Elements of Art

1. Line An element of art that is used to define shape,

contours, and outlines, also to suggest mass and
2. Shape is an area that is enclosed by a line or lines.
volume. It may be a continuous mark made on a
Shapes are two dimensional
surface with a pointed tool or implied by the edge of
figures with height and width.
shapes and Forms. Line may come in two
There are different kinds of
characteristics: form – curved, dotted, or broken lines;
shapes and these are geometric
and direction – vertical, horizontal, or diagonal lines.
shapes, organic shapes, positive
Different characteristics of lines may convey different
shapes, negative shapes, static
meanings:
shapes, and dynamic shapes.

a) Geometric Shapes are circles,

squares, rectangles, triangles,
a) Horizontal Line creates an impression of serenity and other geometric shapes.
and perfect stability.
b) Organic Shapes are shapes
b) Vertical Line creates an impression of strength and found in nature and are free
perfect stability. flowing, informal and irregular
c) Diagonal Line creates an impression of action. (abstract shapes).

d) Curved Line creates an impression of gradual c) Positive Shapes are the solid
change of direction. forms in a design.

e) Circular Line creates an impression of abrupt d) Negative Shapes are the

change of direction. space around the positive
shape.
Moreover, lines can be classified into different types:
e) Static Shapes are shapes that
a) Outlines are made by the appears stable and resting.
edge of an object or its
silhouette. f) Dynamic Shapes are shapes
that appears moving and active.
b) Contour Lines describe
the shape of an object and 3. Colors are the way we see light reflected from a
the interior detail. surface or refracted through a prism. Colors we see in
nature are reflections of light on the surfaces around us.
c) Expressive Lines catch the We can classify colors into primary colors, secondary
movement and gestures of colors, tertiary colors, analogous colors, complementary
an active figure. colors, monochromatic colors, warm colors, and cool
d) Sketch Lines capture the colors.
appearance of an object or a) Primary colors are red, blue, and yellow.
impression of a place.
b) Secondary colors are the resulting colors when the
e) Calligraphic Lines are the two of the primary colors are mix. The secondary
elegant handwriting or colors are purple, green, and orange.
lettering done by hand.
c) Tertiary colors are the resulting colors when two of
f) Implied Lines are lines that the primary and/or secondary colors are mix. The
are not actually drawn but tertiary colors are amber, vermilion, magenta, violet,
created by a group of teal, and chartreuse.
objects seen from a
distance.
 d) Analogous Colors are colors that lie next to each b) Implied texture made a piece of art to look like a
other based on the color wheel. Example of analogous certain texture. Like a drawing of a tree trunk may
colors are yellow, orange, and red. look rough but in fact it is just a smooth piece of
paper.
e) Complementary colors are colors that are opposite
to each other based on the color wheel. Examples of 6.Value pertains to the lightness or darkness of a color
complementary colors are red and green, blue and in a given artwork. Value can be changed by adding
orange, and purple and yellow. white or black to a color and these described as tint and
shade.
f) Monochromatic Colors are several values of one
color. a) Tint pertains to the lightness of a color.

g) Warm colors are colors that give the feeling of b) Shade pertains to the darkness of a color.
warmth. The warm colors are yellow, amber, orange,
7. Form is the three-dimensionality of an object. It has
vermilion, red, and magenta.
dimensions of height, width, and length.
h) Cool colors are colors that give the feeling of
According to Mader (2019), the elements of art are the
coolness. The cool colors are purple, violet, blue, teal,
visual tools that the artist uses to create a composition.
green, and chartreuse.
Consequently, principles of art represent how the artist
4. Space refers to distances or areas around, between uses elements of art to create an effect and convey the
or within components of a piece and refers to the artist's intent.
arrangement of objects on the picture plane (two-
Principles of Art
dimensional). In visual arts, space may either be positive
space or negative space. Positive space refers to a part 1. Rhythm - refers to the repetition of certain elements
which is enclosed in a shape. Meanwhile, negative to produce a pattern.
space refers to the opposite part which the shape is
enclosing. Moreover, perspective is a technical means 2. Movement - is the illusion of motion in a painting,
by which we perceive distance in painting, by which we sculpture, or design.
are made to see the position of objects in space. 3. Balance - refers to the visual weight in a picture. It
a) In one-point perspective, we perceive that the refers to the even distribution of positions of elements
position of objects meets at one point on the in an artwork. The principle of balance can be
horizontal line. symmetrical or asymmetrical.

a) Symmetrical balance refers to an artwork wherein

its both sides have the same elements in the same
position.

b) Asymmetrical balance refers to an artwork wherein

it is balance through the contrast or differences of any
A. B.
of the elements of art.
b) In two-point perspective, we perceive that the
4. Proportion - refers to the relationships of the size of
position of objects meets at two points on the
objects in a body of work.
horizontal line.
5. Contrast - this principle shows differences between
5. Texture is the element that appeals to our sense of
elements of art in an artwork. It shows how stronger
feel on things- rough or smooth, bumpy or slippery. It is
each element of art in relation to one another.
the character of the surface of an artwork.
6. Variety - this principle of art refers to the diversity or
a) Real texture is the actual texture of an object. Artist
the different elements used in an artwork to make it
may create real texture in art to give it visual interest
more interesting.
or evoke a feeling.
7. Emphasis - refers to the greater impact or highlight elements that makes an artwork to be viewed as a
given to a certain element in an artwork. whole.

8. Harmony - this principle of art refers to the unity of

an artwork. It is about the arrangement of the related
Magdalena Gamayo Estelita Tumandan Bantilan  Yakan Weaving
 Abel Weaving  B’laan Mat Weaving  Bangsamoro Autonomous
 Region I Ilocos Region  Region XII Region in Muslim
SOCCSKSARGEN Mindanao (BARMM)
Eduardo Mutuc
 Metal Plating Yabing Masalon Dulo Darhata Sawabi
 Region III Central Luzon  B’laan Ikat or Tie-dye Fab  Pis syabit Weaving
ric Weaving  Bangsamoro Autonomous
Federico Caballero  Region XII Region in Muslim
 Chanting the Sugidanon SOCCSKSARGEN Mindanao (BARMM
Epic
 Region VI Western Lang Dula Hajja Amina Appi
Visayas  T’nalak Weaving  Mat weaving
 Region XII  Bangsamoro Autonomous
Salinta Monon SOCCSKSARGEN Region in Muslim
 Inabal Weaving Mindanao (BARMM)
 Region XI Davao Region Teofilo Garcia
 Kattukong or Tabúngaw Uwang Ahadas
Masino Intaray Hat Making  Playing Yakan
 Epic Chanter and  Cordillera Administrative Instruments
Storyteller Region (CAR)  Bangsamoro Autonomous
 IV-B MIMAROPA Region in Muslim
Alonzo Saclag Mindanao (BARMM)
Ginaw Bilog  Playing Kalinga Musical
 Surat Mangyan and Amba Instruments Samaon Sulaiman
han poetry  Cordillera Administrative  Playing Kudyapi
 IV-B MIMAROPA Region (CAR)  Bangsamoro Autonomous
Region in Muslim
Ambalang Ausalin Mindanao

Unique Identity: They showcase the rich heritage Way of Life: Many of these artists not only excel
and cultural traditions of different regions in the in their art but also contribute to preserving
Philippines. Through their mastery of traditional cultural practices and traditions. Alonzo Saclag
techniques and materials, such as pandan and Federico Caballero, for instance, pass down
weaving, traditional patterns, and intricate
designs like t'nalak, they preserve and celebrate
the unique identity of their respective their cultural heritage through music and
communities. storytelling, respectively, ensuring that these
traditions continue to thrive and evolve.
Exemplary Skills: These artists demonstrate
exceptional craftsmanship and mastery of their Enduring Values: Through their art, these artists
chosen art forms. Whether it's Eduardo Mutue's reflect enduring Filipino values such as
detailed woodwork, Uwang Ahadas' mastery of spirituality, dedication, and a sense of
the kwintangan, or Samaon Sulaiman's community. They also embody the spirit of
proficiency in playing multiple musical generosity by sharing their knowledge and skills
instruments, their skills set a high standard for with future generations, ensuring the continuity
their craft. of their traditions.
 • Philippine National Artist 1973
Vision: Each artist brings their unique vision to • Committed artist “Writer’s function is to act as the
their work, whether it's Teofilo Garcia's conscience of society and to affirm the greatness of
innovative approach to creating protective hats the human spirit in the face of inequity and
for farmers or Salinta Monon's dream of oppression.”
establishing textile weaving as an art form • Labor leader
through teaching. Their vision inspires not only • Began his writing career, as a journalist and later
their contemporaries but also future generations editor of various preWorld War II Tagalog
of artists. newspapers, like Watawat, Pagkakaisa, Makabayan,
Sampaguita and Mabuhay Extra
• He was imprisoned in 1951 for alleged subversive
activities.
JOSE GARCIA VILLA
• After being imprisoned for 5 years, he returned to
• “one of the first contemporary poets regardless of
journalistic practice, a columnist for Taliba (1962-
race or language”
1967), editor, Ang Masa, until his death, 1970
• Known for introducing the reversed consonance
• Wrote Mga Ibong Mandaragit while in prison, first
rhyme scheme in poetry. According to Villa, in this
Filipino sociopolitical novel that exposes the ills of the
method, the last sounded consonants of the last
society as evident in the agrarian problems of the
syllable, or the last principal consonant of a word, are
50’s
reversed for the corresponding rhyme. (e. g. light –
• Also wrote Bayang Malaya, Isang Dipang Langit,
tile, tall, tale, etc.)
Luha ng Buwaya, Amado V. Hernandez: Tudla at
• Dove, Eagle, and Lion (Doveglion)
Tudling: Katipunan ng mga Nalathalang Tula” (1921-
• He was born on August 5, 1908 in Manila.
1970), Langaw sa Isang Basong Gatas, Magkabilang
• He was named as the National Artist for Literature
Mukha ng Isang Bagol
in 1973.
• Died on May 24, 1970
• He gained both local and international recognition
• His famous literary Work is Luha ng Buwaya.
for his works.
• A recipient of the Guggenheim Fellowship.
NICK JOAQUIN
• During his college years, he wrote Man Songs, a
• Born on May 4, 1917, Paco, Manil
collection of controversial poems that was
• Poet, fictionist, essayist, biographer, playwright
considered too bold by the University of the
• Pen name: Quijano de Manila
Philippines and became the ground for his suspension
• Philippine National Artist 1976
from the said institution.
• “Before 1521, we could have been anything and
• Some of his well-known literary works are Mir-i-nisa
everything not Filipino; after 1565, we can be
(won in the Philippines Free Press in 1929), and
nothing but Filipino.” –Culture and History, 1988
Footnote to Youth (published in 1933)
• Regarded by many as the most distinguished
• He is also known for his comma poems, where he
Filipino writer in English writing
employed a comma after every word
• Starting as a proofreader for the Philippines Free
• He died on July 7, 1997
Press, Joaquin rose to contributing editor and essayist
• Bienvenido Lumbera writes that his significance in
AMADADO V. HERNANDEZ
Philippine literature involves his exploration of the
• Born on September 13, 1903 in Hogonoy Bulacan
Philippine colonial past under Spain and his probing
• a.k.a. Amante Hernani, Herminia dela Riva, Julio
into psychology of social changes (Doña Jeronima,
Abril
Candido’s Apocalypse and The Order of
• Poet, playwright, novelist
 • Pioneer the development of the short story as
• Wrote The Woman Who had Two Navel, (1961) lyrical prose-poetic form
which examines his country’s various heritages • Pride of fiction is that it is able to render truth, that
• A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino (1966), a is able to present reality.
celebrated play, attempts to reconcile historical • Some of his well-known literary works are the short
events with dynamic change stories Frankie, The Man Who would be Poe, Death in
• Manila, My Manila: A History for the Young (1990) a Factory, A Clown Remembers, Lina
non-fiction, The Ballad of the Five Battles (1981) a • Known for innovating and exploring new literary
poetry, Rizal in Saga, Almanac for Manileños, Cave forms and experimenting with different techniques in
and Shadows (1983) occurs in the period of martial short story writing.
law under Ferdinand Marcos • A member of the group The Veronicans, which was
• Died on April 29, 2004 composed of influential Filipino writers who aimed to
use sensible literature in order to create a greater
CARLOS P. ROMULO impact on the Philippines.
• Born on January 14, 1898 in Intramuros, Manila and
grew up in Camiling, Tarlac. FRANCISCO (F.) SIONIL JOSE
• He was conferred as National Artist for Literature in • was born on December 3, 1924 in Rosales,
1982. Pangasinan.
• Wrote 18 books • His life and most of his works are influenced by Dr.
• First Asian who served as the president of the Jose P. Rizal.
United Nations General Assembly. • He edited various literary and journalistic
• I am a Filipino is one of the many essays written by publications, and he founded the Philippine PEN, an
Carlos P. Romulo. It was published in The Philippines organization of poets, playwrights, and novelists.
Herald in August 1941. • He opened Solidaridad Publishing House in 1965. A
• He also wrote the book entitled I Saw the Fall of the year after, he founded Solidarity, a magazine that
Philippines, in which he narrated his personal produces content mainly focused on "current affairs,
experiences as an aide-de-camp to General Douglas ideas, and the arts."
MacArthur in Corregidor. • He was a recipient of numerous awards. Some of
• followed by, I See the Philippines Rise, (a sequel to I which are the Ramon Magsaysay Award for
Saw the Fall of the Philippines) a journalistic account Journalism, Literature, and Creative Communications
of the Philippine War in 1944. in 1980, the Pablo Neruda Centennial Award in 2004,
• Mother America: A Living Story of Democracy, a and the Officer in the French Order of Arts and
discussion of his political ideals about American Letters in 2014.
democracy in the Philippines, • He was conferred as National Artist for Literature in
• I Walked with Heroes, his autobiography. 2001.
• He died on December 15, 1985. • F. Sionil Jose’s are generally written in English and
are translated to more than twenty languages and
FRANCISCO ARCELLANA produced worldwide.
• Writer, poet, essayist, critic, journalist, teacher • Among his most celebrated works is the Rosales
• A Filipino teacher and a contemporary writer Saga. It is a series of novels that are set from the
• One of the prominent Filipino fictionists in English Spanish colonial period to the proclamation of
• Poignant short stories Martial Law in the 1970s. This saga includes the
• The Flowers of May, The Mats, Christmas Gift were following novels: Po-on, Tree, The Pretenders, Mass,
adapted as screenplays and My Brother, My Executioner
• He has also written several short stories, including • Almario’s earliest works of literary criticism were
the notable The God Stealer. It is a story about the published in the Dawn, the weekly organ of the
friendship of Philip Latak, an Ifugao, and Sam Christie, University of the East. Some of those works were
an American who wanted to buy a bulol, a sculpture later included in Ang Makata sa Panahon ng Makina
of an Ifugao god. The story depicts the relationship (1982), now considered as the first book of literary
and truths about the criticism in Filipino. His other critical works include
colonizer and the colony Taludtod at Talinghaga (1965), which tackles the
• Waywaya: Eleven Filipino Short Stories is a traditional Tagalog prosody; and Balagtasismo Versus
compilation of short stories about pre-Hispanic Modernismo (1984), in which he presents the two
Philippine society. main directions of the Tagalog Poetry.
• In 2004, he published the children’s book The • Almario performed significant deeds in the field of
Molave and Other Children’s Stories. Philippine literature. He founded the Galian sa Arte at
• F. Sionil Jose is among the most widely read Filipino Tula (GAT) with the other poets Teo Antonio and
writers in English whose novels and shortstories Mike Bigornia in 1970; and the Linangan sa Imahen,
depict a wide scope of social underpinnings and Retorika, at Anyo (LIRA), an organization of poets
struggles of the Filipino masses. He is the country’s who write in Filipino, in 1985. From 1986 to 1992, he
most influential living writer who employs realism served as chairman of the Unyon ng mga Manunulat
through his narrative techniques and styles. sa Pilipinas
(UMPIL), considered to be the biggest umbrella
VIRGILIO S. ALMARIO organization of writers. From 1998 to 2001, he served
• Poetic, literary historian critic as executive director of the National Commission for
• Children books Culture and the Arts (NCCA). In 2013 he became the
• 12 books of poetry chairman of the Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino (KWF).
• Makinasyon at Peregrinasyon, Doktrina ng Anak
Pawis, Mga Retrato at Rekwerdo, Muli, SaKandungan ALEJANDRO R. ROCES
ng Lupa • was born on July 13, 1924.
• popularly known by his pen name Rio Alma, is a • He was a playwright, an essayist, and a short story
Filipino artist known for his poetry and literary writer. He was also a columnist at the Philippine Star,
criticism. He was proclaimed National Artist for the Manila Times, and the Manila Chronicle.
Literature in 2003. • Alejandro R. Roces was known for his short story
• Almario, together with poets Rogelio Mangahas and "We Filipinos Are Mild Drinkers," a story about an
Lamberto E. Antonio, pioneered the second American soldier in the Philippines who brags about
modernist movement in Filipino poetry. In his own his drinking habits, but becomes overly drunk after
words, he defines modernist poetry as sparing, drinking lambanog offered by a Filipino farmer
suggestive, and restrained in emotion; its vocabulary • His other literary works are "My Brother’s Peculiar
and subject are immersed in the now. Among his Chicken," a story which talks about two brothers who
poetry collections are Makinasyon at Ilang Tula were arguing whether the chicken they caught was a
(1968), his very first collection; hen or a rooster; Something to Crow About, the first
Peregrinasyon at Iba Pang Tula (1970), which won Filipino zarzuela in English about a man named Kiko
first prize in poetry in the Carlos Palanca Memorial who earns a living by means of cockfighting; and
Awards; Doktrinang Anakpawis (1979); Mga Retrato Fiesta, a collection of essays about various Philippine
at Rekwerdo (1984); and Muli Sa Kandungan ng Lupa festivals.
(1994). • conferred as National Artist for Literature in 2003.
• He died on May 23, 2011.
 Balagtas from the Unyon ng mga Manunulat ng
BIENVENIDO S. LUMBERA Pilipinas, the Pablo Roman Prize for the Novel, and
• Was called Beny when he was a young boy, was the highest accolades from the City of Manila,
born in Lipa, Batangas on April 11, 1932. His parents Quezon City and Iligan City
had passed away before he turned five. • His poems have appeared in major literary journals,
• Lumbera took a degree in journalism at the papers, and magazines in the Philippines
University of Santo Tomas in 1950 and graduated and in anthologies published in the United States,
cum laude in 1954. A year before his graduation, his Japan, the Netherlands, China, Romania, Hong
first published work, the poem Frigid Moon, Kong, Germany and Malaysia.
appeared in the Sunday magazine of the Manila • Summer Suns (1963), Words and Battlefields
Chronicle (1998), The Trilogy of Saint Lazarus (2001),
• Lumbera writes in English and Filipino. Below are • Fiction: Stories (1990), Galaw ng Asoge (2003)
some of his works. • Literary Theory and Cultural Studies: Breaking Signs
• Poetry Collections  Likhang Dila, Likhang Diwa (1990), Words And Battlefields: A Theoria On The
(1993)  Balaybay: Mga Tulang Lunot at Manibalang Poem (1998), The Estrella D. Alfon Anthology Vol. I -
(2002) Short Stories (2000.
• Critical Works  Abot Tanaw: Sulyap at Suri sa
Nagbabagong Kultura at Lipunan (1987)  Writing the Simile - A simile makes a comparison between two
Nation/Pag-Akda ng Bansa (2000)  Tagalog Poetry, unlike things using the words "like" or "as."
1570–1898: Tradition and Influences in Its 1. The night was as dark as coal.
Development (2001) 2. Her smile was like sunshine on a cloudy day.
• Librettos  Tales of the Manuvu (1977)  Rama Hari 3. His voice was smooth as velvet.
(1980)  Sa Sariling Bayan: Apat na Dulang May
Musika (2003) Metaphor - A metaphor is a comparison between
• Lumbera has received numerous awards for his two unlike things or ideas with NO “like” or “as”.
work. The most notable ones were the Special Prize 1. Time is a thief stealing moments from our
from the Palanca Awards for his poetry collection lives.
Sunog sa Lipa at Iba Pang Tula in 1975, the Ramon 2. The world is a stage, and we are merely
Magsaysay Award for Journalism, Literature, and players.
Creative Communication Arts in 1993, and the 3. Love is a battlefield where hearts are the
Philippine Centennial Literary Prize for Drama in 1998 casualties
• Lumbera received the title of National Artist for
Literature in 2006. Personification - Personification gives human
CIRILO F. BAUTISTA qualities to non-living things or ideas.
• a poet, fictionist, essayist, critic and writer of 1. The wind whispered secrets through the
nonfiction, taught creative writing and literature trees.
• was awarded an honorary degree—the only 2. The sun smiled down on the earth below.
Filipino to have been so honored there 3. The waves danced joyfully along the shore.
(International Writing Program at the University of
Iowa (1968–1969)) Imagery - is a literary device used by a writer in his
• received Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards (for attempt to describe something.
poetry, fiction and essay in English and Filipino) as
well as Philippines Free Press Awards for Fiction, 1. VISUAL or SIGHT-describes what we see.
Manila Critics' Circle National Book Awards, Gawad 2. AUDITORY or SOUND –describes what we hear.
3. TOUCH or TACTILE-describes what we feel or maikli at tuwirang paraan. May ibang
touch. gumagamit ng kaunting pagpapatawa para higit
4. TASTE or GUSTATORY-describes what we taste. na maging kawili-wili ito sa mga babasa,
5. SMELL or OLFACTORY-describes what we smell. gayunman iwasang maging labis sa paggamit
nito. Tandaan na ito ang mismong
maglalarawan kung ano at sino ka.
5. Basahing muli at muling isulat ang pinal na sipi
ng iyong bionote. Maaaring ipalasa muna ito sa
iba bago tuluyan itong gamitin upang matiyak
ang katumpakan at kaayusan nito.
PAGSULAT NG MEMORANDUM, ADYENDA, AT
KATITIKAN NG PULONG
 May tatlong (3) mahalagang elementong
kailangan upang maging maayos, organisado, at
epektibo ang isang pulong. Ito ay ang
BIONOTE memorandum, adyenda, at katitikan ng pulong.
 Ang bionote ay maituturing ding isang uri ng
lagom na ginagamit sa pagsulat ng personal
profile ng isang tao. MEMORANDUM
 Ayon kay Duenas at Sanz (2012) sa kanilang  Ayon kay Prof. Ma. Rovilla Sudprasert (2014),
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ang bionote ay tala sa buhay ng isang tao na 3, ang memorandum o memo ay isang
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 Ayon kay Dr. Darwin Bargo (2014) sa kanyang
MGA BAGAY NA DAPAT TANDAAN SA PAGSULAT NG aklat na Writing in the Discipline, ang mga kilala
BIONOTE at malalaking kompansya at institusyon ay
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nito. tatlong (3) uri ng memorandum ayon sa tungkulin nito.
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numero gaya 11/25/15. sa halip, isulat ang tatalakayin sa pulong.
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ngunit kung ito ay isang detalyadong memo papel o kaya naman ay isang e-mail na
kailangang ito ay magtaglay ng sumusunod: nagsasaad na magkakaroon ng pulong tungkol
A. Sitwasyon - dito makikita ang panimula o layunin ng sa isang tiyak na paksa o layunin sa ganitong
memo. araw, oras, at lugar.
B. Problema - nakasaad ang suliraning dapat 2. Ilahad ang memo na kailangan nilang lagdaan
pagtuonan ng pansin ito bilang katibayan ng kanilang pagdalo o kung
C. Solusyon - nagsasaad ng inaasahang dapat gawin ng e-mail naman, kinakailangang magpadala sila ng
kinauukulan. kanilang tugon. Ipaliwanag din sa memo na sa
D. Paggalang o Pasasalamat - wakasan ang memo sa mga dadalo, mangyaring ipadala o ibigay sa
pamamagitan ng pagpapasalamat o pagpapakita ng gagawa ang adyenda ang kanilang concerns o
paggalang. paksang tatalakayin at maging ang bilang ng
6. Ang huling bahagi ay ang “Lagda” ng minutong kanilang kailangan upang pag-usapan
nagpadala. Kadalasang inilalagay ito sa ibaba ito.
ng kanyang pangalan sa bahaging Mula Kay... 3. Gumawa ng balangkas ng mga paksang
tatalakayin kapag ang lahat ng mga adyenda o
ADYENDA paksa ay napadala o nalikom na. Higit na
 Ayon naman kay Sudprasert (2014), ang magiging sistematiko kung ang talaan ng
adyenda ang nagtatakda ng mga paksang adyenda ay nakalatag sa talahanayan o naka-
tatalakayin sa isang pulong. Ang pagkakaroon table format kung saan makikita ang adyenda o
ng maayos at sistematikong adyenda ang isa sa paksa, taong magpapaliwanag at kung gaano
mga susi ng matagumpay na pulong. nila ito katagal pag-uusapan.
4. Ipadala ang sipi ng adyenda sa mga taong
NARITO ANG ILANG KAHALAGAHAN SA dadalo, mga dalawa o isang araw bago ang
PAGKAKAROON NG ADYENDA SA PULONG pulong. Bilang paalala ay muling ilagay dito ang
1. Ito ay nagsasaad ng mga sumusunod na mga layunin ng pulong, at kung kailan at saan ito
impormasyon: gaganapin.
A. Mga paksang tatalakayin 5. Sundin ang nasabing adyenda sa pagsasagawa
B. Mga taong tatalakay o magpapaliwanag ng mga ng pulong.
paksa.
C. Oras na itinakda para sa bawat paksa. MGA DAPAT TANDAAN SA PAGGAMIT NG ADYENDA
 1. Tiyaking ang bawat dadalo sa pulong ay  used to carefully analyze a variety of works.
nakatanggap ng adyenda.
2. Talakayin sa unang bahagi ng pulong ang higit na Creative Works – novels, exhibits, films, shows, images,
mahahalagang paksa. poetry;
3. Manatili sa iskedyul ng agenda ngunit maging Researches – monographs, journal articles, systematic
flexible kung kinakailangan. reviews, theories;
4. Magsimula at magwakas sa itinakdang oras na Media – news reports, feature articles.
nakalagay sa sipi ng adyenda.
5. Ihanda ang mga kinakailangang dokumento kasama CRITICIZE – to judge or to evaluate someone or something
ng adyenda CRITIQUE – the paper or essay
– the product of criticizing
CRITIC – the person doing the criticism

CRITICAL APPROACHES -sometimes called “lenses”, are the

different perspectives we can consider in analyzing or
interpreting a text. A way to write a critique.

Approaches in Literary Criticism

FORMALIST CRITICISM - This approach regards literature as “a
unique form of human knowledge that needs to be examined
on its own terms.”
A primary goal for formalist critics is to determine
Objective Assessment
how elements of form (style, structure, tone, imagery, etc.)
To form opinions based on facts, cite specific sources to
work together with the text’s content to shape its effects
support claims and present ideas convincingly.
upon readers.
OPINION - are own views of certain issues or concerns.
HISTORICAL CRITICISM - This approach “seeks to
• this will add to the credibility and validity of your
understand a literary work by investigating the social,
opinion; and
cultural, and intellectual context that produced it.
• more will believe you if what you express is strongly
A key goal for historical critics is to understand the
supported with information that are true and
effect of a literary work upon its original readers.
correct.

READER-RESPONSE CRITICISM - This approach takes as a

Approaches in Literary Criticism
fundamental tenet that “literature” exists not as an artifact
A genre of academic writing that briefly and critically
upon a printed page but as a transaction between the
summarizes and evaluates a work or concept.
physical text and the mind of a reader.
- Use a formal, academic writing style and has a clear
It attempts “to describe what happens in the
structure.
reader’s mind while interpreting a text” and reflects that
- Its body contains the summary of the subject and the
reading, like writing, is a creative process.
detailed evaluation about it.

MEDIA CRITICISM - Media criticism is the act of closely

CRTIQUES CAN BE USED TO EVALUATE:
examining and judging the media.
 CREATIVE WORKS
When we examine the media and various media
 RESEARCHES
stories, we often find instances of media bias. Media bias is
 MEDIA
the perception that the media is reporting the news in a
partial or prejudiced manner.
Critical Approaches to Writing a Critique

GENDER CRITICISM - This approach “examines how

CRITIQUE PAPER
sexual identity influences the creation and reception of
 is a genre of academic writing.
literary works.
 briefly and critically summarizes and evaluates a
work or concept.
 Includes a number of approaches, including the so-
called “masculinist” approach and feminism which takes as a
central precept that the patriarchal attitudes that have
dominated Western thought have resulted, consciously or
unconsciously, in literature “full of unexamined ‘male-
produced’ assumptions.”

MARXIST CRITICISM - It focuses on the economic and

political elements of art, often emphasizing the ideological
content of literature.
Marxist criticism often argues that all art is political,
either challenging or endorsing (by silence) the status quo, it
is frequently evaluative and judgmental, a tendency that “can
lead to reductive judgment.

MORALIST CRITICISM - To study literature from the

moral/intellectual perspective is therefore to determine
whether a work conveys a lesson or message and whether it
can help readers lead better lives and improve their
understanding of the world.