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    జుగల్బంది వినయ్ సీతాపతి జి వల్లీశ్వర్

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    saikishi

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    జుగల్బంది వినయ్ సీతాపతి జి వల్లీశ్వర్

    Uploaded by

    saikishi
    47 views532 pages

    Original Title

    జుగల్బంది_వినయ్_సీతాపతి_జి_వల్లీశ్వర్

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    47 views532 pages

    జుగల్బంది వినయ్ సీతాపతి జి వల్లీశ్వర్

    Uploaded by

    saikishi

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    Cnver Photograph @ Getty Images
    Author Photograph @ Rohan Mishra Photography

    Cover design by Ahlawat Gunjan & Purushoth Kumar G,

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    448 e56: Sebe


    NOTES

    5ro65rec : 1$6"5$o[8rn ero"55 (1995)


    l. Dilip Chaware, 'Management and a million man hours make BJP session a
    realiry', The Times of India, 12 November 1995, p. 7.
    2. Satish Nandgaonkar, 'Saffron security: 6,000 cops deployed at BJP
    convenrion venue', The Times of India, 8 November 1995, p. I .
    3. Dilip Chaware, 'Management and a million man hours make BJP session a
    reality', The Tirnes of India, l2 November 1995, p. 7 .
    4. Different Strokes, 'Brokers largesse', The Times of India, 12 November
    1995, p. 18.
    5. Neena Vyas, 'Plenary projects Vajpayee as "Future PM", The Hindu, ll
    November 1995, p. 13.
    6. See Chapter 8, Section I of this book.
    7. 'L-K. Advani Declares Vajpayee as next Prime Minister', India Today, 30
    November 1995.
    8. Suhas Phadke, 'Vajpayee's pd is man behind the decor', The Tirnes of India,
    l0 November 1995, p.2.
    9. Ambarish Mishra, 'BJP faces dilemma of reconciling power and principle',
    The Times of India,l0 November 1995, p. 15.
    10. 'BJP plagued by factionalism', India Today,3l October 1995.
    II . 'Lotus wars' , India Today 3l Ocrober 1995.
    12. 'Shankersinh Vaghela: The Complete Story of Khajuraho', Nttas
    Steet Journal. Available at: https://www.newsstreetiournal.com/india/
    shankersinh-vaghela-the-complete-story-of-khaj uraho/

    449
    13. Ambarish Mishra,'BJP faces dilemma of reconciling power and principle',
    The Times of India,l0 November 1995, p. 15.
    14. 'A rale of rwo chiefs', Outlook India,22May 1996. Available at htps://
    www. outlookindia. com/ma gazineI srory I a-tale-of-two-chiefs I 20 | 392
    15. Ambarish Mishra, "'Yajpayee is BJP's choice for next PM," says Advani',
    The Times of India, 12 November 1995, p.28.
    16. Available at: https://www.speakingtree.in/blog/saying-abhi-dilli-door-hai
    17. Interview with Govindacharya, Delhi, June 2018.
    18. Ibid.
    19. The BJP leader Subramanian Sryamy says that Ashok Singhal said this to
    him. From an interview with Subramanian Swamy, Delhi, June 2018.
    20. l-al Krishna Advani, My Country Mt Lrft (Rupa Publications, 2008), p.
    838.
    21. Interview with Swapan Dasgupta, New Delhi, June 2018.
    22. Interview with Dinesh Trivedi, New Delhi, May 2018.
    23. Interview with Vasundhara R4e Scindia, Delhi, June 2018.
    24. Scholars such as Amrita Basu and Thomas Blom Hansen have written about
    Hindu nationalism as a'socid movement' and as a 'public culture'. This
    book focuses more on the electoral and political story, without discounting
    Hindu nationalism in the 'social'. See Amrita Bass, Violcnt Conjunctures
    in Democratic India (Cambridge University Press, 2015); Thomas Blom
    Hansen, The Safton Waae: Democtacy and Hindu Nationalism in Mod.ern
    India (Princeton Universiry Press, 1999).

    ED56 qr6o : 66o (192a-80)


    Bu56erq"5o$o : b"o6r€co5 o (L924- 45)

    l. Milton uT . Meyer,,4sia: A Concisc History (Rowman & Litdefield Publishers,


    2000), p. 218.
    2. Ullekh N.P., The Untold Vajpayee: Politician and Paradtx (Penguin Books,
    kindle edition , 2017) , location 196 of 3595.
    3. See Manu Bhagwan, 'Princely States and the Hindu Imaginary: Exploring
    the Canography of Hindu Nationalism in Colonial Irl.diia', The Joumal of
    ,4sian SndieqYol. 67, No. 3 (August) 2008: 881-915. See also: http://
    www. india-seminar.com/20 I I I 622 I 622
    -christophe-jaftelot.htm
    4. N.K. Singh, 'Ard Bihari Vajpayee: A private person with strong dislikes and
    few close friends', India Today,3l May 1996.
    5. Kingshuk Nag, Atal Bihai Vajpaye: A Man for All Seasons (Rupa, 2015),
    P.20.

    450
    6. Tilak Sharma, 'A teacher remembers a srudent by the name Atal', The
    Times of India,l8 May 1996.
    7. Steve Inskeep, Iwtdnt Ciry: Lrfe and Death in l{arachi (Penguin, 201l),
    introductory chaprer titled'North of Nonh Karachi'.
    8. L.K. Advani, My Country M1 Life (Rupa,20l0, paperback), p. 28.
    9. Ibid.
    10. Ibid., pp-27-28
    I L Kewalram R. Malkani, The Sindh Story (Nlied,,1984), p.70.
    12. L.K. Advani, My Coantry My Life (Rupa,20l0, paperback), pp. 17-21.
    13. Ibid., pp.3t-32.
    14. Ibid., p.293.
    15. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Cornrnunities: Reflzctions on tbe Oigin and
    Spread of Nationalism Nerso Books, 2006), p. 60.
    I 6. Available at: htp://www.nationalismproject.org/what/anderson.htm
    17. See also Barrington, '"Nation" and "nationdism": The misuse
    Lowell 1W'.

    of key concepts in politicd science', PS: Political Science & Politics 30, no.
    4 (1997) : 7 12-16, et 7 I 4 -
    18. \(endy Doniger,'Puranas', Encychpaedia Bitannica. Available ac https://
    www.britannica.com/topic/Purana
    19. Horace Hayman Wilson, The Vishnu Parana. Vol. 9, (Triibner, 1868),
    https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp060.hm
    20. Diana L. Eck, 'The imagined landscape: Patterns in the construction
    of Hindu sacred geography', Contributions to Indian Sociolog 32, no. 2
    (1998): 165-88, at 168.
    21. '\7hat is India's caste s)rstem', BBC News, 19 June 2019. Available at:
    https: //www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-ind ia-35 65061 6
    22. The Indian census in 2018 estimated that Indians identifted 19,500
    their mother tongue. 'India is home to more than
    languages and dialects as
    19500 mother tongues', The Hindu Business Linc, I July 2018, hnps://
    www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/india-is-home-to-more-
    than- I 950O-mother-tongues I aricle243057 25.ece
    23. fuvindM. Shah, 'Sects and Hindu social structure', Contribations to Indian
    Sociolog 40, no.2 (2006):20948, ait213.
    24. Ibid.,p.2ll.
    25. David N. l.orenzcn, ''Who Invented Hinduism?', Comparatiue Srud'ies in
    sociay and Hbtor\ 41, no. 4 (1999): 630-159. The author cites the scholars
    Sheldon Pollock, chris Bayly and]ames laine. AIso see Andr.orJ. Nicholson,
    (tntfiing Hinduism: Phitonplry and ldentity in Indi.an Inulhcaul Hittory
    (columbia university Press, 2010), for the argument that Hinduism was
    concepnrally united berween the founeenth and the seventeenth centuries.

    45t
    26. David N. Lorenzen, ''il7.ho Invented Hinduism?' Comparatiue Sndies in
    Society and History 41, no. 4 (1999): 63M59, ar 655.
    27. Charles Herman Heimsarh, Indian Nationalisrn and Hindu Social R fo*
    (Princeton Universiry Press, 20 I 5).
    28. Norman Barrier's superb study of the Arya Samajis in the turn-of-the-
    cenrury Punjab Congress advances the argument of this book. It was only
    in the context of elections (which the British had begun to introduce in the
    late nineteenth century) that Arya Samajis like tala lajpat Rai moved from
    a purely socid reform movement to a political movement with a conception
    of state power. See Norman G. Barrier, 'The Arya Samaj and Congress
    Politics in the Punjab, 1894-1908', The Joumal of ,4sian Sndies,Yol.26,
    No. 3 (May 1967):363-79.
    29. Dwight Baker, Iskmic Theory of Statehood (Indian Institute of \7orld
    Culture, 1981).
    30. Daniel Judah Elazar, Coamant as the Basis of the Jewisb Political Tradition
    (Center for the Study of Federdism, Temple Universiry, 1979).
    31. Stephen Backhouse, Kierkegaardi Citique ofChristian Nationalisn (Oxford
    University Press, 201l), p. 60.
    32. Prarap Bhanu Mehta, 'World Religions and Democracy: Hinduism and
    Self-rule', Journal of Demooacy 15, no.3 (2004): 108-21, at ll4.
    33. Valmiki in Yaddha Kanda in Ramayana. Available at: https://www.
    vaachaspathi. com/vedic_library/Ramayana-VOL-3-Yuddha-Kanda.
    Pdf
    34. Peter Turchin, Jonathan M. Adams and Thomas D. Hall, 'East-west
    orientacion of historical empires and modern states', Joumal of Voild-
    rystems Research 12, no.2 (2006):219-229.
    35. Swapan Dasgupta, Awahening Bharat Mata: The Polhical Beli$ of the
    Indian Rigbt (Penguin-Viking,2019), p. 132.
    36. This was the exact andysis thar Sir Syed Ahmed Khan had provided in his
    book The Cau"ses of the Indian Reuoh. See Madhav Khosla, India\ Founding
    Moment: The Constitution of a Most Surprising Dernocracy (Harvard
    Universiry Press, 2020), p. I16.
    37. Even before 1906, and staning from 1882, the British did make some
    concessions to the idea of liberd self-represenration, by introducing
    limited elections ro municipal councils and rural boards. These councils
    and boards could now nominate Indians to a limited number of seats ro
    the centrd legislative assembly and the provincial assemblies. See: James
    Chiriyankandath, "'Democrary" under the Raj: Elections and Separate
    Representarion in British lndia', Journal of commonuealth & comparatiue
    Politics,30 (l) (1992): 3943, at 40.

    452
    38. Maya Tudor, 'Explaining Democrary's Origins: Lessons from South Asia',
    Comparatiue Polhics,Yol.45, No. 3 (April 2013):253-72, at258.
    39. The 1911 census, original text available ar: htrp://storage.lib.uchicago.edu/
    presl20141pra2014-0779-l9l l -0 l -02.pdf
    40. Valter James Shepard, 'Indian Council Act' , The American Political Science
    Reaieu,3 (4) (November 1909): 552-56,^t553.
    41. Ibid.
    42. The prehistory of rhe Hindu Mahasabha began wirh the Punjab Sabha,
    formed in 1907 ro counter Muslim lrague lobblng in anticipation of the
    1909 constiturional reforms. Its failure rold the Punjab Sabha that it needed
    to organize at a national level. Richard Gordon, 'The Hindu Mahasabha
    and the Indian National Congress, I 91 5 to 1926' , Modzm ,4sian Studies, 9 ,
    2 (1975): 145-203, ar 146.
    43. Mad\av Khosla, India\ Founding Mornmt: The Constitution of a Most
    Surprising Democracy (Harvard Universiry Press, 2020), p. 130, foornore
    139.
    44. Richard Gordon, 'The Hindu Mahasabha and the Indian Nationd
    Congress, 19ll to 1926', Modern ,*ian Studies,9,2 (1975): 145-203, at
    151.
    45. lbid., ar 164.
    46. James Chiriyankandath, "'Democracy" under the Raj: Elections and
    Separate Representation in British lndia', Joumal of Cornmonweahh (r
    Comparatiue Politics,30 (1) (1992): 3943, at 43, footnote 20.
    47. 'Sikhs in Council: Question of Proportion-the GovernmentYiew', The
    Times of India, 8 May 1920, 14; 'Joint committee: The trouble in Madras
    Indian Christian representarion.' The Times of India, I August 1919, p.9.
    48. Just three per cent ofthe populadon could vote in the provincial elections,
    and just I in 10,000 for the Council of State. James Chiriyankandath,
    "'Democracy" under the Raj: Elections and Separate Representation in
    British India', Journal of Commonwealth 6 Comparatiue Politics, 30 (l)
    (1992): 39-63, at 44.
    49. Ibid., at 43, footnote 22.
    50. Ibid., at 42, footnote 18.
    51. 1957 candidates contested the 774 seats in the two (centrd) legislative
    councils and eight provisional councils. 'The Indian elections: A summary
    of results', The Times of Indu,8 June 1921, p. 10.
    52. 'Mahomedan Meeting: The Khilafat Movement', The Times of India, I
    November 1920, p. 11.
    53. S.K. Nair. 'Gandhiji's visits to Kerala: Gandhiji remembered on 30th
    January', SpiderKerah, 30 January 2011. Available at: http://www.

    453
    spiderkerala. net/resources/492 8-GANDHIJI-S-VIS ITS-TO-KERALA-
    GANDHIJI-REMEM BERED.aspx
    54. The scholar Manu S. Pillai says that one-fifth of land revenue from the
    region came from just eighry-six landlords, eighry-four of whom were
    Hindus. Manu S. Pillai. 'The Mapilla rebellion of Malabar', Liuenint,
    7 September 2018. Available at: https://www.livemint.com/kisure/
    rj zdSI KbbcDUEjkJSTuq4M/The-Mapilla-rebellion-of-Malabar.html
    55. Ramachandra Guha, Gandhi: The Years that Changed the WorA (Volume 2),
    t 9 t 4- 1 948 (Knop[, 2018), p. 149.
    56. Vaibhav Purandare, Saaarhar: Tbe True Story of tbc Father of Hinduna
    Quggernaut, 2gD), p. 193.
    57. Nilanjan Mukhopadhyay, The RSS: Icons of the Hindu Right (Thomson
    Press, 2019), p. 68.
    58. Rahul Sagar, 'Must liberals oppose Hindu nationalism?' Indian Express,
    23 April 2018. Available at: https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/
    columns/mustJiberals-oppose-hindu-na tionalism-5 I 47 683 I
    59. Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, Hinduna: \Y'ho Is a Hindu? (Veer Savarkar
    Prakashan, 1969).
    60. As the political theorist Niraja Jayal says, for Savarkar 'religious minorities
    should [in the abstract] enjoy equal formal rights of citizenship'. Niraja
    Gopd Jayal, Citizcnsbip and hs Discontents: An Indian History (Harvard
    Universiry Press, 2013), p.217.
    61. Vaibhav Purandare, Sauarhar: Tbe True Story of the Father of Hinduna
    (Juggernaut, 2019), p. 189.
    62. Nilanjan Mukhopadhyay, The RSS: Icons of tbc Hindu Rigbt (Thomson
    Press,2019), p. 84.
    63. Ibid., p. 90, footnote 47.
    64. Walter K. Anderson and Shridhar D. Damle, The Saffon Brotherhood:
    The Rashtriya Swayamseaah Sangh and Hindu Reaiaalism (riTeswiew Press,
    1987), p.33.
    65. rbid.
    66. Nilanjan Mukhopadhyay, The RSS: Icons of the Hindu RrgDr (Thomson
    Press, 2019), p. 27.
    67. Christophe Jaffrelor, The Hindu Nationalist Mot)ernent in Ind.ia (Columbia
    University Press, 1996), p. 37, footnote I12.
    68. \Talter K. Anderson and Shridhar D. Damle, The Safton Brotberhood:
    The Rashrtya Swayarnscuah Sangh and Hindu Reuiaalism (Veswiew press,
    1987); Christophe Jaffrelot The Hindu Nationalist Mouetnmt in India
    (Columbia Universiry Press, 1996).
    69. 'Threatening lrtters Received By Hindu Leaders At Nagpur', Thc Times of
    India, 13 May 1927 , p. ll.
    454
    70. \tr?dter K. Anderson and Shridhar D. Damle, The Safton Brotherhood:
    The Rashtriya Swayamseuah Sangh and Hindu Rniualism ('Weswiew Press,
    1987), p.36.
    71. Clemens Dutr, 'lndia Nationdism and rhe Elections', Labour Monthly,Yol.
    8, No. 12, December 1926:733-744. Available at: https://www.marxists.
    org/archive/dutt-clemens/ I 9261 l2lx}l .hrm
    72. Richard Gordon, 'The Hindu Mahasabha and the Indian National
    Congress, I 91 5 to 1926' , Modern ,*ian Sudics, 9, 2 (197 5): 145J03, ar 150.
    73. Clemens Dutt, 'India Nationalism and the Elections', Labour Month$,Yol.
    8, No. 12, December 1926:733-144. Available at: https://www.marxists.
    org/archive/dutt-clemens/ I 9261 l2lx}l .htm
    74. Farzana Shaikh, Community and Consensus in Ishm: Muslim Re?resentation
    inColonial India, 1860-1947 (lmprintone, 2nd edition, 2012); Venkar
    Dhulipala, Creating a New Media: State Power, Ishm, and the Quest for
    Pahistan in Late Colonial North India (Canbridge Universiry Press, 2015).
    75. Some scholars have argued that the Hindu princely states of colonial India
    offered Hindu narionalisrc an imagination of what a Hindu state looked
    like. Even if this is accurare, such an imagination was nascenr rarher
    than clearly thought out. A Hindu monarchy was never considered as an
    alternative to an elected state with majority Hindus by Hindu narionalists.
    Manu Bhagwan, 'Princely States and The Hindu Imaginary: Exploring the
    Canography of Hindu Narionalism in Colonial lndia', TheJournal of,4sian
    Studies,Yol. 67, No. 3 (August) 2008: 881-915.
    76. Nilanjan Mukhopadhyay, The RSS: Icons of tbe Hindu Right (Thomson
    2019), p. 90, footnote 47.
    Press,
    77. 'Gwalior home reflects Vajpayeet simple lifesryle', Hind*stan Tirnes,
    l8 August 2018. Available at: hmps://www.hindustantimes.com/
    india-news/gwalior-home-refl ects-vaj payee-s-simple-lifesryle/story-
    YjXRJOEcPs0sUihYgcTw3N.html
    78. Ullekh N.P., The UnnA Vajpayee: Politician and Paradox (Penguin Books,
    kindle edition , 2017), location 210 of 3595.
    79. Interviewwith N.M. Ghatate, Delhi, May 2018.
    S0. L.K. Advani, My Country M1 Life (Rupa,20l0, paperback), p. 29.
    81. Haris Masood Zuberi, 'Through hardships to the stars: St. Patrick's High
    School turns 150 years old today', Tibune,6 May 2011. Available at:
    https://tribune.com.pk/sto ryll62698lthrough-hardships-to-the-stars-st-
    paricks-high-school-rurns- I 5O-years-old -oday I o/oE2o/o80o/o99 I
    82. 'Minure by the Hon'ble T.B. Macaulay, dated the 2nd February 1835'.
    Available ac htp://www.columbia.edr"r/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/
    macaulay/oct-minute-educadon- I 835.html
    83. Interview with Sudheendra Kulkarni, Mumbai, May 2018.

    455
    84. Haris Masood Zlberi,'Through hardships to the stars: St. Patrick's High
    School turns 150 years old today', Tibune, 6 May 2011. Available at:
    https://tribune.com.pk/sto ryll62698lrhrough-hardships-to-the-stars-st-
    patricla-high-school-turns- 1 5 0-years-old -oday I o/oE2o/o8oo/o99 I
    85. Interview with T.C.A. Raghavan, New Delhi, May 2018.
    86. Kingshuk Nag, Aal Bihan VQpaye: A Manfor All Seasorc (Rupa, 2015), p. 23.
    87. Ullekh N.P., The Untold Vajpayee: Politician and Paradax (Penguin Boola,
    kindle edition, Z0l7), locadon 369.
    88. Interview with Vijai Trivedi, New Delhi, June 2019.
    89. Ullekh N.P., The Untold Vajpayee: Politician and Parad.ox (Penguin Books,
    kindle edition, 2017); Kingshuk Nag, Atal Bihai Vajpayee: A Man for All
    Seasons (Rupa, 201 5), p. 62.
    90. Srinath Raghavan, India's Var: \Yorld \Var II and the Mahing of Modzm
    South,4sia (Hachette UK, 2016).
    91. Book quoted in Ajai Shukla, 'India's Vorld W'ar II', Business Standard,
    * 30 April 2016. Available at: https://www.business-standard.com/article/
    beyond-business/india-s-world-war-ii- I I 60429 0 I 402- I .html
    92. Shamsul Islam, Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism: A Study of RSS
    (Media House, 2006), p.213.
    93. Ibid.
    94. Manini Chatterjee and V.K. Ramachandran, 'Vajpayee and the Quit India
    Movement', Frontline, Vol. 15, No. 3, 7-20 February, 1998. Available at:
    https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html I fll503 I 15031 I 50.htm
    95. Ibid.
    96. rbid.
    97. 'Hindu Sangh as "Nazi"', The Hindu,8 March 1934, p.9.
    98. ttrTalter K. Anderson and Shridhar D. Damle, The Saffon Brotherhood:
    The Rashtriya Swayamseaah Sangh and Hindu Reuiualism (lVeswiew Press,
    t987), p.38, footnote 74.The figure is for 1939.
    99. Kingshuk Nag, Atal Bihan Vajpayee: A Man for All Seasons (Rupa, 201 5),
    P.24.
    100. Ibid., p. 23.
    101. Ibid., p.24.
    102. Ibid., p.25.
    103. L.K. Advani, My Country My Life (Rupa, 2010, paperback),
    PP.37-38.
    104. Ibid., p.33.
    105. \0falter K. Anderson and Shridhar D. Damle, The Saffon Brotherhood:
    The Rashtiya Swayarnseaah Sangh and Hindu Reaiualism (lVeswiew Press,
    1987), p.84.

    456
    106. Christophe Jaffrelor, The Hindu Nationalist Mouement in India (Columbia
    Universiry Press, 1996), p. 37.
    107. Uday S. Kulkarni, Soktice dt Pani?dL 14 January 176l: An Aathentic
    Account of the Panipat Campaign (Mula Murha Publications,2012).
    108. L.K. Advani, My Country My Life (Rupa,2010, paperback), p. 41.
    109. Ibid., p. 342. Munshi's interpretation is contested by, among others,
    Romila Thapar in Somnatha: The Many Voices of a Hisnry (Verso, 2005).
    110. Madhav Sadashiv Golwalkar, \Ye or Our Nationhood Defned (Kale,1947),
    pp.4z4a.
    lll. Madhav Sadashiv Golwalkar, Bunch of Thoughts (Vilnama Prakashan,
    1966), p. 176.
    I12. Phone interview with Sridhar Damle, 2020.
    I13. 'Golwdkar: Crusader for a Strong ln&a', The Times of India,6Jlune 1973,
    P. 10.
    114. The scholar on the RSS, Sridhar Damle, says that OTC is a three-step
    process; however, this source says otherwise. See, Vasudha Venugopal,
    '\07'hat does it take to be an RSS karyakam?', Economic Times,30 May 2018.
    Available at: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-
    nation/what-does-it-take-to-be-an-rss-karyakama/anicleshod64390472.cms
    l 15. Ibid.
    I16. Interview with an RSS leader who does not wish to be named.
    I17. L.K. Advani, My Country My Life (Rupa,20l0, paperback), p.42.
    ll8. 'Vajpayee and his father studied law together in Kanpur', The Indian
    Express, l7 August 2018. Available at https://indianexpress.com/article/
    education/when-atal-bihari-vajpayee-and-his-father-were-classmates-in-a-
    kanpur-college -53 I 2260 I
    I19. Viiai Trivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoongd (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016), p.84.
    120. 'Yajpayee and his father studied law together in Kanpur', The Indian
    Expres, 17 August 2018. Available at hmps://indianexpress.com/article/
    education/when-atal-bihari-vajpayee-and-his-father-were-classmates-in-a-
    3 I 2260 I
    kanpur-colleg e-5
    121. Tilak Sharma,'A teacher remembers a student by the neme Atal', The
    Times of India, l8 May 1996.
    122. Ramachandra Guha, Gandhi: Tbe Years that Changed the WorA (uolume 2),
    1 9 1 4- 1 948 (Knopfi 2018), p. 7 57 .

    123. Ibid., p.771.


    124. lbid.,p.757.
    125. This was particularlyso when the Hindu Mahasabha was run by Savarkar
    from 1937 to 1942, and from 1946 onwards. See Nandini Gondhalekar
    and Sanjoy Bhamacharya, 'The All India Hindu Mahasabha and the End of

    457
    British Rule in India, 1939-1947', Social Scientist,Yol.2T, No. 718 Quly-
    August 1999): 48-7 4, at 63.
    126. Yaibhav Purandare, Sauarkar: Thb True Storl of The Father of Hinduna
    2Al), p. 27 3.
    (frrggernaur,
    I 27. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, Pakistan or Partition of India (Thacker, I 946).
    128. Neeti Nair, Changing Homehnds (Harvard University Press, 201 l).
    129. Joya Chatterji, The Spoik of Partition: Bengal and India, 1947-1967
    (Cambridge Universiry Press, 2007).
    130. Ayesha Jalal, Tbe Sob Spohesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the
    D emand fo r Pa h is tan, Y ol. 3 I (Cambridge University Press, I 994).
    131. Gandhi had toyed with the idea of Pakistan in negotiations with Jinnah
    in 1944. But, using the Raja.ii plan, he thought of partition as an option
    to be discussed only after the British left. Jinnah did not take che
    discussion any further. See G.S. Chhabra, 'CR formula', Aduance Study
    in
    the History of Modern India Uolume-2: I80i-1920) (Lotus Press,
    2005), p. 168.
    132. Hindu Mahasabha Papers, 1944, C-60-1, p. 15. Accessed from NMML.
    133. Ibid, p. ll.

    eeqrosd6o - 2: DdaS 1*eer (1945-50)


    l. The remaining seats (out of 102) were divided as follows: Europeans 8;
    l,andholders 7; Indian Commerce 4; Sikhs 2; General 3. 'Government of
    India, Return Showing the Results of Elections to the Central lrgislative
    fusembly and the Provincial lrgislatures in 1945-46 (Delhi, l94S)' , p. 5.
    2. This was the Cabinet Mission Plan of the Brirish governmenr, released in
    May 1946. Though rhe Congress had some issues with it, they were by and
    large willing ro go with the general principles of the plan.
    3. 'Hindus betrayed by Congress: Mr. Savarkar's criticism', The Times of
    India,3l October 1945, p.5.
    4. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Mouement in India (Columbia
    Universiry Press, 1996), p. 73.
    5. Schwaraberg Atlas, v., 222. Digital South fuia Library. Available
    at: https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.
    html?object=260 &view= text
    6. \7.\f.J., 'The Indian Elections 1946', The World. Today,2(4) (April1946):
    167-75, ar 168, Charham House: The Royal Insritute of International
    Affairs.
    7. Ramachandra Guha, Gandhi: The Years that Changed the World (uolumc 2),
    I 9 14- I 948 (Knopfl 2018), p. 772.

    458
    8. Schutartzberg Atlas, v., 222. Digitd South Asia Library. Available
    at: https : //dsal. uchicago. edu/reference/schw arvber gl pager.
    html?obj ecr=260 &view= rext
    9. rbid.
    10. Rupa Subramanya. 'Facts Don't Back The Argument That Most Indian
    Muslims Wanted Partition', Huffngton Post, 19 fune 2017. Available at:
    https: //www. huffi ngtonpost. in/rupa-subramanya/facts-dont-back-rhe-
    argument-thar-mosr-indian-muslims-wan ted-pa_a)248 8 8 8 5/
    ll. Nilanjan Mukhopadhyay, The RSS: Icoru of the Hindu Nght (Thomson
    Press, 2019), p.354.
    12. L.K. Advani, My Country My Life (Rupa, 2010, paperback),
    P.42.
    13. Ibid. p. 5.
    14. India, The Round Table', Tbe Cornmonwealth Journal of Intenational
    Affairs, Yol. 37, No. 147 (1947): 26249, at 262. Available au https://
    www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/ I 0. 1 080/ 003585347 0845 1456
    15. Yuvraj Krishan, Undtrstanding Partition: India Sundered, Muslirns
    Fragmented (Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan , 2002) , p. 247 .

    16. Chandni Saxena, 'Dimensions and Dynamics of Violence during the


    Partirion of India', Proceedings of the Indian History Congres, YoL 74
    (2013):909-20.
    17. Ramachandra Guha, Gandhi: The Years that Changed the World (aolurne 2),
    4-l 948 (Knopf, 201 8), p. 861.
    I 91

    18. Ranbir Vohra, The Making of India: A Political History (Roudedge, 2014,
    Third Edidon), p. 84.
    19. 'lndian Independence Act, 1947', chapter 30. Available at: http://www.
    legisladon. gov.uk/ukpga/ I 9 47 I 30 I pdfsl tkpga-1947 0030-en.pdf
    20. 'Move to partition Punjab and Bengal: Text of Mr. Jinnah's Statement,
    I and B Department', New Delhi, 4Mayl947. Available ar hnp://www.
    narionalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/the-road-to-Partition/jinnah-
    partition/
    2l .
    Tahir Kamran, 'The Unfolding Crisis in Punjab, March-Augus r 1947: Key
    Turning Points and British Responses',/PS 14, no. 2 (2007):197.
    22. Sankar Ghose, Mahatna Gandhi (Allied Publishers, I 99 1), P - 341.
    23. S.P. Mookerjee, 'Hindus \rill Never Accept Partition', Organiser,Yol l,
    l,3 July 1947, p.5. Accessed from the Nehru Memorid Museum and
    Library.
    24. L.K.Advani, My Country My Life (Rupa,20l0, paperback), p' 8'
    25. lbid,.,P.2.
    26. lbid,., p.4.

    459
    27. Kingshuk Nag, Atal Bihai Vajpaye: A Man for All Seasons (Rupa, 2015),
    P.27.
    28. Ibid.
    29. Interview with Govindacharya, Delhi, March 2018.
    30. Prashant Bharadwaj, fuim Khwaja and Atif Mian, 'The big march:
    migratory flows after the partition of India', Econornic and Political Weehly
    (2008): 3949.
    31. Ramachandra Guha, Gandhi: The Years that Changed the VorA Qobme 2),
    I 9 I 4- I 948 (Knopf, 2ol8), p. 843.
    32. Ramachandra Guha, India afier Gandhi: The History of tbe \Voild.'s Largest
    Democracy (Picador, 2017), p.86.
    33. Arunima Dey, 'Violence against women during the partition of India:
    Interpreting women and their bodies in the context of ethnic genocide', ES
    Reaiew, No. 37, 2016, p.106, Universidad de Vallodolid.
    34. Ramachandra Guha, Gandhi: The Years that Changed the \V'orld (aolume 2),
    1 9 1 4- I 948 (Knopf, 2018), p. 843.
    35. L.K. Advani, My Country My Life (Rupa, 2010, paperback),
    P.11.
    36. Ibid., p. 109.
    37. lbid., p. 51.
    38. Ibid., p.46.
    39. tbid., p.67-
    40. Ramachandra Guha, Gandhi: The Years that Changed the VorA Qohme 2),
    1 9 948 (Knopf, 2018), p. 854.
    1 4- 1

    41. Interview with Prafirll Goradia, Delhi, April 2018.


    42. Ranjita Ganesan, '!(e fue the Godses', Business Standard,T February 2015.
    Available at: hmps://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/we-are-
    the-godses- I I 5 020600 67 l_ I .html
    43. Nathuram Godse, Mal it Phase Your Honour (Surya Prakashan, Nai Sarak,
    1989), p. 50.
    44. rbid., p.67.
    45. A.G. Noorani, 'Savarkar and Gandhi's murder', Frontline, Volume 29,
    Issue 19: 22 September-5 October 2012. Available ar: https://frondine.
    thehindu.com/sratic/html/fl 29 19 I storiesl 2Ot2tOO529 t9l I 400.htm
    46. Interview with M.G. Vaidya, Nagpur, April 2018.
    47. L.K. Advani, M1 Country My Life (Rupa,20l0, paperback), p.72.
    48. Ramachandra Guha, Gandhi: The Yearc that Changed the \Vorld (uolume 2),
    1 9 948 (Knop[, 2018), p. 867.
    1 4- I
    49. Nathuram Godse, May it Pbase Your Honour (Surya prakashan, Nai sarak,
    1989), p.78.

    460
    50. Rajesh Ramachandran, 'The Mastermind?', Outlook, 6 September
    2004. Available at: https://www.outlookindia.c oml magazine/story/the-
    mastermind/225000
    51. Tushar A. Gandhi. 'Nathuram Godse pulled the uigger, but who
    really killed Mahatma Gandhi?', Economic Times, ll September 2016.
    Available at: //economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshowl54270465.
    cms? from= mdr&utm_source=contentofinterest&utm
    medium=text&utm_campaign= cppst
    52. Ullel,rtr N.P., 'Savarkar escaped because nobody probed how Godse got
    an Itdian revolver from a Gwalior dealer', Open,20 May 2019. Available
    at: https://www.openthemagazine.com/article/history/savarkar-escaped-
    because-nobody-probed-how-godse-got-an-italian-revolver-from-a-
    gwalior-dealer
    53. Prabhash K. Dutta, 'Nathuram Godse was neryous, fearful going
    to gallows, said judge who heard his appeal', India Today, 17 May
    2019. Available at: https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nathuram-
    godse-was-nervous-fearful-going-ro-gallows-said-judge-who-heard-his-
    ap p eal- | 5 27 | 8 4 -20 I 9-05- 17
    54. Gopal Godse disputes rhis. On being asked, he said rhat the words 'Hey
    Ram' had been uttered by Ben Kingsley, not Mohandas Gandhi, hmps://
    www.youtube.com/watch ?v=cKiuJn\7NaLU
    55. Kanika Sharma, 'Spectacular Justice: Aesthetics and Power in the Gandhi
    Murder Trial', in Awol Allo (ed..), The Courtroorn as a Space of Resistance
    (Routledge, 20 I 5).
    56. rbid.
    57. The appeal was heatd by che Punjab and Haryana High Court. Savarkar's
    acquittal was not in contention. The judge upheld the rest of the trial
    court's verdict.
    58. Christophe Jaffrelot, 'The retrial of Nathuram Godse: Gandhi assassin's
    poliricd audience', Indian Ex1tress,30 January 2015. Available at: https://
    indianexpress. com/article/opinion/columns/mahatma-gandhis-assassin-
    seems-to-have-a-political-audience-once-more/
    59. Kanika Sharma, 'Spectacular Justice: Aesthetics and Power in the Gandhi
    Murder Trial', in Awol AIlo (ed.), The Coilrtroom as a Space of Resistance
    (Routledge, ZOLS), p. 25.
    60. Nathuram Godse, May it Plcase Your Honour (Surya Prakashan, Nai Sarak,
    t9a9), p.65.
    61. Barnik Ghosh,'The Trial of Nathuram Godse: A Defiant Rebuttal or a
    Meek Submi ssion', India Law Joumal, hrtp://www.indialawjournal.org/
    archives/volume2/issue-2/nathuram-godse-trial. html

    461
    62. A.G. Noorani, 'RSS & Gandhi's murder', Frontline, 14 October 2016.
    63. M.S. Golwalkar, Colhcted Speecha (Sri Guraji Samagra), Volume 7 (New
    Delhi: Suruchi Prakashan), p. 9.
    64. Ramachandra Guha, Gandhi: Tlte Years that Changed the VorA fuohme 2),
    1914-1948 (Knope 2018), p.896.
    65. A.G. Noorani, Saaarhar and Hinduna: The Godse Connection (kft.W'ord
    Books, 2002), p. 138.
    66. A.G. Noorani, 'RSS & Gandhi's murder', Frontline, 14 October 2016.
    67. Ullekh N.P., 'Savarkar escaped because nobody probed how Godse got
    an Italian revolver from a Gwalior dealer', Opm,20 May 2019. Available
    at: https://www.openthemagazine.com/article/history/savarkar-escaped-
    because-nobody-probed-how-godse-got-an-italian-revolver-from-a-
    gwalior-deder .

    68. Vinay Ld,'Nathuram Godse, the RSS, and the Murder of Gandhi', UCLA
    Social Sciences MANAS. Available ac http://southasia.ucla.edu/history-
    politics/hindu-rashtra/nathuram-godse-rss-murder-gandhi/
    69. Hindu Mahasabha Papers, 1944, C-175 (1948-49), p. 96. Accessed from
    NMML.
    70. From Mey 1948 to February 1949.
    7l . Ramachandra Guha, Gandhi: The Yean that Changed the Vorld (aolume 2),
    t9t4-1948 (Gop[ 2018), p.899.
    72. A.G. Noorani. 'How Savarkar escaped the gallows', The Hindu,30 January
    2013. Available at: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/how-
    savarkar-escaped-the- gallows I enicle43 5 80 48. ece
    7 3. S. Padmavathi and D.G. Hariprasath.'Volume VI, Chapter )O(V, Bombay
    investigation, point 25.106', Mahatma Gandhi Assassination: J.L. Kapur
    ' Commission Report, Pan 2.
    74. Krishnadas Rajagopal, 'No material to probe Gandhi assassination again:
    SC', The Hinda, S January 2018. Available ar hnps://www.thehindu.
    com/news/national/no-material-to-probe-gandhi-death-again-sc/
    arricle22398743.ece
    75. L.K. Advani, My Country My Life (Rupa,20l0, paperbeck), p.71.
    76. M.S. Golwalkar, Colhcted Speech (Sri Grruji Samagra), Volame 1 (New
    Delhi: Suruchi Prakashan), p. 5.
    77. rbid., p. 6.
    78. Ibid., p. 8.
    79. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nartonalist Moaement in India (Columbia
    Universiry Press, 1996), p. 88.
    80. 'R.S.S. Has Done Nothing To Feel Penitent: ActMties to be condnued as
    before', The Timcs of India, l8 July 1949, p.7.

    462
    81. 'Association with R.S.S. May Irad to Dismissal', The Times of India,T
    February 1948,p.9.
    82. Omar Rashid, 'RSS is in it and outside ic M.G. Vaidya', The Hindu,.l3
    September 201 5. Available ar: https://www.thehindu.com/sunday-anchor/
    rss-is-in-it-and-outside-ir-mg-vaidya/articl e7 6463 | 0. ece
    83. Vijai Trivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoongd (HarpeCollins Hindi, 2016), p.50.
    84. 'Disturbances spread in Poona: more areas under curfew: Troops called
    out' , The Times of India, 2 February 1948, p. 7 .
    85.'Hindu sabha office riffled', The Times of India,2 February 1948, p. 7.
    86. Interview wirh M.G. Vaidya, Nagpur, April 2018.
    87 . L.K. Advani, My Country My Life (krya, 20 I 0, paperb ack), p. 7 5.
    88. Ibid., p.71.
    89. Ibid., p.75.
    90. Rakesh Ankit, 'How rhe Ban on the RSS Was Lifted', Economic and Political
    Veek ly, 20 12, 47 (t
    6) :7 t -7 8.
    91. Desh Raj Goyal.'Appendix IV: Text of the governmenr communique of
    I I July 1949', Rashtrja Swayamsewak Sangh, p.255,Hindi Shop, 2000.
    92. 'Unification Of Hindu Society: New Constitution of R. S. S.', The Times
    of India, T September 1949, p. ll.
    93. Interview with Ravindra Bhagwat, Chandrapur, March 2018.
    94. See, for instance, P.D. Saggi (ed,.), Life and Vorh of Sardar Vallabhbhai
    Patel (Overseas Publishing House, Bombay), p. viii.
    95. That this older religious idea of India informed Patel's actions can be
    seen from this telling comment from V.P. Menon, who assisted the home
    minister in this task 'India is one geographical entiry. Yet, rhroirghout her
    long and chequered history, she never achieved politicd homogeneiry . . .
    Today, for the first time in the country's history, the writ of a single
    centrd Government runs from Kailas to Kanyakumari, from Kathiawar to
    Kamarupa'. V.P Menon, Inugration ofthe lidian Srarer (Orient Blackswan,
    1956), pp.7-8.
    96. V.P. Menon, Integration of the Indian States (Orienr Blackswan, 1956), p.
    27r.
    97. G.M. Nandurkar (ed.), Sardar Patel Series, Volume 2, p. 62, hmps://
    indianexpress.com/article/explained/sardar-vallabhbhai-parels-views-on-
    kashmir-problem-what-the-record-says- 5 0 6007 7 I
    98. Claude Arpi, 'Tragedy of Kashmir that bleeds us to this day', The Pioneer,
    2l December 2017.
    99. The steps were that, first, 'tribesman and Pakistani nationals' were
    instructed to withdraw from the region. Once they withdrew, India would
    begin moving its own troops out. It was only once this was done that the

    463
    UN would conduct a plebiscite', i.e., elections in Kashmir to determine
    whether the people wanted to go with India or Pakistan. See UNSCR,
    Resolution 47 . Available at: http://unscr.com/en/resoludons/47
    100. The reasons for India and Pakistan's rejections of the UN resolution is
    provided in detail in Srinath Raghavan, Var and Peace in Modzm India
    (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), p. 132.
    l0l. Venkatesh Nayak, 'The Baclatory of Ardcle 370l A True Copy of J&K's
    Instrument of Accession', The \Yire, 26 October 2016. Available at:
    https://thewire.in/history/public-first-time-jammu-kashmirs-instrument-
    accession-india
    102. The best bookon the legal enactment of Anicle 370 and its subsequent
    erosion (prior to 2019) is A.G. Noorani, Article 370: A Constitutional
    History ofJamrnu (r l{ashmir (Oxford Universiry Press, 201l).
    103. futicle 35A of Consritution of India, 1950, which has since been made
    redundant. The prevention of outsiders buying land in Kashmir predated
    the Indian Constitution.
    104. Neeraja Singh (ed.), Nehra-Patel: Agrecrnent \Yithin Dffirmces: Sehct
    dnatments and correspondznces 1933-1950 (National Book Trust, 2010),
    p. 167.
    105. Rajmohan Gandhi, Patel: A Life (Navajivan Publishing House, 1990,
    kindle edition), location 10773.
    106. Romila Thapar. Somanatha: The Many Voica of a History (Verso, 2005).
    107. K.M. Munshi,/zi Somnath (R4kamal Prakashan,2016).
    108. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Moaement in India (Columbia
    Universiry Press, 1996), p. 84.
    109. 'Report of the Liberhan Ayodhya Commission of Inquiry', Ministry of
    Home Affairs, Government of India, 2009 , p. 9 .
    lI0. Dhirendra K. Jha and Krishna Jha, Ayodhya The Darh Night: The Secret
    History of Rama\ Appenrance in Babri Masjid (HarperCollins,2012).
    111. Gyanesh Kudaisya,'Ayodhya in the Time of Jawaharlal', Outhoh, l0
    December 20 I 8. Available ac https://www.outlookindia.com/m agazinel
    srory/ayodhya-i n-the-time-o f -jaw aharld,l 3009 43
    I12. L.K. Advani, My Country M7 Life (Rupa,20l0, paperback), p. 361.
    113. Ibid.
    114. T.C.A. Raghavan, The People Next Door: Tbe Cuious History of India\
    Rehtions with Pakistan (HarpeCollins India, 2017), p.31.
    115. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Mouenent in India (Columbia
    University Press, 1996), p. 96.
    116. T.C.A. Raghavan, The People Next Door: The Cuious History of India's
    Rehtions with Pdkistan (HarperCollins India, 2017), p.33.

    464
    I17. Ibid., footnote 4.
    I18. Ibid., footnote 5.
    I19. Ibid., p. 36.
    120. Christophe Jaffrelot, Hindu Nationalist Moaement in India (Cohtmbia
    The
    Universiry Press, 1996), p. 86, foomote 30.
    121. Ibid., p. 90.
    122. Ramachandra Guha, 'Vhy Nehru vs Patel', Indian Express, 9 February
    2018. Available ac haps://indianexpress.com/anicle/opinion/columns/
    why-j awaharlal-nehru-vs-vallabhbhai-patel-505 6609 I

    eeQ!5d$o - 3 : E6h* il"dSrd (1951-67)


    l. Interview with N.M. Ghatare, New Delhi, May 2018.
    2. M M.S. Golwalkar, ColbctedSpeeches (Sri Guruji Samagra), Volurne / (New
    Delhi: Suruchi Prakashan), p. ll7.
    3. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p. 86.
    4. B.D. Graham, Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics: The Oigins and
    Deuelopment of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh (Cambridge Universiry Press,
    2008), p.27.
    5. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Mouement in India (Columbia
    Universiry Press, 1996) p. ll7.
    6. Ibid., p. ll8, footnote 15.
    7. Ibid.
    8. BharadyaJana Sangh Manifesto, 195 l.
    9. 'Bharatiya Jan Sangh: Convention in Delhi', Hindu,22 October 1951, p.
    6.
    10. Ibid.
    ll. Nilanjan Mukhopadhyay, The RSS: Icons of the Hindu Right (Thomson
    Press,2019), p.2ll.
    12. For a representative list of his writings, see https://deendaydupadhyay.orgl
    ardcles.html
    13. B.D. Graham, Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics: The Origins and
    Deuehpment of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh (Cambridge University Press,
    2008), p.76.
    14. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa,2010, paperback), p. 88.
    15. 'Bharatiya Jan Sangh: Convention in Delhi', Hindu,22 Ocrober 1951,
    p.6
    16. From a 1952 essay in the Organiser. Quoted in Ramachandra Guha,
    'Rescue Nehru from his descendants, writes Ramachandra Guha,'
    Hindustan Tirnes, 30 July 2017. Avileble ac https://www.hindustantimes.

    465
    com/editorials/can-nehru-be-rescued-from-his-descendants/story-
    0aXiSThlFh4fgblO( 1S mrS P.html
    17. Ramachandra Guha, India afier Gandhi: The History of the \YorUi Largest
    Democraqr (Picador, 2017), p. 135.
    18. Ibid., p.134.
    19. Christophe Jaffrelor, The Hindu Nationalist Mouement in India (Cohtmbia
    Universiry Press, 1996), p. l2l.
    20. 'Dr. Mookerjee Explains Jan Sangh's Objectives: Attitude to Kashmir state
    issue', The Tirues of India, 30 December 1952, p.5.
    21. 'R.S.S. to launch campaign: Cow slaughter ban', The Times of India, T
    October 1952, p.7.
    22. B.D. Graham, Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics: The Origins and
    Deaehpment of the Bharatiya Jdna Sangh (Cambridge University Press,
    2008), p.30.
    23. Prabhu Chawla, 'United Front stuck with label of instabiliry as parries
    engage in competitive politics' , India Today, 15 February 1997. Available at:
    https: //www. indiatoday. in/magazine/cover-story/story/ 1997 02 | 5 -united-
    front-stuck-with-labe l-of-instability-as-parties-engage-in-competitive-
    politics-83284 l -1997 -02-l 5
    24. Intewiew with Govindacharya, New Delhi, June 2018.
    25. L.K. Advani, My Country, W Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.834.
    26. Ibid.
    27. Ulleklr N} ., The UntoA Vajpayee: Politician and Paradox (Penguin Boola,
    kindle edition, 2017), location 57 3.
    28. The officid version is that Mookerjee lacked the 'permit' required to enter
    Kashmir. See Kingshuk Nag, Aul Bihari Vajpaye: A Man for All Seasons
    (Rupa, 2015), p. 30. However, Hindu nationalists argue that the arrest
    was illegal. See Tathagata Roy, Syana Prasad Mooherjce: Life and Times
    (Penguin, 2018), p. 377.
    29. Ashok Tandon, 'One day this young man will be PM: Nehru on Yajpayee',
    Sifi News,24 December 2014. Avalable ac hmp://www.sifr.com/news/
    one-day- this-young-man-will-be-pm-nehru-on-vaj payee-news-columns-
    omxua0gfeifdi.hml
    30. 'Dr. Mookerjee's end followed weakening of hearc 82-yar-old mother
    funts', The Timcs of India, 24 June 1953, p. f.
    31. 'Ibid.
    32. Interview with Swapan Dasgupa, March 2018.
    33. Kinphuk Nag Aul Bihai Vajpayc: A Man for All Scasons (Rupa, 201 5), p. 3 l.
    34. 'Aral Bihari Vajpayee lost his first election in 1953; this is what he did after
    hearing the news', DNA, 17 August 2018.

    466
    35. Interview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, June 2018.
    36. Syed Muthahar Saqae 'Vajpayee's record', The Hindu, 26 March 2014.
    Available at: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vajpayees-record/
    aricle5832273.ece
    37. YijaiTrivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoongh (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016), p.21.
    38. N.M. Ghatate (ed.), Atal Bihari Vajpaye: Four Decadzs in Parliament,
    Volume I(Shipra Publications), p. xvi.
    39. YrlaiTrivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoonga (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016),p.21.
    40. L.K. Advani, My Country, W Lrft (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p. l0l-02.
    41. Interviewwith N.M. Ghatare, New Delhi, May 2018.
    42. Inrerview with Sudheendra Kulkarni, Mumbai, May 2018.
    43. '\7dk-our By M. P.s', The Times of India, 2l August 1957, p.9. See N.M.
    Ghatate (ed.), Atal Bihai Vajpayee: Four Decadts in Parliament, Volume I
    (Shipra Publications), p. xviii.
    44. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p 103.
    45. N.M. Ghatate (ed.), Atal Bihai Vajpayee: Four Decadts in Parliament,
    Volume I (Shipra Publications), p. 23.
    46. Interview with Ullekh N.P., New Delhi, April 2018.
    47. lnterview with R.V. Pandit, Bengaluru, April 2018.
    48. For obvious reasons, this poet did not wish his name ro be quoted in rhe
    book.
    49. VijaiTrivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoongtt (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016), p. 81.
    50. Interview with R.V. Pandit, Bengaluru, April 2018. He says he was told
    this story by an Indian diplomat.
    51. L.K. Advani, My Country, Ml Ltf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.104.
    52. Ibid., pp.84546.
    53. 'Netra', 'Only a Foreigner Comperenr to Film Gandhiji's Life, Nehru Says',
    Organise4 Vol. )O[I, No. 19, p.12,16 December 1963.
    54. L.K. Advani, My Coantry, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p. I10.
    55. Interview with Mahesh Rangarajan, New Delhi, January 2019.
    56. 'Yajpryee And Subhadra Joshi In Neck And Neck Race', The Times of
    India, 3 February 1967, p. 3.
    57. Chirr:-saw India's 1959 reception of the Dalai tama as an interference into
    im internal mafters. And China had long rejecrcd the British-drawn border
    line, claiming some 2,500 square miles of Indian-controlled territory as
    its own. For the larter argument, see Srinath Raghavan, Vlar and Pcace in
    Modcm India (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), p.266.
    58. 'This is a Dharmayuddha', Organiser, Vol. 16, No. 13, 5 November 1962,
    p. 15. Accessed from NMML.
    59. Inrcrview with Harin Pathak, Ahmedabad, April 2018.

    467
    60. N.M. Ghatate (ed,.), Atal Bihari Vajpayee: Four Decades in Parliammt,
    Volume I (Shipra Publications), p. 59.
    61. Kingshuk N"g, Atal Bihari Vajpayee: A Man for All Seasons (Rupa, 2015),
    P 145.
    62. 'RSS in R-Day parade: Highlight of Citizens' Group', Organiser, Vol. 16,
    No, 26, 4 February 1963, p. l. Accessed from NMML.
    63. Ibid., pp., l, 15. Accessed from NMML.
    64. The scholars B.D. Graham and Craig Baxter have exhaustively studied the
    policies of rhe Jana Sangh through this period. \7hat their studies miss is
    that these policies had little to do with ideology and everything to do with
    winning elecdons. B.D. Graham, Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politi.cs:
    The Origins and Deuelopment of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh (Cambridge
    Universiry Press, 2008); Craig Baxter, The Jana Sangh: Biograpfu of an
    Indian Political Party (Universiry of Pennsylvania Press, 1969).
    65. Victor Anant, 'Indians' anxious look at the era after Nehru', The Guardian,
    28May 1964.
    66. '\7hen Atal Bihari Vajpayee delivered emorional speech after Jawaharlal
    Nehru's death', Econornic Times, 17 August 2017.
    67. Craig Baxter, The Jana Sangh: Biography of an Indian Political Party
    (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1969).
    68. Interview with Sudheendra Kulkarni, Mumbai, May 2018.
    69. Interview with M.G. Vaidya, Nagpur, April 2018.
    70. Jacques Maritain, Integral Humanisrn: Temporal and Spiritual Problems
    of a New Christendnm, translated by Joseph Evans (New York Charles
    Scribner's Sons, 1968), p. 22. Maritain was writing under the conrext
    of the clash berween capitalism, fascism and communism in Europe-
    and the devastation it had caused on family, freedom, as well as on the
    Catholic church. His solution was to lead the human person rowards a
    full development under the primacy of the spiritual. This conception of
    a human 'person', free but non-materialistic, was a deliberate reaction
    to whar Maritain calls rhe 'two opposite errors' of totalitarianism and
    individudism. To prorecr democratic freedom from communism and
    fascism, he argued that it was important that the 'secular' values of the state
    be grounded in their religious and philosophical basis. Such a stare would
    nor be rheocratic, but it would acknowledge that the values of secularism,
    democrary, liberalism and freedom was grounded in a Christian rradition.
    71. L.K. Advani, My Country, W Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p. 120.
    72. Ibid., pp.l2L2l.
    73. Interview with Karan Thapar, New Delhi, November 2019.
    74. lntewiew with Harin Pathak, Ahmedabad, April 2018.

    468
    75. rbid,.
    76. YijAt Trivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoonga (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016), p.83.
    77 . Interview with Virendra Kapoor, New Delhi, June 2018.
    78. Interview with N.M. Ghatate, New Delhi, May 2018.
    79. Balraj Madhok, Zindagi ha Safar-3: Deendayal Upodboyo ki hatya se Indira
    Gandhi hi hatya tah (Dinman Prakashan), p. 25.
    80. Interviewwith R.V. Pandit, Bengduru, April 2018.
    81. Manjari Katju, Wshaa Hindu Parishad and Indian Politics (Orient
    Blackswan, Second Edition, 2010), p.7.
    82. Ibid.
    83. .World Hindu Conference', (WHC l), 22-24 January 1966. Available
    ar: htrp://vhp.org/conferences/world-hindu-conference/world-hindu-
    conference- l -whc-i/
    84. 'Anti-Cow Slaughter Mob Storms Parliament House: Unprecedented Acts
    of Violence in Delhi', The Hindu,8 November 1966, p. l.
    85. Ibid.
    86. 'Demand for Judicial Enquiry', The Hindu, S November 1966, p. 1.
    87. 'Yalpayee And Subhadra Joshi In Neck And Neck Race,' The Times of
    India, 3 February 1967, p. 3.
    88. Interview with Vasundhara Raje Scindia, New Delhi, June 2018.
    89. Interview with Virendra Kapoor, New Delhi, June 2018.
    90. Estimate compiled by Arpit Gaind from Election Commission data.
    91. Interview with Vasundhara Raje Scindia, New Delhi, June 2018.
    92. Yijayarale Scindia and Mridula Sinha, Royal to Public Life (Prabhat books,
    2008, kindle version), location 2080.
    93. L.K. Advani, M1 Country, My Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.129.
    94. Ibid., p. l3l.
    95. Ibid., p. t24.
    96. Interview with R.V. Pandit, Bengaluru, April 2018.

    erq"6o$o - 4 : 65Ku3 gObS a)060 (1968-73)


    l. 'Upadhyaya, Jana Sangh Chief Found Murdered Near Mughalsarai
    Station', The Times of India, 12 February 1968, p. l.
    2. Balraj Madhok, Zindagi ka Safar 3: Deendayal Upadhyaya hi hatya sc Indira
    Gandhi hi hatya uh (Dinman Prakashan), p. I l.
    3. 'Upadhyaya, Jana Sangh Chief Found Murdered Near Mughalsarai
    Station', The Tirnes of India, 12 February 1968, p. l.
    4. A.G. Noorani, The IllustatcdVeekly of India,25 April1971. Reproduced
    in https: //thewire.in/history/deen-dayal-upadhyaya-death-mystery

    469
    5. Ibid.
    6. Balraj Madhok, Zindagi ka Safar 3: Deendayal Upadlryaya hi batya se Indira
    Gandhi hi hatya tak (Dinman Prakashan), p. 11.
    7. lbid., p. 12.
    8. 'Upadhyaya's Death: Foul Play Suspected', The Hindu, 12 February 1968,
    p. l.
    9. Bdraj Madhok, Zindagi ka Safar 3: Demdayal Upadlryaya hi hatya se Indira
    GandhT hi hatya tah (Dinman Prakashan), p 16.
    10. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.142.
    I I . Inrerview with Prafull Goradia, New Delhi, April 2018.
    12. Inrerview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, March 2018.
    13. Interview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, March 2018.
    14. Interview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, March 2018.
    15. Balraj Madhok, Zindagi ha Safar 3: Deendayal Upadlryaya hi hatya se Indira
    Gandhi hi hatya tah (Dinman Prakashan), p. 61.
    16. M.S. Golwalkar, Coilected Speeches (Sri Guruji Samagra), Volume Z (New
    Delhi: Suruchi Prakashan), p. 144.
    17. 'Deen Dayd Upadhyay is Cremated', Tirnes of India, 13 February 1968,
    p. l.
    18. Ibid.
    19. N.M. Ghatate (ed,.), Atal Bihari Vajpayee: Four Decadcs in Parliarnent,
    Volume I (Shipra Publications), p.729.
    20. Ibid., p. rorvi.
    2l . Interview with Srinath Raghavan, Mumbai, 27 June 2018.
    22. Balrq Madhok, Zindagi ha Safar 3: Dcmdayal Upadlryaya hi hatya se Indira
    Gandhi hi hatya tah (Dinman Prakashan), pp.37-38.
    23. Maritain, Integral Humanism: Ternporal and Spiritaal Problzrns
    See Jacques
    of a New Christendom (Joseph Evans translator, Charles Scribner's Sons,
    1968).
    24. For a dated but influential political science book on Christian democracy,
    seeStathis N. Kalyvas, The Rise of Christian DemooaE in Europe (Cornell
    Universiry Press, 1996).
    25. Balr^j Madhok, Zindagi ka Safar 3: Dcendayal Upadlryaya hi hatya sc Indira
    Gandhi hl batya tah (Dinman Prakashan), p. 66.
    26. Roxna Swamy, Euolaing with Subramanian Swdml: A Rolhr Coaster Ridz
    (Bahrisons Distribution, 2017), pp. 5940. Confirmed in inrerview with
    Subramanian Swamy, New Delhi, June 2018.
    27 . lntewiew with Subramanian Swamy, New Delhi, June 201 8.
    28. Roxna Swamy, Eaolaing uith Subramanian Swamy: A Rollcr Coatter Ridr
    (Bahrisons Distribution, ZOIT), i. 45.

    470
    29. Interview with Subramanian Swamy, New Delhi, June 2018.
    30. Interviewwith N.M. Ghatate, New Delhi, May 2018.
    3i. Interviewwith R.V. Pandit, Bengaluru, April 2018. Confirmed in interview
    with Govindacharya, New Delhi, March 2018.
    32. Interview with R.V. Pandit, Bengaluru, April 2018.
    33. This was told ro the senior journalist Coomi Kapoor by Nusli S7adia in an
    interview in November 2019. From an inrerviewwith Coomi Kapoor, New
    Delhi, December 2019.
    34. Interview with R.V. Pandit, Bengaluru, April 2018.
    35. Iqterview with Virendra Kapoor, New Delhi, June 2018.
    36. Balraj Madhok, Zindagi ha Safar 3: Deendayal Upadhyl,a hi harya se Indira
    Gandhi hi hatya tah (Dinman Prakashan), pp.4748.
    37. N.M. Ghatate (ed.), Atal Bihai Vajpayec: Four Dcca*s in Parliament,
    Volume I (Shipra Publications), p. 41.
    38. BharatiyaJana Sangh, Party Docurnmts 1951-1972: Resolutions on Economic
    Affairs (BharatiyaJana Sangh Publishers, 1973),YoL2, p. 174.
    39. 'Bank Bill Voted Unanimously by R^jy" Sabha', The Times of India, 9
    August 1969, p. l.
    40. 'Jana Sangh Talks Next Week on Parry Crisis', The Times of India, l0
    September 1969, p. l.
    41. L.K. Advani, My Country, Ml Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p. 16l.
    42. Balraj Madhok, Zindagi ha Safar j: Dcendayal Upadlryaya ki hatya se Indira
    Gandhi ki hatya uh (Dinman Prakashan), p. 89.
    43. rbid., p.92.
    44. A.S.Driat, lhshmir: Tbe Vajpayee Yean (HarperCollins India, 2016), p. 106.
    45. See minute 39 of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bBWCTlNyws
    46. Interview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, June 2018, and interview with
    one other RSS person who declines to be named. The author spent months
    attempting to trace the article, but was unable to. But given the fact that
    rwo independent sources have confirmed its existence and many in the RSS
    have confirmed the 'deal' that followed, the author believes in the existence
    of this anicle.
    47. lnterview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, June 2018, and interview with
    . one other RSS person who declined to be named.
    48. Balraj Madhok, Zindagi ka Safar j: Demdayal Upadlryaya hi hatya se Indira
    Gandhi hi hatya tah (Dinman Prakashan), p. 62.
    49. Interview with Jairam Ramesh, Kolkata, February 2018.
    50. Vijai Trivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoonga (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016), p.20.
    51. Interviewwith Ullekh N.P., New Delhi, May 2018.
    52. Interview wirh Madhuri Sondhi, New Delhi, February 2018.

    47L
    53. Interviewwith Govindacharya, New Delhi, June 2018. See also, Christophe
    Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Moaement in India (Columbia Universiry
    Press,1996), p.237.
    54. This was said by Balraj Madhok's daughters in a public forum at a tdk by
    the author on Bdraj Madhok in India Internationd Centre in New Delhi,
    April20l8.
    55. Balraj Madhok, Zindagi ha Safar 3: Deendayal Upodboy hi hatya se Indira
    Gandhi hi hatya tah (Dinman Prakashan), p.125.
    56. Ibid., p.146.
    57. KingshukNag, Vajpayee: A Man for All Seasons (Rupa Publications, 201 5),
    P.71.
    58. Balraj Madhok, Zindagi ha Safar 3: Deendayal Upadhyaya hi hatya se Indira
    Gandhi hi hatya tah (Dinman Prakashan), p. 138.
    59. Interview with Vasundhara Raje Scindia, New Delhi, June 2018.
    60. Balraj Madhok, Zindagi ha Safar 3: Deendal,at Upadlryaya ki hatya se Indira
    Gandhi hi hatya tah (Dinman Prakashan), p.125.
    61. Walter K. Anderson and Shridhar D. Damle, The Saffon Brotherhood:
    The Rashtriya Swayamseuah Sangh and Hindu Reuiualism ('$7'eswiew Press,
    1987), p. 186.
    62. 'Madhok Leaves Kanpur', The Hindu, l0 February 1973, p.7-
    63. See: 'RSS reponedly considering admitting non-Hindus in its fold', India
    Today, 30 April 1977 . Available ar https://www.indiatoday.in I magazine I
    indiascope/st ory I | 97 7 0 430-rss-reportedly-considering-admitting-non-
    hindus-in-its- bld-823 67 6 -20 | 4 -08 -07
    64. \Talter K. Anderson and Shridhar D. Damle, The Saffon Brotbohood:
    The Rashtriya Swayamseuak Sangh and Hindu Reuitalism ('$7'eswiew Press,
    199/), p. 189.
    65. Balraj Madhok, Zindagi ha Safar 3: Deendayl Upadlryay hi hatya se Indira
    Gandhi ki hatya tah (Dinman Prakashan), pp.127-28.
    66. Ibid., p. r28.
    67.'Madhok lraves Kanpur', The Hindu. l0 February 1973, p. 7.
    68. 'Madhok's View Challenged by Vajpayee', The Times of India, g February
    1973, p.9.
    69. Interview with Harin Pathak, Ahmedabad, April 2018.
    70. Ibid.
    71. W'alter K. Anderson and Shridhar D. Damle, The Safton Brotherhood:
    The Rashtrila Swayatnseuah Sangh and Hindu Reuiualism (\iTeswiew Press,
    1987), p. 185.
    72. 'Jana Sangh Threatens Action Against Madhok', The Times of India, ll
    February 1973, p. l.

    472
    73. Interview with N.M. Ghatate, New Delhi, June 2018.
    74. 'Jana Sangh Threatens Action Against Madhok', The Times of India, ll
    February 1973, p. l.
    75. 'Madhok Expelled from Jan Sangh for 3 Years', Tbe Hindu, 14 March
    1973, p. t.
    76. Interview with Swapan Dasgupta, New Delhi, June 2018.
    77. Balral Madhok, Zindagi ha Safar j: Deendayl Upadlryay hl hatya se Indira
    Gandhi hi hatya tah (Dinman Prakashan), p. 138.
    78. Interview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, June 2018.
    79. 'Golwalkar Dead', The Times of India,6Jwe 1973, p. 1.
    80. M.S. Golwalkar, Collected Speech (Sri Guraji Samagra), Volume 7 (New
    Delhi: Suruchi Prakashan), p. 3.
    81. 'Touching Farewell to Golwalkar', The Tirnes of India,6 June 1973,
    p. 1.
    82. Interview with Seshadri Chari, New Delhi, April 2018.
    83. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Moaet cnt in India (Columbia
    University Press, 1996), p.257.

    eeq,o5d6o - 5 : poo$o e>ryer (7974-77)


    l The story in this paragraph is common to many developing countries
    recovering from foreign rule. During colonial rule, dl manner of groups
    unite against the occupiers to forge a 'multi-ethnic' national parry. This
    party then dominates politics in the new country for some years, but sooner
    or later, people begin to demand pafties that singularly cater to their narrow
    identides. \i7hat follows is the breakdown of democrary, electoral fraud,
    and violence. Alvin Rabusha and Kenneth Shepsle, Politics in Plural Society:
    A Theory of Democratic Inaability (Charles E Merrill Publishing Company,
    1972), pp.74-86.
    2. Rajni Kothari, 'The Congress "System" in India', ,4sian Suraey, 4, ro. 12
    (December 1964) : 1 16l-7 3.
    3. Atul Kohli, Demotacy and Discontent: India's GrowingCrisis ofGouernability
    (Cambridge Universiry Press, 1991).
    4. Gyan Prakash, Emergency Chronicbs: Indira Gandhi and DemoraEi
    Turning Point (Penguin-Viking, 20 I 8).
    5. Bipan Chandra, In the Name of Demooacy: JP Moaement and the Emergency
    (Penguin, 2003),p.17.
    6. Ranabir Samaddar, 'The Indian Railway'Workers and the Crisis of 1974',
    \Vorhing USA: The Joumal of l^abor and Society, Vol. 18, December 2016:
    575-94, at 575.

    473
    7. Ral<esh Ankit, 'Janata Parry (1974-77)t Creation of an All-India
    Opposition', History and Sociolog of South,*ia ll(l) (2017):39-54,53.
    8. Bipan Chandra, In the Name of DemooaE: JP Moaetnent and the Etnergency
    (Penguin, ZOO3), p.34.
    9. lbid.,p.37.
    10. Ibid., p. 39.
    I l.
    Christophe Jaftelot, The Hindu Nartonalist Moaemmt in India (Columbia
    Universiry Press, 1996), p.260.
    12. Vinod K Jose. 'Narendra Modi, Insubordinate', The Carauan, 7 April
    2014. Available at: htcp://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/narendra-
    modi-insubordinate
    I 3.
    See https://www.narendramodi.in/the-activist-3 I 29
    14. Rakesh Ankit, 'Janata Party (1974-77): Creation of an All-India
    Opposition', History and Sociohg of South,4sia 1l(l) (2017): 39-54,53.
    15. lbid', p.42.
    16. Interview with Sadanand Menon, Chennai, June 2018.
    17. Bipan Chandra, In the Name of DemoraE: JP Moaement and the EmergenE
    (Penguin, 2003), p.25.
    18. N.M. Gharate (ed.), Atal Bihai Vajpayee: Four Decadts in Parliament,
    Volume I (Shipra Publications), p.394.
    19. Interview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, June 2018.
    20. rbid.
    21. Interviewwith Subramanian Swamy, New Delhi, June 2018.
    22. The jownalist Virendra Kapoor says that Nanaji told this to him. Interview
    with Virendra Kapoor, New Delhi, June 2018.
    23. Rakesh Ankit, 'Jayaprakash Narayan, Indian Nationd Congress and Parry
    Politics, 1934-1954', Sndies in Indian Politics,3(2): 14943, p. 150.
    24. L.K. Advani, My Country, Ml Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.186.
    25. Ramachandra Guha, An Anthropologist Among the Mamists and Othn Essays
    (Orient Blackswan 2001), first page of Introduction.
    26. Ankit, 'Jayaprakash Narayan, Indian Nationd Congress and Parry
    Rakesh
    Politics, 1934-1954', Sadies in Indian Politics, 3(2): 14943, p. 16l.
    27. Bipan Chandra, In the Name of Demoracy: JP Moaernent and the Emergency
    (Penguin, 2003), p. 40.
    28. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hinda Nationalist Mouenent in India (Columbia
    University Press, 1996), p.261.
    29. YijaiTrivedi, Haar Nabin Maanoonga (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016),p.49.
    30. Valter K. Anderson and Shridhar D. Damle, The Saffon Brotherhood:
    The Rashtriya Swayamseaah Sangh and Hindu Reuiualism flVeswiew Press,
    1987), p.2ll.
    31. Ibid.
    474
    32. L.K. Advani, My Country, W Lrf, (Rupa,2010, paperback), p. 189.
    33. 'Ban Fascist Groups: MPs', The Tirnes of India,30 March 1974, p.5.
    34. Rakah Ankit, 'Janaa Pany (197477): Creation of an All-India Opposition',
    History and Sociohg of South,*ia (1 1) ( I ) (2017): 39-54, p. 42.
    35. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.192.
    36. rbid.
    37. Rakesh Ankit, Janata Party (1974-77): Creacion of an All-India
    Opposition', History and Sociolog of South,4sia (ll) (l) (2017): 39-54,53.
    38. rbid,., p. 47.
    39. Vdter K. Anderson and Shridhar D. Damle, Thc Saffon Brotberhood:
    The Rashtriya Swayarnseuak Sangh and Hindu Reriaalism (\Teswiew Press,
    1987),
    P.2rr.
    40. T. Ramakrishnan,'The 1975 Gujarat Assembly election', The Hindu,
    5 December 2017. Avalable ar hnps://www.thehindu.com/elections/
    g$ar at-20 17 I the- 197 5 - gqxat-assembly-election/anicle 2 I 262462. ece
    41. rbid.
    42. Sute of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain, 1975 AIR 865.
    43. Bipan Chandra, In the Name of Demooacy: JP Moaemcnt and the Emetgency
    (Penguin, 2003), p. 65.
    44. lbid.., p.66.
    'u7alter
    45. K. Anderson and Shridhar D. Damle, Thc Saffon Brothcrhood:
    The Rashtriya Swayamsetak Sangh and Hindu Reaiaalism (\Teswiew Press,
    1987), p.2ll.
    46. Bipan Chandra, In the Name of DemooaE: JP Moaemmt and the Emergency
    (Penguin, 2003), p. l3l.
    47. B.N. Tandon, PMO Diary-I: Prelude to the Ernergenry (Konark Publishers,
    2003), pp. 414-16.
    48. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa,20l0, paperback), p.203.
    49. rbid.
    50. Ibid., p.204.
    51. Ramachandra Guha, India afier Gandhi: Tbe History of tbe WorA's Largest
    Dernoctacy (Picador, 2017), p. 493.
    52. L.K. Advani, A Pisoner\ Sctap-Booh (Ocean Books, 2003), p. 14.
    53. Ibid., p. 16.
    54. Ibid., p. 16.
    ,5. Vijai Trivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoonga (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016),
    P.46.
    56. L.K.Advani, My Country, Mt Ltf, (Rupa,2010, paperback), p-213.
    57. Interviewwith N.M. Ghatate, New Delhi, May 2018.
    58. Ramachandra Guha, India afier Gandhi: Thc Hisnry of the \VorA's Largest
    Demooary (Picador, 2017), p.494.

    475
    59. 'Nanaji Deshmukh: The main force behindJayaprakash Narayan's agitation
    for total revolution', India Today 30 April 1977.
    60. Ramachandra Guha, India afier Gandhi: The History of tbe lVorld's Largest
    p.498.
    Democracy (Picador, 2017),
    61. Yijayaraje Scindia and Mridula Sinha, Royal to Public Life (Prabhat Books,
    2008, kindle version), location 2701.
    62. N.M. Ghatate, Ernergency, Constirution and Democrary: An Indian
    Experience (Shipra Publications, 201 l), p. 51.
    63. The journalist Coomi Kapoor conducted an interview with Nusli Wadia
    in November 2019, when he told her this. Incerview with Coomi Kapoor,
    New Delhi, Janrnry 2020.
    64. Interview with R.V. Pandit, Bengaluru, April 2018.
    65. Interview with Virendra Kapoor, New Delhi, June 2018.
    65. Interview with Vasundhara Raje Scindia, New Delhi, June 2018.
    67. 'RSS, Marg, Jamaat, Among 26 Banned', The Times of India,5 July 1975,
    p. l.
    68. 'Lethd\Jf'eapons in RSS Office', Tbe Times of India,l I July 1975, p. l-
    69. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Mouement in India (Columbia
    University Press, 1996), p.273.
    70. Subramanian Swamy, 'Unlearnt lessons of the Emergenq', The Hindu, 13
    June 2000. Available at: htqs://www.rhehindu.com/thehi ndul 2000 I 061 13 I
    stories/05132 524.htm
    71. Christophe Jaffrelor, The Hindu Nationalist Mouement in India (Columbia
    Universiry Press, 1996), p.274.
    72. Nilanjan Mukhopadhyay, Narendra Modi: The Man, The Times
    (Tranquebar, 2013), p. 122.
    73. lbid., t2r.
    74. Ibid,.,123.
    75. Interview with N.M. Ghatare, New Delhi, May 2018.
    76. 'No let-up in activities of banned RSS: P.M.', The Tirnes of India, 3l
    December 1975, p. 14.
    77. N.M. Ghatate, Emergency, Constitution and Demooary An Indian
    Experimce (Shipra Publications, 201l), p. 38.
    78. Ibid.,39.
    79. L.K. Advani, A Prisoner's Scrap-Book (Ocean Books, 2003), p. 19.
    80. Viiai Trivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoongtt (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016), p.47.
    81. N.M. Ghatate, ErnergenE, Constitution and Democrary; An Indian
    Experience (Shipra Publications, 20 I l), p. 5 1.
    82. Interview with Virendra Kapoor, New Delhi, June 2018.
    83. L.K. Advani, A Pisoner\ Soap-Book (Ocean Books, 2003), pp. 16-17.
    84. L.K. Advani, My Country, Ml Ltf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p. 226.
    476
    85. N.M. Ghatate, Emergency, Constitution and Democ'rary: An Indian
    Expeience (Shipra Publications, 20ll), p.64.
    86. Private papers of N.M. Ghatate, accessed in his house. The papers have
    since been loaned r:o the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, Delhi.
    87. Ibid.
    88. P.N. Dhar, Indira Gandhi, the 'Ernergency', and Indian Demooacy (Oxford
    Universiry Press, 2000), p.264.
    89. Bipan Chandra, In the Name of Democracy: p Mouement and the Emergency
    (Penguin, 2003), p. 206.
    90. Ibid., p.205.
    91. Ramachandra Guha, India afier Gandhi: The History of the lVorU\ Largest
    DemocraE (Picador, 20U), pp. 500-0 l.
    92. 'Nanaji Deshmukh: The main force behindJayaprakash Narayan's agirarion
    for toral revolrrtion', India Today,30 April 1977.
    93. Ramachandra Guha, India afier Gandhi: The History of the \Yorld\ Largest
    DemocraE (Picador, 2017), p. 495.
    94- M.C. Chagla, 'Foreword', in Atal Bihari Vajpayee, New Dimensions of
    In,lia's Foreign Policy (Yision Books, 1979).
    95. N.M. Ghatate, EmergenE, Constitution and Democrary: An Indian
    Experience (Shipra Publications, 20l l), pp. 54-56.
    96. 'Fading Hope in lndia', New York Times,30 April 1976. Available at:
    https://www.nytimes.com I 197 6 I 04 I 30/archives/fading-hope-in-india.
    html
    97. lbid.
    98. N.M. Ghatate, Emergency, Constitution and Democrary: An Indian
    Experience (Shipra Publications, 20l l) p. 80.
    99. L.K. Advani, A Prisoner's Scrap-Book (Ocean Books, 2003).
    100. 'Vhen you crawl, unasked', The Indian Express,25J:une 2015. Available at:
    https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/emergency-then-and-
    nod
    l0l. Vandita Mishra. 'Partition was Bricish guilt. The Emergency is ours, says
    L.K. Advani', The Indian Express,25 June 2Q15.
    102. Historians are still debating why Mrs Gandhi called elections. Some argue
    that the Emergenry was a required response to the chaos of 1975 and that
    she dways intended to revert to democracy. But another reason could
    well be that Indira Gandhi-whose friends were'W'estern liberals-was
    smarting at being labelled a despot by the \tr7est. Vhen the Intelligence
    Bureau predicted her victory, she decided to legitimize her rule and call for
    elections.
    103. 'Non-Communist perdes in talla with Congress(I)', India Today 15

    Jaruary 1977.
    477
    104. RakeshAnkit,JanataParty(1974-77):CreationofanAll-IndiaOpposition',
    History and Sociohg of South,*ia (l l) (l) (2017): 39-54, p.50.
    105. N.M. Ghatate, EmergmE, Constitution and Demoraryt An Indian
    Experimce (Shipra Publications, 20ll), p.94.
    106. Rakesh Ankit, 'Janata Parry 0974-77): Creation of an All-India
    Opposition', History and Sociohgr of South ,4sia ll(l) (2017): 39-54, ar 41.
    107. 'Jagjivan Ram's exit from Congress adds new dimension to the Opposition',
    India Today 28 February 1977; Jitendra Tuli, ''1tr7e are confident about
    geming a two-thirds majoriry: Jagjivan Ptam', India Today,3l March 1977.
    108. Rakesh Ankit, 'Janata Party (1974-77): Creation of an All-India
    Opposition', History and Sociohg ofSouth,4sia ll(l) (2017)t 39-54, at 52.
    109. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Mouernent in India (Columbia
    Universiry Press, 1996), p.286.
    I10. Dilip Bobb, 'General elections: Can the combined Opposition prove to be
    a David to rhe Congress Goliath?', India Today, 15 Merch 1977 .

    l1l. L.K. Advani, My Country, Ml Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.264.


    112. Suchitra Behal, 'Congress attaclc Janata and Opposition parties with
    satirical posters', India Today, 15 March 1977.
    l13. Ibid.
    l14. rbid.
    ll5. Sunil Sethi, 'A day in the life of a candidate: Atal Bihari Vajpayee',
    India Today 3l March 1977, https:l/www.indiatoday.inlmagazinel
    indiascope/st ory I 1977 0331 -a-day-in-the-life-of-a-candidate-atal-behari-
    v ajp ay ee -823 6 | 0 -20 I 4-07 - 3 I
    l16. Ibid.
    I17. Interview with Ravindra Bhagwat, Chandrapur, March 2018.
    ll8. \7'alter K. Anderson and Shridhar D. Damle, The Saffon Brotherhood:
    The Rashtriya Swayamseuah Sangh and Hindu Reoiaalism (Weswiew Press,
    1987), P.214.
    ll9. Francine R. Frankel , India\ Political Economy: The Gradual Reaolution
    (1947-2004) (Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 571.
    120. RakeshAnkit,'JanataParty(1974-77):CreationofanAll-IndiaOpposition',
    History and Sociolog of South,4sia (l l) (l) (2O17):39-54, p.4l-

    eoq"so$o 6 : er6v6o Ed; Sg6 (1977-80)


    l. Lloyd I Rudolph and Susan Hoeber Rudolph, 'Rethinking Secularism:
    Genesis and Implications of the Textbook Controverry, 1977-1979',
    Pacifi.cAfairs 56 (l)
    (Spring, 1983): 15-37.
    2. See hnps://www.inc.in/en/our-inspiration/babu-jagjivan-ram

    478
    3. Richa Taneja, 'Babu Jagjivan Ram, Former Depury PM, Remembered On
    Birth Anniversary', NDTV, 05 April 2019. Available at: https://www.ndw.
    com/india-news/babu-jagj ivan-ram-former-deputy-pm-remembered-on-
    I I 2-birth-anniversary-Z} 18623
    4. Paul Brxs, An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics,
    1967-1987, Volume 3 (Sage Publishers, 2014),p.237.
    5. Terence C. Byres, 'Charan Singh, 1902-1987t AnAssessment', TheJoumal
    of Peasant Studies l5l.2 (1988): 139-89, p. 180.
    6. Ramachandra Guha, India afier Gandhi: The History of the Vorll's Largest
    Democtacl (Picador, 2017), p. 532.
    7. Sanjay Ruparelia, Dioided We Gouern: Coalition Politics in Modzrn India
    (Oxford Universiry Press, 2015), p. 77 .
    8.'Jagjivan Ram's CFD group and Janata party spar over cabinet nominations',
    India Today, 15 April 1977.
    9. Arul B. Louis,'Rashtriya Swyamsewak Sangh gripped in throes of a grave
    identiry crisis', India Today 3l March 1979.
    10. rbid.
    I I . Interview with Subramanian Swamy, New Delhi, June 2018.
    12. Interview with Virendra Kapoor, New Delhi, June 2018.
    13. Ibid.
    14. Interview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, June 2018.
    15. Ibid.
    16. Kingshuk Nag, Atal Bihai Vajpayee: A Man for All Seasons (Rupa, 2015),

    P.90.
    17. N.M. Ghatate (ed.), Atal Bihari Vajpayce: Four Deca*s in Parliament,
    Volume I (Shipra Publications), p. 105.
    18. Interviewwith T.C.A. Raghavan, New Delhi, May 2018.
    19. T.C.A. Raghavan, The Peoplt Nact Door: The Curious History of India\
    Relations with Pakistan (HarperCollins India, 2017), p. 138.
    20. 'Kashmir discussed in Islamabad Talks', 7 February 1978, The Times of
    India, p. l.
    21. 'Kashmir Not Main Issue at Parlcys', 9 February 1978, The Times of India,
    p. l.
    22. T.C.A. Raghavan, The Peopb Nat Door: The Cuious Hisnry of Ind;a\
    Rchtions with Pahisun (Harper Collins lndie,2017), p. 140.
    23. Kingshuk Nag Aul Bihai Vajpayc: A Man for All &asons (Rupa, 20 1 5), p. 93.
    24. Interview with A.V. Krishnan, Pune, January 2018. Full disclosure: he is
    related to the author.
    25. The video of Atd Bihari Va.ipayee's speech about the barde of Plassey is
    available here: htps://www.youruh.com/watch?v=cePVvMvUGsw

    479
    26. Madhu P. Trehan, 'PM Morarji Desai USA visiu Doing his own thing',
    India Today,15 July 1978.
    27. YijaiTrivedi, Haar Nabin Maanoonga (HarperCollins Hindi, 2015), p. 80.
    28. Rakesh Ankit, 'A regional satrap, a Hindu nationalist and a conservative
    Congressman: Dwarka Prasad Mishra (1901-1988)', Contemporary South
    ,*ia,24 (l) (2016).
    29. Jaswant Singh, r4 Call to Honour: In Seruice of Emergent India (kupa,2006,
    kindle edition), location 3309.
    30. Incerview with Subramanian Swamy, New Delhi, June 2018.
    31.'The lTrecked China Visit', The Times of India, 23 February 1979, p. 8.
    32. Interview with Shivshankar Menon, New Delhi, June 2018.
    33. Interview with Virendra Kapoor, New Delhi, June 2018.
    34. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.276.
    35. Prabhu Chawla, 'No quesdon of not giving autonomy to AIR and
    Doordarshan: L.K. Advani', India Today 15 December 1978.
    36. Christophe Jaffrelor, The Hindu Nationalist Mouement in India (Columbia
    Universiry Press, 1996), pp. 284-85.
    37. Interview with N. Ram, Kolkata, November 2017.
    38. Lashmi Narayan, 'Maharashtra's two most popular women, Durga Bhagwat
    and Mrinal Gore, part ways', India Today, 15 September 1979.
    39. L.K.Advani, M1Country, Ml Lrf, (Rupa,2010, paperback), p.281.
    40. Balral Madhok, Zindagi ka Safar 3: Deendayal Upadhyaya hi hatya se Indira
    Gandhi hi hatya tah (Dinmao Prakashan), p.219.
    41. Lloyd I. Rudolph and Susan Hoeber Rudolph, 'Rethinking Secularism:
    Genesis and Implications of the Textbook Controversy, 1977-1979',
    ) (Spring, I 983): 15-37 , p. 19 .
    Pacifc Affairs 56 (I

    42. Vlaker K. Anderson and Shridhar D. Damle, The Safron Brotherhood:


    The Rashtiya Swayamseuak Sangh and H;ndu Reuiualism ('Weswiew Press,
    1987), p.214.
    43. Lloyd I. Rudolph and Susan Hoeber Rudolph, 'Rethinking Secularism:
    Genesis and Implicarions of the Textbook Controversy, 1977-1979',
    PacifcAffairs 56 (l) (Spring, 1983): 15-37, p.16.
    44. rbid., p.30.
    45. tbid.., p. 17.
    46. Yinay Sitapati, 'Reservations', in Sujit Choudhry, Madhav Khosla and
    Pratap Bhanu Mehta (eds), Oxford Handbooh of the Indian Constitution
    (Oxford University Press, 2016).
    47. Shyama Nand Singh, 'Anti Reservation Agitarions in Bihar', The Indian
    Joumal of Political Science,Yol. 52, No. I (January-March l99l):2442,
    P.33.

    480
    48. Sanjay Ruparelia, Diaided Ve Goaern: Coalition Politics in Modem India
    (Oxford University Press,20l5), p. 69.
    49. Ibid., p. 83.
    50. Wdter K. Anderson and Shridhar D. Damle, The Safton Brotherhood:
    The Rash*iya Swal,amseua,h Sangh and Hindu Reoiualisrn fW'eswiew Press,
    1987), p.215.
    5 1. This figure is for 1979.'Vith 53 organizations linked to it, RSS operare in
    almost every field of human acriviry', India Today,3l March 1979.
    52. W'alter K. Anderson and Shridhar D. Damle, The Saffon Brotherhood:
    The Rashtriya Staayamseuak Sangh and Hindu Reaiualism (W'eswiew Press,
    t9B7), p. zt5.
    53. 'Rashtriya Swyamsewak Sangh gripped in throes of a grave idendty crisis',
    India Today 18 March 2014.
    54. rbid.
    55. 'Battle-scarred leaders ofJanata Parry pull out their faded olive branches',
    India Today,3l May 1979.
    56. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hin&r l,lationalist Mouement in India (Columbia
    Universiry Press, 1996), p. 309.
    57. Arul B. louis, 'Rashtriya Swyamsewak Sangh gripped in throes of a grave
    identiry crisis', India Today,3l March 1979.
    58. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist MoueTnent in India (Columbia
    Universiry Press, 1996), p.304, footnote 116.
    59. Bhabani Sen Gupta, 'PM Morarji Desai's tour of Russia and Eastern
    Europe: Predictable as a Siberian winter', India Today 15 Jdy 1979.
    60. 'JP Intervenes to Defi,rse Janata Crisis', The Times of India,29 June 1978,
    p. l.
    61. Paul Brass, An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics,
    1967-1987, Volume 3 (Sage Publishers, 2014, kindle edition), location
    250, footnote 58.
    62. 'Charan Singh is in office but Mrs Gandhi is in power', India Today, 3l
    August 1979.
    63. Rakesh Ankit, 'Janata Party (1974-77): Creation of an AII-India
    Opposidon', History and Sociohgt ofSouth,4sia ll(1) (2017):39-54, p.54.
    64. Sanjay Ruparelia, Diuided'W'e Goaern: Coalition Politics in Modern India
    (Oxford Universiry Press, 2015), p. 87.
    65. Sudheendra Kulkarni, ''Vhat made Bharat Ratna Vajpayee an
    Extraordinary Leader', NDTV, 27 March 2015. Available at: hnps://www.
    ndw.com/opinion/what-made-bharat-ratna-vajpayee-an-extraordinary-
    leader-75001I
    66. L.K.Advani, M1Country, W Lrft (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p. 305.

    481
    67. Sunil Sethi, 'Policicians like Mrs Gandhi cannor find anything against us:
    Yijayaraje Scindia', India Today 3l December 1979.
    68. Vijai Trivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoonga (HarperCollins Hindi, 20L6), p.60.
    69. http://www.e le ctions.in/parliamentary-constituencies/ I 980-election-
    results.html
    70. Prabhu Chawla, '1980 Lok Sabha elections see virtud eclipse ofJan Sangh
    in Parliamenr', India Today, 3l January 1980, hnps://www.indiatoday.
    inl magazinelcover-story/story/ I 9800 I 3 I - l 980-lok-sabha-elections-see-
    vinual-eclipse-of-jan-sangh-in-parliamen t-821 699 -20 I 4- 12- 19
    71. Yijai Trivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoonga (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016), p.63.
    72. L.K. Advani, My Country, Ml Lrf, (Rupa,2010, paperback), p.309.
    73. 'Shekhar , 3 Janatt secreraries quit' , The Times of India, 5 April I 980, p. I .
    74. 'Jana Sangh Group to Form New Parry', The Times of India,6 April 1980,
    p. 1.
    75. Ibid.
    76. tbid.
    77. 'Yiypayee Chief of Bharatiya Janata Parry', The Times of India, T April
    1980, p. l.
    78. 'Bharatiya Janata Parry', Organiser, Vol. 31, 47, 13 April 1980, p. l.
    Accessed from NMML.
    79. Interview with Subramanian Swamy, New Delhi, June 2018.
    80. Interview with R.V. Pandit, Bengaluru, April 2018.
    81. Interview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, June 2018.

    do65 qr6o : i"g (1980-98)


    eleo5d$o - 7 :3wo6r$05{fu"6er,6e6o5 o6'*or (1980-84)

    l. Sumit Mitra. 'BJP convention: Old wine in new bottles', India Today,3l
    January 1981.
    2. 'Impressive show', Tbe Times of India,29 December 1980, p. l.
    3. L.K Advani, My Country, W Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p. 3l l.
    4. Ibid., p.312.
    5. 'Biggest-ever procession for Vajpayee', The Times of India,29 December
    1980, p. 5.
    6. 'RSS secrerary visits BJP session venue', The Times of India,3l December
    1980, p. t.
    7. 'BJP's Gandhian tag resented', Thc Times oflndia,25 December 19g0, p. l.
    8. Interview with Seshadri Chari, New Delhi, April 2018.
    9. Interview with Pravin Togadia, Ahmedabad, April 2018.
    10. L.K. Advani, M7 Country, W Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.313.
    482
    I I . Interview with Vasundhara Raje Scindia, New Delhi, June 20 I 8.
    12. Yijayarqe Scindia and Mridula Sinha, Rolal to Pablic Life (Prabhat Bools,
    2008, kindle version), location 3237 .
    13. Interview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, June 2018.
    14. Sumit Mitra, 'BJP convention: Old wine in new bottles', India Today,3l
    January 1981.
    15. 'Advani Explains Aims of Parry', The Hindu,l8 April 1980, p. 12.
    16. Vijai Trivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoonga (HarpeCollins Hindi, 2016),p.69.
    17. Kingshuk Nag, Atal Bibari Vajpayee: A Man for All Seasons (Rupa, 201 5),
    P.97.
    I 8. Atal Bihari Vajpayee's speech at the first BJP Adhiveshan, Mumbai, 1980.
    Video available ae hnps://www.youtube.com/warch?v=PGqoA50uiBM
    r9. rbid.
    20. M.C. Chagla, Roses in Deccmber: An Autobiograplry (Bheratiya Yidya
    Bhavan, 1974), pp. 26, 78-80.
    21. .We are all Hindus by Race', Bhatan's Joumal, Volume 25, No. 2
    (1978):2r.
    22.'BJP only dternative: Chagla', The Times of India, 30 December I 980, p. 4.
    23. tbid'
    24. lntewiew with R.V. Pandit, Bengaluru, April 2018.
    25. R. Jagannathan. 'Nusli W'adia explains his loss to Ambani in polyester
    war', Fintpost, 14 December 2014. Available ac hmps://www.ffrstpost.
    com/business/nusli-wadia-explains-his-loss-to-ambani-in-polyester-
    war-5l4427.html
    26. Interviewwith R.V. Pandit, Bengaluru, April 2018.
    27. Results of the l98l Census of India.
    28. V. Srinivas. 'The Economic History of India: India and the Internationd
    Monetary Fund 1944-2017', Specid Lecture at the National Archives
    of India, 2l July 2017. Avulable ac hmp://nationalarchives.nic.in/sites/
    default/fi les/newlTHEo/oZ0ECONOMICo/o20HISTORYo/o20OFo/020
    INDIA.pd[ 9.
    29. rbid,.
    30. Ibid.
    3l . Prabhu Chawla, 'Anti-reservation agitation by medicos in Gujarat leaves l6
    people dead, sweral injured', India Today, 15 March 1981.
    32. YijetTrivedi, Haar Nahin Maarroongd (HarpeCollins Hindi, 2016)' p.69.
    33. Rajesh Pradhan, Wben the Sainx Go Marching In: The Curioas Arnhiaahnce
    of Religious Sadhus in Recent Politics in India (Orient Blackswan, 2014)'
    p.76.
    34. OmGupta, 'I am not a Guru, only a postman of the Guru: Bhindranwale',
    India Tbday, l5 July 1981.
    483
    35. Madhumita Sharma, 'A study of migration from Bangladesh to Assam,
    India and its impact', PhD dissertation, 2015. Available au https://digitd.
    library. adelaide.edu. au/dspace/bitstream/2 440 I 97 37 9 I 3/02whole. pdf
    36. R.B. Bhagat, 'Census and the Construction of Communalism in India',
    Economic and Political \Yeehly, Vol. 36, No. 46147 (24-30 November
    200 t): 4352-4356, ar 4355.
    37. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Mouement in India (Columbia
    Universiry Press, 1996), p. 367.
    38. 'Harassment leads to mass conversion', The Times of India, 25 May 1981,
    p. 18. There are varying number of converts, with some saying 1000. See,
    for example, Man.iari Karlq Vishaa Hindu Parishad and Indian Politics
    (Orient Blaclawan, Kindle edition, second edition, 20 12), location 7 5 0.
    39. H.V. Sheshadri, Warningof Memahshipuram (Jagarana Prakashana, l98l),
    p. 2. Cited from Gavin Irby, 'A Conviction to Dissent: Reinterpreting Mass
    Conversion at Meenakshipuram', Virgtnia Reuiew of ,4sian Studies, 2005.
    40. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Mouelnent in India (Columbia
    Universiry Press, 1996), p. 340.
    41. V.G. Prasad Rao, '$7hy Some Harijans Embrace lslam', The Times of India,
    I July 1981, p.8.
    42. 'Harassment leads to mass conversion', The Times of India, 25 May 1981,
    P. 18.
    43. Ramachandra Guha,'A sort ofvictory: October 14, 1956:the dayAmbedkar
    became a Buddhist', The Telzgraph, 14 October 2016. Available ac https://
    www.telegraphindia.com/ 1 161014l jspl opinion/story_l I 3268.jsp
    44.'Conversions are for personal gin', The Times of India, I 7 August 1981, p. 7.
    45. 'Moopanar moots plan to stop conversion', The Times of Ind.ia, 3 August
    1981, p. 13.
    46. 'Conversions probe ont Zul', The Times of India, l0 August 1981, p. l.
    47. 'Swaminathan blames Arab money: conversion', The Tirnes of Indla, 13
    August 1981, p. 14.
    48. Mohammad A. Kalam, 'Religious Conversions in Tamil Nadu: Can rhey be
    viewed as Protest Movemenrs', Indian Anthropologist,20(ll2) (1990): 39-
    48, at 47; George Mathew, 'Politicisation of Religion: Conversions ro Islam
    in Tamil Nadu', Economic and Political \Yeehly t7(26) (1982): tO6S-72.
    See more generally: Marthew H. Baxter, 'Two Concepts of Conversion at
    Meenakshipuram: Seeing through Ambedkar's Buddhism and Being Seen
    in EVR's lslam', Compttratiue Studies of South ,4sia, Afica and the Middh
    East (2019) 19 (2): pp.264-81.
    49. 'Politicisadon of Religion: Conversions to Islam in Tamil Nadu', Economic
    and Political Veehly 17(26) (1982): tO6B-72, at 1069.

    484
    50. Sumit Mitra, 'Virat Hindu Samaj holds massive rally to protest againsr
    conversion of Harijans to Islam', Indla Today,28 October 2013.
    5l . Interview with Sadanand Menon, Chennai, June 2018.
    52. 'Harijans Convened Back ro Hinduism', The Times of India, I0 July I98I,
    P-14.
    53. 'Hindus Blamed forTN Conversion', The Times oflndia,lT Jvly 1981, p. 5.
    54. 'BJP's jamboree in Kerala turns our ro be a roaring success', India Today,
    3l May 1981.
    55. Chakmya Kalbag, 'Two-year-old BJP grows like Jack's beanstalk, projecrs
    itself as a "national alternarive"', Indla Today,l5 April 1982.
    56. Manjari Katju, Vishua Hindu Parishad. and Indian Polhics (Orient
    Blackswan, second edition, 2012), p.7.
    57. Interview with Subramanian Swamy, New Delhi, June 2018.
    58.'fuhok Singhal's journey from engineer ro VHP chief , DNA, 1 7 November
    201 5. Available at: http://www.dnaindia.com/india/repon-ashok-singhal-
    s-j ourney-from-engineer-to-vh p-chief-2l 46 | 33

    59. It was cdled Sanslniti Ralaha Nidhi Yojna. Sumit Pande, '[,ong Journey:
    Meet the Daljt Boy who t^aid Foundation Srone of Ram Temple',
    5 December 2017. Available at: https://www.newslS.com/news/
    immersive/2 5-years-of-babri-demolition/such-along-j ourney. html
    60. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Mouement in India (Columbia
    Universiry Press, 1996), p. 349.
    61. Ibid.
    62. R^) Chengappa, 'Ayyapuram becomes the flashpoint for one of the worst
    communal clashes in Tamil Nadu', India Today, 15 July 1.982.
    63. R"j Chengappa. 'Meenalshipuram in Tamil Nadu becomes batdeground
    of Hindu zedots and Muslim fanatics', India Today l5 March 1983.
    64. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Moaement in India (Cohtmbia
    Universiry Press, 1996), p. 333.
    65. Amarnath K. Menon. 'Commund violence burns Hyderabad, leaves 35
    people dead and 280 others injured', India Today, 15 August 1981.
    66. Sreedhar Pillai, 'Kanyakumari communal clashes: Six persons killed, 2l
    orhers seriously injured', India Today,3l March 1982.
    67. Interview wirh Sheela Bhatt, New Delhi, May 2018.
    68. Interview with Nilanjan Mukhopadhyay, on the phone, May 2018.
    69. The 'Patan Trilogy' has been recently translated from the Gujarati to
    English by futa Kothari and Abhilit Kothari for Penguin Books.
    70. P.R. Ramesh, 'His Master's Mind' , Open Magazine, l0 April2014. Available
    ac hmps://openthemagazine. com/features/india/his-masters-mind/
    71. Interview with Harish Khare, New Delhi, September 2019.

    485
    72. Coom\ Kapoor, 'There is no single replacement to Congress (I) in all states
    at rhe moment: Vajpayee', India Today,28 February 1983.
    73. W'alter K. Anderson and Shridhar D. Damle, The Safton Brotherhood:
    The Rashtriya Swayamseuah Sangh and Hindu Reaiualism (W'estview Press,
    1987), pp. 23t-32.
    74. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Mouement in India (Columbia
    Universiry Press, 1996), p. 328.
    75. lbid., p.329.
    76. Coomi Kapoor, 'There is no single replacement to Congress (I) in all states
    ar rhe moment: Vajpayee', India Today,28 February 1983.
    77. rbid.
    78. Sumit Mitra, 'J&K Assembly polls: National Conference poised to sweep
    Valley, Congress (I) eyes Jammu', India Today,3l May 1983.
    79. Ibid.
    80. 'statistical report on general election, 1983 to the legislative assembly of
    Jammu & Kashmir', Election Commission of India, New Delhi. Available
    at: https://eci.gov.in/fi les/fi lel 37 92-jammu-kashmir- I 983/
    81. Sumit Mira, 'After defeat in J&K polls, BJP to take closer look at its
    failures, revive its strength', India Today, 15 August 1983.
    82. P.V. Narasimha Reo, Ayodlrya 6 December 1992 (Penguin,2006), p. 4.
    83. Peter Van der Veer, 'Ayodhya and Somnath: Eternal Shrines, Contested
    Histories', Social Research 59(l) (1992):85-109, at 98.
    84. 'Timeline: Ayodhya holy site crisis', BBC, 6 December 2012. Available at:
    https://www. bbc. com/news/world-south-as ia- | I 4365 52
    85. That it was Dau Dayal Khanna who came up with the idea is admitted by
    the VHP on its website. 'Rama Janma Bhoomi', Vishva Hindu Parishad,
    http://vhp.org/vhp-glance/movements/shriram-janmabhumi-mukti-
    andolan/; see also Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Ndtionalist Mouernent in
    India (Columbia University Press, 1996), p.365.
    86. Sheldon Pollock, 'Ramayana and Political Imagination in lndia', The
    Joumal of Srudies 52(2) (1993):261-97, at 264.
    '4sian
    87. Ibid.
    88.'Rama Janma Bhoomi', Vishva Hindu Parishad, http://vhp.org/vhp-glance/
    movements/shriram-janmabhumi-mukd-andolan/
    89. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Moaenent i/, India (Columbia
    Universiry Press, 1996), pp. 364-65.
    90. Manjari Katju, Vishaa Hindu Parishad and Indian Polhics (Orient
    Blaclswan, second edition, 2012), p.38.
    9I . Peter Van Der Veer, 'God Must be Liberated! A Hindu Religious Movement
    in Ayodhya', Modzrn ,4sian Snd.ies 2l(2) (1987): 283-301, at 292.

    486
    92. Shekhar Gupta 'Operation Bluestar: How Army operation unfolded at
    Golden Temple to quell Punjab rerrorism', India Today,30 June 1984.
    93. Prabhu Chawla, 'Delhi Police tightens security of VIPs in wake of growing
    Sikh exrremists' threats', India Today, 15 May 1984.
    94. 'Drive extremists out of Gurdwaras, Akali leaders cold', The Times of India,
    9 April 1984, p. l.
    95. L.K. Advani, My Country, Ml Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback) 363.
    96.'Cong. plea to put off by-election s', The Times of India, 10 Aprtl 1984, p. 9.
    97. VijeiTrivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoonga (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016), p.70.
    98. Maya Chadda, Ethnicity, secarity, and separatism in India (Columbia
    Universiry Press, 1997), p. 135.
    99. N.M. Ghatate (ed.), Atal Bihari Vajpayee: Four Decadts in Parliament,
    I
    (Shipra Publications), p.498.
    Volume
    100. Peter Van Der Veer, 'God Must be Liberated! A Hindu Religious Movement
    in Ayodhya', Modzrn,*ian Studies 2l(2) (1987)t 283-301, p.291.
    l0l. Farzand Ahmed, 'Ram Janmbhumi: Ayodhya becomes rallying point
    for start of yet another communal skirmish', India Today,3l October
    t984.
    102. Peter Van Der Veer, 'God
    Must be Liberated! A Hindu Religious Movement
    in Ayodhya', M odcm,4sian Srudies 2l (2) (1987) : 283-301, p. 29 l.
    103. Farzand Ahmed, 'Ram Janmbhumi: Ayodhya becomes rallying point for
    start of yet another communal skirmish', India Today 3l October 1984.
    104. Ashis Nandy, 'A disowned father of the nation in India: Vinayak Damodar
    Savarkar and the demonic and the seductive in Indian nationalism', Inter-
    ,4sia Cuhural Studies l5 (1): 9l-l12, p.95.
    105. Ibid., p. 104.
    106. Interview with R.V. Pandit, Bengaluru, April 2018.
    107. Interview with Sheila Ghatate, New Delhi, June 2018.
    108. Interview with Ravindra Bhagwat, Chandrapur, March 2018.
    109. Rajesh Pradhan, W'hm the Saints Go Marching In: The Curious Ambiudlelrce
    of Religious Sadhus in Recent Politics in India (Orient Blackswan, 2014),
    P.53.
    110. Ibid., p. 14.
    1l l. Ibid.
    112. L.K. Advani, My Country, My Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), P.365.
    113. Vinay Sitapati.'Liberd and nadonalist', The Indian Express, 17 August
    2018. Available at: https://indianexpress.com/ardcle/opinion/columns/
    aal-bihari-vaj payeeJiberd-and-nationali svs 3 I 07 03 I
    I14. Interview with Pravin Togadia, Ahmedabad, April 2018.
    I15. L.K. Advani, My Country, W Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p. 841.

    487
    116. M.L. Sondhi private papers, letter dated 16 October 1984, sequence
    no. 67.
    ll7. Coomi Kapoor, 'BJP fuls to provide clear-cut sense of direction to its
    members', India Today, l5 November 1984.
    I18. This disdnction berween the political and social ends of Hindu uniry was
    made to this author by the scholars Anup Dhar and Pratap Bhanu Mehta.
    It goes without srying that the author alone is liable for its deployment in
    this book.
    I 19. Peter Van Der Veer, 'God Must be Liberated!A Hindu Religious Movement
    in Ayodhya', Modem,*ian Studies 2l(2) (1987):283-301, p.299.
    120. Ibid., p.298.
    121. Ibid.
    122. 'lndia: No Justice for 1984 Anti-Sikh Bloodshed', Human Righu \Yatch,29
    October 20 1 4. Available at https://www.hrw. org/news I 20 I 4 I l0 I 29 I iodie-
    no-justice- I 984-anti-sikh-bloodshed
    123. Yijai Trivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoonga (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016),
    P.72.
    124. The evidence for this comes from a testimony by a bureaucrat who was
    present in the home minister's office at 6:30 p.m. when Narasimha Rao
    received the call.
    125. Manoj Mitta and Harvinder Singh Phoolka , Wben a tree shooh Delhi (Pioli
    Books Private Limited, 2013), p. 198.
    126. Interview with Virendra Kapoor, New Delhi, June 2018.
    127. Zoya Hasan, Congres Afier Indira: PoliE, Power, Political Cbange (1954-
    2009) (Oxford Universiry Press, 2013), p. 13.
    128. James Manor, 'Pardes and the Parry System', in Arul Kohli (ed.), India\
    Democracy: An Analysis of Changrng State-Society Rchtions (Princeton
    Universiry Press, 1988), p. 81.
    129. Ibid., 83.
    130. 'Cong. on the atrack: Anandpur resolution', Tlte Times of India, 14
    December 1984, p.9.
    l3l. 1984 elecdon manifesto of the BJP. Available au hmp://library.bjp.orgl
    spui/handle/ 12345 67 89 I 237
    j

    132. R.K Rangan, 'Cassettes used in big way for poll drive', The Tirnes of India,
    18 December 1984, p.5
    133. 'George Menezes joins BJP', The Times of India,2l December 19S4, p. l.
    134. Interview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, June 2018.
    1 35.'Akali DaI guilry of communalism', The Tirnes of India, t9 December I 984,
    P.20.
    136. Yijai Trivedi, Haar Nahin Madnoongd (HarperCollins Hindi, 201 6), p. 25.

    488
    137. M.L. Fotedar, The Chinar Leaues: A Political Mernoir (HarperCollins,
    2015), p.2o2.
    138. N.M. Ghatate (ed.), Atal Bihai Vajpayee: Four Decadts in Parliament,
    Volume I (Shipra Publications), p. rrviii.
    139. Shekhar Gupta. 'Gwalior to see epic election battle between Madhavrao
    Scindia and Atal Bihari Vajpayee', India Today,3l December 1984.
    140. Ibid.
    141. Gautam S.G. Vohra, 'Close finish likely in Gwalior', The Times oflndid,22
    December 1984, p.7.
    142. 'lndial. Dates of Elections: 24, 27 and 28 December 1984'. Available at:
    http://archive. ipu. orglparline-e/reports/arclINDI.A_ 1 984_E. PDF
    143. Yijat Trivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoonga (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016),
    P.73.
    144. 'A Massive Hindu Mandate', Organiser, Vol 36, 34,6January 1985, p. l.
    Accessed from NMML.
    145. 'Some prominent losers', Tbe Times of India, 30 December 1984, p. 13.
    146. Ullekh N.P., The Untold Vajpayee: Politician and Paradox (Penguin Books,
    kindle edition, 2017), location 1662.
    147. Intewiew wirh Ajoy Bose, New Delhi, June 2018.

    e9a?sd6o - 8 : a5'eocr55 AEb', (1985-89)


    I . M.L. Sondhi private papers, letter dated 6 Jawary 1985, sequence no. 92.
    2. }l-L. Sondhi private papers, leter dated 3 February 1991, sequence no.
    259.
    3. Interview with Pravin Togadia, Ahmedabad, April 2018.
    4. 'BJP DecidestoForgerJanaSangh', The Timesof India,18March 1985,
    p.9.
    5. Ibid.
    6. rbid.
    7. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Ltft (Rupa, 2010, paperback), P. 321.
    8. Ibid.
    9. Ibid.
    10. N.M. Ghatate (ed.), Atal Bihai Vajpayee: Foar Decades in Parliament,
    Volume I (Shipra Publications), p. :orvii.
    I l. Amit Shah has recollected this to a senior journalist who wishes to remain
    unnamed.
    12. Interview with Vasundhara R4e Scindia, New Delhi, June 2018.
    13. Yijayaraje Scindia and Mridula Sinha, Royal to Public Life (Prabhat Boola,
    2008, kindle version), location 3251.

    489
    14. Shekhar Gupta, 'BJP under Advani expected to move more decisively
    towards regaining its moorings', India Today 31 March 1986.
    15. Interview with Sheila Ghatate, New Delhi, May 2018.
    16. Khushwanr Singh, Truth, Loae and a Littb Malice. Cited from https://
    scroll.in/article/732469loperation-blue-star-was-a-well-calculated-and-
    deliberate-slap-in-the-face-of-an-entire-communiry-khushwant-singh
    17. rbid.
    18. Tania Midha, Inderjit Badhwar and Prabhu Chawla, 'Attempr to assassinate
    Prime Minister R4iv Gandhi exposes chinks in his security armorx', India
    Today,3l October 1986.
    19. Chrisrophe Jaffielot, The Hind.u Nationalist Mouement in India (Columbia
    Universiry Press, 1996), p.353.
    20. Ornit Shani, 'The Rise of Hindu Narionalism in India: The Case Study of
    Ahmedabad in the 1980s', Modern,*ian Sndies 39 (4) (October 2005):
    861-896, p.867.
    21. RakeshAnkir,'Caste Polidcs in Bihar: In Historical Continuum', History
    and Sociohgr of South,4sia 12 (2) luly 2018): l-22, p.8.
    22. Report of the Mandd Commission.
    23. Badri Narayan, I{anshi Ram: Leader of the Dalhs(Penguin, 2014, kindle
    edition), locadon 1626.
    24. Yogendra Yadav, 'Ambedkar and [,ohia: a didogue on caste' Scminar.
    Available at: http://www.india-seminar.c oml 20 12 I 629 I 629 _yogendra_
    yadav.htm
    25. Badri Narayan, Kanshi Ram: Leader of the Dalits (Penguin, 2014, kindle
    edition), location I 586.
    26. lbid., location 1607.
    27. Javed M. Ansari and Dilip Awasthi, 'In India, 50 per cent of rhe media is
    pro-BJP: Kanshi Ram', India Today,3l December 1993.
    28. Atul Kohli, 'Politics ofeconomic liberdization in India', Vorld Deaehpment
    17, no.3 (1989): 305--28, p.312.
    29. L.K- Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.326.
    30. Ibid., p.332.
    31. Mohd. Ahmad Khanvs Shah Bano Begum,1985 (2) SCC 556.
    32. Simran,'Case Analysis: MohdAhmad Khan us Shah Bano Begurn', Legal
    Seraice India. Avulable ac http://www.legdserviceindia.com/legal/article-
    2I 6-case-andysis-mohd-ahmad-khan-v-s-shah-bano-begum.html
    33. Mohd. Ahmad Khan as Shah Bano Begum,AIR 1985 5C945.
    34. Ronojoy Sen, 'The Indian Supreme Courr and the quest for a "rational"
    Hinduism', South, sian History and Cultare, I ( I ): 86-1 04.
    35. 'Tirade Against SC Unforrunare: BJP', The Times of India, 5 January 1986,
    P.9.
    490
    36. Muslim \ifomen (Protection of fughts on Divorce) Act, 1986.
    37. Lchal,Prabhala,'When India became the first country oban Tbe Satanic
    Wrses much before the Iranian fatwa', Sooll,4 October 2015. Available at:
    hmps://scroll. inlarticlel758288/when-india-became-the-first-country-to-
    ban-the-satanic-verses-much-before-the-iranian-farwa
    38. Interview with Naresh Chandra, New Delhi, August 2016.
    39. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Mouetnent in India (Columbia
    Universiry Press, 1996), p. 375.
    40. Interview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, June 2018.
    41. Interview with Seshadri Chari, New Delhi, April 2018.
    42. lntewiew with Nilanjan Mukhopadhyay, on the phone, May 2018.
    43. Interview with Sheela Bhatt, New Delhi, November 2018.
    44. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperbac$, p.325.
    45. Chrisrophe Jaffrelot, The Hinda Nationalist Mouement in India (Columbia
    Universiry Press, 1996), p.376.
    46. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.714.
    47. rbid.
    48. Ornit Shani, 'The fuse of HinduNationalism in India: The Case Study of
    Ahmedabad in the 1980s', Modcm .4sian Sndies 39 (4) (October 2005):
    861-96.
    49. Inderjit Badhwar. 'Devastating communal riots sweep through Meerut and
    its adjoining areas in Uttar Pradesh',lndia Today, 15 June 1987; Dilip
    Awasthi, 'Provincid fumed Constabulary faces flak for controversial role in
    Meerut riots', India Today,30 June 1987.
    50. S.H. Venkatramani, 'Hindu mutts brush aside age-old religious taboos to
    embrace liberal attitude', India Today 30 June 1988.
    51.'BJP for status quo in quota', The Times of India, 2l J:uJ.y 1985, p. 1.
    52. Interview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, June 2018.
    53. 'Prabhu Chawla, 'Lok Dal-BJP alliance wins by-elections in Haryana"
    India Today 30 November 1987.
    54. '\Tinning the Hindu vote', India Today, 15 May 1988.
    55. YijaiTrivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoonga (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016), p.75.
    56. rbid., 85.
    57. Interview with Vijai Trivedi, New Delhi, June 2019.
    58. Ullekh N.P., The (Jntold Vajpaye: Politician and Paradox (Penguin Books,
    kindle edition , 2017),location 1772.
    59. Interview with Jairam Ramesh, Kolkata, January 2018.
    60. Interview with Subramanian Swamy, New Delhi, June 2018.
    61. Vinay Sitapati, 'Liberal and nadonalist', Indian Express, 17 August 2018.
    Available at: https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/aral-
    bihari-vaj payeeliberal-and-nationalist- 5 3 I 07 03 I
    49L
    62. Inrerview with Karan Thapar, New Delhi, November 2019.
    63. Yinay Sitapati, 'Liberal and nationdist', Indian Express, 17 Augusr 2018.
    Available at: https://indianexpress.com/anicle/opinion/columns/atal-
    bihari-vaj payeeJiberal-and-nationalist- 5 3 | 07 03 I
    64. Kingshuk Nag, Atal Bihari Vajpayee: A Man for All Seasons (Rupa, 2015),
    P.68.
    65. Interview with fuhok Trivedi, New Delhi, June 2018.
    66. A.S. Dtlat, Kashmir: The Vajpaye Years (HarperCollins, 2015), p. 172.
    67. Interview with Shakti Sinha, New Delhi, January 2018.
    68. Interview with Manvendra Singh, New Delhi, June 2018.
    69. KingshukNag, Vajpayee: A Manfor All Seasons (Rupa Publications, 2015),
    p. 104. This book quotes V.P. Singh's own memoirs: Manzil Se Zyada
    Safar (2006).
    70. Kingshuk Nag, Vajpayee: A Man for All Seasazr (Rupa Publications, 2015),
    p.104.
    7I . Interview with Ravindra Bhagwat, Chandrapur, March 2018.
    72. Yideo of the speech available at: https://www.youtube.com/
    watch?v=cepVvMvUGsw
    73. Interview with Atul Kohli, Princeton, May 2018.
    74. PeterFriedlander,'Hinduism and Politics', inJeffrey Haynes, ed.., Routhdge
    of Politics and fuligion (2009, second edition, 2016), p.76.
    Booh
    75. tlvind Rajagopal, Politics afier Teleuision: Religious Nationalism and the
    Reshaping of the Indian Public (Cambridge University Press, 2001, kindle
    edition), location I 186.
    76. Simran Bhargava, 'Ramanand Sagar's Ramayan is being awarded the
    sancriry of the original', India Today,30 April 1987.
    77. Anind Rajagopal, Politics afier Teleuision: Religious Nationalism and the
    Reshaping of the Indian Public (Cambridge Universiry Press, 2001, kindle
    edition), locarion 1214.
    78. 'Critics Pan Most Viewed Ramayan', The Times of India,30 November
    1987, p. 17.
    79. Simran Bhargava, 'Ramanand Sagar's Ramayan is being awarded the
    sanctiry of the original', India Today,30 April 1987.
    80. Ibid.
    81. Ibid.
    82. 'Stir for Ramayan serial's extension' , The Times of India,25 July 19S8, p. 9.
    83. 'Critics Pan Most Viewed Rarnayan', The Times of India,30 November
    1987, p. 17.
    84. 'How South, East view Ramayan,' The Times of India, I December 1987,
    P. 17.

    492
    85. Arvind Rajagopal, Politics afier Teltaision: Religious Nationalism and the
    Ruhaping of the Indian Public (Cambridge Universiry Press, 2001).
    86. 'Ram Campaigns at Udhampur', The Times of India, t3 June 1988, p. 6.
    87. Arvind Ra;'agopal, Politics afier Tehuision: Religious Nationalism and the
    Resbaping of the Indian Public (Cambridge Universiry Press, 2001, kindle
    edition), location 63.
    88. Interview wirh Govindacharya, New Delhi, June 2018.
    89. Interview with Manvendra Singh, New Delhi, June 2018.
    90. Pankaj Pachauri, 'Babri Masjid-Ram Janmabhoomi row: Another legal
    tangle unfolds in Ayodhya', India Toda1, 3l August 1989.
    91. "'Shilanyas" peaceful', Tbe Times of India, l0 November 1989, p. l.
    92. Badri Narayan, I{anshi Rnm: Leader of the Dalits (Penguin, 2014, kindle
    edition), locadon 2ll4-15.
    93. Yijai Trivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoonga (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016), pp.
    75-76.
    94. Khushwant Singh, 'lndia at 70: Khushwant Singh on why he shuns men
    like L.K. Advani', DailyO, t5 August 2017. Available at: https://www.
    dailyo. in/politics/lk-advani-bjp-ram-mandir-modivaj payee-khushwant-
    singh/story/ I / I 8961 .html
    95. 'Khushwant Singh: l0 Interviews', Outlook,20 March 2014. Available
    at: https ://www.ourlookindia.com/blog/story/khushwant-singh- 1 0-
    interviews/3204
    96. \Talter K. Andersen, 'Election 1989 in India: The Dawn of Coalition
    Politics?', ,*ian Suntey 30(6) June 1990:52740.
    97. lbid.
    98. Badri Narayan, I(anshi Ram: Leader of the Dalits (Penguin, 2014, kindle
    edition), location 2287 -88.
    99. A detailed discussion ofthese various causes is provided in the end ofthis
    book in the section in the'Scholarly Contributions' titled 'IVhy does the
    BJP win?'
    100. Yogendra Yadav, 'Electoral Politics in the Time of Change: India's Third
    Elecroral System, 1989-99', Economic and Political Weehly 34 (34135) (21
    August- 3 September 1999): 2393-99.

    erqrDsd$o - 9 : $ro65, ;5ro66, sJ.Oae,s (1990-91)


    l. Interview with Dinesh Trivedi, Jantary 2019.
    2. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hinda Nationalist Mouement in India (Columbia
    University Press, 1996), p. 412.
    3. 'BJP hardens line on Ayodhya issrrc' The Hindu,27 Augst 1990, p. 9.

    493
    4. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Mouement in India (Columbia
    University Press, 1996), p. 413.
    5. Uday Mahurkar, 'Gujarat Janata Dal, BJP oppose Chimanbhai Patel',
    India Today,3l January 1990.
    6. Interview with Harish Khare, New Delhi, September 2019.
    7. Sanjay Ruparelia, Diuided We Gouem: Coalition Politics in Modern India
    (Oxford Universiry Press, 2015), p. 113.
    8. Inderjit Badhwar, 'Soft-spoken hardliner L.K. Advani bursts into narional
    limelight', India Today,3l March 1990.
    9. Interview with N. Ram, Kolkata, November 2017.
    10. Ananth V. Krishna. India Since Independznce: Making Sense of Indian
    Politics (Pearson Education India, 201 l), p.364-65.
    11. Vinay Sitapati, 'Reservations', in Sujit Choudhry, Madhav Khosla and
    Pratap Bhanu Mehta (eds), The Oxford Handbooh of the Indian Corutitution
    (Oxford Universiry Press, 2016).
    12. Ibid.
    13. Inderjit Badhwar. 'Decision to implement Mandal Commission report
    threarens ro tear India's fabric apan', Indla Today, l5 September 1990.
    14. The full text of the 1980 Mandal Commission report is available here:
    http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User-Panel/UserView.aspx?TypelD= II6I
    15. Christophe Jaffrelot and Gilles Verniers, 'The representation gap', The
    Indian Express, 24 July 2015. Available at https://indianexpress.com/
    article/opi nion/columns/the-representati on- gap-Z I
    16. 'Beyond Mandal', Frontline, 25 October 1991. Available at: https://
    frontline.thehindu.com/socid-issues/beyond-mandal/article6808404.ece
    17. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Ltft (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.446.
    18. 'lmplementation of Mandal Commission report lands PM V.P. Singh in
    "no-win" situarion', IndU Today 30 September 1990.
    19. Sukumar Murdidharan, 'Mandal, Mandir Aur Masjid: Hindu
    Communalism and the Crisis of the State', Social Scienrrir l8(10) (October
    1990): 2749,p. 36.
    20. Nonita Kalra, 'Rajew Goswami's tragedy provides agitation a rallying
    point', India Today, 15 October 1990.
    21. 'Relent, Vajpayee urges VP', The Times of India,28 Seprember 1990,
    P. 13.
    22. Chrisrophe Jaftelot, The Hindu Nationalist Moaement in India (Calwbia
    University Press, 1996), p. 415.
    23. Pmkaj Pachauri, '10-month-old BJP-Janata Dal alliance had not been a
    harmonious one' , India Today, 15 November 1990.
    24.'BJP Hardens Line of Ayodhya Issue', The Hindu, 27 August 1990, p. 9.

    494
    25. L.K. Advani, My Coantry, Ml Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), pp.373-74.
    26. 'Twenty Years Too [-ate: A turning point in Indian history when history
    refused to turn', The Tehgraph, 17 September 2010. Available ar: https://
    www.telegraphindia.com/ I 1009 17 I jspI opinion/story_ 129 4777 8.jsp
    27. Prabhx Pathan, 'Advani begins Rarh Yatra to "promote nationalism"', Thl
    Hindu,26 September 1990, p.7.
    28. Ibid.
    29. rbid.
    30. 'Overenthusiasm of youth worries Advani', The Hindu, 29 September
    1990.
    31. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Moaement in India (Columbia
    University Press, 1996), p. 416.
    32. Interview with M.K. Venu, January 2018.
    33. 'Overenthusiasm of youth worries Advani', The Hindu, 29 Seprember
    I990.
    34. Christophe Jaffielot, The Hindu Nationalist Mouemerrt in India (Columbia
    Universiry Press, 1996), p. 425.
    35. Ibid., p.430.
    36. 'Overenthusiasm of youth worries Advani', The Hindu, 29 September
    1990.
    37. Interview with Swapan Dasgupta, New Delhi, March 2018.
    38. Interview with Harin Pathak, New Delhi, March 2018.
    39. Interview with Subramanian Swamy, New Delhi, June 2018.
    40. Interview with Pravin Togadia, Ahmedabad, April 2018.
    41. Interview with Sudheendra Kulkarni, Mumbai, May 2018.
    42. lnder Sawhney,'Vajpayee quesrions Hinduwa poliry', The Times of India,
    4 February 1991, p. 8.
    43. Interview with Yashwant Sinha, New Delhi, June 2018.
    44. N.M. Ghatate (ed,.), Atal Bihari Vajpayee: Four Decades in Parliammt,
    Volume I (Shipra Publications), p. :oo<i.
    45. Yijar Trivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoonga (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016),
    p. 107.
    46. 'Pressure mounts on VP', Thc Timcs of India,23 October 1990, p. l.
    47. 'Advani arested', Tbe Times of India,24 October 1990, p. l.
    48. 'Advani arrested in nightclotha', Tbe Times of India,24 October 1990,
    P. 13.
    49. Pankaj Pachauri, '10-month-old BJP-Janata Dal alliance had not been a
    harmonious one' , India Today, 15 November 1990.
    50. L.K. Advani, M1 Coantry, 4 Ltf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), P. 380.
    51. Interviewwith N.M. Ghatate, New Delhi, May 2018.

    495
    52. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.379.
    53. Take, for example, this magazine repoft that the rath yatra's route
    in communally sensitive areas was unusually calm: Pankaj Pachauri,
    'I0-month-old BJP-Janata Dal alliance had not been a harmonious one',
    India Today,l5 November 1990.
    54. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Mouement in India (Columbia
    Universiry Press, 1996), p. 419.
    55. Ibid., p.420.
    56. Interview with Vijai Trivedi, New Delhi, June 2019.
    57. Amit Shah has recollected this to a senior journalist who wishes to remain
    unnamed.
    58. Ramachandra Guha, India afier Gandhi: The History of the \Yorld! Largest
    Demonacl, (Picador, 2007), p.636.
    59. Prasun Sonwalkar, 'Pitched bade in Ayodhya', The Times of India, 30
    October 1990, p. l.
    60. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Mouement in India (Columbia
    Universiry Press, 1996), p. 421.
    61. Interview with Sudheendra Kulkarni, Mumbai, May 2018.
    62. Interview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, June 2018.
    63. M.L. Sondhi private papers, letter dated 30 September 1991, sequence no.
    282.
    64. 'Y.P. Singh, L.K. Advani refurbish their images to project themselves as
    serious leaders', India Today l5 February 1991.
    65. Shahnaz Anklesaria Aiyar, 'Elections l99l:
    By enticing voters to gamble
    on an untried parry, BJP hopes to improve its Lok Sabha strength', India
    Today 15 May 1991.
    66. 'From helping Advani in filing nomination to replacing him: Amit Shah's
    life in Gandhinagar comes full circle', DNA, 22 March 2019. Available
    ar: htrps://www.dnaindia.com/india./report-from-helping-advani-in-filing-
    nomination-to-replacing-him-amit-shah-s-life-in-gandhinagar-comes-full-
    circle-2731829
    67. Prabhash K. Dutra, 'From sricking bills for BJP ro managing Union home
    ministry: Rise and rise of Amit Shah', India Today,3l May 2019.
    68. Shahnaz Anklesaria Aiyar, 'L.K. Advani whips up Hinduwa fervour, attacks
    "pseudo-secularism"', India Todzy, 3I May I99 |.
    69. 'Of Crucial Importance', India Today,3l May 1991.
    70. Shahnaz Anklesaria Aiyar, 'Elections 1991: By enticing vorers ro gamble
    on an untried parry, BJP hopes to improve im l,ok Sabha strength', India
    Today, 15 May l99l .

    71. Interview with Ravindra Bhagwat, Chandrapur, March 2018.

    496
    72. Yijai Trivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoonga (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016),
    p. lr2.
    73. Ibid., p.28.
    74. N.M. Ghatate Atal Bihari Vajpayee: Four Decada in Parliament,
    (ed..),
    Volume I (Shipra Publications), p.)odx.
    75. 'Generil. Election, 1991 (Vol. I, I!', Election Commission of India.
    Available at: https://eci.gov.in/files/filel 4l2l-general-election- 1 99 I -vol-i-
    rrl
    .lVe
    76. Sanjay Ruparelia, Diuided Gouern: Coalition Politics in Mofurn India
    (Oxford University Press, 20l 5), pp. l04, 148.
    77. lntewiew with Seshadri Chari, Delhi, April 2018.
    78. G.V. Ramana and Valsa kj, 'The Tenth Lok Sabha Elections: Sympathy
    Swing Helps Congress (I) improve tdly by 25 seats (Appendix ll)', in
    Devendra Thakur (ed.), Psepholog and Elections Forecasting(Deep & Deep,
    1996), p.296.
    79. Interview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, June 2018.
    80. Vinay Sitapati, Half Lion: How P.V. Narasimha Rao Transforrned India
    (Penguin Random House, 2016).
    81. L.K. Advani, My Country, My Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.458.
    82. 'BJP flays gow.: foreign loans', The Times of India, 8 September 1991, p.3.
    83. N.M. Ghatate (ed..), Atal Bihari Vajpayee: Four Decadzs in Parliament,
    Volume I (Shipra Publications), p.142.
    84. Ibid.
    85. M.L. Sondhi private papers, letter dated 30 September 1991, sequence no.
    282.
    86. Ibid.

    eeA5dfo - 10 : a:irouo6565o (1992)


    l. The theme for this chapter was provided by the researcher for this book,
    Arpit Gaind.
    2. For a general overview of the third battle of Panipat, see Uday Kulkarni,
    Soktice at Pani?at: 14 January 1761. An Authentic Account of the Panipat
    Carnpargn (Mula Mutha Publishers, 201l), pp. 224-25.
    3. Kaushik P.loy, India\ Historic Banles: Frorn Alzxandzr the Great to lhrgil
    (Orient Blackswan, 2004), p.86.
    4. Ibid., pp. 85-86.
    5. Ibid., p.93.
    6. Uday Mahurkar, 'The lost Marathas of third bade of Panipat', India
    Today, 12 January 2012.

    497
    7. 'Election 2019 like Third Bacle of Panipac Amic Shah's battle cry at BJP
    meet', Hindustan Times, 1l January 2019. Available at https:llvrww.
    hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-invincible-so-oppositionJooks-
    for-allies-amit-shah/story-nKY5 uzsmnD9Od F4nu4LVP.hml
    8. Madhav Sadashiv Golwdkar, Bunch of Thoughx (Vilrama Prakashan,
    1966), p. 184.
    9. Dhirendra K. Jha, ,*cetic Games: Sadhus, Akharas and the Mahing of the
    Hinda Vote (Context, 2019), Introductory chaprer.
    10. Villiam R. Pinch, 'Vatior, ,*cetics and Indian Empires (Cambridge
    University Press, 2006).
    11. Dhirendra K. Jha, ,4scetic Games: Sadhus, Ahharas and the Mahing of the
    Hindu Vote (Context, 2019).
    12. Rajesh Pradhan, When the Sainx Go Marching In: The Cuious Ambiuabnce
    of Religious Sadhus in Recent Politics in India (Orient Blackswan, 2014).
    13. Report of the Liberhan Ayodhya Commission of Inquiry (Ministry of
    Home Affairs, Government of India, 2009), para 30.8, pp. 128-29.
    14. Ibid., pala30.t2, p. 130.
    15. Note found amongst P.V. Narasimha Rao's private papers in Hyderabad
    in 2015.
    16. Dilip Awasthi, 'Ayodhya issue: CM Kalyan Singh's fonunes flounder as
    Hindu hardliners mount pressure', India Today, 15 Seprember. 1991.
    17. P.V. Narasimha Rao Sebcted Speeches, 1992-9i (Governmenr of India
    Publications Division, New Delhi, 1993), p.30.
    18. Ibid., p. 10.
    19. Report of the Liberhan Ayodhya Commission of Inquiry (Ministry of
    Home Affairs, Governmenr of India, 2009), para 37 .57 , pp. 186-87 .
    20. Rajesh Pradhan, V'hen the Saints Go Marching In: The Curiou Arubiaalence
    of Religious Sadhas in Recent Politics in India (Orient Blackswan, 2014), pp.
    160-161.
    21. Ibid., pp.t6r42.
    22. Yubaral Ghimire and Dilip Awasthi, 'Ayodhya conrroversy became BJP's
    most effective banering ram during rwo successive polls', India Today, 4
    January 2013.
    23. Note found amongst P.V. Narasimha Rao's private papers in Hyderabad
    in2015.
    24. Advani met Rao on 12 and l8 November. See Repon of the Liberhan
    Ayodhya Commission of Inquiry (Ministry of Home Affairs, Government
    of India, 2009),para4l.27 and,41.38, pp. 207,210.And again around the
    25 November. This latter date is from an interview with P.V.RK. Prasad,
    Hyderabad,20l5.

    498
    25. Naunidhi Kaur, 'Of waffling and double-speak L.K. Advani's third-round
    deposition before the Liberhan Commission leaves more questions than
    answers', Frontline, Vol. 18, Issue I l, 26 May-8 June 2001. Available at:
    hmps://frontline.thehindu.com/staric/htmUfl I 8 I I / I 8 I 103 l0.hm
    26. Interview with P.V.R.K. Prasad, Hyderabad, 2015.
    27. Loh Sabha Debates, Xrh Lok Sabha. Available at: https://padiamentofindia.
    nic.inlls/lsdeb/ls-archivedeb.htm
    28. 'Uproar in Lok Sabha', The Tirnes of India, I December 1992, p. I .
    29. Report of the Liberhan Ayodhya Commission of Inquiry (Ministry of
    Home Affairs, Government of India, 2009), pera 41.51 and, 41.52,
    p.2r5.
    30. 'Ayodhya Row Rocla Parliament', The Times of India,3 December 1992,
    p. l.
    31. Ibid.
    32. Ibid.
    33. Repon of the Liberhan Ayodhya Commission of Inquiry (Ministry of
    Home Affairs, Government of India, 2009), para 41.68, p. 220.
    34. rbid.
    35. Saba Naqvi and Sutapa Mukerjee,'Hour OfJanus', Outhoh,28 February
    2005. Available at: https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/hour-
    of-jarus1226634
    36. Swapan Dasgupta, 'The Hindu Inflexion', Open Magazizr, 30 November
    2017. Avilable at: https://openthemagazine.com/cover-stories/ayodhya-
    ets-later/the-hindu-in fl exion/
    2 5 -y

    37. SabaNaqvi and Sutapa Mukerjee, 'Hour of Janus', Outlooh,28 February


    2005. Available at: hnps://www.outlookindia.com/magazinelstory/hour-
    of-jantsl226634
    38. Zoya Hasan, Congres Afier Indira: Policy, Power, Political Change (1984-
    2009) (Ovlord Universiry Press, 2013). P. 26.
    39. Report of the Liberhan Ayodhya Commission of Inquiry (Ministry of
    Home Affairs, Government of India, 2009), para, 43.16, p.242.
    40. Ibid., para 44.11, pp. 252-53.
    41. Ibid.
    42. This number comes from the Liberhan Commission report. See also: '1.5
    lakh kar sevaks, 2,300 police constables, I mosque: How Babri Masjid fell
    on December 6, 1992', India Today,6 December 2017.
    43. Minute 17.15 of 'Babri Mas.iid demolition: The most comprehensive
    video coverage from 1992', video available at: https://www.youtube.com/
    watchh=k-bhAFsnv2s
    44. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p. 401.

    499
    45. 'Absurd to say PV was incommunicado during Ayodhya demolition',
    rediff.com, 9 July 2012. Avuleble at: https://www.rediff.com/news/
    report/slide-show- 1 -arjun-singhs-story-on-ayodhya-demolition-cock-and-
    bull/20 120709.htm
    46. L.K. Advani, My Country, Ml Lrf, (Rupa,2010, paperback), p.401.
    47. tbid.
    48. Interview with Swapan Dasgupta, New Delhi, March 2018.
    49. Report of the Liberhan Ayodhya Commission of Inquiry (Ministry of
    Home Affairs, Government of India, 2009), para 44.21, p. 255.
    50. Chandan Mitra's interview at minute 17.20 of 'Babri Masjid demolition:
    The most comprehensive video coverage from 1992'. Video available at:
    hrtps //www.youtube.com/watch?v=k-bhA.Fsnv2s
    :

    51. Report of the Liberhan Ayodhya Commission of Inquiry (Ministry of


    Home Affairs, Government of India, 2009), para 44.51, p.263.
    52. Ibid., para 44.42, p. 260.
    53. Ibid., para44.30, p.257.
    54. 'Bloody aftermarh of Babri Masjid demolition across India', India Today
    5 December 2011.
    55. M.G. Gupta and Vijay Jung Thapa, 'Kar Sevaks Destroyed Babri Masjid',
    The Times of India, T December 1992, p.l.
    56. Interview with Swapan Dasgupta, New Delhi, March 2018. He was told
    this by a senior BJP leader.
    57. Interviewwith M.G. Vaidya. Nagpur, April 2018.
    58. P.V. Narasimha Rao Seltcted Speeches (1992-9j) (Government of India
    Publications Division, New Delhi, 1993), pp. 6345.
    59. 'Centre set to Ban Communal Bodies: Advani, Joshi, Singhal Among
    Others Held', The Tirnes of India, 9 December 1992, p. l.
    60. 'Parties demand ban on RSS, VHP', The Times of India,SDecember 1992,
    p.3.
    61. 'Cenre set ro Ban Communal Bodies: Advani, Joshi, Singhd Among
    Orhers Held', The Times of India, 9 December 1992, p. l.
    62. Edward A. Gargan, 'India, Acting on Militants, Ousts Local Rulers',
    The New York Times, 16 December 1992. Available at: https://www.
    nytimes. com I 199 2 I 12 I I 6/world/india-acting-on-militants-ousts-local-
    rulers.html
    63. Yijai Trivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoonga (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016), p.
    I11.
    64. rbid.
    65. Somak Ghoshal, ''ltr7atch: The Day AmI Bihari Yalpayee Apologised for
    the Demolition of the Babri Masjid', Hffiost,19 April, 2017. Available

    500
    at: https://www.huffingtonpost.inl2}lTl04llglwatch-the-day-atd-bihari-
    payee-apologised-for-the-demolirio_a_220 45 592 I
    vaj
    66. 'Speech of Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee in Lok Sabha on 17-12-92'.
    Speeches of Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Swamy Chinmayanand, Shri Lal
    Krishna Aduani on Ayodhya. Available at: http://www.ataljee.org/diglib/
    b i ts tre am / I / 1 I 4 I 1 I 2. 3 o/o20At al % 2 0 B i h ar io/o2}Y aj p ay eeo/o 20 o no/o 2 0
    Ay o dhy ao/o2}I ssue. P DF
    67. 'Advani in image makeover mode; regrers Babri demolirion', Outlooh,3l
    May 2005. Available at: https://www.outlookindia.com/newswirel story I
    advani-in-image-makeover-mode-regrets-babri-demolit ionI 30 17 07
    68. Ullekh N.P., The UntoA Vajpayee: Politician and Paradox (Penguin Boola,
    kindle edition , 2017), location I 98 l.
    69. Report of the Liberhan Ayodhya Commission of Inquiry (Ministry of
    Home Affairs, Governmenr of India, 2009).
    70. Ibid., para 160.6, pp.922-23.
    71. For instance, a later claim by some kar sevals that Advani ordered the
    demolition on 3 December 1992 in Ayodhya rings hollow, given rhat
    Advani only reached the ciry rwo days later.

    eoe,'5d$o - 11 : erbp;{>6o (1993-98)


    l. Yubaraj Ghimire,'\7hile senior BJP leaders languish in prison, sadhus
    hijack parry's image and irs agenda', India Today,3l Janrnry 1993.
    2. Ibid.
    3. The only exceptions were the forry-seven National Front members, who
    abstained. See G.C. Malhotra, Cabinet ReEonsibility to Legishture: Motions
    of Conf.drnce and No-Confdcnce in Loh Sabha and State Legishtures (Lok
    Sabha Secretariat, Metropolitan Bools, second edition, 2004), p.86.
    4. Yubaraj Ghimire, 'All achievements of BJP, post-1989, have been purely
    because of our ideology: L.K. Advani', India Today, 15 April 1995.
    5. 'Kalyan Singh may be next BJP chief, The Times of India, 12 April1993,
    P.15.
    6. Interview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, March 2018.
    7. 'Kalyan Singh may be next BJP chief, The Times of India,12 Aprll1993,
    P.15.
    8. 'RSS against Joshi', The Hindu,l I April 1993, p. 6.
    9. M.L. Sondhi private papers, letter dated 28 February 1993.
    I 0.'Vajpayee to head opposition in 1-S', The Times of India, 25 July 1993, p. 9.
    I I . 'Vajpayee is leader of opposition in LS' , The Times of India, 27 }uly 1993,
    p.6.

    501
    12. 'Assembly polls: BJP emerges as dominant force but Congress(I) shows
    signs of revival' , India Today, 30 November 1993.
    13. Interview with Pratap Bhanu Mehta, Gurugram, May 2018.
    14. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Mouement in India (Columbia
    Universiry Press, 1996), pp. 485-86.
    15. Ibid., p.485.
    16. Inrerview with Ajoy Bose, New Delhi, June 2018.
    17. Interview with Yashwant Sinha, New Delhi, June 2018.
    18. 'Vajpayee "best parliamentarian"', The Times of India, 18 August 1994,
    p.7.
    19. Interview with Sdman Khurshid, New Delhi, 2015
    20. Yubaraj Ghimire and Bhavdeep Kang, 'Faltering on the Home Stretch',
    Outlaoh, 18 October 1995. Available ar https://www.outlookindia.com/
    magazine I story I faltering-on-the-home-stretchl 200033
    21. Yubaraj Ghimire,'BJP unleashes its propaganda power for a possible mid-
    term election', India Today,3l July 1993.
    22. Uday Mahurkar, 'Modi's tactics help BJP become first non-Congress (I)
    parry in Gujarat ro caprure power', India Today, 15 July 1995.
    23. Uday Mahurkar, 'From a backroom boy, Narendra Modi graduates to a
    more public profile', India Today,2 March 1998.
    24. Uday Mahurkar and N.K. Singh, 'Fate of Keshubhai Patel Gow hangs by a
    thread as Shankarsinh Vaghela splits ruling BJP', India Today, 15 October
    1995.
    25.'Shankersinh Vaghela: The Complete Story ofKhajuraho', Newsneejoumal.
    Available at: http://www.newsstreetiournal.com/india/shankersinh-
    vaghela-the-complete-story-of-khaj uraho/
    26. rbid.
    27. Yubartl Ghimire and Bhavdeep Kang, 'Faltering on the Home Stretch',
    Outlooh, l8 October 1995. Available at: https://www.oudookindia.com/
    magazine/story/faltering-on-the-home-stre cchI 200033
    28. 'ShankersinhVaghela: TheCompleteStoryofKhajuraho',Newsstree$ournal.
    Available at: http://www.newsstreetjournal.com/india/shankersinh-
    vaghela-the-complete-story-of-khaj uraho/
    29. rbid.
    30. Priyavadan Patel, 'Sectarian Mobilisation, Factionalism and Voting in
    Gujarat', Economic and Political Veehly,Yol.34, No. 34135 (21 August-3
    September 1999): 2423-2433, ar 2427 .

    31. Yubaraj Ghimire and Bhavdeep Kang,'Faltering on the Home Stretch',


    Outhoh, 18 October 1995. Available au https://www.outlookindia.com/
    magazineI sto ry I fdterin g-on-the-home-stretchl 200033

    502
    32. P.Y. Narasimha Rao, Ayodbya 6 December 1992 (Pengain Global, 2006),
    p. 100.
    33. 'Chronology of Hawala Case', The Times of India, 17 January 1991 , p. 1.
    34. 'CBl chargesheets Advani, Arjun, 5 others', The Times of India, 17 January
    1996, p. r.
    35. L.K. Advani, My Country, Ml Lrf, (Rupa,20l0, paperback), p.467.
    36. N.K. Singh, 'Tarred with the same Brush', India Today, 15 February 1996.
    37. Ullel.h N.P., Tbe UntoU Vajpaye: Politician and Paradox (Penguin Books,
    kindle edition, 2Ol7), location 2I 85.
    38. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p. 481.
    39. N.K. Singh, AJI politicd parties are accepting donations in "black": Atal
    Bihari Vajpayee', India Today,3l March 1996.
    40. Ibid.
    41. 'Corruption will be the main issue in the coming polls, says Yapayee', The
    Times of India, 6 February 1996, p. 15.
    42. Padmanand Jha, 'A Prime Minister in the Making?', Outlaoh, 17 April
    1996. Available at: https://www.outlookindia.com/magazinelstoryla-
    prime-minister-in-the-maki ngl 20 1207
    43. Sudeep Chalravarti,'1996 had more than its fair share of both failure and
    success', India Today, 15 January 1997.
    44. tbid.
    45. Sanjay Ruparelia, Diaided We Gouern: Coalition Polirtcs in Modcrn India
    (Oxford University Press, 201 5), p. 154.
    46. Pramod K. Kantha, 'BJP Politics: Looking Beyond the Impasse', Economic
    and Political \Yeehly, 1996.
    47. Yubaraj Ghimire, 'ln The Saddle, But For How [ong?', Outl.ooh,29 May
    I 996. Available at: hnps://www.oudookindia.com/magazine/story/in-the-
    saddle- b ut-fo r -how -lo ngl 20 | 428
    48. Vijai Trivedi, Hazr Nahin Maanoonga (HarpeCollins Hindi, 2016), p. I16.
    49. See 'Ya:jpayee Sworn In fu Prime Minister'. Video available ac https://
    www.youtube. com/watch?v=IEJ nqsBbfu U
    50. 'Jubiladon in Nagpur over new gow.', The Titnes of India, 17 May 1996,
    p.3.
    51. Janak Singh, 'Vajpayee Sworn in as P.M.', The Times of India, 17 May
    1996, p. t.
    52. 'Nl The Prime Minister's Men', Outlooh,29 May 1996. Available at:
    https : //www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/all-the-prime-min isters-
    menl201430
    53. 'AIl the Prime Minister's men-and a lone woman', Tbe Tirnes of India, 17
    May 1996, p. 13.

    503
    54. Jaswanr Singh, .4 Call to Honour: In Serl)ice of Emergent India (Rupa,2006,
    kindle edition), location 2190.
    55. 'Yajpayee Sworn In As Prime Minister'. Video available at: htps://www.
    youtube. com/watch?v=IEJnqsBbfvU
    56. L.K. Advani, My Country, Ml Lrf, (Rupa,20l0, paperback), p.481.
    57 . 'Iraders, industry enthused by events', The Times of India, 16 May 1996,
    p. l.
    58. Paranjoy Guha Thakurta, 'Ideological Contradictions in an Era of
    Coalitions: Economic Policy Confusion in the Vajpayee Government',
    Global Business Reaiew, Volume 3, Issue 2 (Jantary 2002): 201-23,
    p.203.
    59. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa,2010, paperback), p.481.
    60. 'Vajpayee urges Joshi to revive Srikrishna panel: A trick to project secular
    image, says Congress', The Times of India,27 May 1996, p. l.
    6l . It would eventually submit its report, holding the Shiv Sena in large measure
    responsible for the anti-Muslim violence.
    62. Janak Singh, 'BJP is not known for witch-hunting, says A. B. Vajpayee',
    2l May 1996, p. 7 .
    The Times of India,
    63. Anil Saxena, 'BJP makes final pitch to get support of small parties', The
    Times of India, 25 May 1996, p. I .
    64. N.K. Singh, 'Atal Bihari Vajpayee goes down, but with the image of a
    marryr statesman', India Today, l5 June 1996.
    65. Janak Singh, 'Candid Vajpayee admits BJP may not win trustyore', The
    Times of India,2l May 1996, p. l.
    66. Sanjay Ruparelia, Diuidzd We Gouern: Coalition Politics in Modcm India
    (Oxford Universiry Press, 2015), p.165.
    67. L.K. Advani, My Country, My Ltf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p- 482.
    68. KingshukNag, Vajpayee: A Man for All Seasons (Rupa Publications, 2015),
    p.122.
    69. 'Y$payee tries to score points as Pawar, Paswan pack punches', The Times
    of India, 28 May 1996, p. l.
    70. Atal Bihari Vajpayee's Speech in Parliamenr on the Confidence Motion.
    Video available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_l n_OIp3EOs
    71. 'Conciliation and combat was his flavour', The Times of India, 29 May
    1996, p. t.
    72. tbid.
    73.'Historic debate', The Times of India, 29 May 1996, p. ll.
    74. rbid.
    75. AtaJ Bihari Vajpayee's Speech in Parliament on the Confidence Modon.
    Video available at: hmps://www.youtube.com/warch?v=_l n_OIp3EOs

    504
    76. 'Kesri blasts Deve Gowda', Rediff, available ar http://business.rediffcom/
    news/augl09congl.htm
    77. Swapan Dasgupta, 'Hinduwa will be rhe dynamo of rhe new India: L.K.
    Advani', India Today, 23 June 1997.
    78. Ishan Joshi, 'So, 'Vhat's Behind The Mask?: The Govindacharya-Vajpayee
    tussle over "words" reflects a deeper malaise in the parry', Outhoh, 27
    October 1997. Available at: https://www.ouclookindia.comlmagazinel
    story/so-whats-behind-the- masU 20 4448
    79. 'A.8. Vajpayee seeks explanation from Govindacharya for calling him mask
    of parry', India Today,27 October 1997.
    80. Interview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, March 2018.
    81. 'A.B. Yajpayee seels explanation from Govindacharya for calling him mask
    of parry', India Today 27 October 1997.
    82. Ishan Joshi, 'So, \7hat's Behind The Mask?: The Govindacharya-Yajpayee
    tussle over "words" reflects a deeper malaise in the parry', Outhoh, 27
    October 1997. Avulable at: https://www.outlookindia.comlmagazinel
    srory/so-whars-behind-the- me.l,U 20 4448
    83. Interview with Sudheendra Kulkarni, Mumbai, May 2018.
    84. For a detailed description of the manoeuvrings within the Congress and
    United Front that resulted in the fall oi the I.K. Gujral governmenr, see
    Sanjay Ruparelia, Diuided We Gouern: Coalition Politics in Modern India
    (Oxford Universiry Press, 2015), pp.272-75.
    85. Saba Naqvi Bhaumik, 'BJP aspires for sobriety and respectabiliry, reaches
    out to audience who shunned saffron', India Today,9 February 1998.
    86. 'Hype over new alliance of psychological importance to BJP', India Today,
    9 February 1998.
    87. Swapan Dasgupta and Ashok K. Damodaran, 'In desperation to win
    Lok Sabha elections, BJP sheds its distinctive character', India Today 29
    December 1997.
    88. Swapan Dasgupta, 'Major gains for BJPJed alliance, Vajpayee most
    favoured PM: Poll', India Today,5 January 1998.
    89. Ishan Joshi, 'The BJP's Best Man, Ishan Joshi and photographer T. Narayan
    hop on to Va.ipayee's aircraft and trail him around', Outhoh,2 February
    1998. Available au https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-
    bjps-best-man 1204976
    90. Ibid.
    91. Ishan Joshi, 'A Deliberate Dualiry: Vajpayee and Advani adopt varying
    postures on contentious issues to suit all shades of opinion', Outlooh, 9
    February 1998. Available at: https://www.outlookindia.comlmagazinel
    sto ry/a-deli be r erc- duality I 20 5 007

    505
    92. Yubarq Ghimire, 'Rumblings at the Top: The Advani-Vajpayee "feud"
    comes to the fore with an RSS-inspired manifesto', Outlooh, 16 February
    1998. Available at: https://www.outlookindia.comlmagazinelstoryl
    rumblings-at- the- top I 205063
    93. Ishan Joshi, 'Decoding Advani: The BJP chiefs post-poll role becomes a
    topic of speculation', Outhok,22 December 1997. Lvul$le ac https://
    www.outlookindia. com/magazine/story/deco ding- advanil 2047 5 5
    94. Ishan Joshi, 'A Deliberate Dualiry: Vajpayee and Advani adopt varying
    postures on contentious issues to suit all shades of opinion', Outhoh, 09
    February 1998. Available at: hmps://www.outlookindia.comlmagazinel
    duality I 20 5 0 07
    sto ry/a- deli be r are-

    95. Swapan Dasgupta and Saba Naqvi Bhaumik, 'PM-aspirant Atd Bihari
    Vajpayee faces coalition of parties with separate agendas', India Today, 16
    March 1998.
    96. Atul Kohli, 'India Defies the Odds: Enduring Another Election', Journal of
    Democracy,l998 (3): 7-20, p.8.
    97. tbid., p. t2.
    98. Interview with Shakti Sinha, New Delhi, April 2018.

    $r"65 e,r6o : esQs.6o (1998-2004)


    e9Qosdoo - 72: &ersd @dn6o (1998-99)

    l. This figure includes nineteen political parties plus the BJP plus three
    independena.
    2. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.534.
    3. Sudha Pai, 'The Indian Party System under Transformation: Iok Sabha
    Elections 1998',,*ian Suruey Vol. 38, No. 9 (September 1998): 836-52,
    p. 839.
    4. Ashis K. Biswas, Ishan Joshi, Rajesh Joshi and Lekha Rattanani, 'Tough
    Act: The BJP is poised for its second brush with power. But its sense of
    destiny may soon drown in the cacophony of codition politics', Outlaoh, 16
    March I 998. Available at: hmps://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/
    tough-actl205196
    5. "'Nadonal agenda" adopted', The Hindu, 18 March 1998, p. l.
    6. Ishan Joshi, '\We'll [,ast Longer than the Others', Outlooh, 18 May 1998.
    Available at: https://www.oudookindia.com/magazine/story/well-last-
    Ionger-than-the-others/20 5 5 30
    7. 'Coalition partnerAIADMKgives sleepless nights to BJP-led Government',
    India Today, 20 June 1998.

    506
    8. Interview with Shakd Sinha, New Delhi, April 2018.
    9. Interview with Subramanian Swamy, New Delhi, June 2018.
    10. Interview with Yashwant Sinha, New Delhi, June 2018.
    I l. Shekhar Gupta, '!7hen an RSS chief was supremely unimpressed with Atal
    Bihari Vajpayee', The Print,25 December 2017.
    12. Interview with Shakti Sinha, New Delhi, January 2018.
    13. Jung Chang, Vild Swans: Three Daughters of China (Simon and Schuster,
    2008), p. 174.
    14. Interview with Sudheendra Kulkarni, Mumbai, May 2018.
    15. Interview with Swapan Dasgupta, New Delhi, June 2018.
    16. Shekhar Gupra, 'When an RSS chief was supremely unimpressed with Atal
    Bihari Vajpayee', The Pint,25 December 2017.
    17 . Jairam Ramesh, Interrwined Liues: P.N. Hahsar and Indira Gandhi (Simon
    and Schuster, 2018).
    18. Interview with Prarap Bhanu Mehta, New Delhi, July 2018.
    19. L.K. Advani, My Country, My Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.534.
    20. Interview with N. Ram, Kolkata, November 2017.
    21. Interview with Manvendra Singh, New Delhi, June 2018.
    22. 'Y/x RSS informed in advance of n-tests?', The Hindu, l3 May 1998.
    23. Yinay Krishin Gidwani, 'lndia's nuclear tests: loss of moral stature and
    courage', Economic and Political Veekly $998): l3l2-15, p. 1312.
    24. Interview with Sudheendra Kulkarni, Mumbai, May 2018.
    25. 'Pokhran nuclear tests:'$7ell done, says a large majoriry of Vajpayee's fellow
    Indians', India Today 25 May 1998.
    26. Raniit Bhushan,'Nuke Harvest: If there's a mid-term poll, the BJP says it has a
    thanls to its bold N-stratery', Outboh,25 May I 998. Available
    clear advantage,
    ac hnps://www.oudookindia.com/magazine/story/nuke-hawes tl 2O5 577
    27. tbid.
    28. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.545.
    29. Amit Shah has recollected this to a senior journalist who wishes to remain
    unnamed.
    30. Interview with T.C.A. Raghavan, New Delhi, May 2018.
    31. Jaswanr Singh, I Call to Honour: In Seraice of Emergent India (Rupe,2006,
    kindle edition), location 3472, 3477.
    32. Harinder Baweja and Sumit Mitra, 'With BJP firmly in the saddle, RSS
    wants more say in gow's policies and fi,rnctioning', India Today,28
    September 1998.
    .$7e
    33. Prabhu Chawla, are not authoritarian like the Congress: A.B. Vajpayee',
    India Today,2 November 1998.
    34. Interview with Sudheendra Kulkarni, Mumbai, May 2018.

    507
    35. Siddhartha Vaidyanathan, 'India. Pakistan. Chennai. 1999', The Crichet
    Monthly, 3l January 2019; 'ufhen Sachin t0fept After Losing to Pakistan in
    Chennai', Newsl8, 3l January 2018.
    36. Interview with Sudheendra Kulkarni, Mumbai, May 2018.
    .W.
    37. Celia Dugger, 'lndian Leader Accepts Pakistani Offer to Take a Ride to
    Lahore', The New York Times,4 February 1999. Available ac https://www.
    nytimes.com/ 1999l02l04lworldlindian-leader-accepts-pakistani-offer-to-
    take-a-ride-to Jahore. html
    38. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p. 551.
    39. K.K. K"ryd, 'Vajpayee arrives in Pak., steps into history', The Hinda,2l
    February 1999.
    40. 'In 1999, Nawaz Sharif said, "Vajpayee sahab can now win an election even
    in Pakistan"', The Indian Express, 17 August 2018. Available ac https://
    indianexpress.com/article/lifesryle/boo[s/atal-bihari-vajpayee-dead-nawaz-
    sharif-delhi-lahore-bus-book- excerpr-53 l0 123 I
    41. Srijan Shukla and Sajid Ali, 'The Bus fude That Almost Helped Vajpayee,
    Sharif Rewrite History of South Asia', The Print, I July 2019.
    42. rbid.
    43. 'ln I 999, Nawaz Sharif said, "Vajpayee sahab can now win an election even
    in Pakistan"', The Indian Eqtress, 17 August 2018. Available at: hcps://
    indianexpress.com/article/lifesryle/books/atal-bihari-vajpayee-dead-nawaz-
    sharif-delhi-lahore-bus-book- excerpt- 5 3 l0 123 I
    44. lnrewiew with Subramanian Swamy, New Delhi, June 2018.
    45. 'BJP's one-vote defeat in 1999 was narrowest in history', The Tirnes of
    India,22 July 2008.
    46. See 0.51 seconds onward at 'DNA rewinds: How Congress toppled
    Vajpayee government on this day 20 years ago'. Video available at: https://
    www.youtube.com/watch?v=ykiXjYKhBsM
    47. 'BSP's revenge spelr doom for govt.', The Tirnes of India, l8 April 1999, p. 8.
    48. Interview with Subramanian Swamy, New Delhi, June 2018.
    49. 'BSP's revenge spelt doom for govt.', The Times of India, 18 April 1999,
    p. 8.
    50. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.554.
    51. Ibid.
    52. Interview with Shakti Sinha, New Delhi, June 2018.
    53. 'The last time Sonia Gandhi said "we have the numbers"', The Times of
    India, 19 July 2018.
    54. L.K. Advani, My Country, My Lrft (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.556.
    55. Rasheed Kidwai, 'May 15, 1999: The Day Tariq Anwar Joined Sharad
    Pawar's Revolt Against "Foreign Lady" Sonia', Newsl8, 27 October

    508
    2018. Available at: https://www.newsl 8.com/news/opinion/opinion-tariq-
    anwar-may-be-back- in-congress- I 9-years-after-joining-sharad-pawars-
    revolt-against-foreign-lady-sonia-gandhi- I 89297 | .html
    56. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), pp.558-59.
    57. Vinod Meha, Luchnow Boy: A Memoir (Penguin Bools India, 201 l), p. 303.
    58. Shoumojit Banerjee, '13 years on, a good shepherd awaits recognition', The
    Hindu,6 August 2014.
    59. Jaswant Singh, ,{ Call to Honour: In Seraice of Emergent India (Rrrya,2006,
    kindle edition), location 3637 .
    60. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p. 562.
    61. Kargil Review Committee (ed.), From Surprise to Rechoning The Kargil
    Roiew Committee Report (SAGE Publications Pw Limited, 2000), p. 96.
    62. Ibid., pp.83-86.
    63. Ibid., p. 96.
    64. T.C.A. Raghavan, The Peoplt Next Door: The Curious Hisnry of India\
    Rehtions uith Pakisun (HarperCollins India, 2017), p.234.
    65. R"j Chengappa, 'I seriously wanted Kargil War to come to an end, says
    former Pakistan PM Nawaz Sharif , India Today,26 July 2004.
    66. Gen. V.P. Malik,'frssons from Kargil', Indian Defence Reaiew, Volume l6
    (5) 2002:2.
    67. rbid.
    68. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.575.
    69. Swapan Dasgupta, 'BJP banks on Prime Minister Vajpayee to bring in
    votes in the coming elections', India Today 2 August 1999.
    70. Saba Naqvi Bhaumik, 'Once a BJP mask, Vajpayee's populariry today
    makes him bigger than parry itself, India Today,2 August 1999.
    71. Rob Jenkins,'Appearance and realiry in Indian politics: Making sense of
    the 1999 General Election', Goaernrnent and Opposition 35, no. I (2000):
    4e46.
    72. In consdtuencies where the BJP went head-to-head against the Congress,
    its vore share increased from 44 per cent in 1998 to 48 per cent in 1999'
    Neelanjan Sircar, 'Lok Sabha election 2019: The gains for BJP were not
    uniform across all states after the Kargil war', Hindustan Times, 14 March
    2019.

    e9p3d6o - 12: ro8$ 6d:6s s63o (1999-2004)


    Alistair McMillan, 'The BJP coalition: partisanship and power-sharing
    in government', in Katharine Adeney and Lawrence Siez (eds), Coalition
    Politics and Hindu Nationalism (Roudedge, ZOOT), p.27.

    509
    2. 'Rare moments with Atal Ji with Seshadri Chari'. Video available ac https://
    www.youtube. com/wacch?v=97XtD 1 IO0BQ
    3. Interview wirh Dinesh Trivedi, New Delhi, May 2018.
    4. Supriya Bezbaruah, 'Prime Minister Vajpayee's knee surgery to be most
    warched medical event in Indian history', India Today, 16 October 2000.
    5. K.K. K"ry.l, '!7hy is Delhi without an acting PM?' , The Hindu,l0 October
    2000.
    6. rbid.
    7. Interview with Keshav Desiraju, New Delhi, 2016.
    8. Farzand Ahmed, 'Vajpayee tightens his grip on BJP, picks Bangaru Laxman
    parry chie?, India Today, 14 August 2000.
    as
    9. Farzand Ahmed, 'ln a deparrure from the past, Vajpayee's pronouncements
    become a new theme song of BJP', India Today,22Jantary 2001.
    10. 'CBI asks Tehelka for unedited "sting" rapes', The Economic Tirnes, 13
    December 2004.
    11. 'lndividuals using the Internet (o/o of population)', The Vorld Bank
    Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.UsER.ZS?end
    =20 17 Eclocations=IN&starr=200 I
    12. Megha Mandavia, 'India has second highest number of Internet users after
    China: Report', The Economic Tirnes,26 September 2019.
    13. 'Rid PMO of incompetent officers, says Sudarshan', The Times of India, 19
    March 2001, p. l.
    14. Rajesh Ramachandran, 'Bangaru is a "failed swayamsevak": RSS', 1'ia
    Times of India, 17 March 2001, p. 1.
    15. 'Rid PMO of incompetent officers, says Sudarshan' , Tbe Times of India, 19
    March 2001, p. l.
    16. 'The PM's Achilles Heel' , Oatlooh, 26 March 2001 . Available ar: haps://
    www.outlookindia.com/ma gazine I issueI 282
    17. Aiith Pillai and Murali lGishnan, 'Reign of The Triad: The Prime Minister
    has three blind spots. and everybody seems ro see them bur he', Outlooh,26
    March 200 l. Available ar: https://www.oudookindia.com/magazin el story I
    reign-of-the-t riadl 2l I I 50
    18. Harish Khare,'I didn't dabble in defence deds: Brajesh Mishra', The
    Hindu,20 March 2001.
    19. Ibid.
    20. Vinod Meha, Lachnow Boy: A Memoir (Penguin Boola India, 20ll), p.
    202.
    21. Ibid., p.205.
    22. SmiaGupta,'PM meets Advani in bid to make peace ar home', The Times
    of India,3 May 2001, p. l.

    510
    23. There is some confusion on the name of rhe RSS chief since Advani in his
    memoirs says rhar it was RSS chief 'Rajju Bhaiiya' who met him in 2002
    with this suggesrion. Bur Rajju bhaiiya, i.e., Rajendra Singh, had retired
    in 2000. So it was likely Sudarshan who made the suggesrion. See L.K.
    Advani, My Country, W Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), pp.83940.
    24. L.K. Advani, My Country, My Lrft (Rupa, 2010, paperback), pp.83940.
    25. Interview with Virendra Kapoor, New Delhi, June 2018.
    26. L.K. Advani, Ml Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.599.
    27. lnterview with M.G. Vaidya. Nagpur, April 2018.
    28. lirishna Prasad, 'Two Out Of Five: India's Mr Nuclear is also an all-too-
    human Kalam Iyer', 24 J we 2002. Av ailable at: https: //www. outlookindia.
    com/magazine/story/two-out-of-fi ve/2 I6I 60
    29. S.S. Dhawan, '\7hy Kalam-despite being a Muslim-is a favourire
    of Hindu Righi, DailyO,2 August 2017. Avulable at: https:llwww.
    dailyo.in/voices/apj-abdul-kalam-hindurva-bjp-rss-hindu-righr-muslims/
    story/l/1872l.html
    30.'Play second fiddle at home', The Times of India, 2 July 2002, p. l.
    31. 'Advani says his appointment as depury PM has silenced rift-mongers', The
    Times of India, 5 July 2002, p. t.
    32. V. Venkatesan. 'A cautious exercise', Frontline, l3 April 2002. Available at:
    https://frontline. thehindu.com/static/htmyfl I 908/ I 9080260.htm
    33. This figure comes from the National Commission of Minorities. Cited
    from 'India: Treatment of Christians by Hindus, particularly the treatment
    of Christians who have convefted from Hinduism; and the protection
    available to them', Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada,
    I 2 September 2002, IND39529. Available at: https://www.refirorld.org/
    do cidI 3 f7 d4da8 2 3. html
    34. Sumit Sarkar, 'Conversions and politics of Hindu Right', Econornic and
    Political \Veehly (1999): 169l-1700, p. 1691.
    35. Ibid., p. t696.
    36. Celia 'W. Dugger, 'Amacks on Christians Unsetde Rurd India', ?"/r
    New Yorh Times, 23 January 1999. Available ac hnps://www.nytimes.
    comI 1999 I 0 | I 23 I w orldl attacks-on-christians-unsetde- rural-india. hrml
    37. Robert Marquand, 'ln India, a pattern of attacls on Christians', The
    Chistian Science Moninr, 29 Jlune 2000. Available ac https://www.
    csmonitor.com I 2000 I 0629 I pl s2.html
    38. Interview with Sudheendra Kulkarni, Mumbai, May 2018.
    39. For some essays criticd of this move, see Atishi Marlena, The Politics of
    Hindund and the NCERT Textbook, Reuolutionary Democracy, Yol.
    X, No. 2, September 2004; Mridula Mukherjee and Adirya Mukherjee,

    511
    'Commundisation of Education, The History Textbook Controversy: An
    Overview', Delhi Historians' Group, Delhi (2001).
    40. Marie Lall, 'Indian Education Policy under NDA government', in Katharine
    Adeney and Lawrence Sdez (eds), Coalition Polhics and Hindu Nationalism
    16l.
    (Routledge, 2007), p.
    41. Ibid., p. 160.
    42. lntewiew with Sheela Bhan, New Delhi, May 2018.
    43. fuhok Damodaran, 'Vajpayee is our undisputed leader, Advani is No. 2:
    Venkaiah Naidu', Indla Today, t6 June 2003.
    44. 'Congress gleefully watches pre-poll "power struggle"', The Times of India,
    7 J:une2O03, p.6.
    45. Prabhu Chawla, 'A.B. Vajpayee creates a politicd storm by announcing
    L.K. Advani heir apparent', India Today, 16 June 2003.
    as
    46. Interview with Shakti Sinha, New Delhi, January 2018.
    47. Prabhu Chawla,'A.B. Vajpayee creates a political storm by announcing
    L.K. Advani as heir apparent' , Indid Today, 16 June 2003.
    48. 'Cabinet, parry rally behind Vajpayee', Tbe Hinda,6 June 2003.
    49. 'Yajpayee is supreme leader, says RSS', 7}a Times of India, 5 June 2003.

    e,e"Jd$o - L4: f-ir", A"gi.s (1999-2004)


    l. L.K. Advani, My Country, My Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.621.
    2. Ibid., p.622.
    3. Kanchan Gupta, 'The Truth Behind Kandahar', Sulehhd. Available at:
    http://creative.sulekha.com/the-truth-behind-kandahar-an-article-by-
    kanchan - gup t a_43 59 97 _blo g
    4. Sarabjit Singh, 'Once upon a hijack', The Indian Express, 2l March
    2019. Available at: https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/
    indian-airlines-ic-8 l4-flight-hijack-kandhar-jaish-e-mohammad-masood-
    azhar-56365511
    5. Interview with Shivshankar Menon, New Delhi, June 2018.
    6. Interview with Manvendra Singh, New Delhi, June 2018.
    7. Kanchan Gupta, 'The Trurh Behind Kandahar', Sulehha. Available ar:
    http://creative.sulekha.com/the-truth-behind-kandahar-an-arricle.by-
    kanchan-gupta_435997_blog Vir Sanghvi, 'Hijacked logic As politics
    over 1999's lC 814 rages now, are we really different roday?', DaifO, 14
    March 2019; Rachna Pratihar, 'Media complicared Kandahar', Hindustan
    Times, I September 2009.
    8. T.C.A. Raghavan, The Peoplz Next Door: The Curious History of India's
    Rektions with Pahistan (HrperCollins India, 2017), p.237.

    512
    9. Interview with Yashwant S:nha, New Delhi, June 2018.
    10. Uday Mahurkar and Farzand Ahmed, 'BJP-led Government's rrade-off
    at Kandahar provokes RSS inro hardening ics attitude', India Today,24
    January 2000.
    11. 'Crisis and mismanagemcnr', Frontline, 8 January 2000. Available at:
    https://frontline. thehindu.com/cover-story/article30 2531 42.ece. The
    content of this note has been confirmed by a close friend of Vajpayee who
    does not wish to be named.
    12. Uday Mahurkar, 'India needs to take a strong line againsr Pakistan: H.V.
    Sheshadri', India Today,24 January 2000.
    13. Interviewwith T.C.A. Raghavan, New Delhi, May 2018.
    14. T.C.A. Raghavan, The People Next Door: The Cuious History of India\
    Rehtions uith Pahistan (HarperCollins India, 2017), pp.24748.
    15. Jaswant Singh, ,{ Call to Honour: In Smtice of Ernergent India (Rupa, 2006,
    kindle edition), locarion 447 4.
    16. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), pp. 696-97.
    17. Kann Thapar, Deail's Aduocara (HarperCollins India, 2018), p. 183.
    18. Interview with Karan Thapar, New Delhi, November 2019.
    19. Interview with Sudheendra Kulkarni, Mumbai, May 2018.
    20. Interviewwith Karan Thapar, New Delhi, November 2019.
    21. George Iype,'Jiggs to provide food for summiteers'thoughts', rediff.
    com, 14 July 2001. Available at: https://www.rediff.com/newsl200ll
    jul/l4inpakl8.hm
    22. 'Rare moments: AtdJi with Sheshadri'. Available at: hmps://www.youtube.
    com/watch?v=97XtD I IO0BQ
    23. 'Cancel summit, says VHP', Tbe Hindu, l4 July 2001.
    24. Interview with T.C.A. Raghavan, New Delhi, May 2018.
    25. Sheela Bhatt, 'Advani destroyed Agra summit with Pakistan: A.S.
    Dulat', rediff.com, 6 }uly 2015. Available at: haps://www.rediff.com/
    news/report/exclusive-advani-destroyed-agra-summit-with-pakistan-a-s-
    dulatl20l50706.htm
    26. 'Musharraf-Speak', Outhoh, 16 July 2001. Available at: https://www.
    outlookindia. com/website/story/musharr af -speakl 2 | 2640
    27. Josy Joseph and Sheela Bhatt,'Musharraf blindsides Vajpayee with media
    blirz', rediff.com, 16 July 2001. Available at: https://www.rediff.com/
    news/200 I /j ul/ 1 6inpak8.htm
    23. 'Draft Agra declaration' Frontline,2g J:u/ry 2005. Available at hmps://frondine.
    thehindu.com/static/htmUfl2 21 5 I storiesI 200507 29002304800.htm
    29. Jaswant Singh, r4 Call to Honour: In Seraice of Emergent India
    (Rupa,20o6,
    kindle edition), location 4638.

    513
    30. Seema Guha, 'Officials were having major problems in agreeing to a draft',
    The Times of India,2l Jdy 2001, p.7.
    31. 'Good evening India: Gen Musharraf seels audience across the border', The
    Tirnes of India, 2l J'ny 2001 , p. 1 .
    32. Interview with A.S. Dulat, June 2018.
    33. Pewez Musharraf, In the Line of Fire: A Metnoir (Simon & Schuster,
    2006), p. 299. Exact quote is in: 'Musharrafs comment on failed Agra
    Summit: "Hidden Hand" says "Maine Dekha Har"', The Economic Times,
    7 December 2010.
    34. B. Muralidhar Reddy, 'Musharraf blames it on Advani', The Hindu, 3l
    August 2001.
    35. Sheela Bhatt, 'Advani destroyed Agra summit with Pakistan: A.S.
    Dulat', rediff.com, 6 July 2015. Available at: https://www.rediff.com/
    news/report/exclusive-advani-destroyed-agra-summit-with-pakistan-a-s-
    &iarl20l507 06.htm
    36. T.C.A. Raghavan, The People Next Door: The Curious History of India's
    Rektions with Pahistan (HarperCollins India, 2017), p. 250.
    37. Ibid.
    38. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.627.
    39. Thomas H. Kean and lre H. Hamilton, The 9/11 Commission Report:
    Executiue Sunmary. National Commission on Terrorist Attacla upon the
    United States (2004), pp.l-2.
    40. L.K. Advani, My Country, Ml Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.628.
    41. Pewez Musharraf, In the Line of Fire: A Memoir (Simon & Schuster, 2006),
    p. 199.
    42. Benedikt Goderis and Mila Versteeg, 'Human rights violations after 9/11
    and the role of constitutional consrraints', The Journal of Legal Studies 41,
    no. I
    (2012): 13144, p 132.
    43. Jayanth K. Krishnan, 'lndia's Patriot Act: POTA and the Impact on Civil
    Libenies in the \07orld's largest Democracy', Iaw & Ineq. 22 (2004):265-
    300.
    44. 'Our society, our governmenr is roo soft', Thc Times of India, 16 December
    2001, p. 14.
    45. Pewez Musharraf, In the Line of Fire: A Mcmoir (Simon & Schuster, 2006),
    P. 199.
    46. Zatdi, S. Akbar, '\7'ho benefia from US aid to Pakistan?', Carnegie
    Endtumentfor International Peace,2l September 2Dll, p. 101-09, p. 5.
    Available at: hmps://carnegieendowment.org/fi1CI/pakismn_aid20 I l.pdf
    47. 'Togeila urges Hindus to back US', The Times of India. 14 September
    2001.

    514
    48. Mushahid Hussain, 'By sacrificing bin Laden it expects US help on rhe core
    issue', India Today, I October 2001.
    49. 'Yardaar: 2001 Indian Parliamenr attack (Part l)'. Video available at:
    https: //www.youtube. com/watch ?v= kX2-hlo'\tr72A
    50. This information in main, from the Delhi High Covtin State
    is provided,
    usMohd. Afzal and Ors,003 VIIAD Delhi l.
    51. L.K. Advani, My Coantry, Ml Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.628.
    52. Jassrant Singh, I Cail to Honour: In Seraice of Emergent India (Rupa,2006,
    kindle edition), locarion 4725.
    53. 'Terrorists amack Parliament; five inrruders, six cops killed', rediff.com,
    13 December 2001. Available at: https://www.rediff.com/newsl200ll
    dec/l 3parll.htm
    54. This information is provided, in main, from rhe Delhi High Counin State
    us Mohd. Afzal and Ors, 003 VIIAD Delhi I .

    55. 'PM salutes the marryrs who lost their lives during artack on Indian
    Parliament in 2001', Press Information Bureau, Government of India,
    Prime Minister's Office, 13 December 2014.
    56. 'ISI planned to wipe out top political leadership: Advani', The Times of
    India,19 December 2001, p. l.
    57. Mohua Chatterjee. 'Our society, our government is too sok', The Times of
    India, 16 December 2001,14.
    58. 'All options open in war against terror: The Dividing Line Preach', The
    Times of India, 20 December 2001, p. l.
    59. Dilip Chaware, 'Destroy terrorist camps in PoK, RSS tells Centre', 7}r
    Times of India, I 5 December 2001, p. 2.
    60. 'Advani to spell out Gow. stand in Parliament oday', The Hindu, 18
    December 2001 .

    61. Hemant Kumar Pandey and Manish Raj Singh, India\ Major Military and
    Rescue Operations (Horizon Books, 2017), p.210.
    62. 'Tetor ar Dawn', The Times of India, 15 May 2002, p. l; Manoj Joshi,
    'Amack is bid to derail J&K polls', The Tirnes of India, 15 May 2o02,
    p. 1.
    63. Interview with T.C.A. Raghavan, New Delhi, May 2018.
    64. Mohua Chanerjee, 'No holidays for Vajpayee and his ministers', The Times
    of India, 19 May 2002.
    65. T.C.A. Raghavan, The Peopb Next Door: The Cuious History of IndU\
    Rehtions with Pahistan (HarpeCollins India, 2017), p. 257.
    66. Karan Thapar, 'The untold Advani story , Hindustan Times,2 April 2008.
    Available at: https://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/the-untold-
    advani-srory/story-wNChlh8dblzKbYEARdMEH K.html

    515
    67. 'Infiltration into J&K from Pak must stop: Rocca', The Times of India, 15
    May2002.
    68. 'Transcript of CNN interview with Musharraf, cnn.com, I June 2002.
    Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/2002AJ7ORlD/asiapcf/south/06/0 1/
    musharraf. transcript/
    69. See the following two sources for this data: 'Jammu and Kashmir Assembly
    Elections 2002 Phase l, 16 September 2002',16 September 2002, Ministry
    of Externd Affairs, Government of India. Available at: https://mea.gov.in/
    in-focus-article.htm? I 8974f ammu+and+ Kashmir+fu sembly+Elections+
    2002+Phase++ 1 +I 6+Seprember +2002; Jammu and Kashmir: fusembly
    Elections 2002: Under the Shadow of Fear', Economic and Polhical Veekly,
    Yol. 37,Issue No. 43 (2002).
    70. 'Assembly Elections 2002: Under the Shadow of Fear', Economic and
    Political Veehly,Yol. 37, No. 43 (26 October-l November 2002): 4357-
    50, at 4359.
    71. Shujaat Bukhari, 'PM extends "hand of friendship" to Pa|istan', The
    Hindu,l9 April 2003.
    72. lntewiew with A.S. Dulat, June 2018.
    73. Shujaat Bukhari, 'PM extends "hand of friendship" to Pakistan', 7/r
    Hindu,l9 April 2003.
    74. 'Statement by Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee in Lok Sabha on his
    rwo day visit to Jammu 6c Kashmir', Ministry of External Affairs, 22 April
    2003. Available at: hmps://mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/4351l
    Statement+by+ Prime+Minister+ Shri+Atal+ Bihari+Va.j payee+ in+Lok+Sabh
    a+on+his+ two+day+visit+to+Jammu+amp+ Kashmir
    75. Interview with Shivshankar Menon, New Delhi, June 2018.
    76. 'BJP stays firm as Sangh steps up attack on PM', The Times of India, 30
    June 2003, p. l.
    77 . A.S. Driat, I{ashmir: The Vajpaye Yean (Harye{ollins, 20 I 5), pp. 26445.
    78. Ibid., p.266.
    79. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Ltf, (Rupa,20l0, paperbacQ, p. 689.
    80. A.S. Dtlat, Kashmir: The Vajpayee Years (HarperC,ollins, 2015), p.267.
    81. Interview with Karan Thapar, New Delhi, November 2019.
    82. Amit Shah has recollected this to a senior journdist who wishes ro remain
    unnamed.

    eeel5d6o - 15 : SO4$O $IFar65 Ccr3eao (1999-2004)


    l. Bulletin, National Legishtors Conference, 2018, l0 March 2018. Available
    at http: I I I 64. I 00.47 .l 9 3 I lntranet/ I Day20 I 8. pdf

    516
    2. N.M. Ghatate (ed.), Atal Bihai Vajpayee: Four Decadts in Parliament,
    Volume I (Shipra Publicarions), p. 105.
    3. Interview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, June 2018.
    4. R4 Chengappa, 'US President Bill Clinton's India visit holds promise of a
    major change in Indo-US ries', India Today,27 March 2000.
    5. Jaswant Singh, .,4 Call to Honour: In Sen)ice of Emergent India (Rupa,2006,
    kindle edition), location 5635.
    6. Yijai Trivedi, Haar Nahin Maanoonga (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016),
    p. 138.
    7. Blll Clinton, 'Restraint, Respect, Dialogue: lW.hat I Hope to Accomplish in
    South Asia', The Times of India,20 March 2000, p. l.
    8. Swapan Dasgupta, 'NDA Government and RSS work in tandem, but
    simmering rensions remain', India Today,2l February 2000.
    9. 'Goals of the Journey to Asia', Presidenr Clinton, Tbe \Vashington Times,
    2l March 2000. Available at: hmp://www.acronym.org.uk/old/archive/
    spvisit.htm.
    10. Srinath Ragha,'an. The Most Dangerous Phce: A History of the Unhed States
    in South ,*ia \Penguin Random House, 2018, kindle edition), location
    5904.
    I l. Jane Perlez, 'Clinton Decides to Visit Pakistan, After All', The New Yorh
    Times, 8 March 2000. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/08/
    world/clinton-decides-to-visit-pakistan-aft er-all.html
    12. T.C.A. Raghavan, The Peoph Next Door: The Curious History of Indiai
    Rehtions with Pakistan (HarperCollins India, 2017), pp.24546.
    13. Tilak Abeysinghe and L.U. Ding, 'China as an economic powerhouse:
    Implications on its neighbors', China Economic Reaiew 14, no.2 (2003):
    164-85, at 165.
    I 4. Arun Sho wie, A S ecuhr Agenda: For S auing Our Country, for Veldingrr (ASA
    Publicarions, 1993); Arun Shourie, Worshipping False Gods: Ambedhar, and
    the facts wbich haue been erased (ASA publications, 1997); Arun Shourie,
    Religion in Politics (Roli Books, 1989); Arun Shourie, Symptoms of Fascism
    (Vikas Publishing House, 1978).
    15. Swapan Dasgupta, 'Government must grasp that disinvestment is good
    politics', India Today, T February 2000.
    16. Ibid.
    17. Swapan Dasgupta, 'Don't let secrecy and cronyism jeopardise the end of
    socialism', India Today, 12 March 2001.
    18. Jyotindra Dubey, 'Disinvestment got boost under Vajpayee-led NDA gow'
    Here's how public sector companies fared post-privatisation', India Today,
    6 July 2019.

    5t7
    has just 50 people', The Times of
    19. Siddharth Srivastava, 'Shourie's ministry
    India, S December 2002, p. 5.
    20. Interview with Montek Singh Ahluwalia, New Delhi, March 2018.
    21. Rohit Parihar and Rajeev Deshpande, 'How polidcs, corporate rivdry led
    Yalpayee government to undo privatization', India Today,23 September
    2002.
    22. Interviewwith Arun Shourie, New Delhi, June 2018.
    23. Jyoindra Dubey, 'Disinvestment got boost under VajpayeeJed NDA gow.
    Here's how public sector companies fared post-privatisation', India Today,
    6 July 2019.
    24. 'Yery Much His Own Man', Outhok,2 September 2002. Available at:
    https : //www.o utlookindi a.co m I magazine/sto rylvery-much-his-own-
    manl2l7032
    25. luup Ratan Lala, 'RSS chief says govt's economic policies are against the
    poor', The Times of India, 20 March 2000, p.7.
    26. Interview with Yashwant Sinha, New Delhi, June 2018.
    27. Farzand Ahmed, 'Swadeshi Jagran Manch attacks NDA Government for
    "mortgaging India's economic security"', India Today l0 July 2000.
    28. Ragul Sagar, 'Ideas for India website', available au https://www.ideasofindia.
    orgl
    29. MayaMirchandani,.!(ideAngleEpisodelT:ttrThatisHinduNationalism?',
    The Wire, 6 Ja;nuary 2018. Video available ac hmps://thewire.in/politics/
    wide-angle-episode- I 7-hindu-nationalism
    30. Bruce T. McCully, 'The origins of Indian nationalism according ro narive
    writers', TheJoumal of Modcm History7, no. 3 (1935): 295-14, et30+05.
    31. Arup Roychoudhury, Megha Manchanda and Sanjeeb Mukherjee, 'Atal
    Bihari Vajpayee's approach ro economic issues had the common touch',
    Business Standard, 18 August 2018.
    32. AmyValdman,'Mile byMile, India Paves a Smoother Road to Its Furure',
    New Yorh Times, 4 December 2005. Available at: https://www.nytimes.
    coml 2005 I 12 I 04 I worldl asia/mile-by-mile-india-paves-a-smoother-road-
    to-its-future.html
    33. 'New Telecom Poliry, 1999', Departmenr of Telecommunicarion,
    Government of India. Available au hrrp://docgov.inlnew-telecom-policy-1999
    34. Priyanka Kokil and M.K. Sharma, 'Sap l^ap Analysis of National Telecom
    Poliry: India', India Jourtak Available at: http://www.indianjournals.com/
    glo gtk2k6 I gloeift 2 k6- I - I /theme_ 1 /Articleo/02 0 I 0. htm
    35. 'A Twenry Year Odyssey 1997-2017', Telecom Regulatory Authoriry of
    lndia, 2017. Available at: https://main.trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/A_
    TwentyYear_Odyssey_l 997 _2017 .pdf

    518
    36. 'Telecom lobby swayed TRAI, allege consumer groups', The Times of India,
    28 Jamtary 2003, p.2.
    37. Smita Gupra, 'Mahajan purs on brave face', The Tirnes of India,30 January
    2003, p. l.
    38. See chapter 9, section 7 ofthis book.
    39. Rob Jenkins, 'The NDA and the politics of economic reform', in Katharine
    Adeney and Lawrence Sdez (eds), Coalition Politics and Hindu Nationalism
    (Routledge, 2005), p. 187.
    40. Interview with Yashwant Sinha, New Delhi, June 2018.
    41. Indrani Bagchi,'Israeli PM fuiel Sharon's India visit a watershed event,
    both nations to sign several pacrs', India Today, 15 Seprember 2003.
    42. Shekhar Gupta, 'A pragmatic peace', India Today 2l June 2013.
    43, Sridhar Krishnasrvami, 'Bush, Advani discuss issue of troops for baq' , The
    Hindu,llJune2003.
    44. C. Raja Mohan. 'Decision on Iraq remains open', The Hindu, 17 June
    2003.
    45. Interview with Yashwant Sinha, New Delhi, June 2018.
    46. Yashwant Sinha, "Vhen Yajpayee Summoned Sushma Swaraj and
    Me', NDTV, 25 March 2018. Available at: https://www.ndw.
    com/opinion/when-vaj payee-summoned-sushma-swaraj-and-me-
    I 828400?pfrom=home-lateststories
    47. lnrewianr with Manvendra Singh, New Delhi, June 2018.
    48. Interview with Natrlar Singh, New Delhi, January 2018.

    eoq"5d6o - 16 : 5do$Er6 1$So$R,"o (1999-2004)


    1. Kama Maclean, 'Seeing, being seen, and not being seen: pilgrimage,
    tourism, and layers of looking at the Kumbh Mela', Cross Currents 59, no.
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    2. 'Dharma sansad 9', Vishva Hindu Parishad. Available at: http://vhp.org/
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    4. rbid.
    5. Prakash Louis, 'Gujarat: Earthquake and After" Economic and Political
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    6. Interview with Sudheendra Kulkarni, Mumbai, May 2018.
    7. Interview with Sheela Bhatt, New Delhi, May 2018.
    8. Nilanjan Mukhopadhyay, Narendra Modi: The Man, The Times
    (Tranquebar, )Afi), p. 247.

    519
    9. V. Venkatesan, 'A pracharak as Chief Minister', Frontline, Volume 18 (21),
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    Hindu,30 January 2001.
    ll. That Modi wanted to get into the helicopter at Gandhinagar has been
    confirmed by a journalist, who does not wish to be named, and who adds
    that Modi was not permitted by the SPG.
    12. 'Ram Temple After March 12, 2002', The Tirnes of India, I I September
    2001, p. 1; 'Mandir Countdown', The Times of India,4 September 2001,
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    I 6. Neena Vyas,'New Chief Minister Likely', The Hindu, 27 September 200 l.
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    19. Interview with Yashwant Sinha, New Delhi, June 2018.
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    2001, p. 8.
    22. Manas Dasgupta,'Modi sworn in Gujarat CM amidst fanfare', The Hindu,
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    26. tbid.
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    February 2002.

    520
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    33. Since the fire had taken place on the premises of rhe Indian Railways, a
    central organization, the railway minisrer appointed the Jusrice U.C.
    Banerjee Commission in 20O4 to inquire into the cause of the fire. The
    commission reporr, submitred in 2006, held the fire to be an accident. The
    political context is criticd. The commission was appointed by the central
    railway minister soon after the BJP lost in the 2004 elections, and he came
    to Power.
    34. Report by Commission ofEnquiry Consisdng ofJustice Nanavati and Justice
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    37. Interview with Saeed Umarji, in April 2014, in Godhra town (Gujarat).
    38. Zal<ryaJafri protest petition against SIT report, p. 53.
    39. Report in Compliance to the Order dtd 12.09.201 I of the hon'ble Supreme
    Court of India of the complaint dtd 8/06.2006 of Smt. Jakia Nasim Ahesan
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    writes-my-mother-my-motherland
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    Jafri, burnt him alive", Indian Express, 1 8 June 20 16.
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    51. Sheela Bhatt, 'Ex-MP Jaffrey's widow relives a day of terror', rediff
    com, 2 March 2002. Available at: https://www.rediff.com/newsl2002l
    mar/02train.htm
    52. Interview with Dinesh Trivedi, May 2018.
    53. Entry 2A of Lisr I of the 7th schedule to the Indian Constitution.
    54. JayaJutley, Life Among the Scorpions: Memoirs of a Vornan in Indian Politics
    (Rupa, 2017) , p.257.
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    Revelation On Gujarat Riots', NDTV, 10 October, 2018. Available at:
    https://www.ndw.com/india-news/army-lost- l-day-waiting-in-airfield-ex-
    general-on-2002-guj arat-rio s- 1929 445
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    58. Raheel Dhattiwala and Michael Biggs, 'The Political Logic of Ethnic
    Violence: The Anti-Muslim Pogrom in Gujarat, 2002', Politics and Society,
    Vol. 40, No. 4, 2012: 481-514, p. 491.
    59. Parvis Ghassem-Fachandi, Pogrom in Gujarat: Hindu Nationalism and
    Anti-Muslim Violence in India (Princeton Universiry Press, 2012), p. 283,
    note l.
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    Violence: The Anti-Muslim Pogrom in Gujarat, 2002', Politics and
    Society, Vol. 40, No. 4, 2012: 483-516. These towns where the BJP was
    electorally neck-and-neck, according ro rhe economist Saumirra Jha, were
    ones 'founded by Muslims, housed Muslim mints or polidcal capitals, or
    faced a longer history of Muslim political rule'. Saumitra Jha, "'Unfinished

    522
    business": Historic complementariries, political competition and ethnic
    violence in Gujarat', Journal of Econornic Behauior y't Organiz,ation 104
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    in Gujarat, 2002', Modern,*ian Studies 44, no.2 (2010): 349-99, ar
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    66. Manas Dasgupta, 'All Parry team refuses to meer Modi', The Hindu, 9
    March 2002.
    67. 'Naidu in dilemma, seels face-saver', The Times of India, 14 April 2002,
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    68. 'VHP seeks resignation of Central, Gujarat Gows', The Hinda,28 February
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    73. 'Don't become pawns, RSS tells Muslims', The Hindu,28March2002.
    74. lnterview with Sheela Bhatt, New Delhi, May 2019, who says she was told
    this story by the Ahmedabad-based journalist Arvind Bosamia.
    75. Interview with Ravindra Bhagwat, Chandrapur, March 2018.
    76. 'Modi need not quic Advani', The Hindu, 12March2002.
    77. 'Advani admits riots a blot, but rejecrs call for resignation', The Times of
    India, 12 March 2002, p.7.
    78. 'Modi should quit, says Opposition', The Hindu,2l March2002.
    79. 'k's horrible: NHRC chief , The Hindu,24 March 2002.
    8 0.'Vaj payee wanred to sack Modi: \7alk the Talk with Jaswant Singh', NDTV-
    Video available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=05MVcOfbVMY
    81. Interviewwith R.V. Pandit, Bengaluru, April 2018.

    523
    82. Prafirll Goradia, 'Modi is no bhai or bhatija ofyours, why are you defending
    him?', rediffcom, 16 January 2017. Available at: https://www.rediff.
    com/news/special/modi-is-no-bhai-of-yours-why-are-you-defending-
    himl20170l l6.htm
    83. Inrerview with Sudheendra Kulkarni, Mumbai, May 2018.
    84. Priya Sahgal, 'Minor Modification', Outhoh, 15 April 2002.
    Available at: https://www.outlookindia.com I magazinel story I
    minormodifi ca ion/ 21 5 I 85
    85. 'PM opposes snap poll in Gujarar', The Times of India, 29 March 2002,
    p.7.
    86. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Ltf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.842.
    87. Anil Pathak and Raja Bose, 'PM visits site of attack on Sabarmati Express',
    The Times of India,4 April2002.
    88. Uday Mahurkar, 'A.B. Vajpayee's visit to riot-torn Gujarat fails to have a
    balming effect', India Today 15 April 2002.
    89. Priya Sahgal, 'Minor Modification', Outlooh, 15 April 2002.
    Available at: hrrps://www.outlookindia.com I magazinel storyl
    minormodifi c ationl 21 5 I 8 5
    90. 'Replace Modi, victims implore PM, The Times of India, 5 April 2002,
    P.7.
    91. Ibid.
    92. 'Modi has blood on his hands PM told', The Times of India,5 April2002,
    p. l.
    93. Priya Sahgd, 'Minor Modiftcation', Outboh, 15 April 2002. Available at:
    hnps://www.oudookindia.co ml magazinel story/minormodificadon/2 I 5 I 85
    94. 'Yajpayee Raj Dharma for Modi in 2002'. Video available at: https://www.
    6_vAgb3 64lk
    yo utube. co m/watch ?v=
    95. Ullekh N.P., The Untold. Vajpayee: Politician and Paradtx (Penguin Books,
    kindle edidon , 2017), locarion 2977 .
    96. Interview with fuun Shourie, New Delhi, June 2018.
    97. rbid.
    98. rbid.
    99. futu Sarin, 'Hdf the night is over, half is left: PM', The Indian Express, 12
    April2002.
    100. 'Kashiram Rana may replace Modi', The Times of India, 12 April 2002,
    p. l.
    l0l. Inrerview with Harin Parhak, New Delhi, March 2018.
    102. Neena Vyas, 'rVhat will happen to Modi?', The Hindu, 12 April2002.
    103. 'Kashiram Rana may replace Modi', The Times of India, 12 Ap:il 2002,
    p. l.

    524
    104. 'Yajpayee wanted Modi to quit over Gujarat riots, but party said no:
    Venkaiah Naidu', Tbe Indian Express,9 March2014.
    105. Arun Shourie's version is conrested by an anonymous source who agrees
    with Shourie's description, but says that he very much wanted to protect
    Modi, not sack him.
    106. L.K. Advani, My Country, Mt Lrft (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.843.
    107. Ibid.
    108. 'LK stopped Atd from sacking Modi over Guj fuots', The Times of India,
    23 August 2009.
    109. Ranjit Bhushan,'His Second Phase', Outhok,29 April2002.
    I10. Inrerview with Yashwant Sinha, New Delhi, June 2018.
    II l. Interview with Sudheendra Kulkarni, Mumbai, May 2018.
    I12. Interview with Dinesh Trivedi, May 2018.
    113. 'Modi feels the heat, friend Jaitley drops in', The Indian Expres, 12 April
    2002.
    114. Interview with Yashwant Sinha, New Delhi, June 2018.
    115. Interview with R.V. Pandit, Bengaluru, April 2018.
    116. Smita Gupta,'Seek fresh mandate Modi told: BJP meet rejects offer by
    Gujarar CM to quit', The Times of India, 13 April 2002, p. l.
    I17. 'PM opposes snap poll in Gujarat', The Times of India, 29 March 2002,
    P.7.
    ll8. Priya Sahgal, 'PM's Spin Quantum Number', Outhoh,29 April2002.
    Available at: hmps://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/pms-spin-
    quantum-number I 21 5 369
    I19. Bhatt,'Muslims don'rwant to live in harmony, says Vajpayee', rediff.
    Sheela
    com, 12 April 2002. Available at: hmps://www.rediff.com/newsl2002l
    apr/l2bhatt.htm
    120. P. Chidambaram, 'Vajpayee's speech at Goa signals his rebinh as a true
    , India Today,29 April2002.
    swayamsevak'
    121. Smruti Koppikar and Pradeep Kaushal,'In Goa drama, Advani and
    Vajpayee swap their roles', The Indian Express, 14 Apl:il2002.
    122. K.V. Prasad, 'Conditions in Gujarat conducive for polls: Advanl', The
    Hinda,25 July 2002.
    123. 'UnhappyAta.lThinks of Quitting', Outlnoh,2 September 2002. Available
    ar: hmps://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/unhappy-atal-thinks-
    of-quitting/2 I 703 I
    124. J. Venkatesan, 'EC rules out early polls in Gujarat', The Hindu, l7 August
    2002.
    125. 'PM raps Modi for remarls on Lyngdoh', The Times of India,24 August
    2002.

    525
    126. 'Supreme Coun upholds EC decision on Gujarat polls', The Hinda,3
    September 2002.
    127. Ranjit Bhushan and Bhavdeep Kang, 'The Flip Flop PM', Outlooh, 2
    December 2002. Avaiable at: hnps://www.outlookindia.coml magazinel
    story/the-fl ip- flop -p ml 21 8 I 45
    I 28. Milind Ghatwai,'Last lap: C in BJP campaign stands openly for commund',
    The Indian Express, l0 December 2002.
    129. J. Venkatesan, 'EC takes note of Godhra pictures', The Hindu,2 December
    2002.
    130. Ibid.
    131. Darshan Desai, 'Dark Descent', Outlooh,23 September 2002. Available at:
    https //www.outlookindia. com/magazine/story/dark-d escent l 217 3 | 3
    :

    132. Neena Vyas, 'BJP only guarantor of security for minorities', The Hindu, E

    December 2002.
    133. 'Cong donning mantle of Muslim League: BJP', The Times of India, l0
    December 2002.
    134. Manas Dasgupta,'VHP strategy', The Hindu, ll December 2002.
    135. Darshan Desai, 'Dark Descent', Oathoh,23 September 2002. Available at:
    https://www. outlookindia.com/magazine/story/dark-d escentl 217 3 | 3
    136. Smita Gupta, 'How Modi's appeal works', The Tirnes of India,9 December
    2002.
    137. Manas Dasgupta, 'BJP creating atmosphere of fear: Sonia', The Hindu,4
    December 2002.
    138. Milind Ghamrai, 'Cong paints self pro-Hindt', The Times of India, T
    December 2002.
    139. Sheela Bhatt, 'Is Narendra Modi redly an OBC?', rediff.com, 5 June 2014.
    Available at: hnps://www.rediff.com/news/column/ls-election-sheela-says-
    is-narendra-modi-really-an-obc/20 I 405 I 0.htm
    140. Ibid.
    l4l. Interview with Arjun Modhwadia, New Delhi, May 2019.
    r42. tbid.
    143. 'Modi primes pitch for polls', The Tirnes of India, l5 April 2002, p. l.
    144. Bharar Desai, 'Hinduwa strikes a chord with tribals', The Times of India,5
    December 2002.
    145. Interview with Ajoy Bose, June 2018.
    146. 'Modi, the big draw', The Hinda, 6 December 2002.
    147. Anirban Ganguly and Shivanand Dwivedi, Amit Shah and the Marcb of BJP
    (Bloomsbury, 2018), p. 49.
    148. 'VHP supports Modi, says BJP not nationalist', The Times of India, 3
    December 2002.

    526
    149. Smita Gupra, 'BJP election campaign revolves around Modi', The Times of
    India,2 December 2002, p. 8.
    150. Nalin Mehta, 'Modi and the Camera: The Politics of Television in the
    2002 Gujarat Riots', South ,*ia: Joumal of South ,4sian Snd.ies 29(3)
    (2006): 395414, pp. 395-96.
    l5l. Ibid., p.409.
    152. Ibid., p. 410.
    153. Shekhar Gupta,'If Modi wins on Sunday', The Indian Express, ll April
    2014.
    154. 'G$arat assembly polls could chart future of India's politics, The Times of
    India, 12 December 2002, p.7.
    155. Sanjay Kumar, 'Gujarat fusembly Elections 2002: Analysing the Verdict',
    Economic and Political Weekly,25 January 2003:27015, p.270.
    156. 'Gujarat assembly polls could chart future of India's politics', The Times of
    India, 12 December 2002, p.7.
    157. Sanjay Kumar, 'Gujarat fusembly Elections 2002: Analysing the Verdict',
    Econotnic and Political Weehfi,25 January 2003:270-75, pp.274-275.
    158. Ibid.
    159. Raheel Dhattiwala and Michael Biggs, 'The political logic of ethnic
    violence: The anti-Muslim pogrom in Gujarat, 2002', Politics y't Socie4,
    40, no. 4 (2012): 483-516. See also Sanjay Kumar, 'Gujarat fusembly
    Elections 2002: Analysing the Verdict', Econotnic and Political Weehly,25
    January 2003: 270-7 5, p. 27 l.
    160. Interview with Prafull Goradia, New Delhi, April 2018.
    l6l. Interview with Pravin Togadia, Ahmedabad, April 2018.

    2004, es 6t$ud
    o&it565;S5rero
    l. This figure is for the third quarter of 2003. See: Carole Spary and Andrew
    Wyatt, 'The generd election in India, May 2004', Ehcnral Studies 2, no.
    25 (2006):398404, p. 398.
    2. Elections were held in November-December 2003 for Chhattisgarh,
    Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. The BJP's success in these elections
    were due to a combination of local factors like and-incumbency and
    unemployment, rather than a national wave. See, for example, N.S.
    Gehlot, 'Reflections on the l2th assembly elections of Rajasthan', ?"Dr
    Indian Journal of Political Scicncc, Yol. 64, No. 3/4 (July-December,
    2003) : r9r-202, pp. 19 t-92.

    527
    3. Ajit Kumar Jha, 'NDA rides on Vajpayee's populariry, appears set to sweep
    elections 2004: India Today poll', India Today,30 November 1999.
    4. L.K. Advani, My Country My Life (Rupa,2008), pp. 76243.
    5. Ibid., p.763.
    6. Interview with Shakti Sinha, New Delhi, April 2018.
    7. 'Yajpayee was in rwo minds over poll timing', The Times of India, 15 May
    2004, p.7.
    8. Rajeev Deshpande, 'BJP's Vision 2004 document marks significant shifts
    on Hinduwa issues', India Today, 12 Apr112004.
    9. '2004 Manifesto: NDA, An Agenda for Development, Good
    Governance and Peace'. Available at: hmp://library.bjp.org/jspui/
    bitstream/ I 23 4567 89 I 245 I I /NDAo/o20MANIFESTOo/0202004.pdf
    10. 'Advani hits the "shining" path, again', The Times of India,3 March2004,
    p. l.
    11. Smita Gupta,'Advani hardsells BJP with Atd as USP: "Smiling India,
    Shining India"', The Times of India, I I March 2004, p. ll.
    12. L.K. Advani, My Country, Ml Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperbacQ, p.765.
    13. Smita Gupta, 'Rein in VHP, BJP tells parivar: Rath Row', The Times of
    India, 6 March 2004, p. 7.
    14. Interview with Sudheendra Kulkarni, Mumbai, May 2018.
    15. Interview with Swapan Dasgupta, New Delhi, June 2018.
    16. 'Ronald Reagan: It's Morning in America 1984'. Available at: https://www.
    youtube.com/watch?v=fa8 Qupc4PnQ
    17. Interview with Govindacharya, New Delhi, June 2018.
    18. Interview with Swapan Dasgupta, New Delhi, June 2018.
    19. Ajit Kumar Jha, 'Elections 2004 promises close finish berween NDA and
    Congress-led alliance', India Today, 26 April 2004.
    20. Smita Gupta, 'Parry not shining, says BJP report: "Seat count likely to
    dip"', The Times of India, 4 March 2004, p.5.
    21. Interview with Natwar Singh, New Delhi, January 2018.
    22. Lakshmi lyer, 'Sonia Gandhi, Congress strategists plan aggressive poll
    srrategy to take on NDA', India Today,2 February 2004.
    23. 'Maneka and Varun Gandhi want ro be in national politics so they joined
    BJP: Pramod Mahajan', India Today, S March 2004.
    24. rbid.
    25. Yogendra Yadav, 'The elusive mandate of 2004', Economic and Political
    \Veehly Q004): 5383-98, p.5385.
    26. Prabhu Chawla, 'l4th Lok Sabha polls: Sonia Gandhi performs
    electoral miracle, brings Congress back to power', India Today,24 May
    2004.

    528
    '$?'eather
    27. 'New Delhi, Delhi, India Hisrory', lYeather Undnground.
    Available at: https://www.wunderground.com/history/daily/in/new-delhi/
    VIDP/dare/2004-5-13
    28. L.K. Advani, M1Country, Ml Lrf, (Rupa,2010, paperback), p.766.
    29. rbid.
    30. Interview with Natwar Singh, New Delhi, January 2018.
    31 .
    'Dearhly quiet at BJP headquaners' , The Times of India, 14 May 20O4.
    32. Amy \7aldman,'In Huge Upset, Gandhi's Parry W'ins Election in India',
    The New Yorh Times, 13 May 2OO4. Available at: https://www.nytimes.
    coml 200 4 I 05/ I 3/international/asia/in-huge-upset- gandhis-parry-wins-
    election-in-india.html
    33. Interview with Montek Singh Ahluwalia, New Delhi, March 2018.
    34. 'Absence of ideology led ro loss', The Times of India, 13 May 2004.
    35. Interview with Pravin Togadia, Ahmedabad, April 2018.
    36. A.S. Dular, Kashmir: The Vajpayee Years (HarperCollins India, 2017), p.
    272.
    37. Interview with a journalist who wishes to remain unnamed.
    38. Yogendra Yadav 'The elusive mandate of 2004', Economic and Political
    \Veehly Q004) : 5383-98, p. 5385.
    39. Ibid.
    40. 'Yajpayee was in two minds over poll timing', The Times of India, 15 May
    2004, p.7.
    41. Interview with Arun Shourie, New Delhi, June 2018.
    42. A.S. Dulat Kashmir: The Vajpayee Years (HarperCollins India, 2015), p.
    270.
    43. L.K. Advani, My Country, W Lrf, (Rupa, 2010, paperback), p.766. See
    also: Neena Yyas,'Yajpayee quits, offers cooperation to new government',
    The Hindu, l4May 2004.
    44. 'Enoch Powell', The Econornist, 12 February 1998. Available at: https://
    www.economist.com/obitu ary I 1998 I 021 I 2/enoch-powell
    45. '\flhen LK Advani lost his job as BJP presidenr for cdling Jinnah a "great
    man"', DNA,4May2018.
    46. L.K.Advani, My Country, Mt Lrf, (Rupa,2010, paperback), p.785.
    47. 'Full text of L.K. Advani:s resignation letter', NEW'Sl8, l0 June 2013.
    Available at: hmps://www.newsl8.com/news/politics/fi.rll-text-of-lk-
    advanis-resignation-lemer-6 I 4958.html
    48. Interview wirh R.V. Pandit, Bengaluru, April 2018.
    49. 'Mrs Kaul, Delhi's most famous unknown other half, passes away', The
    Indian Express, 4 May 2014.
    50. Ibid.

    529
    51. Interview with N.M. Ghatate, New Delhi, May 2018.
    52. YyaiTrivedl Haar Nahin Maanoonga (HarperCollins Hindi, 2016), p. 30.
    53. Interview with Shekhar Gupta, New Delhi, May 2018.
    54. Interview with Yashwant Sinha, New Delhi, June 2018.
    55. L.K. Advani, My Country, My Lrf, (Rupa,20l0, paperback), p. 841.
    56. 'Never regarded those who disagreed with us politically as enemies . . . anti-
    national: LK Advani', The Econornic Times, 5 April 2019.
    57. Anvit Srivastava and Karn Pratap Singh, 'PM Modi's decision to walk at
    Vajpayee's funeral surprised all', Hindustan Times, l8 August 2018.
    58. Chapter I of Vinay Sitapati, Half-Lion: How P.V, Narasimha Rao
    Transformed I ndia (P enguin, 20 | 6).
    59. The Bahujan Samaj Parry, Samajwadi Parry or the Republican Parry of
    India, for instance.
    60. Madhav Sadashiv Golwalkar, Bunch of Thoaghts (V'ilcama Prakashan,
    1966), pp. 98,99.
    61. Interview with Vasundhara Raje Scindia, New Delhi, June 2018.
    62. 'L.K. Advani's Speech: All-party prayer meet to mourn Vajpayee's demise'.
    Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BYOCQIeaSIQ

    AD6E
    1. Antony Copley (ed.), Hinduism in Public and Priuate: Rfo*, Hinduna,
    Gend.er, and Sampraday (Oxford Universiry Press, 2009).
    2. Koenraad Elst, 'Hindu Activism outside the Sangh Parivar', 18 August
    2011. Available at: https://samvada.orgl20lllardcles/hindu-activism-
    outside-the-sangh-parivar-dr-koenraad-elst/
    3. Romila Thapar, 'In defence ofhistory', Seminar (2003):65-72. Available at:
    http://www.india-seminar.coml2003l52ll52lo/o20romilao/o20thapar.htm;
    see also, Chandra Mallampdli, 'Evaluating Marxist and Post-Modernist
    Responses to Hindu Nationalism during the Eighdes and Nineties', South
    ,4sia Research 19, no. 2 (1999): l6l-190.
    4. R.B. Bhagat, 'Census and the Construction of Communalism in India',
    EPV Cornrnenury, 24 November 2001. Available at: http://www.sacw.
    ned 2002 I CensusandCommunalism.html
    5. Nicholas B. Dirlc, Castes of Mind Colonialism and the Mahing of Modem
    India (Princeton Universiry Press, 2001).
    6. John Zavos, The Emergmce of Hindu Nationalism in India (Oxford
    University Press, 2000).
    7. Charles Herman Heimsath, Indian Nationalism and Hindu Social R&*
    (Princeton Universiry Press, 201 5).

    530
    8. Norman Barrier's superb study of the Arya Samajis in the turn-of-the-
    century Punjab Congress advances the argument of this book. It was only
    in the context of elections (which the British had begun to introduce in the
    late nineteenth century) that Arya Samajis like Lala Lajpat Rai moved from
    a purely social reform movement to a political with a conception of state
    power. See Norman G. Barrier, 'The Arya Samaj and Congress Politics in
    the Pun.iab, 1894-1908', TheJoumal of,4sian Studies,Yol.26, No. 3 (May,
    1967):363-379.
    9. Jyotirmaya Sharma, Hindutaa: Explaring the ld.ea of Hindu Nationalism
    (Penguin Books India, 201 l), p. 8.
    10. A.G. Noorani, 'The RSS is at war with India's pxt', The Hindu, 1 May
    2019.
    11. For a discussion on the history of definitions of 'fascism', see: Joachim
    Scholryseck,'Fascism-National Socialism-Arab Fascism: Terminologies,
    Definitions and Distinctio ns' , Die Weh des Islams 52, no. 34 (2012): 242-89.
    12. Joachim Scholryseck,'Fascism-National Socialism-Arab Fascism:
    Terminologies, Definitions and Disdnctions', Die \Veh des Ishms 52, no.
    34 (20 | 2) : 242-89, ar249 -50. See also, J uan J. Linz,'Some Notes Toward
    a Comparative Study of Fascism in Sociological Historical Perspective', in
    'W'dter
    Laqueur (ed.), Fascivn: A Readtr\ Guide (Universiry of California
    3-121.
    Press, 1976), pp.
    13. 'Fascism, Opposition to parliamentary democrary', Encyclopaedia
    Britannica. Available at: haps://www.britannica.com/topic/fascism/
    Opposition-to-parliamentary-democracy
    14. fuhis Nandy, 'The rwilight of certitudes: Secularism, Hindu nationalism,
    and other masks of deculturation', Alternatiaes 22, oo. 2 (1997): 157-76.
    Available ac http: //&. doi.org/ I 0. I 08 0 I I 36887 998899 69
    .Waue:
    15. Thomas Blom Hansen, The Saffon Democracy and Hindu
    Nationalism in Mofurn India (Princeton University Press, 1999), p. 6.
    16. Ibid.
    17. This definition of conservatism is taken from Corey Robin, The Reactionary
    Mind: Conseraatism from Edmand Burhc to Sarah Palin (Ov'ford' Universiry
    Press, 201 1), p. 4.
    18. Romila Thapar, 'syndicated Hinduism', Hinduism Reconsidered 4 (1997):
    54-81; Chandra Mdlampdli, 'Evduating Marxist and Post-Modernist
    Responsesto Hindu Nationalism during the Eighties and Nineties', South
    ,*ia (1999): l6l-90.
    Research 19, no. 2
    19. Thomas Blom Hansen,'The Vernacularisation of Hinduwa: the BJP and
    Shiv Sena in rurd Maharashra', Contribations to Indian Sociohg 30, no.
    2 (1996): r77-2r4.

    531
    20. See, for instance, Prem Kumar Vijayan, Gender and Hindu Nationalism:
    Und.erstanding Masculine Hegemony (Roudedge Studies in South fuian
    Politics,20l9).
    21. Data from the Lokniti-CSDS National Election Surveys. Compiled at:
    https://scroll.in/article/893869/how-india-votes-has-the-bjp-gained-
    enough-women-voters-under-narendra-modi-to-seal-20 I 9
    22. Amite Basu, 'Mass movement or elite conspiracy: The puzzle of Hindu
    nationdism', in Contesting the Nation (Oxford India Paperbacla, 1996),
    pP. 55-80.
    23. Amrita Basu, Violcnt Conjunctures in Demooatic India (Cambridge
    Universiry Press, 201 5).
    24. Patl R. Brass, Thefi of an ldol: Text and Context in the Representation of
    Colbctiue Violznce (Princeton University Press, I 997).
    25. Steven I. W'ilkinson, Votes and Violmce: Ebctoral Competition and Ethnic
    Riots in India (Cambridge Universiry Press, 2004) 293.
    26. Raheel Dhattiwala and Michael Biggs, 'The Political Logic of Ethnic
    Violence: The Anti-Muslim Pogrom in Gujarat, 2002', Politics and Society,
    vol. 40, no. 4 (2012):481-514, at 491.
    27. Christophe Jaffrelot, 'Refining the moderation thesis. Two religious pardes
    and Indian democrary: The Jana Sangh and the BJP beween Hinduwa
    radicalism and coalition politics', Democratization,20, no. 5 (2013): 876-
    94, ar 876.
    28. Sanjay Ruparelia,'Rethinking institutional theories of political moderation:
    the case of Hindu narionalism in India, 1996-2004', Comparatiue Politics
    (2006): 317-36.
    29. Christophe Jaffrelot, 'Refining the moderation thesis. Two religious parties
    and Indian democracy: The Jana Sangh and the BJP between Hinduwa
    radicalism and coalition politics', Demooatization, 20, no. 5 (2013):
    876-94.
    30. Lars Tore Fliten, 'The Inclusion-Moderation Thesis: India's BJP', in
    Oxford Research Encyc lopaedia of Po litics, 20 19.
    31. Pralay Kanungo,'Myth of rhe monolith: The RSS wrestles ro discipline its
    political progeny', Social Scientist (2006): 5149.
    32. Interview with Jairam Ramesh, Kolkata, January 2018.
    33. Stuart Corbridge and John Harriss, Reinuenting India: Liberalization,
    Hindu Nationalism and Popuhr Demoracy (ohn Viley & Sons, 2013).
    34. OrnitShani, Communalism, Caste and Hindu Nationalism: The Violznce in
    Gujarat (Cambridge Universiry Press, 2007).
    35. Christophe Jaffrelot, The Hindu Nationalist Moaement in India (Columbia
    Universiry Press, 1996), pp. 485-86.

    532
    ACKNO\TLEDGEMENTS

    This is one of those books where so many who gave their voices, memories and svr'eat
    demanded to remain in rhe shadows. So let me state upfront that all controversies are of
    my choosing, and the few named in these pages clrrry no responsibility for its contents. The
    same disclaimer applies to a crew of brain-pickers who disinfected, brushed and polished
    the manuscript. This acknowledgement is for them.
    I come from a family with words to spare. Kamda Ganesh read each sentence with a ffne-
    toothed comb that created the perfect middle-paning of academic arguments and popular style.
    I owe who I am to her. Aditi Sriram, a writer's writer, partnered this book ,I"o"gh the three
    years it took to write it. She added flair to the manuscript while making the story peninent to
    even those who don't shop at Bahri Sons. Sudhir Sitapati, genius marketeer, read each chapter
    as I wrote them. He has shaped the vision and tone of the book more than any other. Krishna
    Sriram read much ofthe book, correcdng erors as well as flagging where the narative sagged.
    R 'Ambi Srinivasan ranhis meahi chhzz through the early chapters; his amentive suppon and
    inspirational life have made the book and its author what they are. Priya Krishnan subdy left
    her ffngerprint on every page, the same skill she generously provided for my previous book.
    My publisher Meru Gokhale from Penguin reminded me what courage and
    composure look like. She read the draft multiple times, adding external markers and
    demanding more emotion between Vajpayee and Advani. I can be fmtidious and obsessive,
    as those who know me will unhappily vouch. Tarini Uppal dealt with that throughout,
    being the surradhaar for this entire project. Thanks also to Shantanu Ray Chaudhuri for
    expem copy editing and Gunjan Ahlawat for an enticing cover. i (
    A battery of academics shone their light on this book. Years after mentoring me
    through a vexing PhD, Atul Kohli condnues to keep a watchful eye on my words and
    ideas. Lawrence Liang, lateral thinker par excellence, encouraged my storpelling to be
    understated and my theory more pronounced. Shivaji Sondhi mixes the analytical clariry
    of a Princeton physicist with the upbringing of a Jana Sanghi. Not just his dsiails, but his
    insights have shaped this book. Anup Dhar brought his eclectic training to every chapter;
    the double doctor clinically sewed together parts that were left hanging. It seems repetitive
    to thank Pratap Bhanu Mehta for so many contributions to my life. Two of the main

    533
    arguments of the book----of Hindu nationalism's comfort with elections, and of its need for
    defensive violence-are owed to him.
    This academic rigour was the perfect jugdbandi to the comments of four practitioners.
    Human rights expert Sunitha Rangaswami despises all that the BJP stands for, but read
    each sentence with a fair mind; she is more objective than she is willing to admit. M.R.
    'PRS' Madhavan is my model for unfussy public service. He brought his daily exposure to
    politics and nightly exposure to fiction to bear on every chapter. Ashoka University's'most
    valuable player', Eshwara 'Venkat' Venkatesam, was the first person I bounced this book
    idea off, as well as the last to read the manuscript. He prodded words as well smoothened
    ideas. Nandini Mehta in some sense invented the genre of serious non-fiction in India. Her
    surgical hand has made for a well-sutured book.
    A quintet of lawyers gave the manuscript pro bono vetting. Aman Ahluwalia produced
    wenty-eight pages of comments: no misake was too small to redline or too big to correct. The
    only thing more admirable than his ample intelligence is how lighdy he wears it. Not so much
    Neel Maitra, who helped conc€ptualize the book and read early chapters. tVhen his normally
    acid tongue began to hurl praise, I sensed I was on to something. Govind Naidu went through
    each page (his legal acrunen disguised by light green crocs), ensuring balance and prevenring a
    descent into polemics. Suhaan Mukerji read the entire mantxcript during the Covid lockdown,
    providing me with seven hours wonh of commens on the telephone. His swift slices have cut
    a lot of the flab. And the ever-diligent Abhishek Nath Tripathi kepr me on my ro€s with regard
    to more tenuous claims on the Jana Sangh. Since I have left law as a profession, I endlessly
    wondered why lawyers charge 60,000 rupees for an hour of reading. Now I know.
    For newspaper archives, ProQuest provided a uial subscription of the enire Times of
    India archive. N. Ravi, N. Murali and A. Sankaran kom The Hindu made available their
    physicd archives in Chennai. Prafi.rlla Ke*ar h elpd wirh Panchaianya and, Organiser archives,
    as did the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library. They also provided a host of private archives

    which the endnotes set in ink. Neeraj Priyadarshi and Renuka Puri helped with the back
    issues of The Indian kpres and, Janasatu. Thanks are also due to the BJP's swanky new
    library in New Delhi, as well as the idiosyncradc material on Hindu nationdism at Princeton
    University's world-beating library (thank you, David Magier). For providing their private (and
    hitheno unseen) papers, I thank N.M. Ghaate, R.V. Pandit and the Family of M.L. Sondhi.
    Rahul Sagar's website Ideasoflndia.org provided lists of rare Indian publications. Ganesh Iyer
    sent me a valuable book on Rajpal Puri (Advani's early mentor), and An&ea Costabir aided a
    long (and alas futile) search to locate an interview of Vajpayee's daughter in Sawy magazine
    Helping me sieve through this mass of material were two research assistants.
    Nabhojeet Sen is a classic scholar-brilliant, painstaking and late! His natural turn for
    historicd research has made the book bulletproof. Shivani Bajpai also helped with archival
    work in the Nehru Memoria.l and the National Archives.
    \i7hen it came to providing introductions, a shout out toJ.P. Singh andhis encyclopaedic
    son Shubhranshu, K. Raju, Arvind Subramanian and Suman Dubey. Ashutosh Salil, raja of
    eastern Maharashtra, rotated his rolodex of contacts. The many others who vouched for my
    200 interviews have exacted a promise that they remain anonymous.
    Over rhe three years I wrote this book, I have learnt from conversations with many.
    These are: Sandipto Dasgupta (who refi.rsed to read the draft since he claimed to know all
    about fascism already), Satyam Viswanathan (market research guru, who helped strucnrre
    the chapters), Madhav Khosla (both for his ground-breaking work on constitutiond
    representadon and for his Germanic work ethic), Naresh Fernandes (for being a genuinely
    liberal trampoline to bounce ideas off), Geoffiey Sigalet (on comparisons to W'estern

    534
    conservatism), Ramachandra Guha (on rhe use of a particular reading of Indian history by
    Hindu nationalists), Bipin Asparwar (who listened-nothing more, nothing less), EMESCO
    Vijaykumar (for the initial idea of focussing on Advani), Sudipe Kaviraj (on Muslim and
    Hindu anxieties in the late nineteenth cennrry), Nabanjan Maitra (on the history of Hindu
    ascetics and sanyasis), fuhis Nandy (on elaborating on his original claims on Hindu nadonalism
    while walking in Jhula Park), Coomi Kapoor (for her long-brewed insigha into both the Jana
    Sangh and the BJP), Kanta Murali (for her sress on rhe demand-side explanarions for the
    BJP's rise), Dwesh Kapur (for forcing me to follow facts, rather than ffckle academic fashion),
    Srinadr Raghavan (on Hindu nationalism's Foreign policy), Dinsha Mistree (on nesding the
    argument in comparadve politics), Jan-Werner Mueller (for conversations on populism, as
    well as on Christian Democracy), Shekhar Gupta (on the need ro rell rhis srory in an accessible
    way), Vivek Trilokinath (for loaning me his mind and his apartment), and ro Raj Kamal Jha
    ([or suggesting that rhe book lead up ro Narendra Modit BJP).
    In addition to this specific assistance, a number of people helped during the wridng of
    this book. Thank you: Alia and Naira Allana, Vishnu Shankar, Seetha Druva, Niraja Gopal
    Jayal, Satyajit Banerjee, Keshava Guha, Sushant Sachdeva, Abu Mathen George, Mahesh
    Rangarajan, RudrangshuMukherje, Mini Kapoor, Abir Baz^", Rita Kothari, Malabika Sarkar,
    Kaushik Vaidya, B. Chandrasen Rao, K Vivek Reddy, Dinyar Patel, Srinivasan 'Murdi'
    Krishna, Akshaya Mukul, Rajesh Krishnan, Gowri Tirumuni, Sunil K. Gulad, Matthew H.
    Baxter, Rushabh Sanghavi, FEA's Deepak Chopra, Sadanand Menon, fuhutosh Varshney,
    Patrick French, Shishira Rudrappa, Deepika Mahidhara, Darshana Narayanan, Malay
    Duggar, Suketu Mehta, M.K. Venu, layadot Calamur, Radhika Herzberger, Pranav Ullal,
    Kim lane Scheppele, Mohit Abraham, Ezra Suleiman, Rachel 'Tina' Immanuel, Saurabh Seth,
    Kanick Maheshwari, Azza Cohen, Milan Vaishnav, Rohit lamba, Steven Wilkinson, Gautam
    Sabharwal, Sunil Khilnani, Alex Travelli, Anusha and Aparaajit Sriram, Max Rodenbeck, Panrl
    Bhandari, Shoumitro Chatterjee, Anisha Sharma, Averi Banerjee, Kanishka Gupta, Ashish
    Dhawan, Neelanjan Sircar, Khushdeep Kaur Malhotra, fuhok Trivedi, Adarsh and Yamini
    Aiyar, Panh Mehrotra, Shilpi and Pavan Jambagi, Ananth Padmanabhan, Vandita Mishra,
    fuifAli, Anand Bhatkar, Pushpaji, Sonam Masta, Santosh MaIi, Surjit Singh and Balbir.
    fuhoka Universiry was kind enough to give me leave for a year while I worked on
    the book. And what nutritious soil to grow this project, from support by senior faculry to
    camaraderie from the political science depanment (in addition to those mentioned earlier,
    they include Malvika Maheshwari, Gilles Vernier, Ali Khan Mahmudabad and Bann Seng
    Tan). I thank especially those students who took the courses on 'fught \7ing Politics'
    (2017),'Religion & Polirics' (2017) md 'lntroduction to Indian Politics'(2020), as I do
    my teaching fellows Mahima Malik and Rohith Jyotish.
    A word now on the two without whom this book would never have reached the
    finish line. fupit Gaind spent two years as a researcher on this book. In our jugdbandi, no
    detail was too small for him to crosscheck, no idea too rePugnant to consider. I may never
    again find someone as diligent a researcher and tireless a manager. The other Person this
    book owes a weighry debt to is the journa.list Sheela Bhatt-her generosity, contacts and
    labyrinthine memory. She has taught me much about India and its Indians.
    Families are what you have above all. Thank you: Chellam Ramanathan, T.S.R.
    Subramanian, Parvathy Narayanan, Janakiram Sitapati, Harish Khosla, Rukmani Sriram,
    Ketki Sitapari, the Sachdevs, the Krishnans (ofthe tennis; police; and Shadow varieties),
    and the Mannars. And to the next generation: Sahaana, Siya and Kabir.
    Finally, I dedicate this book to Sitapati Ganesh' He's up there somewhere' whisky in
    hand, grumbling about the book while secretly pleased that I wrote it.

    535

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