PLT Alternatif Kul 9 Nuklir 2024

PLT ALTERNATIF
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Tenaga Nuklir
 Nuclear power is the controlled use of nuclear reactions to
release energy for work including propulsion, heat, and the
generation of electricity. Use of nuclear power to do
significant useful work is currently limited to nuclear fission
and radioactive decay. Nuclear energy is produced when a
fissile material, such as uranium-235. (235U), is
concentrated such that nuclear fission takes place in a
controlled chain reaction and creates heat — which is used
to boil water, produce steam, and drive a steam turbine.
The turbine can be used for mechanical work and also to
generate electricity. Nuclear power provides 7% of the
world's energy and 15.7% of the world's electricity and is
used to power most military submarines and aircraft
carriers.
 Disquiet over the safety of nuclear power was exacerbated
by the unsafe design and operation of the Soviet-built plant
at Chernobyl. However, new plants designed to be safer
than current Western plants are on the verge of being built
- and global warming concerns may spark a resurgence.
Controversy remains
Sejarah
 The first successful experiment with nuclear fission was
conducted in 1938 in Berlin by the German physicists Otto
Hahn, Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassmann.
 During the Second World War, a number of nations
embarked on crash programs to develop nuclear energy,
focusing first on the development of nuclear reactors. The
first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction was obtained at
the University of Chicago by Enrico Fermi on December 2,
1942, and reactors based on his research were used to
produce the plutonium necessary for the "Fat Man" weapon
dropped on Nagasaki, Japan. Several nations began their
own construction of nuclear reactors at this point, primarily
for weapons use, though research was also being conducted
into their use for civilian electricity generation.
 Electricity was generated for the first time by a nuclear
reactor on December 20, 1951 at the EBR-I experimental
fast breeder station near Arco, Idaho, which initially
produced about 100 kW. The Arco Reactor was also the first
to a partial melt down (in 1955).
Jenis Reaksi Nuklir
 Fusion reactions - two light nuclei join to form a
heavier one, with additional particles (usually protons
or neutrons) thrown off to conserve momentum.
 Fission reactions - a very heavy nucleus,
spontaneously or after absorbing additional light
particles (usually neutrons), splits into two or
sometimes three pieces. (α decay is not usually called
fission.)
 Spallation - a nucleus is hit by a particle with
sufficient energy and momentum to knock out several
small fragments or, smash it into many fragments.
 Induced gamma emission belongs to a class in which
only photons were involved in creating and destroying
states of nuclear excitation.
A schematic nuclear fission chain reaction.
1. A uranium-235 atom absorbs a neutron
and fissions into two new atoms (fission
fragments), releasing three new neutrons
and some binding energy.
2. 2. One of those neutrons is absorbed by
an atom of uranium-238 and does not
continue the reaction. Another neutron is
simply lost and does not collide with
anything, also not continuing the reaction.
However one neutron does collide with an
atom of uranium-235, which then fissions
and releases two neutrons and some
binding energy.
3. 3. Both of those neutrons collide with
uranium-235 atoms, each of which
fissions and releases between one and
three neutrons, which can then continue
the reaction.
Reaksi Nuklir (Fisi)
Reaksi Nuklir (Fusi)
Reaksi Nuklir
 Conventional thermal power plants all have a fuel source
to provide heat. Examples are gas, coal, or oil. For a
nuclear power plant, this heat is provided by nuclear
fission inside the nuclear reactor.
 When a relatively large fissile atomic nucleus (usually
uranium-235 or plutonium-239) is struck by a neutron it
forms two or more smaller nuclei as fission products,
releasing energy and neutrons in a process called
nuclear fission.
 The neutrons then trigger further fission. And so on.
When this nuclear chain reaction is controlled, the
energy released can be used to heat water, produce
steam and drive a turbine that generates electricity.
 It should be noted that a nuclear explosive involves an
uncontrolled chain reaction, and the rate of fission in a
reactor is not capable of reaching sufficient levels to
trigger a nuclear explosion because commercial reactor
grade nuclear fuel is not enriched to a high enough level.
Reaktor Nuklir
 The chain reaction is controlled through
the use of materials that absorb and
moderate neutrons.
 In uranium-fueled reactors, neutrons must
be moderated (slowed down) because slow
neutrons are more likely to cause fission
when colliding with a uranium-235 nucleus.
Light water reactors use ordinary water to
moderate and cool the reactors.
 When at operating temperatures if the
temperature of the water increases, its
density drops, and fewer neutrons
passing through it are slowed enough to
trigger further reactions. That negative
feedback stabilizes the reaction rate.
PLT Nuklir
Potensi Energi
 6 Li + 2 H → 4 He +?
3 1 2
◼ Atomic mass numbers on the left are 6 and 2, giving 8
total. Therefore another 4 is required on the right side.
◼ Atomic numbers on the left are 3 and 1, giving 4 total.
Therefore another 2 is required on the right side.
◼ Thus the missing particle has mass 4 and number 2,
which means it is also a helium-4 nucleus .

 6 Li + 2 H → 42He + 4 He
3 1 2
 6 Li + 2 H → 2 42He
3 1
 the 63Li nucleus has a relative atomic mass
of 6.015 atomic mass units (abbreviated
u), the deuteron has 2.014 u, and the
helium-4 nucleus has 4.0026 u Thus:
◼ Total rest mass on left side = 6.015 + 2.014 =
8.029 u
◼ Total rest mass on right side = 2 × 4.0026 =
8.0052 u
◼ Missing rest mass = 8.029 - 8.0052 = 0.0238
atomic mass units.
 In a nuclear reaction, the total (relativistic)
energy is conserved.
 The "missing" rest mass must therefore
reappear as kinetic energy released in the
reaction; its source is the nuclear binding
energy.
 Using Einstein's mass-energy equivalence
formula E = mc², the amount of energy
released can be determined.
We first need the energy equivalent
of one atomic mass unit:
 1 u c2 = (1.66054 × 10-
27 kg) × (2.99792 × 108 m/s)2
 = 1.49242 × 10-10 kg (m/s)2 = 1.49242 × 10-10 J

(Joule)
 × (1 MeV / 1.60218 × 10-13 J)
 = 931.49 MeV,
 so 1 u c2 = 931.49 MeV.
 Hence, the energy released is 0.0238 × 931 MeV =
22.4 MeV.
 Expressed differently: the mass is reduced by 0.3
%, corresponding to 0.3 % of 90 PJ/kg is 300
TJ/kg.
 63Li + 21H → 42He + 42He + 22.4 MeV
The energy released in a nuclear reaction can
appear mainly in one of three ways:
 kinetic energy of the product particles

 emission of very high energy
photons, called gamma rays
 some energy may remain in the
nucleus, as a metastable energy
level.
Reaktor Nuklir
Bahan Bakar Nuklir
 The Nuclear Fuel Cycle
begins when uranium is
mined, enriched, and
manufactured into nuclear
fuel, (1) which is delivered to
a nuclear power plant. After
usage in the power plant, the
spent fuel is delivered to a
reprocessing plant (2) or to a
final repository (3) for
geological disposition. In
reprocessing 95% of spent
fuel can be recycled to be
returned to usage in a power
plant (4).
PLT Nuklir

PLT Alternatif Kul 9 Nuklir 2024

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PLT ALTERNATIF

which means it is also a helium-4 nucleus .

 = 1.49242 × 10-10 kg (m/s)2 = 1.49242 × 10-10 J

 kinetic energy of the product particles

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