LIVING IN

GED 12 THEIT ERA

1
 Table of Contents
Module 1 Introduction to ICT 1
Module Overview 6
- LESSON 1 The Concepts of IT and ICT. 7
LESSON 2 The Computer System 11
LESSON 3 Categories of Computer System 20
LESSON 4 Software 26
Module Summary 3
Module Assessment 30
References 32

Module 2 The Internet 34

Module Overview 34
LESSON 1 The evolution of the Internet (1960 to Present) 33
LESSON 2 How the Internet Works 40
LESSON 3 Connecting to the Internet 46
Module Summary 52
Module Assessment 53
References 54

Module 3 Information Control, and Privacy 55

Module Overview 55
LESSON 1 Netiquette 56
LESSON 2 Data Privacy Act of 2012 62
Module Summary 66
Module Assessment 67
References 68

Module 4 Culture, Society, IT Trends, and the IoT 69

Module Overview 69
LESSON 1 Online Services 70

LESSON 2 The IoT 74

LESSON 3 Influence of IT in Culture 79
LESSON 4 Social Behaviour 82
Module Summary 86
Module Assessment 87
References 88

2
Appendices 89
Appendix A 89
Appendix B 90

3
FOREWORD
Hello! Welcome to Compostela Valley State College. The global pandemic may
hinder
you from going back to your classrooms but it will not hinder you from furthering your
learning and education. Through the collaborative and dedicated effort of its
administrators, faculty, and staff, the Compostela Valley State College offers its first
blended learning modality through its Learning Management System and faculty-made
Course Packs so as to deliver quality education at the comfort of your homes.

In lieu of the aforementioned, this course pack serves as the instructional material for
self-directed learning in the course GED 12 (LIVING IN THE IT ERA). As this course is
offered through blended learning modality, there shall be asynchronous1 and scheduled
synchronous learning sessions. During asynchronous sessions, you are expected to do
independent learning using the course pack. You can either access the weekly learning
materials online through the CVSC Learning Management System at https://lms.cvsc.edu.ph
or download and print the entire course pack all at once for offline learning. All references
including supplemental learning materials are specified in this course pack to aid you during
asynchronous sessions. On the other hand, synchronous sessions are conducted through
video conferencing. These sessions are specifically scheduled for consultations and output
presentations and evaluations. All course requirements are specified in this course pack
and in the LMS. You are encouraged to submit the requirements at the scheduled week
and on or before the specified deadline for immediate feedback and guided learning. All
course requirements must be submitted via the LMS.

We sincerely encourage you to accomplish this course pack, its tasks and
requirements,
from which your progress will be evaluated, with fairness and honesty through fair and
honest means. Spend your time wisely and do not think that you are alone in this learning
process. You are encouraged to consult your instructor, form study groups with your
classmates, and browse the internet for additional resources, tutorials, and practice tests.
We are in this together. We will learn as one.

Have fun learning!

4
 Course Overview
This course covers the science, history, foundation, culture and ethics of information
technology, its influence on modern living and human relationships, and uses for personal,
professional, and social advancement. This course introduces the Information Technology as
well as Information and communication Technology, its ethical principles and challenges,
and the impacts in the society. Students will use these theoretical underpinnings to be
acquainted with relevant knowledge to their field or interests of IT and determine how these
knowledge are useful in understanding their modern environment.
In order for learners to gain competency in this course, this course
pack has been structured into four modules as follows:
Module 1: Introduction to ICT
Module 2: The Internet
Module 3: Information Control, and Privacy
Module 4: Culture, Society, IT Trends, and the IoT
At the completion of this course pack, learners should be able to:
 recognize the trend of information technology;
 identify the different parts of the computer system, and the categories of computer
peripherals;
 explain the basic concepts or key terms in IT and also features the major IT trends along
with the issues and challenges these developments bring;
 identify functions, processes, and operation involving IT and information and
communications technology;
 responsibly and efficiently use technological resources; and
 appreciate how the communication and information technologies evolve and the cultural
and social implications of such technologies for society.

Students in this course are encouraged to go through each lesson in every module
sequentially to maximize their learning. They should work on all exercise to build on the
concepts of each topic introduced in each lesson.
So, to make this learning experience rewarding for you, answer and study diligently
this course pack with your co-learners at your own pace. You can also ask the
help and support of your peers, tutor and friends.

5
MODULE NO. 2

Lessons in the THE

Module
 The evolution of the Internet
(1960 to Present)
INTERNET
 How the Internet Works
 Connecting to the Internet MODULE
OVERVIEW
Greetings learner! How are you so far? Well then, welcome to the second module of
this course pack!
The Internet is a huge, electronic network connecting many millions of
computers from every corner of the world. A computer connected to the Internet is
commonly referred to as a host. Connections are made using telephone lines, cable data lines,
fiber-optic, or even wireless signals. This connected-ness allows computers to send and
receive information in the form of digitized data on demand.
The internet has been around for several decades, with the very first iteration starting
out as a military research project in the late 1960s. Ever since then, it has evolved and
undergone a multitude of changes before transitioning into the familiar World Wide Web that
we know today.
In this module you will be acquainted with the development and evolution of internet
as well as the impacts that it has laid down in our society. For sure, you will be learning more
about computer at its deeper sense.
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
 Examine the basic concept of internet and its protocol in transmitting data within the
network.
 Describe how the internet works.
 Discuss the types of internet connection and how they differ to one another.
 Illustrate the method use to process requested data from browser to the World Wide
Web.

Are you excited? Well then let’s begin!

6
 The Evolution of the Internet (1960
Lesson 1 Lesson 1
to Present)
OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:
 identify the different advancement of internet;
 discuss how the internet evolved and what it is like today; and
 compare the capabilities of internet before and the present.

Time Frame: 1.5 hrs.

INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, there are several ways that enable us to access the Internet.
Technology keeps improving, method to access the Internet also increase. People can now
access Internet services by using their cell phone, laptop and various gadgets. The number of
Internet service providers also keeps increasing.

ACTIVI
TY
Activating Prior
Knowledge
Analyze the diagram on
the right side of this box
and answer the analysis
https://www.computerhope.com

ANAL  What is your understanding about the data

presented above in terms of internet speed?
_____________________________________________

YSIS _____________________________________________
__________________________________________

 How does data presented affects you at the present

time?
_________________________________________
_________________________________________ 7
_________________________________________
 Based on the diagram above, explain implication
of ever growing internet connection speed?
_________________________________________
 The origin of the internet began in the late 1960s and early 1970s from a new network
technology created by the U.S. Department of Defense. It was known as the Advanced
Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET).

Its purpose was to connect various Department of Defense scientists and researchers
across the United States working on defense projects. Researchers incorporated ARPANET
into the networks they were working at including universities. As more and more networks
joined the system, the internet began to take shape.

Internet History Timeline

Source: kingpng.com

1960s
ARPA was the center of computing research in the 1960s, but there was just one
problem: many of the computers could not talk to each other. In 1968, ARPA sent out a
request for proposals for a communication technology that would allow different computers
located around the country to be integrated together into one network. Twelve companies

8
responded to the request, and a company named Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BBN) won the
contract. They began work right away and were able to complete the job just one year later:
in September, 1969, the ARPANET was turned on. The first four nodes were at UCLA,
Stanford, MIT, and the University of Utah.

1970s
Over the next decade, the ARPANET grew and gained popularity. During this time,
other networks also came into existence. Different organizations were connected to different
networks. This led to a problem: the networks could not talk to each other. This led to a
problem: the networks could not talk to each other. Each network used its own proprietary
language, or protocol, to send information back and forth. This problem was solved by the
invention of transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP). TCP/IP was designed
to allow networks running on different protocols to have an intermediary protocol that would
allow them to communicate. So as long as your network supported TCP/IP, you could
communicate with all of the other networks running TCP/IP. TCP/IP quickly became the
standard protocol and allowed networks to communicate with each other. It is from this
breakthrough that we first got the term Internet, which simply means “an interconnected
network of networks.”

1980s
Dave Farber of the University of Delaware reveals a project to build an inexpensive
network using dial-up phone lines. In 1982, the PhoneNet system is established and is
connected to ARPANET and the first commercial network, Telenet. This broadens access to
the internet and allows for email communication between multiple nations of the world.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), as the protocol suite,
commonly known as TCP/IP, emerge as the protocol for ARPANET. This results in the
fledgling definition of the Internet as connected TCP/IP internets. TCP/IP remains the
standard protocol for the Internet. The Domain Name System (DNS) establishes the
familiar .edu, .gov, .com, .mil, .org, .net, and .int system for naming websites in 1983. This is
easier to remember than the previous designation for websites, such as 123.456.789.10.

1990s

9
 Tim Berners-Lee and his colleagues at CERN develop hypertext markup language
(HTML) and the uniform resource locator (URL), giving birth to the first incarnation of the
World Wide Web. This technology continues to have a large impact on how we navigate and
view the Internet today.

The World Wide Web gained even more steam with the release of the Mosaic browser
in 1993, which allowed graphics and text to be combined together as a way to present
information and navigate the Internet. The Mosaic browser took off in popularity and was
soon outdated by Netscape Navigator, the first commercial web browser, in 1994. Netflix is
founded in 1997 by Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph as a company that sends users DVDs
by mail. The Google search engine is born in 1998, changing the way users engage with the
Internet. In 1999, AOL buys Netscape. Peer-to-peer file sharing becomes a reality as Napster
arrives on the Internet, where intensifies the music and video piracy controversy. The first
internet virus capable of copying and sending itself to a user’s address book is discovered in
1999.

2000s
2000 sees the dot-com bubble rise and burst. In the first few years of the World Wide
Web, creating and putting up a website required a specific set of knowledge: you had to know
how to set up a server on the World Wide Web, how to get a domain name, how to write web
pages in HTML, and how to troubleshoot various technical issues as they came up. Someone
who did these jobs for a website became known as a webmaster.

As the web gained in popularity, it became more and more apparent that those who
did not have the skills to be a webmaster still wanted to create online content and have their
own piece of the web. This need was met with new technologies that provided a website
framework for those who wanted to put content online.

Further Reading: https://online.jefferson.edu/business/internet-history-

timelin

APPLICATION
A. Create a time line about internet development and
identify the significant improvement from the
previous discovery or invention.

10
Closure

Congratulations! You have just finished Lesson 1. Should there be some parts of the
Module which you need clarification, please ask your instructor during your face-to-face
interactions.

Lesson 2 How the Internet Works Lesson 1

OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:
 explain the complexity internet process; and

11
  illustrate the flow on how the internet works.

Time Frame: 1.5 hrs.

INTRODUCTION
Have you ever wondered about how the internet actually works, but don't have a great
deal of technical knowledge? It is important to understand that the internet is nothing more
than a term used to describe a massive world wide network of computers connected together
for the purpose of sharing content. Every computer or network device connected to the
internet has two things true about it, a physical connection is established via a physical cable
or a wireless device and it has software necessary to interpret/send/receive the various
internet protocols.

Are you ready? Let’s begin!

ACTIVI
TY
Activating Prior
Knowledge
Analyze the illustration

ANAL  What is your understanding about the complexity

and answer the analysis
question below of the internet?
_____________________________________________

YSIS _____________________________________________
https://www.computerhope.com
__________________________________________

 How does the preceding steps of internet

connection lay the grounds for the succeeding
steps?
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
 Based on the diagram above, explain the role of
internet in our society. 12
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
 The internet is a worldwide computer network that transmits a variety of data and
media across interconnected devices. It works by using a packet routing network that follows
Internet Protocol (IP) and Transport Control Protocol (TCP).

Data moves over the Internet in a manner called “packet switching.” What packet
switching basically does is send your data in separate pieces. Each tagged with your intended
destination. Once all of the pieces reach their target, they are reassembled into your email.
Packets flow by many routes, each determined by the quickest and most efficient at the time
you send your email.

If you had a permanent connection to the intended destination or if your email

traveled as a whole instead of in pieces, an entire portion of the network would be blocked
every time you sent a message. With packet switching, many people can use the Internet at
the same time.

Messages + Packets

 Data sent over the internet is called a message

 Before messages get sent, they’re broken up into tiny parts called packets

Internet Protocol (IP)

 Rules that govern how information is sent from one computer to another computer over
an internet connection.
 Specifies how computers should send information to other computers by sending data
with an attached numerical address (IP Address).
 Public IP Address: Accessible over the internet

13
  Private IP Address: Assigned to a device on a closed network such as a home or
business network that’s not accessible over the internet

Transport Control Protocol (TCP)

 Works with IP to ensure transfer of data is dependable and reliable

 No packets lost, no delay negatively affecting data quality, packets reassembled in
proper sequence

What happens when you surf the internet...

Step 1: Your PC or device is connected to the web through a modem or router, which allows
it to connect to other networks around the globe.

Source: Arris Router Setup / 192.168.0.1 Wireless Setup Arris

A router allows for multiple computers to join the same network while a modem
connects to your Internet Service Provider (ISP) which provides either cable or DSL internet.

Your personal PC is called a client as opposed to a server.

Source: DigitalThinkerHelp

 Client computers connect to the internet through an ISP.

Example: Your phone connected to a mobile network or your laptop connected to

WiFi.

14
  Servers are computers directly connected to the internet.

Example: Computers that store web pages, sites, or applications.

Step 2: Type in a web address, known as a URL (Uniform Resource Locator).

Source: Oxford Web Studio

Step 3: Your query is processed and pushed to your ISP. Your ISP has multiple servers
which store and send data like a NAP Server (Network Access Protection) and a DNS
(Domain Name Server).
Your browser looks up the IP address for the domain name you typed into your browser
through DNS.
 DNS translates the text-based domain name you type into the browser into the
number-based IP address.

Source: How-To Geek

Step 4: Browser sends a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) request to the target server to
send a copy of the website to the client using TCP/IP.
 HTTP: Language used for internet communication.
 HTTPS: Secure version of HTTP, all communications between your browser and
website are encrypted.

Source: TCP/IP and Network Programming / SpringerLink

Step 5: Server approves request and sends a “200 OK” message to client computer. Then, the
server sends web page files to browser in the form of data packets.

Source: How to Optimize Your Site With GZIP Compression - BetterExaplained

15
Step 6: Web page loads as your browser reassembles packets.

The internet is a worldwide computer network that transmits a variety of data and
media across interconnected devices. It works by using a packet routing network that follows
Internet Protocol (IP) and Transport Control Protocol. These two work together to ensure that
data transmission across the internet is consistent and reliable, no matter which device you’re
using or where you’re using it. When data is transferred over the internet, it’s delivered in
messages and packets. Data sent over the internet is called a message, but before messages
get sent, they’re broken up into tinier parts called packets. These messages and packets travel
from one source to the next using Internet Protocol (IP) and Transport Control Protocol
(TCP). IP is a system of rules that govern how information is sent from one computer to
another computer over an internet connection. Using a numerical address (IP Address) the IP
system receives further instructions on how the data should be transferred. The Transport
Control Protocol (TCP) works with IP to ensure transfer of data is dependable and reliable.
This helps to make sure that no packets are lost, packets are reassembled in proper sequence,
and there’s no delay negatively affecting the data quality.

Further Reading: medium.com/@User3141592/how-does-the-internet-work-

edc2e22e7eb

APPLICATION

A. In the graphic organizer below, illustrate the process and flow of accessing
internet.

16
Closure

Congratulations! You have just finished Lesson 2. Should there be some parts of
the Module which you need clarification, please ask your instructor during your face-to-
face interactions.

17
 Lesson 3 Connecting to the Internet Lesson 1
OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:
 explain the different types of internet connection; and
 identify things needed for internet connection.

Time Frame: 1.5 hrs.

INTRODUCTION
Hello students! Welcome to Lesson 3 of Module 2. In the previous topics, you’ve
learn about the internet works. In this lesson, you will be guided on how to connect in the
internet.
We are going to explore the captivating and ever-changing world of the Internet. The
Internet is the largest computer network in the world, connecting more than a billion
computer users. The Internet is most often used for three main purposes:
1. Communication
2. Buying and selling (e-commerce)
3. Searching for information
Are you ready? Let’s begin!

ACTIVI
TY
Analyze the diagram on
the right side of this box
and answer the analysis
question below

18
 https://www.computerhope.com

 What are the components that you will be needing

in connecting to the internet?
ANAL _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________

YSIS 
__________________________________________

How does internet connection help you in your

daily task?
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________

 Cite examples or implication of internet to your

daily endeavor as an active user of internet.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
________________________

The internet is made up of millions of computers linked together around the world in
such a way that information can be sent from any computer to any other 24 hours a day.
These computers can be in homes, schools, universities, government departments, or
businesses small and large. They can be any type of computer and be single personal
computers or workstations on a school or a company network. The internet is often described
as 'a network of networks' because all the smaller networks of organizations are linked
together into the one giant network called the internet. All computers are pretty much equal
once connected to the internet; the only difference will be the speed of the connection which
is dependent on your Internet Service Provider and your own modem.

Things Needed to Connect to the Internet

 Internet Connection
 Web Browser
 ISP (Internet Service Provider)

19
  Computer with modem
1. Internet Connection

To use the internet, one is required to have an internet connection. Majority of the
telephone companies today are offering several packages both for telephone and internet
services. They are relatively faster and reliable compared to the dial-up connection since they
allow internet access 24 hours a day.

Types of Internet Service/Connection

 Dial-up Access – Refers to connecting a device to a network via a modem and a
public telephone network. Dial-up access is really just like a phone connection, except
that the parties at the two ends are computer devices rather than people. Because dial-
up access uses normal telephone lines, the quality of the connection is not always
good and data rates are limited.
 DSL (Direct Subscriber Line) – high speed digital data transmission network
transmits voice using the telephone network. Uses high frequency signals, making it
possible to send both signals together in the same line that is why one can be
connected to the internet and use the telephone at the same time.
 Wireless Internet Service Provider (WISP) – it is internet service provided by
companies around the wireless networking technology. A receiving equipment is
installed on the costumer’s premises usually the highest point of residence or a
building to receive the internet signal.
 Wi-Fi – an internet access is provided within range of a wireless network called Wi-
Fi hotspot.
 Satellite Internet – is a means to get connected to the internet using a satellite
internet usually used in areas where there are no existing land based internet, vessels
at sea and even on land vehicles.
2. Web Browser
Is a program that displays web pages and allows you to interact with text, images,
music, video and other resources found on a Website on the World Wide Web.
Examples of web browser

 MS Internet Explorer – widely used web browser today. This program was
developed by Microsoft and included in the Windows operating systems program.

20
  Opera – a web browser with internet related programs, free for personal computers
and cellular phones. Commonly used in mobile phones, smart phones and PDAs.

 Mozilla Firefox – the second most popular web browser. It is a free and open source
web browser and can run on Windows, Mac OS, Linux and other Linux based
computers.

 Google Chrome - a web browser released by Google in 2008 and has a lot of users
already.

 Safari – a web browser developed by Apple, Inc. for Mac OS, Windows XP and
Vista OS as well as for iPhone and iPod Touch.

3. Internet Service Provider

21
 A company that provides internet connection services for individuals to be able to
access the Internet.

4. Computer With Modem

You should have a computer to be able to connect to the internet.
MODEM - is a machine that sends and receives data over telephone lines to and from
computers.

FURTHER READING: https://www.wikihow.com/Connect-to-the-Internet

22
APPLICATION

1. In the graphic organizer below, show the process and flow before
accessing internet.

2. Identify and discuss the functions of things or equipment that you will be
needing on connecting to the internet.

Closure

Congratulations! You have just finished Lesson 3. Should there be some parts of
the Module which you need clarification, please ask your instructor during your face-to-
face interactions.
23
Module Summary
 1960s - ARPA was the center of computing research and sent out a request for
proposals for a communication technology that would allow different
computers located around the country to be integrated together into one
network.
 1970s - TCP/IP was designed to allow networks running on different protocols
to have an intermediary protocol that would allow to communicate. TCP/IP
quickly became the standard protocol and allowed networks to communicate
with each other. It is from this breakthrough that we first got the term Internet,
which simply means “an interconnected network of networks.”
 1980s - the PhoneNet system is established and is connected to ARPANET and
the first commercial network, Telenet. This broadens access to the internet and
allows for email communication between multiple nations of the world.
 1990s - Tim Berners-Lee and his colleagues at CERN develop hypertext
markup language (HTML) and the uniform resource locator (URL), giving
birth to the first incarnation of the World Wide Web.
 2000s – sees rise and burst of dot-com bubble.
 Data moves over the Internet in a manner called “packet switching.”
 The internet is a worldwide computer network that transmits a variety of data
and media across interconnected devices. It works by using a packet routing
network that follows Internet Protocol (IP) and Transport Control Protocol.
 Things needed to connect to the internet: Internet Connection, Web Browser,
ISP, and Computer with modem.
 Types of Internet Service/Connection: Dial-up Access, DSL, WISP, Wi-Fi, and
Satellite Internet.
 Examples of web browser: MS Internet Explorer, Opera, Mozilla Firefox,
Google Chrome, and Safari.
 Two common search tools: Search Engine, and Subject Directory.

24
 Module References
https://www.history.com/news/who-invented-the-internet#:~:text=The%20first%20workable
%20prototype%20of,communicate%20on%20a%20single%20network.
https://web.stanford.edu/class/msande91si/www-spr04/readings/week1/
InternetWhitepaper.htm
https://canvas.instructure.com/courses/955530/assignments/3758443
https://www.etu.org.za/toolbox/docs/it/internet.html#:~:text=You'll%20be%20able
%20to,interest%20for%20work%20or%20recreation.
http://webpc.biz/training/tech2u/internet/connect.html
https://www.webopedia.com/definitions/dial-up-access/
https://www.teledataict.com/dial-up-internet-access-explained/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/digital-subscriber-lines#:~:text=Digital
%20subscriber%20lines%20(DSLs)%20are,in%20bandwidth%20and%20data%20rate.
https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/urban-wlan-solutions-in-finnish-cities/32641
https://www.carritech.com/news/packet-switching-explained/
https://www.digitalunite.com/technology-guides/using-internet/connecting-internet
https://www.history.com/news/who-invented-the-internet#:~:text=The%20first%20workable
%20prototype%20of,communicate%20on%20a%20single%20network.
https://www.livescience.com/20727-internet-history.html
https://www.computerhistory.org/internethistory/1960s/
http://www2.ic.uff.br/~michael/kr1999/1-introduction/1_09-history.htm

25