Chapter 5 Vector
Chapter 5 Vector
Chapter 5 Vector
Synopsis: TERMINOLOGIES
Unit Vector:
What You Will Learn: The unit vector is a
vector of unit length.
Define vector notation, vector representation, equality
of vectors, negative vector and position vectors. Scalar (dot) product:
Area Parallelogram:
History: Vectors were born in the first two decades of the 19th century with the geometric representations of complex numbers. James Clerk
Maxwell (1831--1879) was a discerning and critical proponent of quaternions. In what he called "the mathematical classification of physical
quantities," Maxwell divided the variables of physics into two categories, scalars and vectors.
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DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5
Geometrically, we can picture a vector as a directed line segment, whose length is the
magnitude of the vector and with an arrow indicating the direction. The direction of the
vector is from its tail to its head. Terminal point or
the head
Direction
Magnitude
Initial point
Infographic: or the tail
a) Vector notation
b) Vector representation
Vectors are represented by an arrow pointing in the direction of the vector. The
length of the vector represents the magnitude of the vector.
B
AB (Arrows indicate
AB the direction vector
from A to B )
c) Equality of vectors
The vectors are equal if and only if they have the same magnitude and the same
direction. For example, vectors AB MN XY .
B Y
N
A X
M
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d) Negative vector
Negative vector is a vector which have the same magnitude but opposite
direction. For example, vectors AB BA and MN NM .
B M
A N
e) Position vectors
y
P
OP
x
O
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Example 1
If P has position vector p and Q has position vector q . Find the vector PQ and QP
~ ~
in terms of p and q .
~ ~
Solution:
OP p , OQ q
~ ~
PQ PO OQ QP QO OP
PQ OP OQ QP OQ OP
PQ p q PQ q p
~ ~ ~ ~
Example 2
The position vector of point A and B with respect to origin O are 2 i j and 3 i 4 j .
~ ~ ~ ~
Find the vector AB and BA .
Solution:
OA 2 i j , OB 3 i 4 j
~ ~ ~ ~
AB AO OB BA BO OA
AB OA OB BA OB OA
AB 2 i j 3 i 4 j BA 3 i 4 j 2 i j
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
AB 2 i j 3 i 4 j BA 3 i 4 j 2 i j
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
AB i 5 j BA i 5 j
~ ~ ~ ~
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Exercise 1
Solution :
Answer:
a) 2 j
~
b) i j
~ ~
c) i 3 j
~ ~
d) 2 i 2 j
~ ~
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DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5
5.1.2 Calculate:
a) Magnitude vector
The magnitude or modulus of a vector is its length. If A a i b j c k , then the
~ ~ ~
magnitude of A is given by:
A a b c
2 2 2
Example 3
d) AB 3 i 2 j 4 k
~ ~ ~
Solution:
a) OP 22 12 5
b) PQ 52 32 34
c) OQ 42 52 32 50
d) AB 32 22 42 29
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Exercise 2
a)
b)
c)
c)
Solution :
Answer:
a)
b)
c)
d)
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DBM1013: Engineering Mathematics 1_Topic 5
Exercise 3
a)
b)
c)
c)
Solution :
Answer:
a)
b)
c)
d)
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b) Unit vector
^
The unit vector is a vector of unit length. The unit vector, u in the direction of
A a i b j c k is given by:
~ ~ ~
^ A
a i b j c k
~ ~
u ~
A a2 b2 c2
Example 4
Solution:
a) OP 32 22 13
^ 3 ~i 2 j 3i 2j
u ~
~ ~
13 13 13
b) OQ 12 32 52 35
^ i~ 3 j 5 k~ i 3j 5k
u ~
~ ~
~
35 35 35 35
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Exercise 4
a)
b)
Solution :
Answer:
a)
b)
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Exercise 5
Solution :
Answer:
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Parallelogram method.
Draw the vectors so that their initial points coincide. Then draw lines to form a complete
parallelogram. The diagonal from the initial point to the opposite vertex of the
parallelogram is the resultant.
A
B
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Step 2: Without changing the magnitude and direction of both vectors, draw both initial
point of vector A and B at the same point.
A
B
Step 3: Draw another two lines that is parallel to both vector A and vector B to build a
parallelogram.
B
A
A
B
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Step 4: The diagonal line of the parallelogram is the resultant for A B .
B
A
A B
A
B
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A
B
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Step 2: Draw both initial point of vector A and B at the same point but change the
direction of vector B without changing the magnitude. This step is done to get the
vector B .
A
B
Step 3: Draw another two lines that is parallel to both vector A and vector B to build a
parallelogram.
B
A
A
B
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Step 4: The diagonal line of the parallelogram is the resultant for A B .
B
A
AB
A
B
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construction method.
Draw the vectors one after another, placing the initial point of each successive vector at
the terminal point of the previous vector. Then draw the resultant from the initial point of
the first vector to the terminal point of the last vector. This method is also called the
head-to-tail method.
A
B
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Step 2: The vector A and B can be added by drawing the initial point of the arrow for
vector B at the terminal point of vector A .
B
A
Step 3: Draw the resultant A B which proceeds from initial point of vector A to the
terminal point of vector B .
B
A
A B
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A
B
Step 2: Draw both initial point of vector A and B at the same point but change the
direction of vector B without changing the magnitude. This step is done to get the
vector B .
A
B
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Step 3: Draw the resultant A B which proceeds from initial point of vector B to the
terminal point of vector A .
A
AB
B
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of components.
Example 5
BCDE is a straight line that BC CD DE . Find the vector below in term of a and b
~ ~
if AB 3 a 2 b and BC a b .
~ ~ ~ ~
a) ED
b) AC
c) DA
Solution:
a) ED DE
ED a b ~ ~
ED a b
~ ~
b) AC AB BC
AC 3 a 2 b a b
~ ~
~ ~
AC 3 a 2 b a b
~ ~ ~ ~
AC 4 a b
~ ~
c) DA DC CA
DA CD AC
DA a b 4 a b
~ ~ ~ ~
DA a b 4 a b
~ ~ ~ ~
5a
~
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Exercise 6
PQRS is a parallelogram with PQ m and PS n . T is a midpoint of SR .
~ ~
Express SQ , PR and PT in terms of m and n .
~ ~
Solution :
Answer:
a) n m
~ ~
b) m n
~ ~
1
c) n m
~ 2~
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depends upon the sign of k . If k is positive, the direction of k v is the same as that of
~
vector v .
~
1
v v
~ 2~
3v
~
3v
~
Example 6
a) 2 p 3 q d) 4 q 2 p
~ ~ ~ ~
b) 3 p q e) 5 q p
~ ~ ~ ~
c) q 4 p
~ ~
Solution:
a) 2 p 3q
~ ~
2 2 i 3 j k 3 i 2 j 2 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
4 i 6 j 2 k 3 i 6 j 6 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
7 i 12 j 4 k
~ ~ ~
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b) 3 p q
~ ~
3 2 i 3 j k i 2 j 2 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
6 i 9 j 3 k i 2 j 2 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
5 i 7 j 5 k
~ ~ ~
c) q 4 p
~ ~
i 2 j 2 k 4 2 i 3 j k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
i 2 j 2 k 8 i 12 j 4 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
9 i 14 j 2 k
~ ~ ~
d) 4 q 2 p
~ ~
4 i 2 j 2 k 2 2 i 3 j k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
4 i 8 j 8 k 4 i 6 j 2 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
2 j 10 k
~ ~
e) 5 q p
~ ~
5 i 2 j 2 k 2 i 3 j k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
5 i 10 j 10 k 2 i 3 j k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
3 i 7 j 11 k
~ ~ ~
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Exercise 7
a)
b)
c)
Solution :
Answer:
a)
b)
c)
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Exercise 8
a)
b)
Solution :
Answer:
a) 3
b)
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A B a1 i a 2 j a3 k b1 i b2 j b3 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
A B a1b1 a2 b2 a3b3
abba
~ ~ ~ ~
b) Associative property
c
a b a b c
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
c) Distributive property
a b c a b a c
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
d) a b a b a b
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
vector, then cos 0 , i.e. and the vectors are perpendicular.
2
In particular, i j j k k i 0 where i , j and k are unit vectors along
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~
Example 7
Given A 3 i 2 j 6 k and B 5 i 2 j 4 k , find A B .
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Solution:
AB
3 i 2 j 6 k 5 i 2 j 4 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Example 8
Given OA 3 , 4 , 7 and OB 2 , 2 , 8 , find OB OA .
Solution:
OB OA
3 i 4 j 7 k 2 i 2 j 8 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Exercise 9
Solution :
Answer:
-25, -25
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Exercise 10
a) vw
~ ~
b) wv
~ ~
c) v v
~ ~
d) ww
~ ~
Solution :
Answer:
a) 26
b) 26
c) 13
d) 69
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Example 9
Given P 3 i 2 j 5 k and Q 8 i j 5 k . Determine:
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
a) P Q
b) 4 P 3 Q
c) Q 5 P
Solution:
a) P Q 3 i 2 j 5 k 8 i j 5 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
b) 4 P 3 Q 4 3 i 2 j 5 k 3 8 i j 5 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
12 i 8 j 20 k 24 i 3 j 15 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
c) Q 5 P 8 i j 5 k 5 3 i 2 j 5 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
8 i j 5 k 15 i 10 j 25 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Exercise 11
a)
b)
c)
Solution :
Answer:
a) 74
b) 92
c) -74
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Exercise 12
3 2
Given that vector OP is 2 and vector OQ is 4 . Find:
5 6
a) 2 OP OQ
b) 3 OQ 4 OP
c) 4 OQ OP
Solution :
Answer:
a) -32
b) 192
c) 64
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Example 10
Given the vector OP 3 i 2 j 4 k and OQ 3 i j 5 k , find the angle between
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
OP and OQ .
Solution:
OP OQ
3 i 2 j 4 k 3 i j 5 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
OQ 32 12 52 35
OP OQ
cos
OP OQ
27
cos
29 35
cos 1 0.8475
147.94 / 2.5821 rad
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 37
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Exercise 13
Given the vector A 3 i 2 j 7 k and B 3 i 4 j 5 k , find the angle between
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
A and B .
Solution :
Answer:
108.86 / 1.9000 rad
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Exercise 14
Given the vector OA 2 i 3 j 4 k and OB i 2 j 3 k , find the angle between
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
OA and OB .
Solution :
Answer:
66.61 / 1.1626 rad
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 39
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as:
A B a1 i a 2 j a3 k b1 i b2 j b3 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
i j k
~ ~ ~
A B a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3
a2 a3 a1 a3 a1 a2
AB i j k
b2 b3 ~ b1 b3 ~ b1 b2 ~
A B a2 b3 a3b2 i a1b3 a3b1 j a1b2 a2 b1 k
~ ~ ~
a b b a
~ ~ ~ ~
b) Distributive property
a b c a b a c
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
a b c a c b c
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
c) a b c d a c a d b c b d
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
d) a b a b a b
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 40
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vector, then sin 0 , i.e. 0 and the vectors are parallel or in the same line.
In particular, i i j j k k 0 where i , j and k are unit vectors along
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Example 11
Given A 3 i 2 j 5 k and B 7 i 4 j 8 k , find A B .
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Solution:
A B 3 i 2 j 5 k 7 i 4 j 8 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
i j k
~ ~ ~
3 2 5
7 4 8
4 i 59 j 26 k
~ ~ ~
4 i 59 j 26 k
~ ~ ~
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Example 12
Given OP 4 i 2 j 6 k and OQ 3 i 7 j 8 k , find OP OQ .
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Solution:
i j k
~ ~
OP OQ 4 i 2 j 6 k 3 i 7 j 8 k 4 2 6
~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
3 7 8
2 8 6 7i 4 8 63 j 4 7 32k
~ ~ ~
58 i 14 j 34 k
~ ~ ~
Example 13
Given OA 1 , 2 , 1 and OB 1 , 0 , 3 , find OA OB .
Solution:
OA OB
i 2 j k i 0 j 3 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
i j k
~ ~ ~
1 2 1
1 0 3
6 i 2 j 2 k
~ ~ ~
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Exercise 15
Solution :
Answer:
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Exercise 16
Find the dot product and cross product for vector and respectively are
and .
Solution :
Answer:
,
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Example 14
Given B i 2 j 3 k and C 2 i j 2 k . Determine:
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
a) B C
b) C B
c) 2 B 3 C
d) C 2 B
Solution:
a) B C i 2 j 3 k 2 i j 2 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
i j k
~ ~ ~
1 2 3
2 1 2
i 8 j 5 k
~ ~ ~
b) C B 2 i j 2 k i 2 j 3 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
i j k
~ ~ ~
2 1 2
1 2 3
i 8 j 5 k
~ ~ ~
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c) 2 B 3 C
2 i 2 j 3 k 3 2 i j 2 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
2 i 4 j 6 k 6 i 3 j 6 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
i j k
~ ~ ~
2 4 6
6 3 6
6 i 48 j 30 k
~ ~ ~
d) C 2 B
2 i j 2 k 2 i 2 j 3 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
2 i j 2 k 2i 4 j 6 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
i j k
~ ~ ~
2 1 2
2 4 6
1 6 2 4i 2 6 22 j 2 4 12k
~ ~ ~
2 i 16 j 10 k
~ ~ ~
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 46
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Exercise 17
a)
b)
c)
Solution :
Answer:
a)
b)
c)
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Example 15
Given that OP 2 i j 2 k , OQ 5 i 2 j 4 k and OR i 3 j 2 k . Determine:
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
a) PQ
b) PR
c) PQ PR
d) PR PQ
Solution:
a) PQ PO OQ
PQ OP OQ
PQ 2 i j 2 k 5 i 2 j 4 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
PQ 2 i j 2 k 5 i 2 j 4 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
PQ 3 i 3 j 6 k
~ ~ ~
b) PR PO OR
PR OP OR
PR 4 i 2 j 3 k i 3 j 2 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
PR 2 i j 2 k i 3 j 2 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
PR 3 i 4 j 4 k
~ ~ ~
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c) PQ PR
3 i 3 j 6 k 3 i 4 j 4 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
i j k
~ ~ ~
3 3 6
3 4 4
12 i 30 j 21k
~ ~ ~
12 i 30 j 21k
~ ~ ~
d) PR PQ
3 i 4 j 4 k 3 i 3 j 6 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
i j k
~ ~ ~
3 4 4
3 3 6
12 i 30 j 21 k
~ ~ ~
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 49
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Area of parallelogram
Area of a parallelogram AB and AC is given by:
A AB AC
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Area of triangle
Area of a triangle AB and AC is given by:
1
A AB AC
2
Example 16
Solution:
OP 4 i 2 j 3 k
~ ~ ~
OQ i 4 j 6 k
~ ~ ~
OR 2 i j k
~ ~ ~
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PQ PO OQ
PQ OP OQ
PQ 4 i 2 j 3 k i 4 j 6 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
PQ 3 i 6 j 9 k
~ ~ ~
PR PO OR
PR OP OR
PR 4 i 2 j 3 k 2 i j k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
PR 2 i 3 j 2 k
~ ~ ~
PQ PR 3 i 6 j 9 k 2 i 3 j 2 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
i j k
~ ~ ~
3 6 9
2 3 2
6 2 9 3i 3 2 9 2 j 3 3 6 2k
~ ~ ~
15 i 12 j 3 k
~ ~ ~
PQ PR 152 122 32 378
1
Area triangle PQR 378 unit 2
2
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Exercise 18
Solution :
Answer:
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Exercise 19
Solution :
Answer:
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Example 17
Given A 2 i 3 j 5 k , B i 2 j 3 k and C i j 2 k . Determine:
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
a) A B C
b) B A C
c) C A B
Solution:
a) B C
i 2 j 3 k i j 2 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
i j k
~ ~ ~
1 2 3
1 1 2
i 5 j 3 k
~ ~ ~
A B C
2 i 3 j 5 k i 5 j 3 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
b) A C 2 i 3 j 5 k i j 2 k
~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~
i j k
~ ~ ~
2 3 5
1 1 2
i 9 j 5 k
~ ~ ~
B A C i 2 j 3 k i 9 j 5 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
c) A B 2 i 3 j 5 k i 2 j 3 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
i j k
~ ~ ~
2 3 5
1 2 3
i j k
~ ~ ~
C A B i j 2 k i j k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Exercise 20
a)
b)
c)
Solution :
Answer:
a)
b)
c)
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Exercise 21
a)
b)
c)
Solution :
Answer:
a)
b)
c)
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Example 18
Given A 2 i 3 j 5 k , B i 2 j 3 k and C i j 2 k . Determine:
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
a) A B C
b) B A C
c) C A B
Solution:
a) B C i 2 j 3 k i j 2 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
i j k
~ ~ ~
1 2 3
1 1 2
i 5 j 3 k
~ ~ ~
A B C 2 i 3 j 5 k i 5 j 3 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
i j k
~ ~ ~
2 3 5
1 5 3
3 3 5 5i 2 3 5 1 j 2 5 3 1k
~ ~ ~
34 i j 13 k
~ ~ ~
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b) A C 2 i 3 j 5 k i j 2 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
i j k
~ ~
5 3 2 51i 2 2 51 j 21 31k
~
2 3
~ ~ ~
1 1 2
i 9 j 5 k
~ ~ ~
B A C i 2 j 3 k i 9 j 5 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
i j k
~ ~
1 2 3 25 39i 15 31 j 19 21k
~
~ ~ ~
1 9 5
37 i 2 j 11 k
~ ~ ~
c) A B 2 i 3 j 5 k i 2 j 3 k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
i j k
~ ~
5 3 3 52i 2 3 5 1 j 22 3 1k
~
2 3
~ ~ ~
1 2 3
i j k
~ ~ ~
C A B i j 2 k i j k
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
i j k
~ ~
1 2 11 21i 11 2 1 j 11 1 1k
~
1
~ ~ ~
1 1 1
3 i j 2 k
~ ~ ~
Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, PSIS 60
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Exercise 22
a)
b)
c)
Solution :
Answer:
a)
b)
c)
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Exercise 23
a)
b)
c)
Solution :
Answer:
a)
b)
c)