Published online: 23.09.

2019

Review Article
A review of computer‑aided design/computer‑aided
manufacture techniques for removable denture
fabrication
Mehmet Selim Bilgin1, Ebru Nur Baytaroğlu1, Ali Erdem1, Erhan Dilber1

Correspondence: Dr. Mehmet Selim Bilgin 1

Department of Prosthodontics, Sifa University, Izmir,
Email: [email protected] Turkiye

ABSTRACT
The aim of this review was to investigate usage of computer‑aided design/computer‑aided manufacture (CAD/CAM) such
as milling and rapid prototyping (RP) technologies for removable denture fabrication. An electronic search was conducted
in the PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases. Databases were searched from
1987 to 2014. The search was performed using a variety of keywords including CAD/CAM, complete/partial dentures, RP,
rapid manufacturing, digitally designed, milled, computerized, and machined. The identified developments (in chronological
order), techniques, advantages, and disadvantages of CAD/CAM and RP for removable denture fabrication are summarized.
Using a variety of keywords and aiming to find the topic, 78 publications were initially searched. For the main topic, the
abstract of these 78 articles were scanned, and 52 publications were selected for reading in detail. Full‑text of these articles
was gained and searched in detail. Totally, 40 articles that discussed the techniques, advantages, and disadvantages of CAD/
CAM and RP for removable denture fabrication and the articles were incorporated in this review. Totally, 16 of the papers
summarized in the table. Following review of all relevant publications, it can be concluded that current innovations and
technological developments of CAD/CAM and RP allow the digitally planning and manufacturing of removable dentures
from start to finish. As a result according to the literature review CAD/CAM techniques and supportive maxillomandibular
relationship transfer devices are growing fast. In the close future, fabricating removable dentures will become medical
informatics instead of needing a technical staff and procedures. However the methods have several limitations for now.

Key words: Computer‑aided design/computer‑aided manufacture, rapid prototyping, removable partial denture

INTRODUCTION geometry of an object while CAM software is used

for the manufacture. The CAD/CAM manufacturing
With continuous developments over several years, process can either include additive (RP) or
present‑day technological advancements allow subtractive manufacturing (computer numerical
the use of different systems with computer‑aided control [CNC] machining; milling). RP has been
design/computer‑aided manufacture (CAD/CAM) used for industrial purposes and was developed
technology for the fabrication of removable dentures, from CAD/CAM technology. It is used to create
including milling and rapid prototyping (RP).[1]

CAD/CAM technology refers to digital design This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution‑NonCommercial‑ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows
and manufacture. CAD software recognizes the others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non‑commercially, as long as the
author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.
Access this article online
Quick Response Code: For reprints contact: [email protected]

How to cite this article: Bilgin MS, Baytaroglu EN, Erdem A,

Website: Dilber E. A review of computer-aided design/computer-aided
www.eurjdent.com manufacture techniques for removable denture fabrication. Eur J Dent
2016;10:286-91.
DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.178304

286 © 2016 European Journal of Dentistry | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow

 Bilgin, et al.: Fabricating removable dentures with CAD/CAM – A review

automatically physical models from computerized RP (stereolithography [SLA]) before the conventional
three‑dimensional (3D) data.[2,3] RP, also known as fabrication of a definitive prosthesis.[17‑19]
solid freeform fabrication or layered manufacturing,
has been used for creating 3D complex models in the An electronic search was conducted in the
field of medicine since the 1990s and has recently PubMed/MEDLINE (National Library of Medicine,
become popular for the fabrication of removable Washington, DC), ScienceDirect, Google Scholar,
dental prostheses. [4,5] CAD/CAM and RP have and Web of Science databases for identifying English
been used for several years for the fabrication articles using the following key word combinations:
of inlays, onlays, crowns, fixed partial dentures, • “CAD/CAM and complete dentures”
implant abutments/prostheses, and maxillofacial • “CAD/CAM and removable partial dentures
prostheses.[6] Currently, not only fixed restorations (RPDs)”
but also removable dentures are manufactured • “CAD/CAM and removable dentures”
using CAD/CAM and RP.[7‑14] However, few studies • “CAD/CAM and removable prosthesis”
have reported on the use and effectiveness of RP for • “RP and complete dentures”
removable denture fabrication.[4] • “RP and RPDs”
• “RP and removable dentures”
Subtractive manufacturing technique is based on • “RP and removable prosthesis”
milling the product from a block by a CNC machine. • “Digitally designed and removable dentures”
The CAM software automatically transfers the CAD • “Digitally designed and complete dentures”
model into tool path for the CNC machine. This • “Digital complete dentures”
involves computation that points the CNC milling, • “Digital removable dentures”
including sequencing, milling tools, and tool motion • “Rapid manufacturing and removable dentures”
direction and magnitude. Due to the anatomical • “Milled,” “machined,” “computerized,” and
variances of dental restoration, the milling machines “removable dentures.”
combine burs with different sizes. The accuracy of
milling is shown to be within 10 µm.[15,16] Articles about removable dentures fabricated using
CAD/CAM and RP that were published from
The first removable prosthesis based on 3D laser 1987 to 2014 were selected. These included reviews and
lithography was manufactured by Maeda et al.[12] in 1994. laboratory and clinical reports. Articles published in
Subsequently, the removable prosthesis duplication non‑English languages that included identified search
technique was improved using CAD/CAM with a terms in the title or abstract were excluded. The search
computerized numerical control (CNC) system and process was executed in three phases as searching
ball‑end mills by Kawahata et al.[11] in 1997. Then, Sun of titles, analysis of abstracts, and identification of
et al.[13] fabricated individual physical flasks using a full‑text articles. Also, Google search was conducted
3D printer. for available commercial manufacturers of CAD/CAM
prostheses and their processing techniques. The
Impressions of the edentulous maxilla and mandible identified developments (in chronological order),
or existing dentures are subjected to laser scanning techniques, advantages, and disadvantages of
during CAD. [11,12] Also, cone beam computed CAD/CAM and RP for removable denture fabrication
tomography is used for the modification of previous are summarized in Table 1.
dentures.[7] CNC, laser lithography, and RP are used
for the CAM process.[10‑13]
TECHNIQUES AND MATERIALS USED
AvaDent and Dentca are the two available commercial FOR DENTAL COMPUTER‑AIDED
manufacturers of removable complete dentures MANUFACTURE
with CAD/CAM, using a gadget for transferring
the maxillomandibular relation (MMR) to a digital CAM includes subtractive and additive manufacturing
articulator and finalizing the dentures completely techniques [Figure 1].
with CAD/CAM. In the process used by AvaDent,
denture bases are milled using a subtractive technique Early CAM systems are based on substractive method
from prepolymerized denture resin. The Dentca that was relied on cutting the restoration from a
technique uses an additive process, wherein a trial prefabricated block using burs, drills, or diamond
denture can be prepared, if the dentist requires, using disks. Subtractive manufacturing includes CNC

European Journal of Dentistry, Vol 10 / Issue 2 / Apr-Jun 2016 287

 Bilgin, et al.: Fabricating removable dentures with CAD/CAM – A review

Table 1: The table of published articles about CAD/CAM techniques for removable denture fabrication from
1994 until 2015
Article Technique Summary
Maeda et al.[12] Rapid prototyping Maeda et al. manufactured the first removable prosthesis using 3D laser lithography
Silicone was used to obtain maxillary and mandibular impressions for 3D laser scanning
and imaging using CCD cameras. Complete dentures were manufactured using rapid
prototyping (3D laser lithography) from photopolymerized composite resin material
Kawahata et al.[11] Milling Kawahata et al. improved the digitally duplication technique for
removable prostheses using CAD/CAM with a CNC system.
Duplicate dentures were fabricated from a block of wax using CNC milling
Williams et al.[20] Rapid prototyping Williams et al. used digitized molds and electronic surveying for integrating 3D models of
removable partial prosthesis frameworks and created a metal frame. They also recommended a
technique to ease the definition of the retentive regions of the teeth and equator of the RP denture
Eggbeer et al.[21] Rapid prototyping Eggbeer et al. used RP for manufacturing a sacrificial model of the
prosthesis and used the investment-cast technique for casting. However,
their technique was slightly complicated and time‑consuming
Bibb et al.[22] Milling and rapid Bibb et al. described the fabrication of a metal frame using CAD/CAM and RP in a clinical
prototyping case report. They produced prototype epoxy resin using RP, and the prototype was used
as a replacement for the wax used during conventional processing of the metal frame.
Sufficient adaptation for hard tissues and soft tissues was provided by the metal frame
Busch and Kordass[8] Milling Busch and Kordass digitally scanned edentulous models using laser and
other kind of digital scanners and digitally arranged the teeth with anatomic
measurements/averages provided by specific computer software
Sun et al.[13] Rapid prototyping Virtual flasks were constructed with 3D laser scanning of maxillary and mandibular
gypsum casts, and the teeth were digitally arranged. Physical flasks were constructed
using RP. Conventional laboratory steps were used for tooth insertion
Guo‑Dong et al.[23] Rapid prototyping Guo‑Dong et al. presented easier and more effective techniques for designing and
processing digital models of RPD frameworks. They used current commercial 3D software
for scanning plaster casts, with the scanner based on the structured light technique.
A digital model of the RPD framework was designed, and its sacrificial model was fabricated
using RP. Then, the alloy framework was processed using the cast mold method
Kanazawa et al.[7] Milling Kanazawa et al. used CBCT scans of prostheses and denture teeth and digitally arranged
the teeth. The prosthesis base was fabricated from a block of acrylic resin using CNC milling,
following which the teeth were manually bonded in the holes created in the denture base
Jevremović et al.[24] Rapid prototyping Jevremović et al. studied about alloys used for fabricating prostheses using
SLM. They concluded that Co‑Cr alloys did not have cytotoxic effects, while
some metals commonly resulted in side effects, mentioning that 30 alloys
showed similar characteristics used in SLM for cast alloy processing
Goodacre et al.[9] Milling Goodacre et al. scanned silicone impressions by neutral zone technique for scanning,
additionally recorded interocclusal relations, then teeth were arranged digitally. The
prosthesis base was fabricated from a block of acrylic resin using CNC milling, following
which the teeth were manually bonded in the holes created in the denture base
Inokoshi et al.[10] Rapid prototyping Inokoshi et al. scanned wax trial prostheses of 10 patients using CBCT and modified
the scanned digital prostheses using computer software. Seven prototypes were
fabricated using RP, with various modifications in teeth arrangements for researching
the applicability of prototype prostheses for trial placement functions
Alifui‑Segbaya Rapid prototyping They researched the effects of the corrosive function of artificial saliva on cast and Co‑Cr
et al.[25] alloys manufactured using RP. They found that some dental alloys, including Co, Cr, and
molybdenum, can be used in the oral cavity because of their acceptable ion release levels
Yoon et al.[26] Milling The research group had tried a different approach for restoring worn artificial teeth
by onlays on removable partial denture case by milling technique. The CAD CAM
blocks that they used to restore the worn teeth were lithium disilicate blocks
Yamamoto et al.[27] Milling This study mentioned that in CAD/CAM complete denture, the recesses need offset for
accurate teeth positions and the optimal offset values differ with the basal shape of artificial
teeth. And revealed optimal offset values as 0.15-0.25 mm for upper left 1, 0.15 and
0.25 mm for upper left 3, 0.25 mm for upper left 4, and 0.10-0.25 mm for upper left 6
Infante et al.[28] Milling This clinical report describes the manufacture of removable complete dentures using CAD/CAM
technology. Infante et al. manufactured complete removable dentures using the AvaDent system
from PMMA resin in two appointments. Acrylic teeth were not manufactured using CAD/CAM.
The article reports that clinical records can be obtained using AMD in the first appointment itself
Bilgin et al.[29] Milling and rapid This study presents a new technique of design as one set aligned artificial tooth arrangement
prototyping fabricated by CAD/CAM techniques for complete dentures
3D: Three‑dimensional, CCD: Charge coupled‑device, CAD/CAM: Computer‑aided design/computer‑aided manufacture, RP: Rapid prototyping, CNC: Computerized
numerical control, RPD: Removable partial denture, CBCT: Cone beam computed tomography, SLM: Selective laser melting, Co‑Cr: Cobalt‑chromium,
PMMA: Polymethyl methacrylate, AMD: Anatomical measurement device

288 European Journal of Dentistry, Vol 10 / Issue 2 / Apr-Jun 2016

 Bilgin, et al.: Fabricating removable dentures with CAD/CAM – A review

Figure 1: Overview of computer‑aided design/computer‑aided manufacture systems for dental use

machining used for the manufacture of crowns, restorations from visible light‑sensitive resins, wax,
posts, inlays, and onlays. The subtractive production and composite materials. After the material is printed,
methods include spark erosion and milling. The spark it is cured using a light‑emitting diode light source
erosion can be defined as a metal substractive process or lamp.[31] Also, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)
using continuing sparks to erode material from a is used in the DLP technique.[32] Jet (PolyJet/ProJet)
metal block according to the CAD under required printing uses a series of ink‑jet print heads and
conditions. Milling techniques are diamond grinding tiny pieces of material jetted onto support material
and carbide milling which are now found together in and create each layer of the part. Then, each jetted
chairside and inLab CAD/CAM devices together and layer is hardened using a UV lamp, light source, or
as the latest transferred technology from manufacture heating. This technique is used for the manufacture
industry to dental use is laser milling, which was of dental models, surgical drill guides, aligners, wax
announced in first quarter of 2015. Milling techniques patterns, and removable frameworks from dental
are mostly dependent on the device properties such as resin and waxes. DLMS/SLS is a powder‑based
the dimensional approach and possibilities of working technique wherein high‑power laser beam hits the
axis: 3 spatial direction X, Y, and Z which refers to 3 powder, resulting in melt and fusion of the powder
axis milling devices while 3 spatial direction X, Y, Z particles. This technique is used for the manufacture
and tension bridge refers to 4 axis milling device, and of dental models, copings, and surgical guides from
finally 3 spatial direction X, Y, Z, tension bridge with cobalt‑chrome, palladium chrome, and nylon.[31]
milling spindle is classified as 5 axis milling device.[30]
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Additive 3D printing techniques include SLA, digital OF REMOVABLE PROSTHESIS
light projection (DLP), jet (PolyJet/ProJet) printing,
and direct laser metal sintering (DLMS)/selective
WITH COMPUTER‑AIDED DESIGN/
laser sintering (SLS). COMPUTER‑AIDED MANUFACTURE AND
RAPID PROTOTYPING
The SLA technique uses ultraviolet (UV) laser for
layer‑by‑layer polymerization of materials. The Manufacturing steps for complete dentures
technique is used for the manufacture of dental First, models can be prepared using conventional
models from UV‑sensitive liquid resins. DLP uses UV impression or intraoral digital impression. When
laser and visible light for polymerization and is used digital impression is considered, practitioner will
for the manufacture of dental models, wax patterns, need for high speed, high density, small size,
removable partial frameworks, and provisional and multifunctional device which has driven the

European Journal of Dentistry, Vol 10 / Issue 2 / Apr-Jun 2016 289

 Bilgin, et al.: Fabricating removable dentures with CAD/CAM – A review

development of 3D imaging.[33] The precision of digital designing of RPD framework is taking much time and
impression has been studied by several researchers and complicated. For this reason, researchers investigated
found out that use of digital models is a relatively new proper CAD/CAM method and software for 3D
technique that has an accuracy of up to 10 µm, and the designing of RPD framework for many years.[20,21,36,37]
models have been found to be as reliable as traditional
stone casts.[34] Nalcaci et al.[35] found out statistically Basically, steps for manufacturing of framework
significant differences between measurements of partial prosthesis with CAD/CAM and RP are:
obtained for width of 6 anterior teeth and 12 overall First, dental casts are prepared using conventional
teeth using plaster and digital models; however, these impression method or digital impression. Casts
differences were not within the clinically significant are scanned using digital scanner for conventional
range (~0.27–0.30 mm). Therefore, casts are scanned technique. Path of insertion of the RPD is defined
using digital scanner for conventional technique. digitally, and then shape of the components of the
After taking impression, the next step is making framework is designed 3D by dentists or laboratory
MMR transfer during complete prosthesis fabrication technicians. Finally, digitally designed metal RPD
using CAD/CAM. There are three options for MMR frameworks are produced with RP.[36]
transfer during complete prosthesis fabrication using
CAD/CAM: The MMR can be transferred using Advantages of digital fabrication of dentures
conventional impression and transfer techniques, • Decreased number of appointments
the AvaDent system kit, or the Dentca system kit.[18,19] • Shrinkage of acrylic base caused by milling of
prepolymerized acrylic resin with an increase in
Two clinical appointments are required for the the strength and fit of dentures
manufacture of removable complete dentures using the • Decreased duration of prosthesis manipulation
Avadent and Dentca systems. In the first appointment, • Decrease in the risk of microorganism colonization
impressions are recorded using special trays provided on the denture surfaces and consequent infection
in the AvaDent or Dentca system. Then, the jaw relation • Advances in standardization for clinical research
is recorded using an anatomical measuring device. on removable prostheses
The occlusal vertical dimension (OVD) is determined • Easy reproduction of the denture and manufacture
using conventional methods. Subsequently, the centric of a trial denture using stored digital data
relation is recorded, and teeth are selected. The last • Superior quality control by clinicians and
step of the first appointment is the delivery of the final technicians.[38]
impression to the manufacturer (AvaDent or Dentca).
Limitations and disadvantages of digital fabrication
At the laboratory, the denture borders are first defined of dentures
and marked using the system’s computer software. • Manufacturing challenge caused by
Then, the teeth are virtually set, and the prosthesis impression‑taking and OVD‑recording procedures,
base is milled from traditional denture resin material. MMR transfer, and maintenance of lip support,
A trial denture can be prepared as per the dentist’s which are all similar to the procedures used in the
request. conventional process
• Inability to define the mandibular occlusal plane
In the second clinical appointment, the dentures are • Expensive materials and increased laboratory cost
delivered and any occlusal adjustments made. These compared with those for conventional methods
steps are similar to those for conventional prosthesis • Lack of trial denture manufacture by the Avadent
delivery. Only the AvaDent technique of denture base system, [18] which precludes the evaluation of
manufacture is not conventional.[17‑19] dentures by patients and dentists before final
denture fabrication.
Manufacturing steps for framework of partial
prosthesis CONCLUSIONS
Designing of the RPD framework generally consists
of four parts as base, plate, clasp, major, and minor Since the fabrication of the first modern removable
connector of the framework. Every part of the RPD dentures using PMMA, no significant changes in
framework must be done proper design and thick fabricating techniques were introduced until
value in the designing process.[23] Because of the CAD/CAM techniques came into the picture in the
variety of RPD parts and their irregular forms, 3D 1990s. Current innovations and developments in

290 European Journal of Dentistry, Vol 10 / Issue 2 / Apr-Jun 2016

 Bilgin, et al.: Fabricating removable dentures with CAD/CAM – A review

dental technology allow the fabrication of removal A review of two commercial fabrication systems. J Calif Dent Assoc
2013;41:407‑16.
dentures using CAD/CAM technologies from start 18. Sirirungrojying S, Srisintorn S, Akkayanont P. Psychometric profiles
to finish, thus decreasing the chair side and working of temporomandibular disorder patients in southern Thailand. J Oral
Rehabil 1998;25:541‑4.
time for patients and dentists and providing superior 19. Sülün T, Akkayan B, Duc JM, Rammelsberg P, Tuncer N, Gernet W.
or satisfactory functional and esthetic outcomes. The Axial condyle morphology and horizontal condylar angle in patients
development of a digital face simulator using imaging with internal derangement compared to asymptomatic volunteers.
Cranio 2001;19:237‑45.
techniques with lower effective doses of radiation in 20. Williams RJ, Bibb R, Rafik T. A technique for fabricating patterns
the close future will be another milestone for removable for removable partial denture frameworks using digitized casts and
denture fabrication with digital OVD recording and electronic surveying. J Prosthet Dent 2004;91:85‑8.
21. Eggbeer D, Bibb R, Williams R. The computer‑aided design and rapid
MMR transfer before finalization with CAM. prototyping fabrication of removable partial denture frameworks.
Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2005;219:195‑202.
22. Bibb RJ, Eggbeer D, Williams RJ, Woodward A. Trial fitting of a
Financial support and sponsorship removable partial denture framework made using computer‑aided
Nil. design and rapid prototyping techniques. Proc Inst Mech Eng H
2006;220:793‑7.
23. Guo‑Dong Y, Wen‑He L, Dai N. The Computer‑Aided Design
Conflicts of interest and Rapid Prototyping Fabrication of Removable Partial Denture
There are no conflicts of interest. Framework. Paper Presented at: Computer Science and Information
Technology, 2009. ICCSIT 2009. 2nd IEEE International Conference on;
2009.
REFERENCES 24. Jevremović D, Kojić V, Bogdanović G, Puškar T, Eggbeer D,
Thomas D, et al. A selective laser melted Co‑Cr alloy used for the
1. Lima JM, Anami LC, Araujo RM, Pavanelli CA. Removable partial rapid manufacture of removable partial denture frameworks: Initial
dentures: Use of rapid prototyping. J Prosthodont 2014;23:588‑91. screening of biocompatibility. J Serbian Chem Soc 2011;76:43‑52.
2. Di Giacomo GA, Cury PR, de Araujo NS, Sendyk WR, Sendyk CL. 25. Alifui‑Segbaya F, Foley P, Williams R. The corrosive effects of artificial
Clinical application of stereolithographic surgical guides for implant saliva on cast and rapid manufacture‑produced cobalt chromium
placement: Preliminary results. J Periodontol 2005;76:503‑7. alloys. Rapid Prototyp J 2013;19:95‑9.
3. Sarment DP, Sukovic P, Clinthorne N. Accuracy of implant placement 26. Yoon TH, Madden JC, Chang WG. A technique to restore worn denture
with a stereolithographic surgical guide. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants teeth on a partial removable dental prosthesis by using ceramic onlays
2003;18:571‑7. with CAD/CAM technology. J Prosthet Dent 2013;110:331‑2.
4. Sun J, Zhang FQ. The application of rapid prototyping in 27. Yamamoto S, Kanazawa M, Iwaki M, Jokanovic A, Minakuchi S. Effects
prosthodontics. J Prosthodont 2012;21:641‑4. of offset values for artificial teeth positions in CAD/CAM complete
5. Webb PA. A review of rapid prototyping (RP) techniques in the medical denture. Comput Biol Med 2014;52:1‑7.
and biomedical sector. J Med Eng Technol 2000;24:149‑53. 28. Infante L, Yilmaz B, McGlumphy E, Finger I. Fabricating
6. Miyazaki T, Hotta Y, Kunii J, Kuriyama S, Tamaki Y. A review of dental complete dentures with CAD/CAM technology. J Prosthet Dent
CAD/CAM: Current status and future perspectives from 20 years of 2014;111:351‑5.
experience. Dent Mater J 2009;28:44‑56. 29. Bilgin MS, Erdem A, Aglarci OS, Dilber E. Fabricating complete
7. Kanazawa M, Inokoshi M, Minakuchi S, Ohbayashi N. Trial of a dentures with CAD/CAM and RP technologies. J Prosthodont 2015
CAD/CAM system for fabricating complete dentures. Dent Mater J Jun 1. doi: 10.1111/jopr.12302. [Epub ahead of print].
2011;30:93‑6. 30. Beuer F, Schweiger J, Edelhoff D. Digital dentistry: An overview of
8. Busch M, Kordass B. Concept and development of a computerized recent developments for CAD/CAM generated restorations. Br Dent
positioning of prosthetic teeth for complete dentures. Int J Comput J 2008;204:505‑11.
Dent 2006;9:113‑20. 31. Hazeveld A, Huddleston Slater JJ, Ren Y. Accuracy and reproducibility
9. Goodacre CJ, Garbacea A, Naylor WP, Daher T, Marchack CB, Lowry J. of dental replica models reconstructed by different rapid prototyping
CAD/CAM fabricated complete dentures: Concepts and clinical techniques. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2014;145:108‑15.
methods of obtaining required morphological data. J Prosthet Dent 32. Brkic B, France N, Clare AT, Sutcliffe CJ, Chalker PR, Taylor S.
2012;107:34‑46. Development of quadrupole mass spectrometers using rapid
10. Inokoshi M, Kanazawa M, Minakuchi S. Evaluation of a complete prototyping technology. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2009;20:1359‑65.
denture trial method applying rapid prototyping. Dent Mater J 33. Karatas OH, Toy E. Three‑dimensional imaging techniques:
2012;31:40‑6. A literature review. Eur J Dent 2014;8:132‑40.
11. Kawahata N, Ono H, Nishi Y, Hamano T, Nagaoka E. Trial of 34. Gumus HO, Dincel M, Buyuk SK, Kilinc HI, Bilgin MS, Zortuk M.
duplication procedure for complete dentures by CAD/CAM. J Oral The effect of pouring time on the dimensional stability of casts made
Rehabil 1997;24:540‑8. from conventional and extended‑pour irreversible hydrocolloids by
12. Maeda Y, Minoura M, Tsutsumi S, Okada M, Nokubi T. A CAD/CAM 3D modelling. J Dent Sci 2015;10:275‑81.
system for removable denture. Part I: Fabrication of complete dentures. 35. Nalcaci R, Topcuoglu T, Ozturk F. Comparison of Bolton analysis
Int J Prosthodont 1994;7:17‑21. and tooth size measurements obtained using conventional
13. Sun Y, Lü P, Wang Y. Study on CAD and RP for removable complete and three‑dimensional orthodontic models. Eur J Dent
denture. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2009;93:266‑72. 2013;7 Suppl 1:S66‑70.
14. Zhang YD, Jiang JG, Liang T, Hu WP. Kinematics modeling and 36. Han J, Wang Y, Lü P. A preliminary report of designing removable
experimentation of the multi‑manipulator tooth‑arrangement robot partial denture frameworks using a specifically developed software
for full denture manufacturing. J Med Syst 2011;35:1421‑9. package. Int J Prosthodont 2010;23:370‑5.
15. Abduo J, Lyons K, Bennamoun M. Trends in computer‑aided 37. Williams RJ, Bibb R, Eggbeer D, Collis J. Use of CAD/CAM technology
manufacturing in prosthodontics: A review of the available streams. to fabricate a removable partial denture framework. J Prosthet Dent
Int J Dent 2014;2014:783948. 2006;96:96‑9.
16. Rekow ED, Erdman AG, Riley DR, Klamecki B. CAD/CAM for dental 38. Bidra AS, Taylor TD, Agar JR. Computer‑aided technology for
restorations – Some of the curious challenges. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng fabricating complete dentures: Systematic review of historical
1991;38:314‑8. background, current status, and future perspectives. J Prosthet Dent
17. Kattadiyil MT, Goodacre CJ, Baba NZ. CAD/CAM complete dentures: 2013;109:361‑6.

European Journal of Dentistry, Vol 10 / Issue 2 / Apr-Jun 2016 291