Journal of Child, Family, and Consumer Studies Vol. 2, No.

3
Oct 2023, p:270-280, e-ISSN: 2829 – 650 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29244/jcfcs.2.3.270-280

THE EFFECT OF RELIGIOSITY AND SOCIAL SUPPORT ON MARRIAGE

READINESS IN THE YOUNG ADULT AGE GROUP

Nur Syifa Ramdani, Tin Herawati, Musthofa

Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology, IPB University
Dramaga Bogor, West Java Bogor 16680, Indonesia
*)
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract
Indonesia has experienced a decline in marriage rates in the last ten years. Religiosity and social support
have an important role in preparing individuals for marriage. This study aims to analyze the influence of
young adult characteristics, family characteristics, religiosity, social support, on marital readiness in the
young adult age group. The research design used was a cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach.
This study involved unmarried young adults aged 21 to 30 years. Respondents in this study totaled 60. The
research location was in the Central Bogor Sub-district, Bogor City, West Java. Nonprobability sampling
was conducted using purposive sampling technique. The results of the t test obtained a significant difference
between the religiosity of men and women. The correlation test shows that there is a significant positive
relationship between respondents' age, number of families, religiosity, social support and marital readiness.
The regression test results show that income, number of family members, and religiosity have a significant
positive effect on marital readines.

Keywords: marital readiness, religiosity, social support, young adults

PENGARUH RELIGIUSITAS DAN DUKUNGAN SOSIAL TERHADAP KESIAPAN

MENIKAH PADA KELOMPOK USIA DEWASA MUDA

Abstrak

Indonesia telah mengalami penurunan angka pernikahan dalam sepuluh tahun terakhir. Religiusitas dan
dukungan sosial memiliki peran penting dalam mempersiapkan individu untuk menikah. Penelitian ini
bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh karakteristik dewasa muda, karakteristik keluarga, religiusitas,
dukungan sosial, terhadap kesiapan menikah pada kelompok usia dewasa muda. Desain penelitian yang
digunakan adalah studi cross-sectional dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Penelitian ini melibatkan dewasa
muda yang belum menikah dengan rentang usia 21 hingga 30 tahun. Responden dalam penelitian ini
berjumlah 60 orang. Lokasi penelitian berada di Kecamatan Bogor Tengah, Kota Bogor, Jawa Barat.
Pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara nonprobability sampling dengan teknik purposive sampling. Hasil uji
t diperoleh perbedaan yang signifikan antara religiusitas laki-laki dan perempuan. Uji korelasi menunjukkan
bahwa terdapat hubungan positif yang signifikan antara usia responden, jumlah keluarga, religiusitas,
dukungan sosial dan kesiapan menikah. Hasil uji regresi menunjukkan bahwa pendapatan, jumlah anggota
keluarga, dan religiusitas berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap kesiapan menikah.

Kata kunci: dewasa muda, dukungan sosial, kesiapan menikah, religiusitas

INTRODUCTION
Indonesia has recently become one of the countries experiencing a decline in marriage rates. A report from
the Central Bureau of Statistics (2022) data states that in the last 10 years there has been a decrease in the
marriage rate by 2,8 percent. BPS data (2022) recorded that there were 1.742.049 marriages in 2021, while
in 2020 there were 1.792.548 marriages. Based on this data, the marriage rate has decreased by 50.499.
According to Ningtias (2022) the decline in the marriage rate in Indonesia is due to various changes in the
way young people, both men and women, think in terms of career, success, education, and the large number
of divorce cases. In addition, the decline in marriage in Indonesia is indirectly a factor in the population
growth rate, which is the fourth most populous country in the world (Ningtias, 2022).
271 Ramdani et al. JCFCS

BPS data (2022) reports that the age of first marriage for young Indonesians is 22-24 years old for men and
19-21 years old for women. These ages fall into the young adult category. According to Duffy and Atwater
(2005), one of the main tasks in young adulthood is to build a marriage and form a family of their own.
Therefore, there is a need for readiness before marriage. Sari and Sunarti (2013) explain the differences in
marriage readiness factors between men and women. Role readiness that needs to be prepared by women
and financial readiness by men. Marriage readiness is defined as the way individuals view themselves in
carrying out the functions and roles of marriage Holman and Li (1997).
In addition to marriage readiness, the role of religion in preparing for marriage is an important factor in
making the decision to marry (Sigalow et al., 2012). According to Keldal (2022) a high level of religiosity is
related to feeling ready for family life and family roles, as well as readiness to take social responsibility.
Fitriani and Handayani (2021) explain about religiosity which means how deep a person's knowledge, beliefs,
application of worship and rules and appreciation of the religion they adhere to. Furthermore, there is social
support which also has a big role in determining a person's readiness to make the decision to get married
(Larson & Holman, 1994). Sarafino et al. (2006) states that social support refers to providing comfort to
others and caring for or valuing them. Social support is in the form of encouragement or assistance to
individuals obtained from other people or the environment.
In research conducted by Fitriani and Handayani (2021), it is explained that there is a significant positive
relationship between religiosity and readiness to marry. Non-religious families, weak religious observance,
and families where there is no obligation to religion have problems that can lead to divorce (Hawari, 2006).
Meanwhile, marriage readiness can be seen from how much social support is provided from the surrounding
environment. This is supported by research by Larson and Holman (1994) which states that social support
has a major influence on marriage readiness. This study suspects a relationship between religiosity and social
support. Robins and Fiske (2009) explain that religiosity is related to social support through religious
community participation, values, and religious teachings that encourage social support and psychological
support provided through religious beliefs and practices. Social support is also related to religiosity through
strengthening religious identity, inspiration, and motivation in carrying out worship practices (Wardoyo and
Aditya, 2021). However, no previous research has examined the relationship between religiosity, social
support and marriage readiness in the young adult age group. Based on the above problems, this study aims
to analyze the effect of religiosity and social support on marriage readiness in young adults.

METHODS

This research design is a cross-sectional study, which is data collected at one time and there is no continuity.
This research was conducted in the Central Bogor Sub-district area of Bogor City. Sampling in the study used
non-probability sampling method with purposive sampling technique. The population used in the study is
young adults aged 21-30 years with the criteria that respondents live in Central Bogor District and are not
married. Respondents in this study total 60 people. The data collection technique was carried out offline in
March-April 2023. This research uses primary data. Primary data include young adult characteristics (age,
gender, and education level), family characteristics (parents' age, per capita income, parents' marital status,
and number of family members), religiosity, social support, and marriage readiness. Primary data were
obtained using a questionnaire that was self-administered offline.
Religiosity in the operational definition means belief in God with commitment and following everything that
has been believed and determined. The religiosity instrument was measured using The Centrality of
Religiosity Scale (CRS) developed by Huber and Huber (2012) and modified by the researcher with 5
dimensions, namely intellect, ideology, public practice, private practice, and experience. The questionnaire
consisted of 15 questions with 3 questions for each dimension. Each question used a 1-4 answer scale (1=
never; 2= sometimes; 3= often; 4= always) with a Cronbach's Alpha of 0,746.
Social support is help or encouragement obtained from people around young adults. The social support
instrument was measured using an instrument developed by Zimet et al. (1998), namely MSPSS
(Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support) and modified by researchers with a total of 12
questions with a 4-point Likert scale. This instrument has a Cronbach's Alpha value of 0,879. Each question
uses a 1-5 response scale (1= strongly disagree; 2= disagree; 3= agree; 4= strongly agree). This variable
includes group factors that are sources of support, namely family, friends, and significant others.
Marriage readiness refers to how individuals prepare for family life through age readiness, physical readiness,
financial readiness, mental readiness, emotional readiness, moral readiness, social readiness, intellectual
readiness, interpersonal readiness, and life skills. Marriage readiness is measured using an instrument from
Vol. 2, 2023 THE EFFECT OF RELIGIOSITY AND SOCIAL 272

BKKBN (2018) with a total of 50 questions. Each question uses a Guttman scale with the answer options
"no" and "yes" with a Cronbach's Alpha value of 0,667.
Data were processed using Microsoft Office Excel 2016 and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)
25. Descriptive analysis in this study was used to identify variables of young adult characteristics, family
characteristics, religiosity, social support, and marriage readiness. Furthermore, a difference test was
conducted on religiosity, social support, and marriage readiness based on 4 gender. Meanwhile, relationship
analysis used the Pearson correlation test to determine the relationship between young adult characteristics,
family characteristics, religiosity, social support, and marriage readiness. Regression analysis was used to
analyze the influence of young adult characteristics, family characteristics, religiosity and social support on
marriage readiness.
RESULTS

Characteristics of Young Adults and Family Characteristics

Respondents in this study were aged 21-30 years. The age of respondents is included in the young adult
category. The average age of male respondents was 23,57 years and the average age of female respondents
was 23,37 years. The average length of education for male respondents was 12,03 years and the average
length of education for female respondents was 12,50 years. The average age distribution of respondents'
fathers was 54,37 years and the average age of respondents' mothers was 50,53 years. Based on the Bogor
City poverty line (2021), half of the respondent families (50%) were in the non-poor category with an average
monthly per capita income of IDR786.085,32. Almost half of the respondents' families were in the small
category (48,3%). The marital status of the respondents' parents (71,7%) is a complete family and the rest are
from divorced families.

Religiosity
The results show that religiosity with a total average index score of 79,81 is included in the moderate
category. Male respondents have higher religiosity than female respondents. It is known that the average
index score of male respondents of 82,37 is included in the high category, while female respondents have an
average index score of 77,25 including in the medium category. The religiosity of male and female
respondents in the ideology dimension, personal practice dimension, and experience dimension is included
in the high category with an average index score above 80. The ideology dimension in the religiosity of male
respondents shows that almost all respondents (96,7%) are included in the high category. The high religiosity
of male respondents in this dimension is indicated by the high belief that god is something that deserves to
be worshiped (100%), the belief in life after death (93,3%), and the belief that god has the highest power
(96,7%).
Based on the results of research on the dimensions of public practice, men are higher when compared to
women. The public practice dimension of male respondents has an average index score of 71,67 in the
medium category, while the public practice dimension of female respondents has an average index score of
55 in the low category. It is shown that more than half of female respondents do not participate in religious
activities (60%), while male respondents often participate in religious activities (40%), it is important to
participate in religious activities (66,7%), and it is important to join religious communities (50%). The
intellectual dimension, it is known that male respondents and female respondents have an average index
score that is categorized as low, namely 52,5 and 56,67. Low intellectuality can be seen from the lack of
thinking about religious issues (46,7%).
Table 1 Distribution of examples based on religiosity dimensions
Gender
Total
Category Male Female p-value
n % n % n %
Intellectual Religiosity 0,459
Low (<60) 18 60 16 53,3 34 56,6
Medium (60-80) 9 30 9 30 18 30
High (>80) 3 10 5 16,7 8 13,3
Total 30 100 30 100 60 100
Minimum-Maximum 0-100 25-100
Mean ± Standard Deviation 52,5 ± 22,60 56,67 ± 20,69
Ideological religiosity 0,013**
273 Ramdani et al. JCFCS

Table 1 Distribution of examples based on religiosity dimensions (continue)

Gender
Total
Category Male Female p-value
n % n % n %
Low (<60) 0 0 1 3,3 1 1,6
Medium (60-80) 1 3,3 8 26,7 9 15
High (>80) 29 96,7 21 70 50 83,3
Total 30 100 30 100 60 100
Minimum-Maximum 75-100 12,5-100
Mean ± Standard Deviation 98,3±5,42 89,16 ± 18,78
Public Practice Religiosity 0,004**
Low (<60) 8 26,7 16 53,3 24
Medium (60-80) 11 36,7 11 36,7 22
High (>80) 11 36,7 3 10 14
Total 30 100 30 100 60 100
Minimum-Maximum 12,5-100 12,5-100
Mean ± Standard Deviation 71,67 ± 21,50 55 ± 20,91
Personal Practice Religiosity 0,917
Low (<60) 2 6,7 1 3,3 3 5
Medium (60-80) 6 20 6 20 12 20
High (>80) 22 73,3 23 76,7 45 75
Total 30 100 30 100 60 100
Minimum-Maximum 50-100 50-100
Mean ± Standard Deviation 87,91 ± 16,24 87,5 ± 14,68
Experience Religiosity 0,106
Low (<60) 1 3,3 2 6,7 3 5
Medium (60-80) 6 20 9 30 15 25
High (>80) 23 76,6 19 63,3 42 70
Total 30 100 30 100 60 100
Minimum-Maximum 50-100 50-100
Mean ± Standard Deviation 90,41 ± 14,18 83,75 ± 17,10
Total Religiosity 0,053*
Low (<60) 0 0 2 6,7 2 3,3
Medium (60-80) 14 46,7 17 56,7 31 51,6
High (>80) 16 53,3 11 36,7 27 45
Total 30 100 30 100 60 100
Minimum-Maximum 62,2-97,7 55,5-95,5
Mean ± Standard Deviation 82,37 ± 10,03 77,25 ± 10,01
Notes: *Significant at p<0,1; **Significant at p<0,05

Social Support
The results showed that social support was included in the moderate category with an average index score
of 68,47. Based on gender, the results of research on men and women have an average index score included
in the moderate category, namely 70,09 and 66,85. Social support in male respondents shows that the social
support dimensions of family, friends, and significant others are included in the moderate category. Social
support in female respondents shows that the family social support dimension and the significant other social
support dimension are included in the moderate category with an average index score of 70 and 72,7.
However, the social support dimension of friends on female respondents was in the low category with an
average index score of 57,7. This can be seen from half of the respondents disagreeing to rely on friends when
problems occur (50%).
Vol. 2, 2023 THE EFFECT OF RELIGIOSITY AND SOCIAL 274

Table 2 Distribution of examples based on social support dimensions

Gender
Total
Category Male Female p-value
n % n % n %
Family Social Support 0,104
Low (<60) 5 16,7 9 30 14 23,3
Medium (60-80) 9 30 12 40 21 35
High (>80) 16 53,3 9 30 25 41,6
Total 30 100 30 100 60 100
Minimum-Maximum 25-100 25-100
Mean ± Standard Deviation 78,3 ± 18,25 70 ± 20,71
Friends Social Support 0,537
Low (<60) 12 40 16 53,3 28 46,6
Medium (60-80) 9 30 9 30 18 30
High (>80) 9 30 5 16,7 14 23,3
Total 30 100 30 100 60 100
Minimum-Maximum 0-100 0-100
Mean ± Standard Deviation 61,94 ± 27,30 57,7 ± 24,65
Significant Others 0,669
Low (<60) 7 23,3 9 30 16 26,6
Medium (60-80) 12 40 9 30 21 35
High (>80) 11 36,7 12 40 23 38,3
Total 30 100 30 100 60 100
Minimum-Maximum 0-100 16,6-100
Mean ± Standard Deviation 70 ± 25,67 72,7 ± 24,46
Total Social Support 0,447
Low (<60) 6 20 9 30 15 25
Medium (60-80) 14 46,7 13 43,3 27 45
High (>80) 10 33,3 8 26,7 18 30
Total 30 100 30 100 60 100
Minimum-Maximum 27,7-94,4 27,7-100
Mean ± Standard Deviation 70,09 ± 16,58 66,85 ± 18,42

Marriage Readiness
Overall, the largest proportion of marriage readiness falls into the ready category (65%) with an average
index score of 82,23. This means that 65 percent of respondents are ready to get married. Based on gender,
63,3 percent of male respondents were in the ready category and 36,7 percent were categorized as not ready.
The readiness to marry for male respondents has an average index score of 82,73. This means that male
respondents are in the category of being ready to get married. Readiness to get married in female respondents
as many as 66,7 percent of respondents were in the ready category, while 33,3 percent were categorized as
not ready. Female respondents have an average index score of 81,73. This means that female respondents
are also ready to get married. The results of the research on each dimension show that male and female
respondents are not ready for the dimension of financial readiness. It can be seen that more than half of the
respondents do not have a regular income (55%).
275 Ramdani et al. JCFCS

Table 3 Distribution of examples based on marriage readiness

Gender
Total
Category Male Female p-value
n % n % n %
Age Readiness
Not Ready (<80) 0 0 0 0
Ready (60-80) 30 100 30 100 60 100
Total 30 100 30 100 60 100
Minimum-Maximum 100 100
Mean ± Standard Deviation 100 ± 0 100 ± 0
Physical Readiness 0,111
Not Ready (<80) 10 33,3 15 50 25 41,6
Ready (60-80) 20 66,7 15 50 35 58,3
Total 30 100 30 100 60 100
Minimum-Maximum 75-100 50-100
Mean ± Standard Deviation 91,67 ± 11,98 85,83 ± 15,65
Financial Readiness 0,454
Not Ready (<80) 18 60 19 63,3 61,6
Ready (60-80) 12 40 11 36,7 23 38,3
Total 30 100 30 100 60 100
Minimum-Maximum 0-100 0-100
Mean ± Standard Deviation 56,67 ± 40,96 48,33 ± 44,49
Mental Readiness 0,149
Not Ready (<80) 3 10 6 20 9 15
Ready (60-80) 27 90 24 80 51 85
Total 30 100 30 100 60 100
Minimum-Maximum 72,2-100 72,22-100
Mean ± Standard Deviation 92,40 ± 8,18 89,25 ± 8,49
Emotional Readiness 0,627
Not Ready (<80) 9 30 6 20 15 25
Ready (60-80) 21 70 24 80 45 75
Total 30 100 30 100 60 100
Minimum-Maximum 58,3-100 58,3-100
Mean ± Standard Deviation 85,27 ± 11,92 83,8 ± 10,01
Social Readiness 0,075*
Not Ready (<80) 7 23,3 12 40 19 31,6
Ready (60-80) 23 76,7 18 60 41 68,3
Total 30 100 30 100 60 100
Minimum-Maximum 40-100 70-100
Mean ± Standard Deviation 91,67 ± 12,61 86,33 ± 9,99
Moral Readiness 0,398
Not Ready (<80) 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ready (60-80) 30 100 30 100 60 100
Total 30 100 30 100 60 100
Minimum-Maximum 87,5-100 87,5-100
Mean ± Standard Deviation 98,33 ± 4,32 99,16 ± 3,17
Interpersonal Readiness 0,379
Not Ready (<80) 1 3,3 2 6,7 3 5
Ready (60-80) 29 96,7 28 93,3 57 95
Total 30 100 30 100 60 100
Minimum-Maximum 66,66-100 66,6-100
Mean ± Standard Deviation 94,99 ± 8,91 92,7 ± 10,43
Life Skills 0,021**
Not Ready (<80) 10 33,3 3 10 13 21,6
Ready (60-80) 20 66,7 27 90 47 78,3
Total 30 100 30 100 60 100
Minimum-Maximum 50-100 58,3-100
Mean ± Standard Deviation 84,16 ± 14,57 92,2 ± 11,56
Intellectual Readiness 0,432
Vol. 2, 2023 THE EFFECT OF RELIGIOSITY AND SOCIAL 276

Table 3 Distribution of examples based on marriage readiness (continue)

Gender
Total
Category Male Female p-value
n % n % n %
Not Ready (<80) 7 23,3 7 23,3 14 23,3
Ready (60-80) 23 76,7 23 76,7 46 76,6
Total 30 100 30 100 60 100
Minimum-Maximum 50-100 37,5-100
Mean ± Standard Deviation 85,83 ± 15,30 89,16 ± 17,28
Marriage Readiness Total 0,658
Not Ready (<80) 11 36,7 10 33,3 21 35
Ready (60-80) 19 63,3 20 66,7 39 65
Total 30 100 30 100 60 100
Minimum-Maximum 64-96 60-94
Mean ± Standard Deviation 82,73 ± 8,60 81,73 ± 8,78
Notes: *Significant at p<0,1; **Significant at p<0,05,

Relationship between Young Adult Characteristics, Family Characteristics, Religiosity, Social Support,
and Marriage Readiness
The results of the Pearson correlation test in Table 2 show that there is a significant negative relationship
between respondent age and religiosity. This shows that the higher the age of the respondent will be
associated with a decrease in religiosity. The number of family members is significantly positively related to
religiosity and readiness to marry, which means that the more the number of family members, the better the
religiosity and readiness to marry. Parents' marital status is significantly positively related to religiosity. This
can be interpreted that the better the parents' marital status will be related to religiosity. Religiosity is
significantly positively related to social support and religiosity is significantly positively related to readiness
to marry, which means that the better the religiosity, the better the social support felt and the better the
religiosity, the more ready to get married. Social support is significantly positively related to readiness to get
married, the better the social support, the more ready to get married.

Table 4. Relationship between young adult characteristics, family characteristics, religiosity, social support,
and marriage readiness
Variables Religiosity Social Support Merriage Readiness
Age of respondent -0,285* -0,010 0,116
Gender of respondent -0,251 -0,094 -0,058
Length of responden’s education -0,069 0,069 0,009
Father’s age -0,097 -0,110 0,088
Mother’s age -0,102 -0,138 -0,011
Income per capita -0,061 0,039 0,201
Number of family members 0,305* 0,051 0,285*
Marital status of parents 0,263* 0,244 0,190
Religiosity 1 0,324* 0,440**
Social support 0,342* 1 0,273*
Marriage readiness 0,440** 0,273* 1
Notes: *significant at p<0,05; **significant at p<0,01

The Influence of Young Adult Characteristics, Family Characteristics, Religiosity, Social Support, on
Marriage Readiness
The results of the linear regression test of the variables model on marriage readiness in Table 3 show an
Adjusted R Square number of 0,253. The model shows that 25,3 percent of the model variables affect
marriage readiness and 74,7 percent are influenced by other variables outside of the study. The results showed
that income per capita (β =0,375; p =0,027) has a significant influence on readiness to marry. This shows
that every one hundred thousand increase in per capita income will increase readiness to marry by 3.856E-6
points. The number of family members (β =0,294; p =0,061) has a significant positive effect on marriage
readiness. This shows that every one unit increase in the number of family members will increase readiness
to marry by 1.558 points. The results also show that religiosity (β = 0,345; p = 0,050) has a significant positive
277 Ramdani et al. JCFCS

effect on marriage readiness. This shows that every one unit increase in religiosity will increase readiness to
marry by 0,270 points.

Table 5 Influence of young adult characteristics, family characteristics, religiosity, social support, and
readiness to marry
Unstandardized Standardized
Variables coefficient coefficient Sig.
B β
(Constant) 31,281 0,088
Characteristics of young adults
Age of respondent 0,680 0,223 0,144
Gender -1,633 -0,102 0,480
Length of education -0,462 -0,104 0,505
Father’s age 0.143 0,134 0,558
Mother’s age -0.052 -0,043 0,842
Income per capita 3,856E-6 0,375 0,025**
Number of family members 1,558 0,294 0,052*
Religiosity 0,270 0,345 0,050*
Social support 0,079 0,160 0,270
F test 2,525
Sig 0,021ᵇ
R Square 0,419
Adjusted R Square 0,253
Notes: *Significant at p<0,1; **Significant at p<0,05

DISCUSSION

Young adulthood is a transitional period from adolescence to adulthood. According to Hurlock (1980) the
young adult period starts from the age of 18 to 40 years. During this period a person has several
developmental tasks including running a career, finding a partner, building a family, caring for children,
managing a household, being involved in society, and sharing benefits with social groups (Mariyati and
Rezania, 2021). The average respondent completes 12 years of education or is equivalent to the Senior High
School (SMA) level. According to Sari and Sunarti (2013), high education in women can open up
opportunities to pursue careers before marriage, while in men it is an opportunity to get a good job and
accelerate financial readiness. The age of the father and mother in the respondent's family is in the middle
adulthood category. This age ranges from 40 to 60 years (Hurlock, 1980). Most of the respondents' families
fall into the small family category with four family members. Fifty percent of the respondents' families' per
capita income level was categorized as non-poor with an average monthly per capita income of
IDR786.082,32. The marital status of the respondents' parents was mostly from complete families. According
to Segrin and Taylor (2006), a child from a complete family is more committed to marriage.
Religiosity means how deep a person's knowledge, beliefs, application of worship, and rules and appreciation
of the religion they adhere to (Fitriani & Handayani, 2021). This study shows a difference in results between
male and female religiosity. Male religiosity is high. This shows that men have high trust and commitment
to God, while women's religiosity is in the medium category. This can mean that the level of piety in women
has not been achieved optimally. In line with Ahmad (2020) states that religiosity is the level of individual
piety to practice their religion as a belief with a form of commitment based on knowledge, beliefs, practices,
feelings, and consequences. According to Siroj et al. (2019) men have higher religiosity than women. The
high religiosity of men in the study can also be seen from the dimension of public practice. Men often
participate in religious activities and join religious communities. This is in line with Hackett et al. (2016)
Muslim men attend religious events more often than Muslim women.
Social support is encouragement or assistance obtained by individuals from other people or the environment.
Puspitawati (2012) explains that social support is obtained by individuals from friends, friends, family,
spouses, children, and communities in the neighborhood. Overall, the social support of men and women is
in the moderate category, both from family social support, friend social support, and significant other social
support. However, women's social support in the friend dimension was categorized as low. Low social
support can be seen from some women who rely on friends when problems occur. The results of the study
are not in line with Dennis et al. (2005) states that support from friends has a stronger role in students in
social adjustment than family support.
Vol. 2, 2023 THE EFFECT OF RELIGIOSITY AND SOCIAL 278

Marriage readiness is the way individuals view themselves to carry out the functions and roles of marriage
(Holman & Li, 1997). The results showed that in general, young adults' readiness to marry was in the ready
category. This is in line with research conducted by the Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child
Protection (2018) which states that marriage readiness in Indonesia has increased with the high public
awareness of the importance of marriage preparation and better access to information such as social media
and the internet. According to Carroll et al. (2009) explain that marriage readiness is a process of developing
9 interpersonal skills, gaining the capacity to care for others, and carrying out lifelong commitments.
However, most of the readiness to marry in the financial readiness dimension is categorized as not ready.
This means that they do not yet have a fixed income and are independent in financial terms. Sari et al. (2016)
explain that financial readiness is very influential on marital satisfaction in the long term which can affect
economic stability for the physical and mental sustainability of family members later.
The results of the correlation test on young adult characteristics found that age is significantly negatively
related to religiosity. This means that the higher the age, the lower the religiosity. In line with research by
Hood et al. (2014) which states that individuals in young adulthood are said to tend to be less religious when
compared to older adults. Novianty and Garey (2021) concluded that the decline in young adult religiosity
is related to individuals who begin to have a personal approach in exploring religion, a lack of confidence in
religious institutions, an increasingly secular social environment, moving from the city of residence to a new
place and increasing focus on other activities.
Family characteristics found a significant positive relationship between the number of family members and
religiosity. Aqsho (2017) explained that the interaction between parents in the family, attention, and
togetherness in the family provide good religious practice. In addition, the results showed a significant
positive relationship between the number of members and readiness to marry. In line with the findings of
Sari and Sunarti (2013) that the number of family members affects marriage readiness. A large family has a
strong influence on one's marriage readiness with support and assistance in marriage (Kusumawati, 2018).
However, Santrock (2016) states that family size can have a positive and negative influence on marriage
readiness. Parents' marital status shows a significant positive relationship with religiosity. This means that
individuals who come from complete families have good religiosity. Family has a role in shaping a person's
religiosity which is very influential for future life, especially parents as the first means for children to receive
socialization (Dachrud & Yusra, 2018).
The results showed that religiosity was significantly positively related to social support. The higher the
individual's religiosity, the better the social support obtained. Maurizka and Maryatmi (2019) state that
positive social support provides trust and good self-adjustment so that this can increase high confidence in
practicing the teachings of their religion. Religiosity is also significantly positively related to marriage
readiness. In line with Fitriani and Handayani (2021), it is explained that there is a significant positive
relationship between religiosity and readiness to marry. Sigalow et al. (2012) state that the level of religiosity
influences a person's decision in choosing a career or job and this level of religiosity affects marriage decision
making. Based on the results of social support, it is significantly positively related to marriage readiness. This
is in line with Larson and Holman (1994), which states that social support has a big influence on marriage
readiness. There are background factors, individual traits and attitudes, surrounding people or important
people who can directly or indirectly influence how ready individuals are for marriage (Holman & Li, 1997).
The regression test in the study shows that per capita income has a significant effect on marriage readiness.
In line with Sari and Sunarti (2012), it is stated that sufficient family financial conditions provide a sense of
security in financial support by getting married. This means that individuals who have a good family income
will be more ready to get married because of financial support from the family. In addition, the number of
family members also affects marriage readiness. The greater the number of family members will affect a
person's readiness to marry. Mambaya and Stang (2011) explain that the greater the number of family
members, the greater the possibility of a younger age of marriage. In line with Amato and Booth (1991),
large families affect marriage readiness based on the influence of social norms. It is explained that families
that have social norms allow a person to marry at a young age, while in other families that have social norms
are more flexible towards the age of marriage. The results also showed a significant positive effect between
religiosity on readiness to marry. Keldal (2022) states that a high level of religiosity is strongly related to a
great belief in the meaning of marriage and affects financial readiness, emotional readiness, and more
interpersonal readiness. In line with Saputra and Agustina's research (2021) that religion has a very important
role in making a marriage decision as the presence of religiosity that can lead humans to good and positive
things. This research uses non-probability sampling techniques so that the results found cannot be
generalized. In addition, this study only uses a quantitative approach so that the results in this study do not
get more in-depth answers from respondents.
279 Ramdani et al. JCFCS

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

This study shows that the average age of respondents is 23 years old. The average length of education was
twelve years or equivalent to high school graduation. The average age of the father and mother is in middle
adulthood. The family's per capita income is above the poverty line at IDR786.085,32. The number of
families is in the small category. Some families are married in their parents' marriage. The largest percentage
of religiosity and social support is in the moderate category, while marriage readiness is in the ready category.
The results of the t-test showed a significant difference in the religiosity of men and women. The correlation
test results showed a significant negative relationship between sample age and religiosity. In addition, the
results showed a significant positive relationship between the number of family members, parents' marital
status, religiosity, social support, and marriage readiness. Regression test results show that income per capita,
number of family members, and religiosity have a significant positive effect on marriage readiness.
Based on the results of the study, the author provides several recommendations for young adults to attend
pre-marital classes, webinars, and seminars on marriage in order to obtain information related to the science
of marriage. Young adults, especially women, can participate in religious studies, be active in religious
organizations, and other religious communities to increase 11 religiosity. Young adults also need to prepare
themselves financially such as having a permanent job so that they can be independent in terms of finance to
prepare for marriage finance.

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