rl

Bio 504
-{ a+tttu'rL
***-*---)-
Name:
Practice
Fungi Worksheet

Complete the blanks using the list of vocabulary words below and complete the instructions given in
each section.
Absorp++ve -en+e.rop{ny*t .t€b.sters Nemades
,Asx+al-- Snzymes" AaoHs- Parasitie-
^€e**ia -)lrc;'},-e-s r-r{Iti.ryHy' -4ffitice'ftTfdr "preU-atory
-gudCrng Het+retreph+e. -ffies
ee#ttlssr JJyphae- =Mst++*tis{+e- Sueeessful-
ehft+r' -}+secfy

A- Structure
I I tl tr t
Somefungi, ,'flCldS forexampleare unicellularwhileothers are ,'utt; l'{-;, < lle lAi
Afungalorganismconsistsof amassof threadlikefilamentscatteO hu'nltci.-- ,whichcombinetomakeupthe
:i iJ
fungai lyitnrr elit-r.'r: .Eachhyphacanbecomposedor..ilinofr,,ngrrcellsasisthecasewith
iipf;t le -eref+iefLngi. lnthiscase,thehyphaeareseparatedintosectionsbycrosswallscalledsepta. lnsomeorganisms,
the hypha is a continuous cytoplasm with many nuclei. These hyphae are known ,tffilrli
+ ,'u_
Hyphae contain large vacuoles. The hypha is surrounded by a plasqa membrane and a cell wall, which is made of
Ch t I i n .iniontrast,toplantcellwallsmaOeof r:e.f ftr/O:C.Chitinalsomakesuptheexoskeletonsof
arthropods such as {n\(L t5 and lc;h'i k r >
1) Label the parts of a hypha below.
(#:"-
o Cellwall Yl[C ILi
o Cytoplasm 1dr c u'- c'iC
o Nuclei
o Plasma membrane
e Vacuole

cell *,tt

lct.'i r Acr- vr1€-iftt) i-l:]" tii{

1>

2) ldentify the following as coenocytic or septate fungi.

t)c erro c-1'l"z

)---
#{v:#
l
Bio 504 Name:
Practice
Fungi Worksheet

Complete the blanks using the list of vocabulary words below and complete the instructions given !n
each section.
Absory++vei -en+e.repffit .t€6'31aras Nemades
,Ascxdr-al- Sn:Vmes" A4sf*s- 'Parasirie-
*+li*ia -)fror-e-s f-aItnng6ody- -affificethrtar "preUatory
-$uddffig Het+retreph+e- .-lll&sh{€€ms -*,aporprhytes
ee#u{ssr =M{r++l€+is{irL SueeessfuI
ehft+r' -I+secty

A- Structure
tl
Some fungi, {flc l(15 for example are unicellular while others are ,r * l{;, e ll u- lat
A fungal organism consists of a mass of threadlike filaments called which combine to make up the
H-, fungal ft|V{ e.li u,';"t1 .Eachhyphacanbecomposedof achJlnof fungalcellsasisthecasewith
..rl-
-i1>fxle- -€ffiftiefLngi. lnthiscase,thehyphaeareseparatedintosectionsbycrosswallscalledsepta. lnsomeorganisms,
the hypha is a continuous cytoplasm with many nuclei. These hyphae are known ,t
;ffiill+ ,'-
Hyphae contain large vacuoles. The hypha is surrounded by a plasqa membrane and a cell wall, which is made of
Ch t I in .iniontrast,toplantcellwallsmaOeof i:e.f lur/O:C.Chitinalsomakesuptheexoskeletonsof
arthropods such as lnlr(c tS and lc fi', {t r >

1) Label the parts of a hypha below.

o Cellwall n uic k"-1,

o Cytoplasm vf-rr urc'tC

o Nuclei
e Plasma membrane
e Vacuole

ceII*,.t

lctri v ncr- uy'r €-rrr-b i-& Vi{

1>

2) ldentify the following as coenocytic or septate fungi.

eyl-x"fZ
 r
B- Nutrition

Fungido not have Cil . i- | ,/ I I so they cannot make their food in the way that plants do. Fungi, like
an ima ls are
L\€" k r c {-rr.' > I .lk-.. Howeve r, fungi a re not ingestive heterotrophs that d igest food after they eat
it like animals. They feed on anb are classified as saprophytes. Their hyphae penetrate the dead material and foim
, V
branching network. The tips of the growing hyphae produce € fiZv tne-_S which digest the organic
material.ThesoIub|eproductsareabsorbedintothehyphae.auffidfirstandthenabsorbit,they
are a-Ly:r,{rt v< heterotrophs.

Some fungi are arLce- lc ,''/ . They will capture food. For example, mycelium trap
--?:,'
ne rvlo,::fb, c.Le-<- to absorb nitrogen.
Othe r fu ngia re rt *l *ti r ', lZ. Myco rrhizae a bso rb a nd conce ntrate phosphate wh ich they deliver to pla nt
roots. ln turn, the fungi receive sugars from the plant. Ascomycetes in lichen provide moisture, shelter and anchorage
for its partner, the green algae. The green algae provides it with nutrients.

some fungi are -Ptc v ct-5 t h- c . They absorb nutrients from their host. They may cause devastating
plant infections suth as rust and smuts and ruin entire crops such as wheat and corn. Only about 50 species
are
known to harm animals.

A fourth group of fungiare known Stu'p u .,p luvti ', . They feed on dead or decaying
organic matter. l-l t r <ltv.z,<:,,yt ", s are pbrt of {tris /roup.

C- Reproduction

Different types of fungi have different methods of reproduction. The unicellular yeasts reproduce asexually through
mitotic division known as bt-tcM t , while other fungi, such as mushrooms, have much more complex life
cycles.

Ex. Zveomvcota (bread mold)

When bread mold fungi, such as Rhizopus stolonifer, grow on stale bread or rotting fruit, the mycelium can be seen
as
gray colored "fL)zz" . Rhizopus reproduces asexually by sending up vertical hyphae called sporangiospores.
Horizontal hyphae called rhizoids connect sporangiophores to each other. Each of these hyphae swells at the tip
to
produceasporangium.Asporangiumisatypeofsporecase. Thecytoplasminthesporangiumdividesrepeatedlyto
produce a mass of spores, each with a nucleus. When the sporangium breaks open, the spores are dispersed
in the
air, and each can grow to form a new mycelium if it lands on suitable material. This is an c*he*x uLct- I type
of reproduction, but the mold can also reproduce sexually.

1) Color the parts of Rhizopus stolonifer --- mycelium (blue), sporangiophores (red), sporangiurn (purple), rhizoid
(green), and spores (yellow).

lltyi i. [, ', i.'r

(
Sexual reproduction takes place only between two different stroins of Rhizapus. The strains are visually
indistinguishable but may have differences in their physiology, e.g. one may be able to digest organic matter better

l-
I
ihan the other. ln sexual reproduction, beneficialcharacteristics like this may be combined, leading to a more
', ;:c <-
t^
+= lv'- | strain of the fungus.

Sexual reproduction in molds like the Zygomycetes occurs when hyphae called "+" and "-" start growing toward each
other. When they meet, their tips swell and are cut off by cross walls or septa. The nuclei divide rapidly in the tips
and then fuse when the cross walls break down. These fused nucleiform a zygospore. The cellwallof the zygospore
thickens as the hyphae break down. The zygospore can remain dormant for a long time surviving drought or extreme
temperatures. When conditions become good, the zygospore germinates and forms a single hyphae and sporangium
that release spore.

1) ldentify which step in the diagram represent asexual and sexual reproduction.

Q
{} Spor*r,giurn
retBase
*. and*sp+res t:
, _/-
if
() (t"t Xt'' -'-\-

Iygcle prcd.u**s _* ff1 * $B*ea

fi sFsr;*9"*gluiF:lfl l-' t \*f
* $pore

Spores
ge,rminate
s*parately
Sygrspore
diivides t*
p{'sdua* ry$fite

F'fewhyirhae +
-=a.:€
I'Wt &re orpdu#*d
-p:i@=r
1{yp,h*efusse
zyg*Jpur*
q k '], d
i -
U i*il'r # E*h'vpna
T:"&-ffi'l {E#\<=_--
11 + nyprra hyptra

- htr'pha
,,/tj \
(
!( K Li. {r*
 ln mushrooms, the part of the organism seen above ground is known as the {rur.u br,rlv
fr.u, As is the
case with Psalliota campestris (field mushroom) and Psollioto arvensis (horse mushroot{l, tf,"y *.Zainte. Those of t
toadstools are mostly inedible or even poisonous. \v
Under favorable conditions some of the hyphae just below the soil, mass together into mycelia
and form a spherical
body that Srows rapidly and pushes above the surface. As this body grows, it develops three distinct
regions: a stalk
called the stipe, a cap or pileus, and gills under the cap. Z bbvaelop on these gills on structures called
basidiaunderthecao. Atfirst,thecapisjoinedall
-'- rounditsedgetothestalkbutlater,asaresultoftherapid
ar-:- --r'-J-"'-* / sJq lEJullUI Lll(
growth of stalk and cap, the cap breaks free leaving a ring of tissue, the annulus or ring, round the
stalk.
-1)
Label the parts of the mushroom below.

C Ci-P Io"-= )

qr\l ba'ri dr'rt

o^o si)cr-€- s
itnn ". l"rS o--
c(, ^3) o oo
5li oo

,aYag['--''Y1

D- Fungi and !-lumans

Fungi can attack the tissues of plants and animals and cause disease. ln a way we
compete with fungi for our food.
Mold spores can cause allergies. Athlete's foot, ring worm, vaginal yeast infections are common
diseases caused by
fungi' Sometimes, humans may ingest poisonous mushrooms resulting in intense abdominal pain,
vomitingand
death. Fungi may produce aflatoxins which wiil cause liver cancer.
on the other hand, fungi may be beneficial as they produce antibiotics, penicillin for example. yeast is
used in the
production of bread. Cheese, beer, wine and soy products are also
the result of fungalgrowth. Many also enjoy the
taste of fungi. Some truffles for exampre are valued at 10 000$ a kilogram I

1) List 3 ways fungi both harm and benefit us.

ha-v"m I d YT-ot.l -, +'pc''[s f;t"l be*I' t-, ,..^l', [,, .,.1i. ,

i spc) r lt . "=lrJt t f'"t"tl l-'n;":,tti}tta)
irrje-r C.{LIL({:y
. Ctls(-G-.tc t ql*t[.te k ', L.otr,{ar*l) o'L',ro,
?'+;T' yuY
t / "*ir
e rr.-\\arci'*
j ai"
;;;L 1v.c ,^; {-) f Aer.*"0._ )