Types of Thinking Traps

COGNITIVE COPING
Types of Thinking Traps

Unhelpful Thinking Styles
All-or-Nothing Thinking
Sometimes called ‘black and white thinking,’ this kind of thinking operates in extremes and
doesn’t leave room from anything in the middle.
Example: I have to get all A’s this semester; What’s the point of trying out for the play, I’ll never
get the lead; Either I do it right or not at all.
Jumping to Conclusions
Forming an opinion without enough evidence. Sometimes called “assuming the worst,” there
are two key types of jumping to conclusions:
• Mind reading (imagining we know what others are thinking)

• Fortune telling (predicting the future)
Example: I’m going to fail the test; No one wants to talk to me; I’m going to say something
stupid; She didn’t call because she doesn’t even like me.
Emotional Reasoning
Assuming that because we feel a certain way, what we think must be true.
Example: I feel embarrassed, so I must be an idiot; I feel awkward, so other people must think
I’m awkward; I feel nervous, so that means something bad is going to happen; I feel lonely,
that means I don’t have any friends.
Over-generalizing
Seeing a pattern based upon a single event, or being overly broad in the conclusions we
draw, often using words like “never,” “always,” “nobody,” and “everybody.”
Example: Nothing ever goes my way; I always mess things up; I can’t do anything right.
Ignoring the good

Discounting or ignoring the good things that have happened or that you have done and
thinking that good things “don’t count.” Paying attention to only certain types of evidence by
noticing our failures but not our successes.
Example: It doesn’t matter that they like me if the popular kids don’t like me; I’m a terrible
student (even though I have an A in one class); Nothing went right today; I mess up everything.
TRAILStoWellness.org
© Copyright 2013 The Regents of the University of Michigan. All Rights Reserved.
Last edited: 02/18/2021
COGNITIVE COPING
Magnification (Catastrophizing)
Blowing things out of proportion (catastrophizing), sometimes called “making mountains
out of mole hills.”
Example: This is going to be a disaster; This is the worst day of my life; I’m never going to get
over this.
Should Statements
Focusing on the past, attempting to redo history with our thoughts, thinking that we could
have known things we couldn’t have known. Using critical words like ‘should’, ‘must,’ or
‘ought’ can make us feel guilty, or like we have already failed. If we apply ‘shoulds’ to other
people the result is often frustration.
Example: I should have studied more before that test; I shouldn’t have said something so
stupid; I should have worn a different outfit.
Judging Yourself Unfairly

These statements are harsh and critical. When we talk to ourselves this way, we are treating
ourselves unkindly and without love and aren’t recognizing that everyone makes mistakes
and nobody is perfect!
Example: I’m such a loser, I can’t do anything right; I’m so stupid; I’m the only one who can’t do
this; I’m ugly.
Accepting Helplessness
Deciding there is nothing you can do when maybe we haven’t tried everything, or deciding to
give up instead of keep trying.
Example: It doesn’t matter what I say, they won’t believe me; I can’t do anything about it; I’ll
never get better; My opinion doesn’t matter; What’s the point of even trying?
Perfectionism
Perfectionism is holding yourself to an unreasonable standard and being unable to tolerate
mistakes. It often leads to beating yourself up over even small errors, and can lead to other
thinking traps like “should” statements and judging yourself unfairly.
Example: I need to re-do the whole thing; I can’t believe I made that mistake.
What are your common thinking traps?
TRAILStoWellness.org
© Copyright 2013 The Regents of the University of Michigan. All Rights Reserved.
Last edited: 02/18/2021

Types of Thinking Traps - Cognitive Distortions

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COGNITIVE COPING

Types of Thinking Traps

• Mind reading (imagining we know what others are thinking)

Ignoring the good

Judging Yourself Unfairly

What are your common thinking traps?

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