VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JNANA SANGAMA, BELAGAVI-590014

A Project Report of Phase –I

On
“IOT BASED VERTICROP MONITORING AND CONTROLLING”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of B.E computer science and engineering degree
award

Submitted by:
PREETI SHINDE(3BK20CS022)
ROHINI BIRADAR(3BK20CS024)
SAKSHI SALUNKE(3BK20CS025)

Under the guidance of

Prof. Keertirani

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

BASAVAKALYAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BASAVAKALYAN
Approved by AICTE & Affiliated to VTU Belagavi [ISO Certified:9001-2015]

BASAVAKALYAN – 585327 Dist. Bidar, Karnataka

 IoT-Based Verticrop Monitoring And Controlling

BET’S
BASAVAKALYAN ENGINEERING
COLLEGE
BASAVAKALYAN – 585327

2023-2024

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to Certify that the Project work entitled “IOT-BASED VERTICROP
MONITORING AND CONTROLLING” is a bonafide work carried out by PREETI
SHINDE (3BK20CS022), ROHINI BIRADAR (3BK20CS024), SAKSHI SALUNKE
(3BK20CS025) of VIII semester in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of
Engineering in Department of Computer Science & Engineering of Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belagavi during the year 2023- 2024. It is certified that
corrections/suggestions indicated for internal assessments have been
incorporated in the report deposited in the departmental library. The project
work has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements concerning
t h e project work prescribed for the Bachelor of Engineering Degree.

Signature of Guide Signature of Coordinator

PROF. KEERTIRANI PROF.SUVARNALATA HIREMATH

Signature of HOD Signature of Principal

PROF. SUVARNALATA HIREMATH Dr. ASHOK. M.VANGERI

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives me immense pleasure to write an acknowledgment of this internship and,

the contribution of all the people who helped me realize it.

We would like to sincerely thank my Project Guide Prof. Keertirani without whose
help and valuable guidance, constant assistance, support, endurance, and constructive
suggestions would not have been possible to complete this project.

we would like to convey heartfelt thanks to our Head of Department Prof.

Suvarnalata Hiremath for allowing me to embark on this topic and for her
continued encouragement throughout the preparation of this presentation.

We acknowledge and express my sincere thanks to our beloved Principal

Dr.Ashok.M. Vangeri for supporting me in my academic endeavors.

we also indebted to my friends for their continued moral and material support
throughout the course of the project report and for helping me finalize the
presentation.

Our heartfelt thanks to all the staff members of the CSE department, who have
contributed bits, bytes, and words to accomplish this project.

PROJECT ASSOCIATES
Preeti Shinde (3BK20CS022)
Rohini Biradar (3BK20CS024)
Sakshi Salunke(3BK20CS025)

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BET’S

BASAVAKALYAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE

BASAVAKALYAN – 585327
2023 -2024

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

Department Vision
The Vision of the department is to provide high academic goals
to the students and make them world leaders both in Educational
and Research through effective Teaching and learning.

Department Mission
To provide a learning environment that helps students to
enhance problem-solving skills, be successful in their
professional lives, and prepare Students to be lifelong learners
by offering a solid theoretical foundation and exposure to the
latest tools & and technologies in the area of Computer
Hardware and software.

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ABSTRACT
Vertical farming Automation System with the logging of the data is the technical
approach in which the farmers in rural areas will benefit by automatic monitoring and
control of the environment on the farm. It is replaced by the direct supervision of the
human. It also focuses on the Generic Architecture which can be applied to many
other Automation Application. Vertical farming is a building where plants are grown
in a stacked fashion in a controlled manner. Nowadays due to industrialization and
less availability of land, there is a huge need to construct Vertical farming which will
be restricted mainly for growing plants. As technology has become advanced, we can
control and monitor multiple farms using IOT via the internet from the central
location. The purpose of this project is to monitor and control the environmental
parameters such as temperature, moisture, and the intensity of light using sensors. All
this data is sent via internet to the server so the user can access it at any time. By
controlling the temperature managed by the intensity of LEDs the automatic moisture
detection plant will get water at the right time in the right amount which will cause the
good growth of the plants.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SI.NO PARTICULARS PAGE NO

1 PREAMBLE 1-9

1.1 Introduction 7

1.2 Objectives and Goals 8

1.3 Scope of project 8-9

1.4 Existing System 9

1.5 Proposed System 9

2 10-12
BASIC OF IOT
2.1 Literature Servey 11-12

2.2 Hardware Proposed Architecture 12

3 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 13-26

3.1 Hardware Description 14-17

3.2 Overview 18-26

4 METHODOLOGY 27-29

5 CONCLUSION 30-31

REFERENCES

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CHAPTER 1

PREAMBLE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Vertical farming is the practice of growing crops in a commutable system that can be
arranged vertically to produce more production than traditional farms. Vertical
Farming is a method of growing crops using LED lights or without soil in a stacked
environment building arranged vertically. It grows the plant in the optimal condition
throughout the development cycle of a plant. It gives protection from influences
coming from the outdoor environment and gives more ways to control uncertainties
that cannot be controlled. Nowadays, vertical farming facilities can be operated on
LED lighting, humidity, and temperature with sensors and controlled climate. There
are many aspects of vertical farming such as population growth and their growing
needs, therefore there is a reduction in natural resources, etc. Most of the vertical
farms use a similar architecture as that of greenhouses. The continuously growing
world populations and the global trend to industrialization, changes in climatic
conditions, and pressure on natural resources are the key drivers of vertical farming.

As we know the vertical farming system also controls and monitors the environmental
parameters such as temperature, moisture, light intensity, etc. And sometimes due to
the lack of knowledge among the farmers, they are not able to perform their activities
accurately. They usually perform such activities based on their own observation from
the past and because of that it may lead to unexpected results most of the time.
Therefore, to improve the accuracy and to get the proper results this system is used.
Thus, this system is based on monitoring and controlling the system which would take
care of the weather inside the vertical farm. It contains an Arduino UNO
microcontroller, various sensors such as temperature sensor, moisture sensor, RGB
LED, etc., and a Wi-Fi modem for controlling and monitoring its environmental
parameters. When sensors reach a certain threshold or critical value it will send the
signal to the microcontroller and the required action will be taken automatically.

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1.2 OBJECTIVES AND GOALS

Nowadays due to metro-polytenization and less land availability, there is a great need
to construct the Vertical Farming which will be reserved mainly for growing crops.
Vertical farming Automation System with data logging is the technical approach in
which the farmers in the rural areas will benefit by automatic monitoring and control
of the farm environment. It replaces the direct supervision of the human. The system
is based on the limitations of the present monitoring system. It also focuses on the
Generic Architecture which can be applied for many other Automation Applications.
Vertical farming is a building where plants are grown in a slanted fashion

in a controlled manner. With the advancement of technology, we can control and

monitor multiple farms using IOT from the central location wirelessly. We are using
an 8-bit microcontroller

and a Wi-Fi-enabled chip esp8266 for wireless IoT communication to the cloud. Wi-
Fi chip is based on the IEEE 802.11 WLAN protocol used to send data to the Server/
IOT cloud. Cloud stores the data and displays it in graphical format for the user. The
microcontroller is so selected which has features such as UART for serial
communication. ADC for analog parameter measurement, one wire protocol working,
and many others. There are various sensors like moisture sensors, temperature, and
humidity sensors which will monitored in the environment. We are using warm LEDs
to enhance the photosynthesis process of the plants. The lights are PWM, controlled
for proper frequency and wavelength matching as that of sunlight. The main prototype
of this project is to benefit the farmers with better crop yield.

1.3 Scope of project

The system can also be enhanced by installing roof top solar panel for

electricity generation that will help to meet electricity requirements as well as

if the generation is more than the requirement for greenhouse and can supply

the same to the grid. The Internet of Things can also be connected to

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greenhouse. Then from any places in the world, the greenhouse can be

monitored and controlled easily without others help or man power. These

constitute to the future scope of this proposed system.

1.4 Existing system

In present Energy management system there are so many draw backs they are,

a. Inflexibility

b. Labor

c. High Power Consumption

d. High maintenance

These are the fundamental variables affecting the rural product monitoring and
upkeep. To defeat this downside here an innovation proposed,

1.5 Proposed System

The proposed system is going to play an important role in future of agriculture system
and hopefully it would going to help in boosting the efficiency of growth and
production of agriculture industry. Apart from that some of the important advantages
of the proposed system are listed below.

1. Easy to use

2. Easy to implement

3. More accurate results

4. Increase Fertility

5. Better Productivity

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CHAPTER 2

BASICS OF IoT:

The Internet of Things is the most commonly used and advanced technology. It can
be used in almost every application,

depending on our day-to-day life. It is an environment in which small objects or any

type of appliance can be able to get accessed or operated by the internet. It basically
uses the IP address to make the objects accessible to the internet and then could be
used according to the function. The Internet of Things could be also defined as a
collection of various types of sensors, controllers, resistors, capacitors, and many such
electronic gadgets. They can also be operated without manual assistance. It can be
operated by detecting and controlling of the sensors or the parameters accordingly.
The results are displayed on our screen even when one is not around that particular
system. In this proposed system, the sensors detect the parameters, and the data is sent
to the microcontroller accordingly. The microcontroller collects all the data and sends
to the Thingspeak server where all the information is collected and stored. So by
using the internet, the user or farmer can access that information at any time. Also, the
updated data is displayed from time to time, according to the changes in the
environment or parameters. This system is an advancement of farming observations
and control.

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Fig 2.1 Internet of Things

2.1 Literature Review

a) Smart Vertical Farming using IoT:

The implementation using IOT based monitoring which overcomes existing issues of
vertical farming. The system consists of temperature, humidity, soil moisture,
intensity of light and intruder detector modules. AT89C52 microcontroller takes the
sensor data and take the action required. The temperature sensor LM35 is used to
measure temperature in degree Celsius(◦C). The soil sensor senses the water level, if it
is low then it sends the message to the farmer. If the light intensity on the LDR sensor
is high it does not take in any action and if the light Intensity is less the series of led
lights will be on. PIR sensor checks whether there is any intruder or not. GSM system
is used to send the SMS to the farmer to inform about the water provision. Red and
blue LED strips are provided to maintain the intensity of light for the crop yield.

b) Smart Vertical Farming Using Hydroponics:

The hydroponic technology is used for a vertical farm in which the plants will be
grown in a vertical pipe stack. The temperature and humidity inside the module is
continuously monitored using sensors and is passed to the ATmega8 microcontroller.
The magnetic float switches monitor the liquid level inside the pipes and the solenoid
valves control the liquid level inside the pipes. The temperature is controlled by using
the bulb and fan arrangement using PLC. The LED strips of blue and red light were
pasted on the walls of the side of the frame and the pink light is produced. The pink
light is absorbed by the plants during the photosynthesis process.

c) IoT implementation for indoor vertical farming watering system:

The practice of planting plants vertically arranged in layers enhances the usage of the
land as it can be implemented in the indoor environment. Environment control is
provided by implementing an automatic system that consists of the internet of Things.
The main idea of this project is to control the content of water and monitor soil
moisture using a moisture sensor through a web browser on mobile, laptop, or other
compact devices. When the moisture is low, the signal is sent to the Arduino software

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and the user can be able to view the signal. The data is stored in the Arduino software
and sent through the ethernet to the web browser. It can be monitored and controlled
by the user through web browser.

2.2 Hardware Proposed Architecture:

Fig 2.3. Proposed Hardware Architecture

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CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

The implemented system consists of a microcontroller (ATmega328) as a main

processing unit for the entire system and all the sensor and devices can be connected
with the microcontroller. The sensors can be operated by the microcontroller to
retrieve the data from them and it processes the analysis with the sensor data and
updates it to the internet through Wi-Fi module connected to it.

Fig 3.1 System Architecture

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3.1 Hardware description

3.1.1 Arduino UNO

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It

has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog
inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP
header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the
microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a
AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-
serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2)
programmed as a USB-to-serial converter. Revision 2 of the Uno board has a resistor
pulling the 8U2 HWB line to ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode.
Revision 3 of the board has the following new features:

1.0 pinout: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two other new
pins placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to the
voltage provided from the board. In future, shields will be compatible both with the
board that use the AVR, which operate with 5V and with the Arduino Due that
operate with 3.3V. The second one is a not connected pin, that is reserved for future
purposes.

Fig 3.1.1 Arduino UNO

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Microcontroller ATmega328

Operating Voltage 5V

Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V

Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V

Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

Analog Input Pins 6

DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA

Flash Memory 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used bybbootloader

SRAM 2 KB

EEPROM 1 KB

Clock Speed 16 MHz

3.1.2 Programming
The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). Select
"Arduino Uno from the Tools > Board menu (according to the microcontroller on
your board). For details, see the reference and tutorials.

The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preburned with a bootloader that allows
you to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It
communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C header files).

You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the
ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header; see these instructions for details.

The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2 boards) firmware source code is
available. The ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU bootloader, which can be
activated by:

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 On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board (near the
map of Italy) and then resetting the 8U2.

 On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB line to
ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode.

You can then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac
OS X and Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can use the ISP header with an
external programmer (overwriting the DFU bootloader). See this user-contributed
tutorial for more information.

3.1.3 Automatic (Software) Reset

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the
Arduino Uno is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a
connected computer. One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the
ATmega8U2/16U2 is connected to the reset line of the ATmega328 via a 100
nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line drops long
enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this capability to allow you to
upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino environment. This
means that the bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be
well-coordinated with the start of the upload.

This setup has other implications. When the Uno is connected to either a computer
running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from
software (via USB). For the following half-second or so, the bootloader is running on
the Uno. While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an
upload of new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board after
a connection is opened. If a sketch running on the board receives one-time
configuration or other data when it first starts, make sure that the software with which
it communicates waits a second after opening the connection and before sending this
data.

The Uno contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on either
side of the trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled "RESET-EN".

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You may also be able to disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110 Ohm resistor from
5V to the reset line; see this forum thread for details.

3.1.4 Wi-Fi ESP8266

Fig 3.4 Wi-Fi ESP8266:

ESP8266 offers a complete and self-contained Wi-Fi networking solution, allowing it

to either host the application or to offload all Wi-Fi networking functions from
another application processor.

When ESP8266 hosts the application, and when it is the only application processor in
the device, it is able to boot up directly from an external flash. It has integrated cache
to improve the performance of the system in such applications, and to minimize the
memory requirements.

Alternately, serving as a Wi-Fi adapter, wireless internet access can be added to any
microcontroller-based design with simple connectivity through UART interface or the
CPU AHB bridge interface.

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3.2 Overview

ESP8266 offers a complete and self-contained Wi-Fi networking solution, allowing it

to either host the application or to offload all Wi-Fi networking functions from
another application processor.

When ESP8266 hosts the application, and when it is the only application processor in
the device, it is able to boot up directly from an external flash. It has integrated cache
to improve the performance of the system in such applications, and to minimize the
memory requirements.

Alternately, serving as a Wi-Fi adapter, wireless internet access can be added to any
microcontroller-based design with simple connectivity through UART interface or the
CPU AHB bridge interface.

ESP8266 on-board processing and storage capabilities allow it to be integrated with

the sensors and other application specific devices through its GPIOs with minimal
development up-front and minimal loading during runtime. With its high degree of
on-chip integration, which includes the antenna switch balun, power management
converters, it requires minimal external circuitry, and the entire solution, including
front-end module, is designed to occupy minimal PCB area.

Sophisticated system-level features include fast sleep/wake context switching for

energy-efficient VoIP, adaptive radio biasing for low-power operation, advance signal
processing, and spur cancellation and radio co-existence features for common cellular,
Bluetooth, DDR, LVDS, LCD interference mitigation.

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3.2.1 Features

802.11 b/g/n protocol

Wi-Fi Direct (P2P), soft-AP

Integrated TCP/IP protocol stack

Integrated TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier and matching network

Integrated PLL, regulators, and power management units

+19.5dBm output power in 802.11b mode

Integrated temperature sensor

Supports antenna diversity

Power down leakage current of < 10uA

Integrated low power 32-bit CPU could be used as application processor

SDIO 2.0, SPI, UART

STBC, 1×1 MIMO, 2×1 MIMO

A-MPDU & A-MSDU aggregation & 0.4s guard interval

Wake up and transmit packets in < 2ms

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3.2.2 Application Notes

Smart power plugs

Home automation

Mesh network

Industrial wireless control

Baby monitors

IP Cameras

Sensor networks

Wearable electronics

Wi-Fi location-aware devices

Security ID tags

Wi-Fi position system beacons

3.3 DHT11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor

DHT11 is a part of DHTXX series of Humidity sensors. The other sensor in this
series is DHT22. Both these sensors are Relative Humidity (RH) Sensor. As a
result, they will measure both the humidity and temperature. Although DHT11
Humidity Sensors are cheap and slow, they are very popular among hobbyists and
beginners.

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Fig 3.3 DHT11 Humidity and Temperature Sensor

The DHT11 Humidity and Temperature Sensor consists of 3 main components. A

resistive type humidity sensor, an NTC (negative temperature coefficient)
thermistor (to measure the temperature) and an 8-bit microcontroller, which
converts the analog signals from both the sensors and sends out single digital
signal. This digital signal can be read by any microcontroller or microprocessor
for further analysis.

Fig 3.3 microcontroller or microprocessor

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DHT11 Humidity Sensor consists of 4 pins: VCC, Data Out, Not Connected (NC)
and GND. The range of voltage for VCC pin is 3.5V to 5.5V. A 5V supply would
do fine. The data from the Data Out pin is a serial digital data.

The following image shows a typical application circuit for DHT11 Humidity and
Temperature Sensor. DHT11 Sensor can measure a humidity value in the range of
20 – 90% of Relative Humidity (RH) and a temperature in the range of 0 – 50 0C.
The sampling period of the sensor is 1 second i.e.

Fig 3.3 Application circuit

All the DHT11 Sensors are accurately calibrated in the laboratory and the results
are stored in the memory. A single wire communication can be established
between any microcontroller like Arduino and the DHT11 Sensor.

Also, the length of the cable can be as long as 20 meters. The data from the sensor
consists of integral and decimal parts for both Relative Humidity (RH) and
temperature.

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3.4 LDR light control

Light Dependent Resistor

Fig 4.1 Light Dependent Resistor

Light dependent Resistor or “LDR” is a variable resistor sensitive to light intensity in

according to the photoelectric effect. The effect frees electrons proportional to the
flux of light shines. The unit observed in the microcontroller is the electric pressure.
In the project LDR is used to adjust the light intensity outdoors.

Types of Light Dependent Resistors

Based on the materials used they are classified as:

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Intrinsic photo resistors (Un doped semiconductor): These are made of pure
semiconductor materials such as silicon or germanium. Electrons get excited from
valance band to conduction band when photons of enough energy fall on it and
number charge carriers is increased.

Extrinsic photo resistors: These are semiconductor materials doped with impurities
which are called as dopants. Theses dopants create new energy bands above the
valence band which are filled with electrons. Hence this reduces the band gap and
less energy is required in exciting them. Extrinsic photo resistors are generally used
for long wavelengths.

Working Principle of LDR

A light dependent resistor works on the principle of photo conductivity. Photo

conductivity is an optical phenomenon in which the materials conductivity is
increased when light is absorbed by the material. When light falls i.e. when the
photons fall on the device, the electrons in the valence band of the semiconductor
material are excited to the conduction band. These photons in the incident light should
have energy greater than the band gap of the semiconductor material to make the
electrons jump from the valence band to the conduction band. Hence when light
having enough energy strikes on the device, more and more electrons are excited to
the conduction band which results in large number of charge carriers. The result of
this process is more and more current starts flowing through the device when the
circuit is closed and hence it is said that the resistance of the device has been
decreased.

Construction of a Photocell

The structure of a light dependent resistor consists of a light sensitive material which
is deposited on an insulating substrate such as ceramic. The material is deposited in
zigzag pattern in order to obtain the desired resistance and power rating. This zigzag
area separates the metal deposited areas into two regions. Then the ohmic contacts are
made on the either sides of the area. The resistances of these contacts should be as
less as possible to make sure that the resistance mainly changes due to the effect of
light only. Materials normally used are cadmium sulphide, cadmium selenide, indium

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antimonide and cadmium sulphonide. The use of lead and cadmium is avoided as they
are harmful to the environment.

Characteristics of LDR

LDR’s are light dependent devices whose resistance is decreased when light falls on
them and that is increased in the dark. When a light dependent resistor is kept in dark,
its resistance is very high. This resistance is called as dark resistance. It can be as high
as 1012 Ω and if the device is allowed to absorb light its resistance will be decreased
drastically. If a constant voltage is applied to it and intensity of light is increased the
current starts increasing. Figure below shows resistance vs. illumination curve for a
particular LDR.

Photocells or LDR’s

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are nonlinear devices. There sensitivity varies with the wavelength of light incident
on them. Some photocells might not at all response to a certain range of wavelengths.
Based on the material used different cells have different spectral response curves.

When light is incident on a photocell it usually takes about 8 to 12 ms for the change
in resistance to take place, while it takes one or more seconds for the resistance to rise
back again to its initial value after removal of light. This phenomenon is called as
resistance recovery rate. This property is used in audio compressors. Also, LDR’s are
less sensitive than photo diodes and phototransistor. (A photo diode and a photocell
(LDR) are not the same, a photo-diode is a p-n junction semiconductor device that
converts light to electricity, whereas a photocell is a passive device, there is no p-n
junction in this nor it “converts” light to electricity).

Features of the light sensor

• The Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) is made using the semiconductor Cadmium

Sulphide (CdS).

• The light falling on the brown zigzag lines on the sensor causes the resistance of

The device to fall. This is known as a negative co-efficient. There are some LDRs that
work in the opposite way i.e. their resistance increases with light (called positive
coefficient).

• The resistance of the LDR decreases as the intensity of the light falling on it
increases.

Incident photons drive electrons from the valence band into the conduction band.

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CHAPTER 4

4.1 Methodology

Proposed system block diagram shown in fig. 1 uses an 8-bit microcontroller and a
Wi-Fi enablesthe chip. Microcontroller is so selected which is having features such as
UART for serial communication, ADC for analog parameter's measurement, one wire
protocol working and many others.

Wi-Fi chip is based on IEEE 802.11 WLAN protocol used to send data to the Server/
IOT cloud. Cloud stores the data and displays it is graphical format for user. Moisture
sensor is based on conductivity of soil, which measures the moisture and
microcontroller converts the voltage to digital format. DHT11 digital temperature
and humidity sensor is also used to measure present humidity and temperature in
environment. Warm LED lights are used to enhance the photosynthesis process of
plants. Lights are pwm, controlled for proper frequency and wavelength matching as
that of sunlight. We interface our esp8266 Wi-Fi modem with a microcontroller
through serial communication which involves three wires RX, TX, and Ground
respectively. AT (attention command) such as eg. AT+RST, AT+CIP, etc. are used to
make communication between Wi-Fi modem, microcontroller, and IOT cloud server.

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4.2 Software Requirement

4.2.1 Arduino
Arduino is a type of computer software and hardware company that offers open-
source environment for user project and user community that intends and fabricates
microcontroller based inventions for construction digital devices and interactive
objects that can sense and manage the physical world. For programming the
microcontrollers, the Arduino proposal provides an software application or IDE based
on the Processing project, which includes C, C++ and Java programming software. It
also support for embedded C, C++ and Java programming software.

Arduino is an open-source computer hardware and software company, project and

user community that designs and manufactures microcontroller-based kits for building
digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control the physical world.
The boards feature serial communications interfaces, including USB on some models,
for loading programs from personal computers. For programming the
microcontrollers, the Arduino platform provides an integrated development
environment (IDE) based on the Processing project, which includes support for C, C+
+ and Java programming languages.

An Arduino board consists of an Atmel 8, 16 or 32-bit AVR microcontroller with

complementary components that facilitate programming and incorporation into other
circuits. An important aspect of the Arduino is its standard connectors, which lets
users connect the CPU board to a variety of interchangeable add-on modules known
as shields. Some shields communicate with the Arduino board directly over various
pins, but many shields are individually addressable via an I²C serial bus so many
shields can be stacked and used in parallel. Official Arduinos have used the mega
AVR series of chips, specifically the ATmega8, ATmega168.

An Arduino's microcontroller is also pre-programmed with a boot loader that

simplifies uploading of programs to the on-chip flash memory, compared with other
devices that typically need an external programmer. This makes using an Arduino
more straightforward by allowing the use of an ordinary computer as the programmer.
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Currently, opti boot loader is the default boot loader installed on Arduino UNO. An
Arduino's microcontroller is also pre-programmed with a boot loader that simplifies
uploading of programs to the on-chip flash memory, compared with other devices that
typically need an external programmer. This makes using an Arduino more
straightforward by allowing the use of an ordinary computer as the programmer.

Fig 4.2.1 Arduino

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 IoT-Based Verticrop Monitoring And Controlling

CHAPTER 5

5.1 Conclusion

A very effective and useful way of farming can be constructed if this proposed system
is used widely. Farming does not necessarily require outdoor parameters like sunlight
or rainfall for yielding of crops. It can be monitored and controlled even indoors by
varying a few parameters. For example, the instead of the sunlight, the LEDs can be
controlled by using a pwm signal to give the intensity as that of sunlight and it doesn't
have to wait for rainfall. The motor pump can be used to maintain a proper moisture
level of the soil. In this way the plants can also be saved from irregular climate
changes and can be continuously grown in a specific manner. This system is very
useful from future point of view as the land is going to be reduced. Also, the IoT
makes it more easy to control and monitor the yields which will give better output as
compared to that of present even if one is not around the building of vertical farming.

References
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 IoT-Based Verticrop Monitoring And Controlling

[1] G. Eason, B. Noble, and I. N. Sneddon, “On certain integrals of Lipschitz-Hankel

type involving products of Bessel functions,” Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol. A247,
pp. 529–551, April 1955. (references)

[2] J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., vol. 2. Oxford:
Clarendon, 1892, pp.68–73.

[3] I. S. Jacobs and C. P. Bean, “Fine particles, thin films and exchange anisotropy,” in
Magnetism, vol. III, G. T. Rado and H. Suhl, Eds. New York: Academic, 1963, pp. 271–
350.

[4] K. Elissa, “Title of paper if known,” unpublished.

[5] R. Nicole, “Title of paper with only first word capitalized,” J. Name Stand. Abbrev.,
in press.

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