Network devices

Network Card

Often referred to NIC (network interface card), these are used with PC’s, Servers and printers to allow
communication on the network take place. Every single NIC has an address burned onto a chip that sits on
the card. This address is known as a hardware or MAC address.

Hub

The most basic piece of networking equipment is a hub. A hub simply allows several networking devices to
speak to each other. Each device plugs into a port on the hub. The simplest network you can build will be
with some PC’s connecting into a hub. Hubs have no memory or hard drive so they can never remember
which device is plugged into which port. This causes a lot of unnecessary traffic to pass on the network.

Switch

A drawback of using hubs is that a hub can never keep a record of which PC is plugged into which port. For
this reason, every time one PC wants to speak to another, every single PC plugged into the hub gets the
message as well. This is known as a broadcast.

Switches build up a list of which PC’s are connected to which ports allowing the available bandwidth to be
used a lot more efficiently. If a PC wants to speak to another PC that is not directly connected to it, the
switch will send out a broadcast to find out where on the network the PC actually is. Switches and hubs are
designed to forward broadcast traffic.

Router

A router can be considered to be a large directory of networks. Rather than concerning itself about which PC
is where, a routers job is to find out where different networks are. It then sends the traffic via the best
path, be it the fastest, most reliable or shortest. If the router does not know how to get to its intended
destination it will either drop the packet or forward it to another router who should know how to get there.

It is important to remember that by default, routers do not forward broadcasts. If they did we would find
that most networks including the internet would be extremely slow because of all the broadcasts passing
across them.
Bridge
A data-link bridge is a device that connects two similar networks or divides one network into two. It
takes frames from one network and puts them on the other, and vice versa. As it does this, it regenerates
the signal strength of the frames, allowing data to travel further. In this sense, a data-link bridge
incorporates the functionality of a repeater, which also regenerates frames to extend a LAN. But a bridge
does more than a repeater. A bridge is more intelligent than a repeater. It can look at each frame and
decide on which of the two networks it belongs. Repeaters simply forward every frame from one network
to the other, without looking at them.

A bridge looks at each frame as it passes, checking the source and destination addresses. If a frame
coming from Statio n 1 on LAN A is destined for Station 5 on LAN B, the bridge will pass the frame onto
LAN B. If a frame coming from Station 1 on LAN A is destined for Station 3 on LAN A, the bridge will
not forward it; that is, it will filter it.

Bridges know which frames belong where by looking at the source and destination addresses in the
Medium Access Control (MAC) layer information carried in the frame. The MAC layer, which is part of
the second layer of OSI Model, defines how frames get on the network without bumping into each other.
It also contains information about where the frame came from and where it should go. Because bridges
use this level of information, they have several advantages over other forms of interconnecting LANs.

REPEATERS
Repeaters connect multiple network segments together. They amplify the incoming signal received from
one segment and send it on to all other attached segments. This allows the distance limitations of network
cabling to be extended. There are limits on the number of repeaters which can be used. The repeater
counts as a single node in the maximum node count associated with the Ethernet standard [30 for thin
coax].

Repeaters also allow isolation of segments in the event of failures or fault conditions.
Disconnecting one side of a repeater effectively isolates the associated segments from the
network.
Using repeaters simply allows you to extend your network distance limitations. It does not give
you any more bandwidth or allow you to transmit data faster.
It should be noted that in the above diagram, the network number assigned tothe main network segment
and the network number assigned to the other side of the repeater are the same . In addition, the traffic
generated on one segment is propagated onto the other segment. This causes a rise in the total amount of
traffic, so if the network segments are already heavily loaded, its not a good idea to use a repeater.

Gateway
(1) A node on a network that serves as an entrance to another network. In enterprises, the
gateway is the computer that routes the traffic from a workstation to the outside network that is
serving the Web pages. In homes, the gateway is the ISP that connects the user to the internet.
In enterprises, the gateway node often acts as a proxy server and a firewall. The gateway is also
associated with both a router, which use headers and forwarding tables to determine where
packets are sent, and a switch, which provides the actual path for the packet in and out of the
gateway.
(2) A computer system located on earth that switches data signals and voice signals between
satellites and terrestrial networks.
(3) An earlier term for router, though now obsolete in this sense as router is commonly used.
Firewall
A system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network. Firewalls
can be implemented in both hardware and software, or a combination of both. Firewalls are
frequently used to prevent unauthorized
Internet users from accessing private networks connected to the Internet, especially
intranets. All messages entering or leaving the Intranet pass through the firewall, which
examines each message and blocks those that do not meet the specified security criteria.

Network Cable
Cable is the medium through which information usually moves from one network device to another.
There are several types of cable which are commonly used with LANs. In some cases, a network will
utilize only one type of cable, other networks will use a variety of cable types. The type of cable chosen
for a network is related to the network's topology, protocol, and size. Understanding the characteristics of
different types of cable and how they relate to other aspects of a network is necessary for the
development of a successful network.

The following sections discuss the types of cables used in networks and other related topics.

• Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable

• Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable
• Coaxial Cable
• Fiber Optic Cable
• Wireless LANs
• Installing Cable - Some Guidelines

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable

Twisted pair cabling comes in two varieties: shielded and unshielded. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is
the most popular and is generally the best option for school networks (See fig. 1).

Fig.1. Unshielded twisted pair

The quality of UTP may vary from telephone-grade wire to extremely high-speed cable. The cable has
four pairs of wires inside the jacket. Each pair is twisted with a different number of twists per inch to help
eliminate interference from adjacent pairs and other electrical devices. The EIA/TIA (Electronic Industry
Association/Telecommunication Industry Association) has established standards of UTP and rated five
categories of wire.
Categories of Unshielded Twisted Pair
Type Use
Category 1 Voice Only (Telephone Wire)
Category 2 Data to 4 Mbps (LocalTalk)
Category 3 Data to 10 Mbps (Ethernet)
Category 4 Data to 20 Mbps (16 Mbps Token Ring)
Category 5 Data to 100 Mbps (Fast Ethernet)
One difference between the different categories of UTP is the tightness of the twisting of the
copper pairs. The tighter the twisting, the higher the supported transmission rate and the greater
the cost per foot. Buy the best cable you can afford; most schools purchase Category 3 or
Category 5. Category 5 cable is highly recommended.
If you are designing a 10 Mbps Ethernet network and are considering the cost savings of buying
Category 3 wire instead of Category 5, remember that the Category 5 cable will provide more
"room to grow" as transmission technologies increase. Both category 3 and category 5 UTP have
a maximum segment length of 100 meters. In Florida, Category 5 cable is required for retrofit
grants. 10BaseT refers to the specifications for unshielded twisted pair cable (category 3, 4, or 5)
carrying Ethernet signals.

Unshielded Twisted Pair Connector

The standard connector for unshielded twisted pair cabling is an RJ-45 connector. This is a
plastic connector that looks like a large telephone-style connector (See fig. 2). A slot allows the
RJ-45 to be inserted only one way. RJ stands for Registered Jack, implying that the connector
follows a standard borrowed from the telephone industry. This standard designates which wire
goes with each pin inside the connector.

Fig.2. RJ-45 connector

• Unshielded Twisted Pair cable used in Category 5 looks like:

Category 5 cable uses 8 wires. The length of exposed wires is very critical; the standard
limits this to less than 1/2" an inch. The various jack connectors look like:
 The patch cord which connects the workstation to the wall jack looks like:

In 10BaseT, each PC is wired back to a central hub using its own cable. There are limits
imposed on the length of drop cable from the PC network card to the jack, the length of the
horizontal wiring, and from the jack to the wiring closet.

This is obviously a physical STAR configuration, in that each PC is wired back to a

central point (the Hub).

Ethernet 10Base-T wiring specifies an 8 position jack, but uses only two pairs.

TWISTED PAIR ETHERNET HORIZONTAL WIRING (Solid 24Awg)

Pin Colour Signal

1 White/orange Tx data +
2 Orange/white Tx data -
3 White/green Rx data +
4 Blue/white --
5 White/Blue --
6 Green/white Rx data -
7 White/brown --
8 Brown/white --

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable

A disadvantage of UTP is that it may be susceptible to radio and electrical frequency
interference. Shielded twisted pair (STP) is suitable for environments with electrical
interference; however, the extra shielding can make the cables quite bulky. Shielded twisted pair
is often used on networks using Token Ring topology.

Coaxial Cable
Coaxial cabling has a single copper conductor at its center. A plastic layer provides insulation
between the center conductor and a braided metal shield (See fig. 3). The metal shield helps to
block any outside interference from fluorescent lights, motors, and other computers.

Fig.3. Coaxial cable

Although coaxial cabling is difficult to install, it is highly resistant to signal interference. In addition, it
can support greater cable lengths between network devices than twisted pair cable. The two types of
coaxial cabling are: thick coaxial and thin coaxial.
Thin coaxial cable is also referred to as thinnet. 10Base2 refers to the specifications for thin coaxial cable
carrying Ethernet signals. The 2 refers to the approximate maximum segment length being 200 meters. In
actual fact the maximum segment length is 185 meters. Thin coaxial cable is popular in school networks,
especially linear bus networks.
Thick coaxial cable is also referred to as thicknet. 10Base5 refers to the specifications for thick coaxial
cable carrying Ethernet signals. The 5 refers to the maximum segment length being 500 meters. Thick
coaxial cable has an extra protective plastic cover that helps keep moisture away from the center
conductor. This makes thick coaxial a great choice when running longer lengths in a linear bus network.
One disadvantage of thick coaxial is that it does not bend easily and is difficult to install.

Coaxial Cable Connectors

The most common type of connector used with coaxial cables is the Bayone-Neill-Concelman (BNC)
connector (See fig. 4). Different types of adapters are available for BNC connectors, including a T-
connector, barrel connector, and terminator. Connectors on the cable are the weakest points in any
network. To help avoid problems with your network, always use the BNC connectors that crimp, rather
than screw, onto the cable.

Fig.4. BNC connector

Fiber Optic Cable

Fiber optic cabling consists of a center glass core surrounded by several layers of protective materials
(See fig. 5). It transmits light rather than electronic signals, eliminating the problem of electrical
interference. This makes it ideal for certain environments that contain a large amount of electrical
interference. It has also made it the standard for connecting networks between buildings, due to its
immunity to the effects of moisture and lighting.
Fiber optic cable has the ability to transmit signals over much longer distances than coaxial and twisted
pair. It also has the capability to carry information at vastly greater speeds. This capacity broadens
communication possibilities to include services such as video conferencing and interactive services. The
cost of fiber optic cabling is comparable to copper cabling; however, it is more difficult to install and
modify. 10BaseF refers to the specifications for fiber optic cable carrying Ethernet signals.
 Fig.5. Fiber optic cable

Facts about fiber optic cables:

• Outer insulating jacket is made of Teflon or PVC.

• Kevlar fiber helps to strengthen the cable and prevent breakage.
• A plastic coating is used to cushion the fiber center.
• Center (core) is made of glass or plastic fibers.

Fiber Optic Connector

The most common connector used with fiber optic cable is an ST connector. It is barrel shaped,
similar to a BNC connector. A newer connector, the SC, is becoming more popular. It has a
squared face and is easier to connect in a confined space.
Ethernet Cable Summary
Specification Cable Type Maximum length
10BaseT Unshielded Twisted Pair 100 meters
10Base2 Thin Coaxial 185 meters
10Base5 Thick Coaxial 500 meters
10BaseF Fiber Optic 2000 meters

Installing Cable - Some Guidelines

When running cable, it is best to follow a few simple rules:
• Always use more cable than you need. Leave plenty of slack.
• Test every part of a network as you install it. Even if it is brand new, it may have problems that
will be difficult to isolate later.
• Stay at least 3 feet away from fluorescent light boxes and other sources of electrical interference.
• If it is necessary to run cable across the floor, cover the cable with cable protectors.
• Label both ends of each cable.
• Use cable ties (not tape) to keep cables in the same location together