many other peripheral
devices. 65
Inside the System unit

• The case contains

and protects the
electronics of the
computer or mobile
device from damage

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Inside the System unit

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 CPU
• The term CPU refers to the Central Processing Unit, a small
component of the system unit. This is also known as the
processor or the microprocessor.
• All the instruction are carried to the processor and the job of
the processor is to process them and to fulfill them. These
instructions are carried to the processor in the forms of the
signals. Then the processor reads them and passes the signals to
the desired component. When this process completes the result
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is shown on the screen of the computer.
 CPU Click the link [URLl] below to watch the video and
understand more about the processor

• There are different types of microprocessors as https://youtu.be/DKGZlaPlVLY

well. Like the single core processors and the multi-

core processors.
• In layman’s terms, the core count indicates how
many tasks a CPU can handle simultaneously. Back in
the day, single-core CPUs weren’t capable of
multitasking. Instead, they would just quickly cycle
and switch between priority tasks, and needless to
say, it didn’t make for a very smooth performance. 69
The motherboard is the
main circuit board of the
computer
• A computer chip
contains integrated
circuits

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 Processors
• The processor, also called the
central processing unit (CPU),
interprets and carries out the basic
instructions that operate a computer
– Contain a control unit and an
arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
• A multi-core processor is a single
chip with two or more separate
processor cores
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The control unit is the
component of the
processor that directs
and coordinates most of
the operations in the
computer
The arithmetic logic
unit (ALU) performs
arithmetic, comparison,
and other operations
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ALU performs all mathematical calculation, and logical operations
Three basic logical operations
• Logical product operation (AND operation)
• Logical sum operation (OR operation)
• Negation operation (NOT operation)

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PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE
Logical operations

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 PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC

• A proposition is an assertion that something is the case. We use

sentences to express propositions.
Examples:
(i) The following sentences express the same
proposition:
- “It is raining”
(ii) The following sentences express the same
proposition:
- “John loves Mary”
- “Mary is loved by John”
 LOGICAL OPERATION

• A logical operator joins two propositions to form a new, complex, proposition.

• The truth value of the new proposition is determined by the truth values of the
two propositions being joined and by the operator that joins them.
LOGICAL OPERATION

o Truth tables for Negation

p ¬p
T F p q Not p
F T T T F
T F F
F T T
F F T
LOGICAL OPERATION

o Truth tables for Logical product

p q p٨q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
LOGICAL OPERATION

o Truth tables for Logical sum

p q p۷q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
LOGICAL OPERATION

o Truth tables for Exclusive OR

p q p q
T T F
T F T
F T T
F F F
LOGICAL OPERATION

o Truth tables for Negative AND (NAND)

P Q P.Q Not (P.Q)

T T T F
T F F T
F T F T
F F F T
 LOGICAL OPERATION

• Logical expression laws

o Logical symbols

Meaning Symbols Notation example

Negation NOT ¬ ¯
Logical product AND ٨ · X·Y
Logical sum OR ۷ + X+Y
Exclusive OR EOR X Y
LAWS OF LOGICAL EXPRESSIONS
Logical product law X · X = X, X · = 0, X · 0 = 0, X · 1 = X
Logical sum law X + X = X, X + = 1, X + 0 = X, X + 1 = 1
Exclusive OR law X X = 0, X = 1, X 0 = X, X 1=
Commutative law X + Y = Y + X, X · Y = Y · X
Associative law X + (Y + Z) = (X + Y) + Z, X· (Y · Z) = (X · Y) · Z
Distributive law X + (Y · Z) = (X + Y) · (X + Z)
X · (Y + Z) = (X · Y) + (X · Z)
Absorption law X + (X · Y) = X, X · (X + Y) = X
Restoring law =X
De Morgan’s law = · , = +
 Processors

For every instruction, a

processor repeats a set of
four basic operations,
which comprise a machine
cycle

84
Processors
The processor contains registers, that
temporarily hold data and instructions

The system clock controls the timing

of all computer operations
• The pace of the system clock is called the
clock speed, and is measured in gigahertz
(GHz)
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Processor Performance
System Clock

• An important part of a microprocessor is its built-in clock,

which determines the maximum speed at which other units
can operate and helps synchronize related operations.

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Processor Performance
Processor Speed
• Instruction speeds measured in fractions of seconds
▪ Millisecond: one thousandth of a second
▪ Microsecond: one millionth of a second
▪ Nanosecond: one billionth of a second
▪ Picosecond: one trillionth of a second
87
Processor Performance

• The speed of a processor is based on its clock speed,

which is measured in Gigahertz (GHz) or
Megahertz(MHz). One MHz equals 1,000,000 cycles
per second and one GHz equals 1,000,000,000 cycles
per second. The higher the clock speed, the more tasks
the processor can execute per second.

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Processor Performance
Processor Speed
• Measure of system clock speed
▪ How many electronic pulses the clock produces per second
▪ Usually expressed in gigahertz (GHz)
• Billions of machine cycles per second
1KHz = 103Hz
1MHz = 106Hz
1GHz = 109Hz
1THz=1012Hz 89
 Processor Performance
Processor Speed
• Measure of system clock speed
What is the performance of a processor with a clock frequency of 500 MHz?

500 MHz=500x106Hz = 500,000,000Hz(times/sec)

500 hundred million pulses/sec
1
________ = 2 x 10-9= 2 nano (seconds/times)
0.5 x 109 1 pulse for every 2 nanoseconds
90
 Processor Performance
Processor Speed

• MIPS (Million of Instructions Per Second)

- indicates in million units the number of
instructions that can be executed in one second

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 Processor Performance
Processor Speed

• CPI (Cycles Per Instruction)

– A CPI is the number of clocks required to execute one
instruction. This index indirectly indicates the execution time
of one instruction.

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Processor Performance

Example 1 . A processor is capable of executing

5 million instructions per second. How many
MIPS is the performance of this processor with a
clock frequency of 500 MHZ

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Processor Performance
Solution: Let’s have a recap first of the ff.
500 MHZ = 500 x10 6Hz = 500,000,000 Hz (pulses per seconds)
What is the average instruction speed? (How fast it could perform 1 clock pulse?)
How?
1. Note the given the processor can execute 5 million of instructions per second. How fast it
could perform one clock pulse where the given unit is pulses/second.
2. So, let’s find the inverse or reciprocal of the units to find its equiv. in sec/pulse

500 MHz=500x106Hz = 500,000,000Hz(times/sec)

=500 hundred million pulses/sec
1
= 2 x 10-9= 2 nano (seconds/times)
0.5 x 109 1 pulse for every 2 nanoseconds
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Processor Performance
Example 2: There is a processor capable of handling 25
MIPS. How many ns is the average instruction execution
time of this processor?

1 ms = 10-3 s
1 microsecond = 10-6s
1 ns = 10-9s
1 ps =10-12s

95
Processor Performance
Example 2:
A processor can perform 25 MIPS. How many nanoseconds is the average
instruction execution times of this processor to perform instruction per second?

Given is 25 million instructions per second which is 25,000,000 instructions per second
How much time the processor can execute 1 instruction in nanoseconds?

1. get the reciprocal of instructions per second to seconds per instruction

= 1
25,000,000 instruction/second

= 0.00000004 secs/instruction * 1 ns/ 10 -9

9
96
= 0.00000004 * 10
= 40 ns
Processor Performance
Example 3: A certain computer’s average instruction
execution time is 0.2 µsec. What is this computer’s
performance in terms of MIPS?

1. Get the reciprocal of 0.2 microsecond/instruction

2. 1/0.2 microsec/instruction = 5 instruction/microsec
= 5 ins/second * 1 / 10 -6 micro/sec

= 5,000,000 or 5 MIPS

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Processor Performance
Example 4: What is the average instruction execution
time in ns of 50 MIPS processors?

(solve for this example)

98
Memory
• Memory consists of electronic components that
store instructions waiting to be executed by the
processor, data needed by those instructions, and
the results of processing the data
• Stores three basic categories of items:
Data being
The operating
processed and the
system and other Applications
resulting
programs
information

99
Memory
• The system unit contains two types of memory:

Volatile memory Nonvolatile memory

Loses its contents Does not lose contents
when power is turned when power is
off removed

Examples include
Example includes RAM ROM, flash memory,
and CMOS
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Memory
• RAM chips usually reside on a memory module
and are inserted into memory slots

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Memory
• RAM chips usually reside on a memory module and
are inserted into memory slots
• A semiconductor memory where all read and write
functions are performed.
• It is a volatile memory which needs constant supply of
power to store data. All data will be lost when power
is turned off.
• An IC made of millions of transistors and capacitors
102
Memory
Read-only memory
(ROM) refers to memory
chips storing permanent
data and instructions
• Firmware
- firmware is software installed on a small memory chip on a
hardware device. Firmware allows hardware like cameras and
smartphones to be updated. Typical examples of devices
containing firmware are embedded systems, consumer
appliances, computers, computer peripherals 103
 ROM (READ ONLY MEMORY)

Classified as:
- Mask ROM (Programs and data are already written before it is
shipped by the manufacturer. The user cannot add any
program or data.)
- User Programmable ROM (Nothing stored in it and user
can write data into it once.)

104
Types of User Programmable ROM:
• PROM (Programmable ROM)
- Once data has been written, it cannot be erased
• EPROM (Erasable PROM)
- It can be erased with ultraviolet light and rewritten
• EEPROM (Electrically Erasable ROM)
- It can be erased through the application of electrical voltage and
rewritten. It is used in storage medium called flash memory and in
the storage section of IC cards.

105
 ADAPTERS
• An adapter card enhances functions
of a component of a desktop or
server system unit and/or provides
connections to peripherals
• Sound card and graphics card

• An expansion slot is a socket on a

desktop or server motherboard that
can hold an adapter card

106
ADAPTERS
• With Plug and Play, the
computer automatically
can recognize peripheral
devices as you install
them

107
 COMPUTER PORTS

• In computer hardware, a port serves as an interface between

the computer and other computers or peripheral devices. In
computer terms, a port generally refers to the part of a
computing device available for connection to peripherals
such as input and output devices.
• Some of the common peripherals are mouse, keyboard, monitor or display unit, printer, speaker, flash drive
and many others.
108
COMPUTER PORTS

109
SOUNDCARD

110
 LAPTOP CONNECTORS

USB Type-A
Ethernet
Thunderbolt 3 Audio Jack
Also Known As: Thunderbolt

USB Type-B

Micro SD Card Reader SD Card Reader

HDMI and USB Ports

USB-C CABLE CONNECTOR DVI (digital visual interface)-out 111

Power Supply and Battery

• The power supply or

laptop AC adapter
converts the wall outlet
AC power into DC
power

112
References:

Book
Shelly, Garey B., et.al. (2018).Discovering Computers 2018. Cengage Learning

YouTube Video
GCFLearFree.org. (2020, September 3). Computer Basics: Inside a Computer [Video].YouTube.
https://youtu.be/HB4I2CgkcCo?list=PL4316FC411AD077AA

Code.org. (2018, January 30). How Computers Work: Hardware and Software [Video].YouTube.
https://youtu.be/xnyFYiK2rSY

Code.org. (2018, January 30). How Computers Work: CPU, Memory, Input & Output [Video].YouTube.
https://youtu.be/DKGZlaPlVLY

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