Chapter 5 Vector

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Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 1

DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

Synopsis: TERMINOLOGIES

This topic explains the basic operations of vector and


scalar quantities including their use in solving problems.
Magnitude Vector:
This topic also explains the method for determining angle
The magnitude or
between two vectors as well as the characteristics of modulus of a vector is its
triple vector and scalar products. length.

Unit Vector:
What You Will Learn: The unit vector is a
vector of unit length.
 Define vector notation, vector representation, equality
of vectors, negative vector and position vectors. Scalar (dot) product:

 Calculate unit vector and magnitude vector. A scalar (dot) product is


a combination of two
 Understand the operations of vectors. vector to get a number.
 Apply scalar (dot) product of two vectors.
Angle between two vector:
 Calculate the angle between two vectors.
 Apply vector (cross) product of two vectors.
 Calculate the area of parallelogram by using vector.
 Calculate scalar triple product and vector triple
product. Vector (cross) product:
A vector (cross) product
is a combination of two
vector to get a vector.

Area Parallelogram:

History: Vectors were born in the first two decades of the 19th century with the geometric representations of complex numbers. James Clerk
Maxwell (1831--1879) was a discerning and critical proponent of quaternions. In what he called "the mathematical classification of physical
quantities," Maxwell divided the variables of physics into two categories, scalars and vectors.
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 2
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

Introduction to Vector and Scalar:

Definition: A quantity that has a magnitude is called a scalar quantity. For


example, area, volume, mass, temperature and pressure are scalar
quantities.

A quantity that has a magnitude and direction is called a vector


quantity. For example, force, displacement, velocity and acceleration
are vector quantities.

Geometrically, we can picture a vector as a directed line segment, whose length is the
magnitude of the vector and with an arrow indicating the direction. The direction of the
vector is from its tail to its head. Terminal point or
the head

Direction
Magnitude

Initial point
Infographic: or the tail

Vector And Scalar

Scalar (Dot) Product Vector (Cross) Product

Angle between two vector Area Parallelogram


Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 3
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

5.1 Define vector:

5.1.1 State the basic vector definition.

a) Vector notation

Typical notation to designate a vector is a character with and arrow on it, or a


 ~
character with a line under it such as A , A , A and A .
~

b) Vector representation

Vectors are represented by an arrow pointing in the direction of the vector. The
length of the vector represents the magnitude of the vector.

B


AB (Arrows indicate
AB the direction vector
from A to B )

c) Equality of vectors

The vectors are equal if and only if they have the same magnitude and the same
  
direction. For example, vectors AB  MN  XY .

B Y
N

A X
M
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 4
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

d) Negative vector

Negative vector is a vector which have the same magnitude but opposite
   
direction. For example, vectors AB   BA and MN   NM .

B M

A N

e) Position vectors

A position vector is a vector which represent the position of a point P in space


in relation to reference origin O . It is equivalent to an imaginary displacement

from O to P as OP .

y
P

OP

x
O
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 5
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

Example 1

 
If P has position vector p and Q has position vector q . Find the vector PQ and QP
~ ~

in terms of p and q .
~ ~
Solution:
 
OP  p , OQ  q
~ ~

     
PQ  PO  OQ QP  QO OP
     
PQ   OP OQ QP   OQ OP
 
PQ   p  q PQ   q  p
~ ~ ~ ~

Example 2

The position vector of point A and B with respect to origin O are 2 i j and 3 i  4 j .
~ ~ ~ ~
 
Find the vector AB and BA .

Solution:
 
OA  2 i  j , OB  3 i  4 j
~ ~ ~ ~

     
AB  AO  OB BA  BO  OA
     
AB   OA OB BA   OB OA
 
AB   2 i  j    3 i  4 j  BA   3 i  4 j    2 i  j 
 ~ ~  ~ ~  ~ ~  ~ ~
 
AB  2 i  j  3 i  4 j BA  3 i  4 j  2 i  j
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

 
AB  i  5 j BA   i  5 j
~ ~ ~ ~
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 6
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

Exercise 1

A , B and C are the points 1 , 0 , 1 , 2 and 2 ,  1 . Find:



a) AB

b) AC

c) BC

c) CA

Solution :

Answer:
a) 2 j
~

b) i j
~ ~

c) i  3 j
~ ~

d)  2 i  2 j
~ ~
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 7
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

5.1.2 Calculate:

a) Magnitude vector


The magnitude or modulus of a vector is its length. If A  a i  b j  c k , then the
~ ~ ~


magnitude of A is given by:

A  a b c
2 2 2

Example 3

Find the magnitude for each of the following vectors:



a) OP  2 i  j
~ ~

b) PQ  5 i  3 j
~ ~

c) OQ  4 i  5 j  3 k
~ ~ ~


d) AB  3 i  2 j  4 k
~ ~ ~

Solution:

a) OP  22  12  5


b) PQ  52   32  34


c) OQ   42  52   32  50


d) AB   32   22   42  29
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 8
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

Exercise 2

Find the magnitude for each of the following vectors:

a)

b)

c)

c)

Solution :

Answer:
a)
b)
c)
d)
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 9
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

Exercise 3

Given point and . Determine:

a)

b)

c)

c)

Solution :

Answer:
a)

b)

c)

d)
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 10
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

b) Unit vector

^
The unit vector is a vector of unit length. The unit vector, u in the direction of

A  a i  b j  c k is given by:
~ ~ ~

^ A

a i  b j c k
~ ~
u   ~

A a2  b2  c2

Example 4

Find the unit vector for each of the following vectors:



a) OP  3 i  2 j
~ ~

b) OQ   i  3 j  5 k
~ ~ ~

Solution:

a) OP  32   22  13

^ 3 ~i  2 j 3i 2j
u ~
 ~  ~
13 13 13


b) OQ   12   32   52  35

^  i~  3 j  5 k~ i 3j 5k
u ~
 ~  ~
 ~

35 35 35 35
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 11
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

Exercise 4

Find the unit vector for each of the following vectors:

a)

b)

Solution :

Answer:

a)

b)
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 12
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

Exercise 5

Given and , find unit vector of :

Solution :

Answer:
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 13
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

5.2 Understand the operations of vectors:


The addition and subtraction of two or more vectors is called the resultant. The resultant
of two vectors can be found using either the Parallelogram method or the Triangle
construction method.

5.2.1 Demonstrate addition and subtraction of vectors using

Parallelogram method.

Draw the vectors so that their initial points coincide. Then draw lines to form a complete
parallelogram. The diagonal from the initial point to the opposite vertex of the
parallelogram is the resultant.

5.2.1.1 Addition of vectors using Parallelogram method.


 
Step 1: Given two vectors, A and B .


A


B
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 14
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

Step 2: Without changing the magnitude and direction of both vectors, draw both initial
 
point of vector A and B at the same point.


A


B

 
Step 3: Draw another two lines that is parallel to both vector A and vector B to build a
parallelogram.


B


A


A

B
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 15
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

 
Step 4: The diagonal line of the parallelogram is the resultant for A  B .


B


A
 
A B

A

B
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 16
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

5.2.1.2 Subtraction of vectors using Parallelogram method.


 
Step 1: Given two vectors, A and B .


A


B
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 17
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

 
Step 2: Draw both initial point of vector A and B at the same point but change the

direction of vector B without changing the magnitude. This step is done to get the

vector  B .


A


B

 
Step 3: Draw another two lines that is parallel to both vector A and vector B to build a
parallelogram.


B


A


A


B
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 18
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

 
Step 4: The diagonal line of the parallelogram is the resultant for A  B .


B


A

 
AB

A


B
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 19
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

5.2.2 Demonstrate addition and subtraction of vectors using Triangle

construction method.

Draw the vectors one after another, placing the initial point of each successive vector at
the terminal point of the previous vector. Then draw the resultant from the initial point of
the first vector to the terminal point of the last vector. This method is also called the
head-to-tail method.

5.2.2.1 Addition of vectors using Triangle construction method.


 
Step 1: Given two vectors, A and B .


A


B
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 20
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

 
Step 2: The vector A and B can be added by drawing the initial point of the arrow for
 
vector B at the terminal point of vector A .


B


A

  
Step 3: Draw the resultant A  B which proceeds from initial point of vector A to the

terminal point of vector B .


B


A
 
A B
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 21
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

5.2.2.2 Subtraction of vectors using Triangle construction method.


 
Step 1: Given two vectors, A and B .


A


B

 
Step 2: Draw both initial point of vector A and B at the same point but change the

direction of vector B without changing the magnitude. This step is done to get the

vector  B .


A


B
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 22
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

  
Step 3: Draw the resultant A  B which proceeds from initial point of vector  B to the

terminal point of vector A .


A
 
AB


B
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 23
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

5.2.3 Demonstrate addition and subtraction of vectors using method

of components.

Example 5

  
BCDE is a straight line that BC  CD  DE . Find the vector below in term of a and b
~ ~

 
if AB  3 a  2 b and BC  a  b .
~ ~ ~ ~


a) ED

b) AC

c) DA

Solution:
 
a) ED   DE

ED   a  b   ~ ~


ED   a  b
~ ~

  
b) AC  AB  BC


AC   3 a  2 b  a  b
~ ~
  ~ ~


AC  3 a  2 b a  b
~ ~ ~ ~

AC  4 a  b
~ ~
  
c) DA  DC CA
  
DA   CD AC

 
DA   a  b  4 a  b
~ ~ ~ ~


DA   a  b 4 a  b
~ ~ ~ ~

 5a
~
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 24
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

Exercise 6
  
PQRS is a parallelogram with PQ  m and PS  n . T is a midpoint of SR .
~ ~
  
Express SQ , PR and PT in terms of m and n .
~ ~

Solution :

Answer:
a)  n  m
~ ~

b) m n
~ ~

1
c) n  m
~ 2~
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 25
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

5.2.4 Perform multiplication of vector with scalar.

When we multiply a vector v by a scalar k , then k v is a vector which direction


~ ~

depends upon the sign of k . If k is positive, the direction of k v is the same as that of
~

vector v .
~

1
v v
~ 2~

3v
~

 3v
~

Example 6

Given p  2 i  3 j  k and q  i  2 j  2 k , find:


~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

a) 2 p  3 q d)  4 q  2 p
~ ~ ~ ~

b)  3 p  q e) 5 q  p
~ ~ ~ ~

c) q  4 p
~ ~

Solution:
a) 2 p  3q
~ ~

 2  2 i  3 j  k   3  i  2 j  2 k 
 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

 4 i  6 j 2 k  3 i  6 j 6 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

 7 i  12 j  4 k
~ ~ ~
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 26
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

b)  3 p  q
~ ~

 3  2 i  3 j  k    i  2 j  2 k 
 ~ ~ ~  ~ ~ ~

  6 i  9 j 3 k  i  2 j 2 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

 5 i  7 j  5 k
~ ~ ~

c) q  4 p
~ ~

  i  2 j  2 k   4  2 i  3 j  k 
~ ~ ~  ~ ~ ~
 i  2 j  2 k  8 i  12 j  4 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

 9 i  14 j  2 k
~ ~ ~

d)  4 q  2 p
~ ~

 4  i  2 j  2 k   2  2 i  3 j  k 
~ ~ ~  ~ ~ ~
 4 i  8 j  8 k  4 i  6 j  2 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

 2 j 10 k
~ ~

e) 5 q  p
~ ~

 5  i  2 j  2 k    2 i  3 j  k 
~ ~ ~  ~ ~ ~
 5 i  10 j  10 k  2 i  3 j  k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

 3 i  7 j  11 k
~ ~ ~
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 27
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

Exercise 7

Given , and , find:

a)

b)

c)

Solution :

Answer:
a)

b)

c)
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 28
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

Exercise 8

Given , and , find:

a)

b)

Solution :

Answer:
a) 3
b)
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DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

5.3 Apply scalar (dot) product of two vectors:

5.3.1 Define scalar product.


A scalar (dot) product is a combination of two vector to get a number. The dot or scalar
product of vectors as A  a1 i  a 2 j  a3 k and B  b1 i  b2 j  b3 k can be written as:
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

 
A  B   a1 i  a 2 j  a3 k    b1 i  b2 j  b3 k 
 ~ ~ ~  ~ ~ ~

 
A  B  a1b1  a2 b2  a3b3

5.3.2 State properties of scalar product.


a) Commutative property

abba
~ ~ ~ ~

b) Associative property

    c     
a b a b c
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

c) Distributive property

 
a  b  c  a  b  a  c
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

d)   a  b     a   b  a    b 
~ ~   ~  ~ ~  ~ 

e) If a  b  0 , then a b cos   0 . Hence, if neither of the vectors is a null


~ ~ ~ ~


vector, then cos   0 , i.e.   and the vectors are perpendicular.
2
In particular, i  j  j  k  k  i  0 where i , j and k are unit vectors along
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~

the x -axis, y -axis and z -axis.


Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 30
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

f) If a and b are parallel, then either a  b  a b or a  b   a b .


~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
2
In particular, i  i  j  j  k  k  1 and a  a  a where i , j and k are unit
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~

vectors along the coordinate axes.

5.3.3 Calculate the scalar product.

Example 7

   
Given A  3 i  2 j  6 k and B  5 i  2 j  4 k , find A  B .
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Solution:
 
AB

  3 i  2 j  6 k    5 i  2 j  4 k 
 ~ ~ ~  ~ ~ ~

 35   2 2  6 4


 5

Example 8

   
Given OA  3 , 4 ,  7  and OB 2 ,  2 , 8 , find OB  OA .

Solution:
 
OB  OA

   3 i  4 j  7 k    2 i  2 j  8 k 
 ~ ~ ~   ~ ~ ~ 

  32  4 2   78


 70
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Exercise 9

Given and , find and :

Solution :

Answer:
-25, -25
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DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

Exercise 10

Given v  2 i  3 k and w  7 i  2 j  4 k , find:


~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

a) vw
~ ~

b) wv
~ ~

c) v v
~ ~

d) ww
~ ~

Solution :

Answer:
a) 26
b) 26
c) 13
d) 69
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 33
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

Example 9

 
Given P  3 i  2 j  5 k and Q  8 i  j  5 k . Determine:
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

 
a) P  Q
 
b)  4 P  3 Q
 
c)  Q  5 P

Solution:

 
a) P  Q    3 i  2 j  5 k    8 i  j  5 k 
 ~ ~ ~  ~ ~ ~

  38   2 1  55


3

 
b)  4 P  3 Q  4  3 i  2 j  5 k   3 8 i  j  5 k 
 ~ ~ ~  ~ ~ ~

 12 i  8 j  20 k    24 i  3 j  15 k 
 ~ ~ ~  ~ ~ ~

 1224  8 3   2015


 36

 
c)  Q  5 P   8 i  j  5 k   5  3 i  2 j  5 k 
 ~ ~ ~  ~ ~ ~

   8 i  j  5 k     15 i  10 j  25 k 
 ~ ~ ~  ~ ~ ~

  8 15  1 10   525


 15
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 34
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

Exercise 11

Given , and . Find:

a)

b)

c)
Solution :

Answer:
a) 74
b) 92
c) -74
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 35
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

Exercise 12

  3   2
    
Given that vector OP is  2  and vector OQ is  4  . Find:
 5    6
   
 
a) 2 OP  OQ
 
b)  3 OQ  4 OP
 
c) 4 OQ   OP

Solution :

Answer:
a) -32
b) 192
c) 64
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 36
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

5.3.4 Calculate the angle between two vectors.


 
Angle between two vector A  a1 i  a 2 j  a3 k and B  b1 i  b2 j  b3 k by using scalar
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

product can be define as:


 
AB
cos    
A B

Example 10

 
Given the vector OP  3 i  2 j  4 k and OQ  3 i  j  5 k , find the angle between
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

 
OP and OQ .

Solution:
 
OP  OQ

  3 i  2 j  4 k     3 i  j  5 k 
 ~ ~ ~  ~ ~ ~

 3 3  21   45


 27

OP  32  22   42  29


OQ   32  12  52  35

 
OP  OQ
cos    
OP OQ

 27
cos  
29 35
  cos 1  0.8475
  147.94 / 2.5821 rad
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 37
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

Exercise 13
 
Given the vector A  3 i  2 j  7 k and B  3 i  4 j  5 k , find the angle between
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

 
A and B .

Solution :

Answer:
108.86 / 1.9000 rad
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 38
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

Exercise 14
 
Given the vector OA  2 i  3 j  4 k and OB  i  2 j  3 k , find the angle between
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

 
OA and OB .

Solution :

Answer:
66.61 / 1.1626 rad
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 39
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

5.4 Apply vector (cross) product of two vectors:

5.4.1 Define vector product.


A vector (cross) product is a combination of two vector to get a vector. The cross or
 
vector product of vectors as A  a1 i  a 2 j  a3 k and B  b1 i  b2 j  b3 k can be written
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

as:

 
A  B   a1 i  a 2 j  a3 k    b1 i  b2 j  b3 k 
 ~ ~ ~  ~ ~ ~

i j k
  ~ ~ ~
A  B  a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3
  a2 a3 a1 a3 a1 a2
AB  i j k
b2 b3 ~ b1 b3 ~ b1 b2 ~
 
A  B  a2 b3  a3b2  i  a1b3  a3b1  j  a1b2  a2 b1  k
~ ~ ~

5.4.2 State properties of vector product.


a) Non-Commutativity

a  b  b  a
~ ~ ~ ~

b) Distributive property

 
a  b  c  a  b  a  c
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
       
a b c a c b c
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

c)  a  b    c  d   a  c  a  d  b  c  b  d
~ ~  ~ ~  ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

d)   a  b     a   b  a    b 
~ ~   ~  ~ ~  ~ 
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 40
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

e) If a  b  0 , then a b sin   0 . Hence, if neither of the vectors is a null


~ ~ ~ ~

vector, then sin   0 , i.e.   0 and the vectors are parallel or in the same line.
In particular, i  i  j  j  k  k  0 where i , j and k are unit vectors along
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

the x -axis, y -axis and z -axis respectively.

f) If a and b are parallel, then a  b  0 .


~ ~ ~ ~

5.4.3 Calculate the vector product.

Example 11

   
Given A  3 i  2 j  5 k and B  7 i  4 j  8 k , find A  B .
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Solution:
 
A  B   3 i  2 j  5 k    7 i  4 j  8 k 
 ~ ~ ~  ~ ~ ~

i j k
~ ~ ~
 3 2 5
7 4 8

  2 8  54i  3 8  57 j  34   27k


~ ~ ~

 4 i   59 j  26 k
~ ~ ~

 4 i  59 j  26 k
~ ~ ~
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 41
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

Example 12

   
Given OP  4 i  2 j  6 k and OQ  3 i  7 j  8 k , find OP  OQ .
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Solution:

i j k
  ~ ~
OP  OQ    4 i  2 j  6 k    3 i  7 j  8 k    4  2 6
~

 ~ ~ ~  ~ ~ ~
3 7 8

  2 8  6 7i   4 8  63 j   4 7   32k
~ ~ ~

 58 i  14 j  34 k
~ ~ ~

Example 13

   
Given OA 1 , 2 ,  1 and OB 1 , 0 ,  3 , find OA  OB .

Solution:
 
OA  OB

  i  2 j  k    i  0 j  3 k 
~ ~ ~  ~ ~ ~ 

i j k
~ ~ ~
1 2 1
1 0 3

 2 3   10i  1 3   11 j  10  21k


~ ~ ~

 6 i  2 j  2 k
~ ~ ~
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 42
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

Exercise 15

Find the cross product for vector and .

Solution :

Answer:
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 43
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

Exercise 16

Find the dot product and cross product for vector and respectively are
and .

Solution :

Answer:
,
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 44
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

Example 14

 
Given B  i  2 j  3 k and C  2 i  j  2 k . Determine:
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

 
a) B  C
 
b) C  B
 
c) 2 B  3 C
 
d)  C  2 B

Solution:
 

a) B  C   i  2 j  3 k    2 i  j  2 k 
  
~ ~ ~   ~ ~ ~ 
i j k
~ ~ ~
 1 2 3
2 1 2

  22   31i  12   32 j  11   22k


~ ~ ~

  i 8 j 5 k
~ ~ ~

 
  
b) C  B   2 i  j  2 k    i  2 j  3 k 

 ~ ~ ~  ~ ~ ~

i j k
~ ~ ~
2 1 2
1 2 3

 1 3  2 2i  2 3  21 j  2 2  11k


~ ~ ~

 i  8 j 5 k
~ ~ ~
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 45
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

 
c) 2 B  3 C

 2 i  2 j  3 k   3 2 i  j  2 k 
~ ~ ~  ~ ~ ~

  2 i  4 j  6 k    6 i  3 j  6 k 
 ~ ~ ~  ~ ~ ~

i j k
~ ~ ~
 2 4 6
6 3 6

  46   63i  26   66 j  23   46k


~ ~ ~

 6 i  48 j  30 k
~ ~ ~

 
d)  C  2 B

  2 i  j  2 k   2 i  2 j  3 k 
 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

   2 i  j  2 k    2i  4 j  6 k 
 ~ ~ ~  ~ ~ ~

i j k
~ ~ ~
 2 1  2
2 4 6

  1 6   2 4i   2 6   22 j   2 4   12k
~ ~ ~

 2 i  16 j  10 k
~ ~ ~
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 46
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

Exercise 17

Given and . Determine:

a)

b)

c)

Solution :

Answer:
a)

b)

c)
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 47
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

Example 15

  
Given that OP  2 i  j  2 k , OQ  5 i  2 j  4 k and OR   i  3 j  2 k . Determine:
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~


a) PQ

b) PR
 
c) PQ  PR
 
d) PR  PQ

Solution:
  
a) PQ  PO  OQ
  
PQ   OP  OQ

PQ   2 i  j  2 k    5 i  2 j  4 k 
 ~ ~ ~  ~ ~ ~


PQ   2 i  j  2 k    5 i  2 j  4 k 
 ~ ~ ~  ~ ~ ~


PQ  3 i  3 j  6 k
~ ~ ~

  
b) PR  PO  OR
  
PR   OP  OR

PR   4 i  2 j  3 k     i  3 j  2 k 
 ~ ~ ~  ~ ~ ~


PR  2 i  j  2 k  i  3 j  2 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~


PR  3 i  4 j  4 k
~ ~ ~
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 48
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

 
c) PQ  PR

  3 i  3 j  6 k     3 i  4 j  4 k 
 ~ ~ ~  ~ ~ ~

i j k
~ ~ ~
 3 3 6
3 4 4

 3 4   64i  3 4   6 3 j  34  3 3k


~ ~ ~

 12 i   30 j  21k
~ ~ ~

 12 i  30 j  21k
~ ~ ~

 
d) PR  PQ

   3 i  4 j  4 k    3 i  3 j  6 k 
 ~ ~ ~  ~ ~ ~

i j k
~ ~ ~
 3 4 4
3 3 6

 4 6   43i   3 6   43 j   33  43k


~ ~ ~

 12 i  30 j  21 k
~ ~ ~
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 49
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

5.4.4 Calculate the area of parallelogram.


Geometrically, the magnitude of the cross product of two vectors coincides with the
area of the parallelogram whose sides are formed by those vectors.

Area of parallelogram

 
Area of a parallelogram AB and AC is given by:
 
A  AB  AC
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 50
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

Area of triangle

 
Area of a triangle AB and AC is given by:
1  
A AB  AC
2

Example 16

P , Q and R are points 4 , 2 , 3 , 1 ,  4 ,  6 and 2 ,  1 , 1 respectively. Find the


area of the triangle PQR .

Solution:

OP  4 i  2 j  3 k
~ ~ ~


OQ  i  4 j  6 k
~ ~ ~


OR  2 i  j  k
~ ~ ~
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 51
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

  
PQ  PO  OQ
  
PQ   OP  OQ

PQ   4 i  2 j  3 k    i  4 j  6 k 
 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~


PQ  3 i  6 j  9 k
~ ~ ~

  
PR  PO  OR
  
PR   OP  OR

PR   4 i  2 j  3 k    2 i  j  k 
 ~ ~ ~  ~ ~ ~

PR  2 i  3 j  2 k
~ ~ ~

 
PQ  PR    3 i  6 j  9 k     2 i  3 j  2 k 
 ~ ~ ~  ~ ~ ~

i j k
~ ~ ~
 3 6 9
2 3 2

  6 2   9 3i   3 2   9 2 j   3 3   6 2k
~ ~ ~

 15 i  12 j  3 k
~ ~ ~

 
PQ  PR   152  122   32  378

1
Area triangle PQR  378 unit 2
2
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 52
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

Exercise 18

Find the area of the triangle , given the points , and


.

Solution :

Answer:
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 53
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

Exercise 19

A plane contains , and . Find the area of triangle


.

Solution :

Answer:
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 54
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

5.5 Understand scalar triple product and vector triple product:

5.5.1 Calculate the scalar triple product.

Example 17

  
Given A  2 i  3 j  5 k , B   i  2 j  3 k and C  i  j  2 k . Determine:
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~


 

a) A   B  C 
 

 

b) B   A  C 
 

 

c) C   A  B 
 

Solution:
 
a) B  C

   i  2 j  3 k    i  j  2 k 
 ~ ~ ~  ~ ~ ~

i j k
~ ~ ~
 1 2  3
1 1 2

 2 2   31i   1 2   31 j   11  21k


~ ~ ~

  i  5 j 3 k
~ ~ ~


 
A B C
 

  2 i  3 j  5 k     i  5 j  3 k 
 ~ ~ ~  ~ ~ ~

 2 1   3 5  5 3


 2
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 55
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

 

b) A  C   2 i  3 j  5 k    i  j  2 k 
  
~  ~ ~ ~
~   ~ 
i j k
~ ~ ~
 2 3 5
1 1 2

  3 2  51i  2 2  51 j  21   31k


~ ~ ~

 i  9 j 5 k
~ ~ ~


 
B   A  C     i  2 j  3 k    i  9 j  5 k 
   ~ ~ ~  ~ ~ ~

  11  29   35


2

 
c) A  B   2 i  3 j  5 k     i  2 j  3 k 
 ~ ~ ~  ~ ~ ~

i j k
~ ~ ~
 2 3 5
1 2 3

  3 3  52i  2 3  5 1 j  22   3 1k


~ ~ ~

  i  j k
~ ~ ~


 
C   A  B    i  j  2 k     i  j  k 
  ~ ~ ~  ~ ~ ~

 1 1  11   21


 2
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 56
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

Exercise 20

Given , and . Determine:

a)

b)

c)

Solution :

Answer:
a)
b)
c)
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 57
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

Exercise 21

Given , and . Determine:

a)

b)

c)

Solution :

Answer:
a)
b)
c)
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 58
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

5.5.2 Calculate the vector triple product.

Example 18

  
Given A  2 i  3 j  5 k , B   i  2 j  3 k and C  i  j  2 k . Determine:
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~


 

a) A   B  C 
 

 

b) B   A  C 
 

 

c) C   A  B 
 

Solution:
 

a) B  C    i  2 j  3 k    i  j  2 k 
  
~  ~ ~ ~ ~   ~ 
i j k
~ ~ ~
 1 2  3
1 1 2

 2 2   31i   1 2   31 j   11  21k


~ ~ ~

  i  5 j 3 k
~ ~ ~


 
A   B  C    2 i  3 j  5 k     i  5 j  3 k 
   ~ ~ ~  ~ ~ ~

i j k
~ ~ ~
 2 3 5
1  5  3

  3 3  5 5i  2 3  5 1 j  2 5   3 1k
~ ~ ~

 34 i  j  13 k
~ ~ ~
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 59
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

 

b) A  C   2 i  3 j  5 k    i  j  2 k 
  
~ ~  ~ ~ ~   ~ 
i j k
~ ~
5   3 2  51i  2 2  51 j  21   31k
~
 2 3
~ ~ ~
1 1 2

 i  9 j 5 k
~ ~ ~


 
B   A  C     i  2 j  3 k    i  9 j  5 k 
   ~ ~ ~  ~ ~ ~

i j k
~ ~
  1 2  3  25   39i   15   31 j   19  21k
~

~ ~ ~
1 9 5

 37 i  2 j  11 k
~ ~ ~

 
c) A  B   2 i  3 j  5 k     i  2 j  3 k 
 ~ ~ ~  ~ ~ ~

i j k
~ ~
5   3 3  52i  2 3  5 1 j  22   3 1k
~
 2 3
~ ~ ~
1 2 3

  i  j k
~ ~ ~


 
C   A  B    i  j  2 k     i  j  k 
  ~ ~ ~  ~ ~ ~

i j k
~ ~
1  2  11   21i  11   2 1 j  11  1 1k
~
 1
~ ~ ~
1 1 1

 3 i  j 2 k
~ ~ ~
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 60
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

Exercise 22

Given , and . Determine:

a)

b)

c)

Solution :

Answer:
a)

b)

c)
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 61
DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5

Exercise 23

Given , and . Determine:

a)

b)

c)

Solution :

Answer:
a)

b)
c)

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