Technical Seminar Report

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY
"JNANA SANGAMA", BELAGAVI 590-018
An Internship Report
Submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
In
Civil Engineering
Internship Carried Out

at
SMART CIVIL SOLUTIONS,
BALLARI
Under the Guidance of

Mr. VINAYKUMAR HUNAGUND M. Tech (G.T)
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
B.I.T.M.
(NACC ACCREDITED)
BALLARI,583-101, KARNATAKA
2020-2021
CONSTRUCTION OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING ( BALLARI )
An Internship report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
Of
B.E (Civil engineering)
BALLARI INSTITUE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
BALLARY
NAME USN
MAHESHWARI P 3BR17CV054
AVINASH K 3BR18CV401
MANIKANTA G 3BR18CV406
SUNIL L A 3BR18CV429
B.I.T.M. COLLEGE OF ENGINNERING, BALLARI
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya technological university, Belagavi)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the internship work is a bonafide work carried out by
MAHESHWARI P (USN:3BR17CV054), AVIANSH K (USN:3BR18CV401),
MANIKANTA G (3BR18CV406), SUNIL L A (3BR18CV429) students of 8th
semester B.E, in partial fulfilment for the award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering
in Civil Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, during the
year 2020-2021. The internship report has been approved as it satisfies the academic
requirements in respect of internship prescribed for the said degree.
Internal Guide Internship-Co ordinator

Mr. VINAYKUMAR HUNAGUND Mr. VINAYKUMAR HUNAGUND
Assistant Professor Assistant professor
Dept of Civil Engineering Dept of Civil Engineering
Head of the Department Principal

Dr. H. MAHABALESHWARA Dr. V.C. PATIL
B.E, M.E(WRE), PhD,MISTE,MISH,MIAH, B.E, M.E, Ph.D
Professor & Head Principal
Dept of Civil Engineering B.I.T.M, Ballari
External examiners Signature
1.
2.
B.I.T.M. COLLEGE OF ENGINNERING, BALLARI
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya technological university, Belagavi)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
DECLARATION
I, the undersigned declare that this internship report is bonafide work carried out by us
during 2020-21 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor
Degree of Civil Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi and is
based on the internship carried out in "SMART CIVIL SOLUTIONS", Ballari under
the guidance of Mr. Radha Gowda , Proprietor, SMART CIVIL SOLUTIONS and Mr.
Vinaykumar Hunagund, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
B.I.T.M, BALLARI.
NAME USN
MAHESHWARI P 3BR17CV054
AVINASH K 3BR18CV401
MANIKANTA G 3BR18CV406
SUNIL L A 3BR18CV429
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of any task would be incomplete without thanking
the people who made it possible, whose constant guidance and encouragement
crowned my effort with success.
I express my deep sense of gratitude to the Management of Ballari Institute

of Technology and Management, Ballari, for providing me the congenial
environment in the college.
I am grateful to our beloved principal Dr. V.C Patil for his kind support and
encouragement.
It is my pleasure to thank our head of the department Dr.H. Mahabaleshwara

for his kind co-operation and providing the best help, support, encouragement and
vast amount of patience.
It is a great pleasure to thank our Internship Coordinator Mr. Vinaykumar

Hunagund for their guidance, constant encouragement, support, constructive
suggestions.
I would like to express my deep gratitude to my guide Mr. Vinaykumar

Hunagund Assistant Professor, for his excellent guidance, constant encouragement,
support, constructive suggestions.
It is a real pleasure to express my thanks to the friendly co-operation shown by

the faculty members of, Department of Civil Engineering.
Last but certainly not least, I would like to show my gratitude to my family
and all friends for their advice and co-operation.
MAHESHWARI P (3BR17CV054)
AVINASH K (3BR18CV401)
MANIKANTA G (3BR18CV406)
SUNIL L A (3BR18CV429)
INDEX
SL NO CHAPTERS CONTENT PAGE NO
1 CHAPTER-1 ABOUT THE COMPANY 1
2 CHAPTER-2 DEFINITION OF BUILDING 2-3
3 CHAPTER-3 BASIC ELEMENTS OF A 4-7

RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
4 CHAPTER-4 MATERIALS USED IN THE 8-15

BUILDING
5 CHAPTER-5 PROGRESS OF WORKS 16-26
6 CHAPTER-6 DETAILS OF BUILDING 27-34
7 CHAPTER-7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 35
8 CHAPTER-8 CONCLUSION 36-38

INTERNSHIP 2020-21 B-32
CHAPTER-1
ABOUT THE COMPNY
The smart civil solutions company was started in 2017 with presence spanning all the key
segments of the Indian real estate industry, namely the commercial, residential, retail and
hospitality sectors. The company’s operations encompass various aspects of real estate
development, such as land identification and acquisition, project planning, designing, marketing
and execution with the customer as the focal point of the company.
Within a span of 4 years, the smart civil solutions company has covered many building, as we
are in time of internship we are under working of several buildings.
Dept. Of Civil Engg. BITM, BALLARI 1

CHAPTER-2
2.1 DEFINITION OF BUILDING.
The word building is both a noun and a verb: the structure itself and the act of making it. As a
noun, a building is 'a structure that has a roof and walls and stands more or less permanently in
one place';[1] "there was a three-storey building on the corner"; "it was an imposing edifice". In
the broadest interpretation a fence or wall is a building. However, the word structure is used
more broadly than building including natural and man-made formations and does not necessarily
have walls. Structure is more likely to be used for a fence. Sturgis' included that differs
from architecture in excluding all idea of artistic treatment; and it differs from construction in the
idea of excluding scientific or highly skilful treatment." As a verb, building is the act of
construction.
Structural height in technical usage is the height to the highest architectural detail on building
from street-level. Depending on how they are classified, spires and masts may or may not be
included in this height. Spires and masts used as antennas are not generally included. The
definition of a low-rise vs. a high-rise building is a matter of debate, but generally three storeys
or less is considered low-rise.
2.2 TYPES OF BUILDINGS:

Depending upon the character of occupancy or the type of use, building can be classified into
different categories as follows:
I. RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS:
These buildings include one or two private dwellings, apartment houses (flats), hotels,
dormitories etc.
II. EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS:
These buildings include any building used for school, college or day care purposes involving
assembly for instruction, education or recreation.
III. INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS:

These buildings include any building or part which is used for medical treatment etc. Such as
Hospitals, nursing homes, orphanages, sanatoria, jails, prisons, mental hospitals etc.
IV. ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS:
These buildings may include any building or part of a building where a group of people gathers
for recreation, amusement, social, religious or such types of purposes such as theaters, assembly
halls, exhibition halls, restaurants, museum, club rooms, auditoria etc.

V. BUSINESS BUILDINGS:
These shall include any building or part of a building which is used for business transactions,
keeping records of accounts, town halls, city halls, court houses etc.
VI. MERCANTILE BUILDINGS:
These shall include those buildings which are used for soap, market, stores, wholesale or retail.
VII. INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS:

This types of building mainly used for manufacturing purposes. Here products or materials of all
kinds and properties are fabricated, assembled or processed, for example, gas plants, refineries,
mills, dairies etc.
VIII. STORAGE BUILDINGS:

These buildings are generally used for the storage or sheltering of goods, wares, or merchandise
like warehouses, cold storages, garages, stables, transit sheds etc.
IX. HAZARDOUS BUILDINGS:

These buildings include any building which is used for storage, handling, manufacture or
processing of highly combustible explosive materials or products which are liable to burn with
extreme rapidly which may produce poisonous fumes, building which is used for storage,
handling or manufacturing highly corrosive, toxic, acid or other liquids or chemicals producing
flame, fumes explosive etc.
2.3 BUILDING
Requirement for residential accommodation are different for different classes of people &
depends on the income & status of the individual a highly rich family with require a luxurious
building, while a poor man can satisfied with a single room for even below middle class family.
A standard residential building type with has drawing room, dining room, office room, guest
room, kitchen room, store, dressing room, bath room, front verandah, stair etc., for other house
the number of rooms may be reduced as per the requirements of many available .

CHAPTER-3
3.1 BASIC ELEMENTS OF A RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
2. Mandatory items 1. Optional

a) Hall a) Dining hall
b) Kitchen b) Veranda
c) Puja room c) Parking
d) Bedroom (Master B R, d) Store room
Children B R) e) Guest room
e) Washroom f) Study room
f) Staircase g) Home theatre
g) Utility h) Sit out
h) Wardrobe i) Swimming pool
i) Family lounge j) Balcony
j) Water tank
k) Rain water harvesting
Description Standard size Direction (vastu)

Sl. No
1 Hall 15x12 N-E
2 Kitchen 8 x 12 S-E or N-W
3 Master Bedroom 12 x 18 S-W
Children bedroom
4
Bathroom 9x 9 S-W
5 Dining hall 6x4 -
6 Pooja room 8 x 12 -
7 Store room 5x4 E
8 Study room 8x8 S-E
9 Utility 8x 8 N-E
10 Home theatre 3x5 -

11 Parking 12x 12 -
12 Stair case 10x 14 -

Passage
13 5 width N-E
Water tank
14 5 width -
NOTE:-The above dimensions are in feet
3.2 SET BACK
A set back may be defined as frontage margin or open space in front of the road.
Setback distance is necessary for road widening, traffic/vehicle sighting, parking space, free air
circulation/ventilation for building and to reduce air/noise pollution.
Front and rear margin or set-backs:
Depth/length of site in Minimum Minimum rear

meters front in meters in meters
Up to 13m 1.50m 1.00m
13m to 16m 1.75m 1.35m
16m to 19m 2.25m 1.75m
19m to 28m 4.5m 2.25m
Side margins or set-backs:
Breadth/width of site Minimum Minimum left

in meters right side in side in meters
meters
Up to 10m 1.00m 1.00m
10m to 13m 2.00m 1.00m
13m to 16m 3.00m 1.25m
16m to19m 3.00m 1.50m

3.3 Safety in Construction site

Construction work is a hazardous land-based job. Some construction site jobs include: building
houses, roads, tree forts, workplaces and repair and maintain infrastructures. This work includes
many hazardous task and conditions such as working with height, excavation, noise, dust, power
tools and equipment. The most common fatalities are caused by the fatal four: falls, being struck
by an object, electrocutions, and being caught in between two objects. [1][2] Construction work has
been increasing in developing and undeveloped countries over the past few years. With an
increase in this type of work occupational fatalities have increased. Occupational fatalities are
individuals who die while on the job or performing work related tasks. [3] Within the field of
construction it is important to have safe construction sites

3.4 Site location

CHAPTER-4
MATERIALS USED IN THE BUILDING
4.1 Cement: Portland cement is composed of calcium silicates and aluminate and
aluminoferrite. It is obtained by blending predetermined proportions limestone clay and other
minerals in small quantities which is pulverized and heated at high temperature – around 1500
deg centigrade to produce “clicker”. The clinker is then ground with small quartities of gypsum
to produce a fine powder called Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). When mixed with water, sand
and stone, it combines slowly with the water to form a hard mass called concrete. Cement is a
hygroscope material meaning that it absorbs moisture. In presence of moisture it undergoes
chemical reaction termed as hydration. Therefore cement remain is good condition as long as it
does not come in contact with moisture. If cement is more than three months old then it should
be tested for its strength before being taken into use.
The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has classified OPC in three different grades The classified
is mainly based on the compression strength of cement – sand mortar cubes of face area 50 cm²
composed of 1 part of cement to 3 parts of standard sand by weight with a water-cement ratio
arrived at by a specified procedure. The grades are
1) 33 grade
2) 43 grade
3) 55 grade
The grade number indicates the minimum compressive strength of cement sand mortar in
N/mm2 at 28 days, as tested by above mentioned procedure
Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) is obtained by either intergrinding a pozzolanic materials with
clinker and gypsum or by blending ground pozzolana with Portland cement. Now days good
quality fly ash is available from thermal power plants, which are processed and used in
manufactured op PPC.
 Advantages of using Portland pozzolana cement over OPC

Pozzlana combines with lime and alkali in cement when water is added and forms compounds
which contribute to strength impermeability and sulphate resistance. It also contributes to
workability, reduced bleeding and controls destructive expansion from alkali- aggregates
reaction.It reduces heat of hydration there by controlling temperature differentials, which causes
thermal strain and resultant cracking mass concrete structures like Dams. The colour of PPC
comes from the colour of the pozzolanic materials used. PPC containing fly ash as a pozzolana
will be invariable slightly different colour than the colour than the OPC. One thing should be
kept in mind that is the quality of cement depends upon the raw materials used and the quality
control measures adopted during its manufacture, and not on the shade of the cement . The
cement gets its colour from the nature and colour of raw materials used, which will be different
from factory, and may even differ in the different batches of cement produced in a factory.
Further, the colour of the finished concrete is affected also by the colour of the aggregates, and to
a lesser extent by the colour of the cement. Prefence for any cement on the basis of colour alone
is technically misplaced.
4.1.2 SETTLING OF CEMENT

When water is mixed with cement, the paste so formed remains pliable and plastic for a short
time. During this period it is possible to disturb the paste and remit it without any deleterious
effects. As the reaction between water and cement continues, the paste loses its plasticity. This
early period in the hardening of cement is referred to as 'setting' of cement.
4.1.2.1 INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT

Initial set is when the cement paste loses its plasticity and stiffens considerably. Final set is the
point when the paste hardens and can sustain some minor load. Both are arbitrary points and
these are determined by Vicat needle penetration resistance .
Slow or fast setting normally depends on the nature of cement. It could also be due to extraneous
factors not related to the cement. The ambient conditions play an important role. In hot weather ,
the setting is faster , in cold weather , setting is delayed some types of salts, chemicals , clay, etc
if inadvertently get mixed with the sand, aggregate and water could accelerate or delay the
setting of concrete.
4.1.3 STORAGE OF CEMENT

It reads extra care or else can lead to loss not only in terms of financial loss but also in terms of
loss in the quality. Following are the don't that should be followed -

(i) Do not store bags in a new warehouse until the interior has thoroughly dried out.
(ii) Do not store bags in a building or a godown in which the walls, roof and floor are not
completely weatherproof.
(iii) Do not be content with badly fitting windows and doors, make sure they fit properly and
ensure that they are kept shut.
(iv) Do not stack bags against the wall. Similarly, don't pile them on the floor unless it is a dry
concrete floor. If not, bags should be stacked on wooden planks or sleepers.
(v) Do not forget the pile the bags close together.
(vi) Do not pile more than 15 bags high and arrange the bags in a header and stretcher fashion.
(vii) Do not disturb the stored cement until it is to be taken out for use.
(viii) Do not take out bags from one tier only. Step back two or three tires .
(ix) Do not keep dead storage. The principle of first in first out should be followed in removing
bags.
(x) Do not stack bags on the ground for temporary storage at work site. Pile them on a raised, dry
platform and cover with tarpaulin or polythene sheet.
4.2 COARSE AGGREGATE

Coarse aggregate for the works should be river gravel or crushed stone. It should be hard, strong
, dense, durable, clean , and free from clay or loamy admixtures or quarry refuse or vegetable
matter. The pieces of aggregates should be cubical, or rounded shaped and should have granular
or crystalline or smooth non powdery surfaces. Aggregates should be properly screened and if
necessary washed clean before use.
Coarse aggregates containing flat, elongated or flaky pieces or mica should be rejected. The
grading of coarse aggregates should be as per specifications of IS-383.
After 24-hrs immersion in water, a previously dried sample of the coarse aggregate should not
gain in weight more than 5%.
Aggregates should be stored in such a way as to prevent segregation of sizes and avoid
contamination with fines
Depending upon the coarse aggregate colour, there quality can be determined as :
Black => very good quality

Blue => good
Whitish=> bad quality
4.3 FINE AGGREGATE

Aggregate which is passed through 4.75 IS sieve is termed as fine aggregate. Fine aggregate is
added to concrete to assist workability and to bring uniformly in mixture. Usually, the natural
river sand is used as fine aggregate. Important thing to be considered is that fine aggregates
should be free from coagulated lumps.
Grading of natural sand or crushed stone i.e. fine aggregates shall be such that not more than 5
percent shall exceed 5mm in size, not more than 10% shall IS sieve NO. 150 not less than 25%
or more than 60% shall pass IS sieve No. 600 micron.
4.4 BRICK
Brickwork is masonry done with bricks and matter and is generally used to build partition walls.
In our site, all the external walls were of concrete and most of the internal walls were made of
bricks. English bond was used and a ration of 1:4 and 1:6 were used depending upon whether the
wall is 4.5 inches or 9 inches. The reinforcement shall be 2 nos. M.S. round bars or as indicated.
The diameter of bars was 8mm. The first layer of reinforcement was used at second course and
then at every fourth course of brick work. The bars were properly anchored at their ends where
the portions and or where these walk join with other walls. The in laid steel reinforcement was
completely embedded in mortar.

Bricks can be of two types. These are :
1)Traditional bricks- The dimension if traditional bricks vary from 21cm to 25cm in length, 10
to 13 cm in width and 7.5 cm in height in different parts of country. The commonly adopted
normal size of traditional brick is 23 * 11.5*7.5 cm with a view to achieve uniformly in size of
bricks all over country.
2)Modular bricks- Indian standard institution has established a standard size of bricks such a
brick is known as a modular brick. The normal size of brick is taken as 20*10*10 cm whereas its
actual dimensions are 19*9*9 cm masonry with modular bricks workout to be cheaper there is
saving in the consumption of bricks, mortar and labour as compared with memory with
traditional bricks
4.4.1 STRENGTH OF BRICK MASONRY

The permissible compressive stress in brick masonry depends upon the following factors:
1. Type and strength of brick.
2. Mix of motor.
3. Size and shape of masonry constructions.
The strength of brick masonry depends upon the strength of bricks used in the masonry
construction. The strength of bricks depends upon the nature of soil used for making and the

method adopted for molding and burning of bricks since the nature of soil varies from region to
region , the average strength of bricks varies from as low as 30kg/sq cm to 150 kg/sq cm the
basic compressive stress are different crushing strength.
There are many checks that can be applied to see the quality of bricks used on the site. Normally
the bricks are tested for compressive strength, water absorption, dimensional tolerances and
efflorescence. However at small construction sites the quality of bricks can be assessed based on
following, which is prevalent in many sites.
 Visual check- Bricks should be well burnt and of uniform size and colour.
 Striking of two bricks together should produce a metallic ringing sound.
 It should have surface so hard that can't be scratched by the finger nails.
 A good brick should not break if dropped in standing position from one metre above
ground level.
 A good brick shouldn't absorb moisture of more than 15.20% by weight, when soaked in
water .
For example ; a good brick moisture of
4.4.2 PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN IN BRICK MASANORY WORK

 Bricks should be soaked in water for adequate period so that the water penetrates to its
full thickness. Normally 6 to 8hours of wetting is sufficient
 A systematic bond must be maintained throughout the brick work. Vertical joints
shouldn’t be continuous but staggered
 The joint thickness shouldn’t exceed 1 cm it should be thoroughly filed with the cement
motor 1:4 to1:6 (cement: sand by volume)
 All bricks should be placed on their bed with frogs on top(depreesion on top of the bricks
for providing bond with mortar)
 Thread, plumb bob and sprit level should be used for alignment, vertically and
horizontally of constructions
 Joints should be raked and properly finished with trowel or float, to provide good bond.
 A maximum of one meter wall height should be constructed in a day
 Brick work should be properly cured for at least 10 days

4.5 REINFORCEMENT
Steel reinforcement are used, generally in the form of bars of circular cross sections in concrete
structures. They are like a skeleton in human body. Plain concrete without steel or any other
reinforcement is strong in compression but weak in tension .steel is one of the best forms of
reinforced to take care of those stresses and to strengthen concrete to bear all kinds of loads Mild
steel bars conforming to IS: 432(Part 1)and cold-worked steel high strength deformed bars
confirming to IS: 1786 (grade Fe 415 and grade 500. Where 415 and 500indicate yield stress 415
N/mm2 and 500N/mm2 respectively) are commonly used .grade Fe 415 is being used most
commonly nowdays .this has limited the use of plain mild steel bars because of higer yield stress
and bond strength resulting in saving of steel quality. Some companies have brought thermo
mechanically treated (TMT) and corrosive resistant steel (CRS) bars with added features
Bars range in dia from 6 to 50mm cold-worked steel high strength deformed bars start from 8mm
dia. For general house constructions. Bars of dia 6 to 20mm are used transverse reinforcement
are very important to remain in desired position . they play very significant role while abrupt
changes or reversal of stresses like earthquake etc.
They should be closely spaced as per the drawing and properly tied to the main/longitudinal
reinforcement
4.6 COVER BLOCK

Cover block are placed to prevent the steel roads from touching the shuttering plates and there by
providing a miminum cover and fix the reinforcement as per the design drawings. Some times it
is commonly seen that the cover gets misplaced during the concreting activity. To prevent this
typing of cover with steel bars using thin steel wires called binding wires (projected from cover
surface and placed during making or casting of cover blocks) is recommended. Covers should be
made of cement sand mortar (1:3). Ideally .cover should have strength similar to the surrounding
concrete. With the least perimeter so that chances of water to penetrate through peiphely will be
minimized. Provision of minimum covers as per the indain standards for durability of the whole
structure should be ensured
Shape of the cover blocks could be cubical or cylindrical. how ever , cover indicates thickness of
the cover block. Normally , cubical blocks are used as a thumb rule minimum cover of 2” in
footings 1.5” in columns and 1” for other structures may be ensured

Structural element Cover to

reinforcement (mm)
Footings 40
columns 40
Slabs 15
beams 25
Retaining wall 25 for earth face
20 for other face

CHAPTER-5
PROGRESS OF WORKS
5.1 SHUTTERING AND SCAFFOLDING
The term ‘SHUTTERING’ or ‘FORMWORK’ includes all forms, moulds, shuttering planks,
walrus. Poles, posts standards, leizers, V-Heads , struts , and structures tied prights walling steel
roads, bolts wedges, and all other temporary supports to the concrete during the process of
sheeting’s
5.1.1 Form work

Forms or moulds or shutters are the receptacles in which concrete is placed, so that it will have
the desire shape or outline when hardened. Once the concrete develops adequate strength, the
forms are removed. Forms are generally made of the materials like timber, plywood, steel, etc.
Generally camber is provided in the form work for horizontal member to counteract the effect of
deflection caused due to weight of reinforcement and concrete placed over that. A proper
lubrication of shuttering plates is also done before the placement of reinforcement. The oil film
sandwiched between concrete and form work surface not only helped in easy removal of
shuttering but also prevent loss of moisture from the concrete through absorption and
evaporation. The steel form work was designed and constructed to the shapes, lines and
dimensions shown on the drawings. All forms were sufficiently water tight to prevent leakage
of mortar. Forms were so constructed as to be removable in section . One side of the column
form were left open and the open side filled in board by board successively as the concrete is
placed and compacted except when vibrators are used . A key was made at the end of the each
casting in concrete columns of appropriate size to give proper bondings to column and walls as
per relevant IS.
5.1.2 Cleaning and treatment of Forms

All rubbish, particularly chippings, shavings and sawdust, was removed from the interior of the
forms (steel) before the concrete is placed. The form work in contact with the concrete was
cleaned and thoroughly wetted or treated with an approved composition to prevent adhesion
between form work and concrete. Care was taken that such approved composition is kept out of
contact with the reinforcement.

5.1.3 Stripping Time or Removal of Form work

Form were not struck until the concrete has attained a strength at least twice the stress to which
the concrete may be subjected at the time of removal of formwork. The strength referred is that
of concrete using the same cement and aggregate with the same proportions and cured under
conditions of temperature and moisture similar to those existing on the work. When so required,
form work was left longer in normal circumstances

Form work was removed in such a manner as would not cause any shock or vibration that would
damage the concrete. Before removal of props, concrete surface was exposed to as certain that
the concrete had sufficiently hardened. When the shape of element in such that form work has
reentrant angles, the form work was removed as soon as possible after the concrete has set, to
avoid shrinkage cracking occurring due to the restraint imposed. As a guideline, with
temperature above 20 degree following time limits should be followed
5.2 BAR BENDING
KEY POINTS
 Bar Bending Schedule (BBS) helps to determine the quantity of steel required in
construction of your house. This helps to get the accurate estimation of steel
 Once the calculation of cutting and bending is done it reduces the wastage of steel and it
becomes economic
 Once you get the reinforcement drawings, cutting and bending can be done at warehouse
before transportation. It increases the speed of construction and the transportation cost
also reduces.
 Before placing the concrete if the bending and cutting length of TMT Steel bars are
measured it becomes easier for site engineers.Starter marking
 They had provided 4-legged stirrups in reinforcement of column.

5.2.1 BAR BENDING TO STAIR
5.2.2 BEAM AND SLAB REINFORCEMENT

5.3 CONCRETING
Key points:-
 Shuttering Stability
The shuttering and centering should be checked for proper Level, alignment and their
support. If the supports are not strong and stable, it may collapse during concreting work.
This can be serious safety concern and leads to wastage of time and material. Before and
during concreting work supervisor person should observe the stability of all shuttering
and centering supports.
 Releasing Agents
Proper Planks or plates should be provided. These planks or plates must be properly oiled
or should be verified by site engineer. If the plates are not properly oiled, the surface of
concrete will get damage during striking plates and cause difficulty during this process.
Further, it leads to poor surface finish.
 Sealing
Gaps in shuttering plates shall be properly sealed by mortar, Rubber, etc. and should be
checked thoroughly. If not sealed it leads to leakage of concrete through gaps and gives
improper finish.

 Placing Reinforcement
Before commencing concreting work, the reinforcement details should be verified as per
the drawings. Bar diameter, cut length, lap joints, Beam-column joins, column extension
length at footing should be checked thoroughly. Improper detailing and placing leads to
poor functioning of structural element or even collapse of the structure.
 Reinforcement Cover
Reinforcement Cover is one of the most important aspects of concrete work. The
reinforcement bars should not be exposed to atmosphere and the minimum recommended
cover should be provided if not shown in drawings. Proper spacer blocks or bars should
be also provided. If proper cover not provided to the steel rods and are exposed to air, it
leads to corrosion of reinforcement and rust formation.
 Reinforcement Support
Enough no of chairs must be provided while laying reinforcement. It holds the
reinforcement in position and maintains the top and bottom cover to reinforcement. If
enough chairs are not provided, the rods may get disturbed or the spacing of rods will be
non-uniform. During concreting work the reinforcement losses its position.
 Material Supply
Availability of adequate quantity of cement, sand and aggregates at site should be
ensured before construction. If enough materials are not available during concrete work it
may cause work disruption and undesirable construction joints.
 Mixing location
Ensure proper access for labor and materials from the location of placement to
mixing need to checked and minimized. If the distance is not maintained it can slow
down the work reduce the workability of concrete. If it is not possible to maintain it.
 Joints in Concrete
The construction Joints must be properly planned in advance during the concreting
works. If not planned well concrete may cause cracks in the surface, loss in structural
integrity and poor durability.
 Proper Curing
In order to attain complete strength of concrete, curing is very important. To ensure that
proper curing can be done, the condition of pump, water tank and water availability need
to be checked. If above facilities are not available the concrete curing will be affected and
affects the strength of concrete.
 Protection of Concreting
Precautionary arrangements must be planned well in advance to protect the concrete from
rain. Immediate exposure of concrete to rain before initial setting time will affect its final
strength and exposure during concreting will change the consistency of concrete.
 Pouring of Concrete and Compaction

The pouring concrete height should not be more than 1m (or 3 Feet) in order to avoid
segregation. If the distance is more than 1m, it leads to segregation in concrete and leads to
voids in concrete work. After poring, concrete must be properly compacted and finishe

5.4 BRICK WORK
Key points of learnt:-
 Ensure you are using good quality bricks

 The bricks should not be soaked in water prior to use. However, a light moistening with
water may be done to avoid absorption of water from the cement mortar.
 Before commencing masonry work, the line out shall be carried out for the entire area
using a steel tape. The dimensions shall be checked with GFC (Good For Construction)
drawings.
 The brick masonry shall be preferably laid in a composite mortar with mix ratio as
mentioned in specification and drawing.

 The mortar proportions shall be either 1:4 or 1:6. The mortar, when mixed, shall have a
slump of 75mm.
 The thickness of mortar joints shall be 10 mm both horizontally and vertically. The
mortar shall be spread over the entire top surface of the brick.
 The mortar shall be raked out from the joints with a trowel of each course and is laid to a
depth of 10mm to 12 mm, so as to ensure the good bond for the plaster.
 The height of the wall to be done in a day’s work shall be restricted to 1 metre.
 The first course of masonry shall be laid with great care, making sure that it is properly
aligned, leveled and plumbed.
 The bricks for this course shall first be laid dry, (that is without mortar) along with a
string tightly stretched between properly located cornerstones. When the bricks are set in
proper position, the two cornerstones shall be removed, a full mortar bedspread and these
bricks laid back in place truly level and plumb.
 The string shall then be stretched tightly along the faces of the two corner blocks and the
faces of the intermediate ones adjusted to coincide with the line.
 Thereafter each brick shall be removed and re-laid over a bed of mortar. After every three
or four blocks have been laid, their correct alignment, level, and verticality shall be
carefully checked.
 As each course is laid at the end/corner, it shall be checked for alignment and level or
straight – edge to make certain that the faces of the brick are all in the same plane. This
precaution is necessary to ensure truly straight and vertical walls.


5.5 CURING WORK

After the wall is constructed, curing process starts which is to be done atleast for 7 days to avoid
any cracks and strength of wall.

CHAPTER-6
DETAILS OF BUILDING
6.1 PLAN OF BUILDING

6.2 ELEVATION PLAN
An elevation drawing is an orthographic projection drawing that shows one side of the house.
The purpose of an elevation drawing is to show the finished appearance of a given side of the
house and furnish vertical height dimensions. Four elevations are customarily drawn, one for
each side of the house
An elevation plan ordinarily includes the following:

•Identification of the specific side of the house that the elevation represents
•Grade lines
•Finished floor and ceiling levels
•Location of exterior wall corners
•Windows and doors
•Roof features
•Porches, decks and patios
•Vertical dimensions of important features
•Material symbols


6.3 QUALITY CONTROL

Quality control (QC) is a process by which entities review the quality of all factors involved in
production. ISO 9000 defines quality control as "A part of quality management focused on
fulfilling quality requirements".
This approach places on a emphasis on three aspects (enshrined in standards such as ISO 9001):
1. Elements such as controls, job management, defined and well managed processes,
performance and integrity criteria, and identification of records
2. Competence, such as knowledge, skills, experience, and qualifications
3. Soft elements, such as personnel, integrity, confidence, organizational
culture, motivation, team spirit, and quality relationships.Inspection is a major
component of quality control, where physical product is examined visually (or the end
results of a service are analyzed). Product inspectors will be provided with lists and
descriptions of unacceptable product defects such as cracks or surface blemishes for
example.
The quality of the outputs is at risk if any of these three aspects is deficient in any way.
Advantage of quality control
1. Encourages quality consciousness:
The most important advantage derived by introducing quality control is that it develops and
encourages quality consciousness among the workers in the factory which is greatly helpful in
achieving desired level of quality in the product.
2. Satisfaction of consumers:
Consumers are greatly benefited as they get better quality products on account of quality control.
It gives them satisfaction.
3.Reduction in production cost:

By undertaking effective inspection and control over production processes and operations,
production costs are considerably reduced. Quality control further checks the production of
inferior products and wastages thereby bringing down the cost of production considerably.
4. Most effective utilisation of resources:

Quality control ensures maximum utilisation of available resources thereby minimising wastage
and inefficiency of every kind.
5.Reduction in inspection costs:

Quality control brings about economies in inspection and considerably reduces cost of
inspection.

6. Increased goodwill:
By producing better quality products and satisfying customer’s needs, quality control raises the
goodwill of the concern in the minds of people. A reputed concern can easily raise finances from
the market.
7. Higher morale of employees:

An effective system of quality control is greatly helpful in increasing the morale of employees,
and they feel that they are working in the concern producing better and higher quality products.
8. Improved employer-employee relations:

Quality control develops to better industrial atmosphere by increasing morale of employees
which ensures cordial employer-employee relations leading to better understanding and
closeness between them.
9. Improved techniques and methods of production:

By supplying technical and engineering data for the product and manufacturing processes,
improved methods and designs of production are ensured by quality control.
10. Effective advertisement:

Organisations producing quality products have effective advertisement. They win the public
confidence by supplying those better quality products.
11. Facilitates price fixation:

By introducing quality control measures, uniform products of same quality are produced. This
greatly facilitates the problem of price fixation. One price of standard products becomes
prevalent in the market.
12. Increased sales:

Quality control ensures production of quality products which is immensely helpful in attracting
more customers for the product thereby increasing sales. It is greatly helpful in maintaining
existing demand and creating new demand for the product. It has been rightly pointed out that
quality control is a powerful instrument with the help of which markets both at home and abroad
can be expanded.

6.4 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
6.4.1 Column:
Column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that transmits,
through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. In
other words, a column is a compression member. The term column applies especially to a large
round support (the shaft of the column) with a capital and a base or pedestal[1] which is made of
stone, or appearing to be so. A small wooden or metal support is typically called a post, and
supports with a rectangular or other non-round section are usually called piers. For the purpose
of wind or earthquake engineering, columns may be designed to resist lateral forces.
Other compression members are often termed "columns" because of the similar stress conditions.
Columns are frequently used to support beams or arches on which the upper parts of walls or
ceilings rest. In architecture, "column" refers to such a structural element that also has certain
proportional and decorative features. A column might also be a decorative element not needed
for structural purposes; many columns are "engaged", that is to say form part of a wall.
6.4.2 Beam
A beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally to the beam's axis. Its
mode of deflection is primarily by bending. The loads applied to the beam result in reaction
forces at the beam's support points. The total effect of all the forces acting on the beam is to
produce shear forces and bending moments within the beam, that in turn induce internal stresses,
strains and deflections of the beam. Beams are characterized by their manner of support, profile
(shape of cross-section), equilibrium conditions, length, and their material.
Beams are traditionally descriptions of building or civil engineering structural elements, but any
structures such as automotive automobile frames, aircraft components, machine frames, and
other mechanical or structural systems contain beam structures that are designed to carry lateral
loads are analyzed in a similar fashion.
Types of Beams:
Beams can be classified into many types based on three main criteria. They are as follows:
1. Based on geometry:
1. Straight beam – Beam with straight profile
2. Curved beam – Beam with curved profile
3. Tapered beam – Beam with tapered cross section
4. Based on the shape of cross section:
i. I-beam – Beam with ‘I’ cross section
ii. T-beam – Beam with ‘T’ cross section

iii. C-beam – Beam with ‘C’ cross section

2. Based on equilibrium conditions:
1. Statically determinate beam – For a statically determinate beam, equilibrium conditions
alone can be used to solve reactions.
2. Statically indeterminate beam – For a statically indeterminate beam, equilibrium
conditions are not enough to solve reactions. Additional deflections are needed to solve
reactions.
3. Based on the type of support:
1. Simply supported beam
2. Cantilever beam
3. Overhanging beam
4. Continuous beam
5. Fixed beam
6.4.3 Slab
A reinforced concrete slab is a crucial structural element and is used to provide flat
surfaces(floors and ceilings) in buildings. On the basis of reinforcement provided, beam support,
and the ratio of the spans, slabs are generally classified into one-way slab and two-way slab. The
former is supported on two sides and the ratio of long to short span is greater than two. However,
the latter is supported on four sides and the ratio of long to short span is smaller than two.
Varying conditions and stipulations ask for the selection of appropriate and cost-effective
concrete slab, keeping in view, the type of building, architectural layout, aesthetic features, and
the span length. Concrete slabs, therefore, are further classified into one-way joist slab, flat slab,
flat plate, waffle slab, hollow core slab, precast slab, slabs on grade, hardy slab, and composite
slab.
6.4.4 Wall
Wall is a structure defining an exact area and providing safety & shelter. There are various types
of walls used in the construction of buildings given below.
Types of Walls
 Load Bearing Walls

o Precast Concrete Wall
o Retaining Wall
o Masonry Wall
o Pre Panelized Load Bearing Metal Stud Walls
o Engineering Brick Wall

 Stone Wall
 Non-Load Bearing Wall
 Hollow Concrete Block
 Facade Bricks
 Hollow Bricks
 Brick Walls
 Cavity Walls
 Shear Walls
 Partition Walls
 Panel Walls
 Veneered Walls
 Faced Walls
6.4.5 Lintel
A horizontal support of timber, stone, concrete, or steel across the top of a door or window.
6.4.6 Plinth beam

Plinth beam is a beam in a framed structure provided at or above (sometimes below) ground
level that takes the load of the wall built on top of it. Most other beams are subjected to loads not
only from walls but also the load from the slab, such as dead loads (self weight of slab, floor
finish ets.) and live load.

CHAPTER-7
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The internship program conducted by “Visvesvaraya Technological University” as a part of
curriculum for 8th semester B.E (CIVIL ENGINEERING) aims at developing the technical skills
of the students and to get a brief industrial exposure of the construction engineering industry. It
was an opportunity to work as an intern in one of the prestigious construction engineering firm "
SMART CIVIL SOLUTIONS, BELLARY". The executive summary gives an overview of 13
days internship work which includes activities, meeting and experiences. Below is the summary
of the experience.
The internship training program at the site was controlling how the work is going on and
supervising the work based on the given check list which was given from the office. Training
program included study of drawing, basis of estimation, mode of measurement and qualification
of materials requirements and regular site visits.
Reflecting on experience at "SMART CIVIL SOLUTIONS" internship program has made

immeasurable impacts in varied fields such as team work, report writing, time management and
various other aspects. The internship program has broadened the knowledge base which was
made possible through the participation in the various projects and activities organized by the
company and by interaction with senior site engineers of the company.

CHAPTER-8
CONCLUSION
Under the guidance of Mr. VINAYKUMAR H sir ( site Eng. – Projects) as a mentor, we have
got opportunity to understand the technical and managerial aspects of Building project. The
main aim of studies with in this project was to investigation how a structure is constructed as
well a saw the challenges which a civil engineer hve to face during construction i.e. labour
problems , cost management , environmental challenges etc., We cleared our many doubts
regarding building construction . Overall it must be said that the construction methods and
quality controlon a commercial project needs a very good cooridnates and large quantitiews of
man power , equipment and funds. During the period of 13days all the site staff helpeds us a lot
to provide all the information abnout any query .During the period of 13 days all the site staff
helped us a lot to provide all oppprtunity to learn and grow .



Technical Seminar Report

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Technical Seminar Report

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Technical Seminar Report

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL

Internship Carried Out

Under the Guidance of

B.E (Civil engineering)

BALLARI INSTITUE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Internal Guide Internship-Co ordinator

Head of the Department Principal

External examiners Signature

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

I express my deep sense of gratitude to the Management of Ballari Institute

It is my pleasure to thank our head of the department Dr.H. Mahabaleshwara

It is a great pleasure to thank our Internship Coordinator Mr. Vinaykumar

I would like to express my deep gratitude to my guide Mr. Vinaykumar

It is a real pleasure to express my thanks to the friendly co-operation shown by

SL NO CHAPTERS CONTENT PAGE NO

1 CHAPTER-1 ABOUT THE COMPANY 1

2 CHAPTER-2 DEFINITION OF BUILDING 2-3

3 CHAPTER-3 BASIC ELEMENTS OF A 4-7

4 CHAPTER-4 MATERIALS USED IN THE 8-15

5 CHAPTER-5 PROGRESS OF WORKS 16-26

6 CHAPTER-6 DETAILS OF BUILDING 27-34

7 CHAPTER-7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 35

8 CHAPTER-8 CONCLUSION 36-38

Dept. Of Civil Engg. BITM, BALLARI 1

2.2 TYPES OF BUILDINGS:

III. INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS:

Dept. Of Civil Engg. BITM, BALLARI 2

VII. INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS:

VIII. STORAGE BUILDINGS:

IX. HAZARDOUS BUILDINGS:

Dept. Of Civil Engg. BITM, BALLARI 3

2. Mandatory items 1. Optional

Description Standard size Direction (vastu)

2 Kitchen 8 x 12 S-E or N-W

3 Master Bedroom 12 x 18 S-W

5 Dining hall 6x4 -

7 Store room 5x4 E

8 Study room 8x8 S-E

10 Home theatre 3x5 -

Dept. Of Civil Engg. BITM, BALLARI 4

12 Stair case 10x 14 -

NOTE:-The above dimensions are in feet

3.2 SET BACK

Front and rear margin or set-backs:

Depth/length of site in Minimum Minimum rear

Side margins or set-backs:

Breadth/width of site Minimum Minimum left

Dept. Of Civil Engg. BITM, BALLARI 5

3.3 Safety in Construction site

Dept. Of Civil Engg. BITM, BALLARI 6

3.4 Site location

Dept. Of Civil Engg. BITM, BALLARI 7

 Advantages of using Portland pozzolana cement over OPC

4.1.2 SETTLING OF CEMENT

4.1.2.1 INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT

4.1.3 STORAGE OF CEMENT

Dept. Of Civil Engg. BITM, BALLARI 9

(v) Do not forget the pile the bags close together.