Physics Practical Manual New123

1.
Ohm’s Law
Aim: To determine the resistivity of two wires by plotting a graph of potential difference versus current.
Apparatus required: The given two resistance wire, an ammeter, a voltmeter, a rheostat, a battery, one-way key,
meter scale and connecting wires.
Formula used: According to Ohm’s Law
𝑉 𝐼
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 (𝑉)
𝑉
𝑅= (Ω)
𝐼
Where,
V = Potential difference across the given wire. (V)
I = Current flowing through the given wire. (A)
R = Resistance of the given wire (Ω)
The specific resistance or resistivity ρ of the material of the given wire is given as
𝜋𝑑2
𝜌=( ) 𝑅 (Ω𝑚)
4𝐿
Where,
d = Diameter of the wire (m)
L = Length of the wire (m)
R = Resistance of the given wire (Ω)
Circuit Diagram:
ADITYA VIDYASHRAM Page 2

Model graph:
Observation:
Range of ammeter =
Range of voltmeter =
Least count of ammeter =
Least count of voltmeter =
Length of the wire =
Table:
Wire 1:
Sl. No. Ammeter Reading (I) Voltmeter Reading (V) 𝑽

𝑹= (𝜴)
(volt ) 𝑰
(ampere)
MEAN (R) = 𝜴

Wire 2:
Sl. No. Ammeter Reading (I) Voltmeter Reading (V) 𝑽

𝑹= (𝜴)
(volt ) 𝑰
(ampere)
Calculations:
Procedure:
Calculation: Resistivity (  ) of Nichrome wire =
Result:
The resistivity of wire 1 (Nichrome) is determined to be: ………………… 𝜴m
The resistivity of wire 2 (Copper) is determined to be : ………………… 𝜴m
Precautions:
1. Connection should be tight.

2. The voltmeter and ammeter should be of proper range.
3. The voltmeter should be connected in parallel and ammeter should be connected in series.
Source of Error:

2. METER BRIDGE - LAW OF COMBINATION OF RESISTANCES IN SERIES
Aim: To verify the law of series combination of resistances using meter bridge.
Apparatus required: Meter bridge, two resistance coils, a resistance box, a rheostat, galvanometer, a jockey, one-
way key, a cell or battery eliminator and thick connecting wires.
Formula used:
(i) The Unknown resistance ‘r’ of the wire is then given by

𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝒍
𝒓=( )𝑹 (Ω)
𝒍
Where,
r = Unknown resistance of the given coil (Ω)
l = Balancing length (cm)
R = Resistance from the resistance box (Ω)
(ii) When two resistances are connected in series, their combined resistance is given as
𝑟𝑠 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 (Ω)
Where,
𝑟𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (Ω)
𝑟1 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 (Ω)
𝑟2 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 (Ω)
Diagram:

Table:
Resistance
Balancing
from Length 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝒍 Mean
Resistance Sl. Length 𝒓= ( ) 𝑹(𝜴)
resistance DC = (100 - l) 𝒍 Resistance
Coil No. AD = l
box, R (cm) (Ω)
(cm)
(Ω)
1
r1 2
3
1
r2 2
3
1
r1 and r2
2
are in series
3
Calculation:
Result: Within experimental errors 𝑟𝑠 ≈ 𝑟1 + 𝑟2. Therefore, the law of combination of resistances in series stands
verified.
Precautions:

2. The jockey should be made to slide gently.
3. The key in the battery circuit should remain inserted only when observations are to be taken.
Source of Error:

3. GALVANOMETER - FIGURE OF MERIT
Aim: To determine resistance of a galvanometer by half-deflection method andto find its figure of merit.
Apparatus required: A galvanometer, 2 V battery, a resistance box of range (0 – 10,000Ω), a resistance box of
range (0 – 500 Ω), two one-way keys, and connecting wires.
Formula used:
(i) The resistance of the galvanometer is given as
𝑅𝑆
𝐺= (Ω)
𝑅−𝑆
Where,
G = Resistance of the Galvanometer (Ω)
R = Resistance from the resistance box (Ω)
S = Shunt resistance (Ω)
(ii) The Figure of merit (k) of the galvanometer is given by
𝐸 1
𝑘=( (𝐴 𝑑𝑖𝑣−1)
𝑅 + 𝐺) 𝜃
Where,
k= Figure of merit of the galvanometer(𝐴 𝑑𝑖𝑣−1)
E = Emf of the battery (V)
R = Resistance form the resistance box (Ω)
G = Resistance of the Galvanometer (Ω)
θ = Deflection in the Galvanometer (div)
(iii) The current that produces full scale deflection is given as
𝐼𝑔 = 𝑁𝑘 (𝐴)
Where,
𝐼𝑔 = Current that produces full scale deflection (A)
N = Number of division on either side of the galvanometer (div)
k= Figure of merit of the galvanometer(𝐴 𝑑𝑖𝑣−1)

Diagram:
Table for finding resistance G of galvanometer
Half Deflection Galvanometer

Resistance Deflection in the Shunt Resistance
𝜽 Resistance
Sl. No R galvanometer, θ S
𝟐 𝑹𝑺
(div) 𝑮= (Ω)
(Ω) (Ω) 𝑹–𝑺
( div )
5
Mean = 55.6 Ω

Table for finding the figure of merit
The Emf of the battery =2V

Resistance of the galvanometer = ………. Ω
Resistance Deflection in the

Sl. No R galvanometer, θ
E 1
k . ( Adiv 1 )
(Ω) (div) ( R  G) 
Mean = …………………A/div
To find current required for producing full scale of deflection (I g)
Maximum number of division on the either side in the galvanometer,N = 30

Figure of merit of galvanometer, k = ……………………A/div
Current that produces full scale deflection, Ig = Nk = ………………. μA
Procedure:
Result:
(i) The resistance G of the galvanometer by half deflection method is found to be = ………….. Ω
(ii) The Figure of merit of galvanometer is found to be = ………………….A/div
(iii) The Current that produces full scale deflection is determined to be = ……………. μA
Precautions:

2. To avoid damage to the galvanometer, a high resistance (5000 Ω) should be first taken out of the resistance
box R and then key K1 should be closed.
3. The plugs of the resistance box should be clean.
Source of Error:

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1.

Formula used: According to Ohm’s Law

V = Potential difference across the given wire. (V)

I = Current flowing through the given wire. (A)

R = Resistance of the given wire (Ω)

d = Diameter of the wire (m)

L = Length of the wire (m)

R = Resistance of the given wire (Ω)

ADITYA VIDYASHRAM Page 2

Sl. No. Ammeter Reading (I) Voltmeter Reading (V) 𝑽

ADITYA VIDYASHRAM Page 3

Sl. No. Ammeter Reading (I) Voltmeter Reading (V) 𝑽

Calculation: Resistivity (  ) of Nichrome wire =

The resistivity of wire 1 (Nichrome) is determined to be: ………………… 𝜴m

The resistivity of wire 2 (Copper) is determined to be : ………………… 𝜴m

1. Connection should be tight.

ADITYA VIDYASHRAM Page 4

(i) The Unknown resistance ‘r’ of the wire is then given by

r = Unknown resistance of the given coil (Ω)

l = Balancing length (cm)

R = Resistance from the resistance box (Ω)

𝑟𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (Ω)

𝑟1 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 (Ω)

𝑟2 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 (Ω)

ADITYA VIDYASHRAM Page 5

1. Connection should be tight.

ADITYA VIDYASHRAM Page 6

(i) The resistance of the galvanometer is given as

G = Resistance of the Galvanometer (Ω)

R = Resistance from the resistance box (Ω)

S = Shunt resistance (Ω)

(ii) The Figure of merit (k) of the galvanometer is given by

k= Figure of merit of the galvanometer(𝐴 𝑑𝑖𝑣−1)

E = Emf of the battery (V)

R = Resistance form the resistance box (Ω)

G = Resistance of the Galvanometer (Ω)

θ = Deflection in the Galvanometer (div)

(iii) The current that produces full scale deflection is given as

𝐼𝑔 = Current that produces full scale deflection (A)

N = Number of division on either side of the galvanometer (div)

k= Figure of merit of the galvanometer(𝐴 𝑑𝑖𝑣−1)

ADITYA VIDYASHRAM Page 7

Table for finding resistance G of galvanometer

Half Deflection Galvanometer

ADITYA VIDYASHRAM Page 8

The Emf of the battery =2V

Resistance Deflection in the

To find current required for producing full scale of deflection (I g)

Maximum number of division on the either side in the galvanometer,N = 30

1. Connection should be tight.

ADITYA VIDYASHRAM Page 9

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