Memoi IJRR0030

International Journal of Research and
Vol.7; Issue:
10;October2020Website:www
.ijrrjournal.com
OriginalResearch Article E-ISSN: 2349-9788; P-ISSN:2454-2237
Parametric Study of NH3/CO2Cascade

Refrigeration Cycles for Hot Climates
Chegnimonhan K. Victorin1,2, Aredokou Olorounto Louis2, Adomou Alain2,
Guidi Tognon Clotilde2
1
National Institute of Agricultural Research of Benin, Benin, PTAA Agonkanmey, Cotonou, Benin.
2
Processes and Technological Innovations of the High National Institute of Industrial Technology of Lokossa,
Benin.
Corresponding Author: Chegnimonhan K. Victorin
ABSTRACT
This article makes a parametric study of cascade

refrigeration systems with a low carbon
footprint in tropical climates. An NH3/
CO2cascade refrigeration system is modelled,
simulated under Engineering Equation Solver
(EES) and the results are discussed. It is noted
that the use of an internal heat exchanger in the
R717/R744 cascade system reduces
performance by 4.7%, whereas subcooling in
both circuits increases the performance of the
cascade systems by 16.50%. Exercise analysis
of the cascade refrigeration system identified the
temperature of -10°C as an optimal coupling
temperature that allows for a low total
irreversibility (i.e. a total irreversibility of
78.072 kW for a system with a cooling capacity
of270 kW).The condenser and the compressor
of the high temperature cell have been identified
as the most critical components with a total
irreversibility of 48%. Based on Total
Equivalent Warning Impact (TEWI)calculation,
8 cascade refrigeration configurations are
compared in the weather conditions of Benin
(Cotonou). The natural refrigerants R717 and
R600 seem to be suitable candidates in
combination with CO2for cascade systems.
Furthermore, the refrigerant R717 (ammonia)
appears to be a good choice to achieve high
performance with a relatively low TEWI.
Keywords: Refrigeration, Cascade cycle,

Carbon dioxide, Ammonia, tropical countries.
INTRODUCTION
Refrigerants, which enabled and
supported the development ofrefrigeration
International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 1

Vol.7; Issue: 10; October 2020
International Journal of Research and
and conditioning from the 1930s onwards, were synthetic products. [1]The substitution of
polluting refrigerants by hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) is an effective approach to avoid
aggravating the destruction of ozone, but this generation of HFCs contributes to global
warming. [1]Hydrocarbons are organic fluids with good thermodynamic properties, but are
dangerous because of their flammability. Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) are new,
environmentally friendly synthetic refrigerants that are becoming more widely available, but
their low flammability should be taken into account for applications with high refrigerant
requirements. Driven by the desire to use environmentally friendly refrigerants, the use of
[2]
CO2in refrigeration cycles is very recent and significant advantages are noted. CO2is the
most promising natural fluid in refrigeration cycles, due to its low global warming potential
(GWP) and zero ozone depletion potential (ODP). [3]Non-flammable, non- explosive and
non-toxic in low concentrations, CO2has become an increasingly relevant argument for
reducing the carbon footprint. It does not need to be recovered or recycled compared to
HFCs, which means that CO2is very attractive where infrastructure is either non-existent or
too expensive, such as in developing countries. Despite these advantages as a refrigerant in
refrigeration cycles, the major disadvantage of CO2is its low coefficientof

Chegnimonhan K. Victorin et.al. Parametric study of NH3/CO2cascade refrigeration cycles for hotclimates
performance and reduced cooling capacity, especially in hot environments. [4]The low critical
temperature of 31.1°C makes it difficult to achieve the usual refrigeration cycles. Its thermo-
physical properties allow it to adapt favourably to cascade refrigeration systems, which are
remarkable systems in the refrigeration industry. [5]Single-stage systems are inefficient and
impractical to reach low temperatures (- 30°C to -100°C), and cascade systems overcome this
obstacle. Ammonia (NH3) is a natural refrigerant that does not contribute to the greenhouse
effect but its use has been greatly reduced due to its toxicity. The use of NH 3can be
perpetuated because of a certain interest in CO2at low temperatures. The simultaneous use of
two natural refrigerants (R717 and R744) with aquasi- zero GWP can be an advantageous
solution for a food chain to preserve foodstuffs. From a safety point of view, the toxicity of
R717 can be avoided by channelling the high-temperature cell into a technical room far from
the sales area and establishments receiving the public. In addition to the safety aspect, the
cascade system guarantees the subcritical operation of the CO2system and could potentially lead
to a reduction in the system's electricity consumption and a considerable reduction in indirect
emissions. Therefore, the fundamental aim of this study is to carry out a parametric study of
an NH3/CO2cascade refrigeration system in tropical climaticconditions.
MATERIAL AND METHOD

NH3/CO2cascade refrigerationcycles
A cascade refrigeration system consists of two refrigeration units (cells), one operating
at a lower temperature and the other operating at a higher temperature that is thermally
coupled to an internal cascade heat exchanger. Carbon dioxide (CO 2) is used for the
low-temperature cell because of these thermodynamic properties. [6]The internal heat
exchanger (evapo-condenser) acts as a condenser for the low temperature unit and as
an evaporator for the high temperatureunitandincreasesthe

performance of the refrigeration machine. As the efficiency of the exchanger increases, the
optimum pressure decreases and the coefficient of performance increases. [9,10]The model of
such a device is shown in Figure 1. At point (1), the outlet of the evaporator-condenser,
ammonia (NH3) in the form of saturated vapour enters the compressor and exits under the
conditions of point (2) with a pressure corresponding to the saturating pressure of the
condenser. During this step, the NH3transfers the heat that has been absorbed at the
evaporator to the ambient environment as a liquid. After condensation (3), the liquid passes
through the expansion valve where it undergoes an enthalpic transformation. At the outlet,
the refrigerant is at low pressure (4), enters the evaporator- condenser and a heat exchange
with carbon dioxide (CO2)causes it to pass as vapour (1), which constitutes the NH3 cell
cycle. At point (5), at the outlet of the evaporator the CO 2in the form of saturated vapour
enters the compressor and exits under the conditions of point (6) with a pressure
corresponding to the saturating pressure of the condenser. It passes through the evaporator-
condenser and heat exchange with NH3causes it to pass as a liquid. During this step, the
CO2releases the heat that has been absorbed at the evaporator plus the work of the
compressor degenerated into heat. That heat is absorbed by the NH3, allowing the CO 2to
evaporate. After condensation (7), the liquid passes through the expansion valve where it
undergoes an enthalpic transformation. At the outlet, the refrigerant is at low pressure (8),
enters the evaporator, the CO2absorbs the heat from the cooled medium and is transformed
into vapour (5), which constitutes the CO2cell cycle (figure 1). Several research and
experimental studies have been carried out on cascade systems. Recently, some authors
[5]
have studied two NH3/CO2cascade refrigeration systems. In 2018 Gholamian et al.
conducted an advanced exercise analysis of an NH 3/CO2cascade refrigeration system.
Comparedto

conventional exergetic analysis, the advanced exergetic analysis makes several improvements
and allows designers to find where these improvements are needed. It is a method of dividing
the exergetic destruction to find the true source of irreversibility in the system in order to
improve cycle performance. [9]In the advanced exergetic analysis which is explained in detail
in reference, [10]the rate of exergetic destruction in each component is composed of two
distinct parts, namely exogenous and endogenous destruction. Endogenous destruction is due
to irreversibility within the component while exogenous destruction is imposed on the
component by othercomponents.
Figure 1: NH3/CO2 cascade cooling system
Modelling of the NH3/CO2cascade refrigeration cycle

Assumptions for modelling the NH3/CO2refrigeration cycle
In order to analyse the performance of the operating cycle of the cascade refrigeration
system, the following assumptions have been made. These refrigeration needs and
assumptions correspond to those of a shopping centre in Benin.
Each component of the cascade refrigeration system can be treated as a controlvolume.

All components are assumed to be in a steady state, constant flow process. Variations in the
potential energy and kinetic energy of the components are negligible.
The compressors of both cells are not isentropic, and the isentropic efficiency can be
expressed as a function of the pressure ratio. Combined with the electrical and mechanical
efficiency of each compressor, the total efficiency is assumed to be0.80.
Heat losses and pressure drops in pipe connections and components are negligible.
All relaxation devices areisenthalpic.
The output states of the condenser and cascade condenser are in the saturated liquid state
and the evaporator is in the saturated vapourstate.
The cooling capacity is fixed (270kW).
The condensation temperatures used in the parametric study are in the range[25
°C; 55 °C].
Evaporation temperatures are in the range [-50°C;-10°C].
The temperature difference in the cascade exchanger is ∆T=5°C.
Simulationmodels
The thermodynamic models applied to the refrigeration cycle shown in Figure 1 are
summarised in Table 1. For each component of the system, the mass, energy and
exergy balance equations are applied. Each process is represented mathematically
and integrated in Engineering Equation Solver (EES). In Table 1, Q Lis the cooling
capacity,QMis the capacity of the cascade exchanger,WHis the work done by the
compressor of the high-temperature cell, WLis the work done by the compressor of
the low-temperature cell, ṁLis the carbon dioxide mass flow rate, ṁH: ammonia mass
flow rate, hi: enthalpy of the refrigerant at different points in the system, s i:entropy of
the refrigerant at different points in the system, s gen: entropy generated,
ηm:mechanical efficiency, ηe:electrical efficiency, ηis:isentropic efficiency.

Table 1: Mass, energy, entropy and exergy balance of the system components
Components Ma Energy Entropy Operating exergy
ss balance balance balance [kW]
bal [kW] [kW/K]
anc
e
[kg.s-1]
High temperature compressor ṁ1= ṁ2= Sgen= ṁH(s2-s1) Exd= ṁH(Ex1-Ex2)- WH
ṁH WH=ṁH =T0 [ṁH (s2-s1)]
= ṁH
Condenser ṁ2= ṁ3= QH= ṁH(h2-h3)
Sgen= ṁ (sH-s3 2)- Exd= (1- ) QH+ ṁH (Ex2-Ex3)
ṁH
=T H[ṁ
0
(s -s )]
3 2-
High-temperature circuit ṁ3= ṁ4= h3=h4 Sgen= ṁL(s4-s3) Exd= ṁH(Ex3-Ex4)

expansion ṁH =T0[ṁH(s4-s3)
valve
Evapo-condenser ṁ6= ṁ7= QM= ṁH (h1-h4) Sgen= ṁL(s7-s6)+ Exd= ṁL(Ex6-Ex7)+ ṁ (Ex4-
ṁLṁ4= = ṁ (h6-h7) ṁH. (s1-s4)
Ex1)
ṁ1= ṁH =T0 [ṁL (s7-s6)+ṁH (s1-s4)]
Low temperature circuit ṁ5= ṁ6= Sgen= ṁL(s6-s5) Exd= ṁL.(Ex5-Ex6)- WL
compressor ṁL W =ṁ
L =T0ṁL (s6-s5)]
=ṁH
Expansion valve low temperature ṁ7= ṁ8= h7=h8 Sgen= ṁL(s8-s7) Exd= ṁL(Ex7-Ex8)
circuit ṁL =T0(ṁL (s8-s7)
Evaporator ṁ8= ṁ5= QL= ṁL(h8-
Sgen= ṁ s -s )- Exd= (1- ) QL+ ṁH(Ex8-Ex5)
ṁL h5) L( 8 5
L= =T0[ṁL(s8-s5)- ]
ṁ
Coefficient of performance of the high-temperature cycle (COP H)

COPH=
Coefficient of performance of the low temperature cycle (COPL)
COPL=
Coefficient of performance of the cascade refrigeration system (COP)
COP =
Environmental assessment of the NH3/CO2cascade refrigerationsystem

In addition to energy and exergy analysis, environmental assessment is crucial for
NH3/CO2cascade systems to examine their environmental footprint. TEWI (Total
Equivalent Warming Impact) is a concept for assessing global warming during the
operational life of a refrigeration system. Details on the calculation of this index can
be found in many studies. [15]As an indication, it is given by the following formula:
TEWI direct= GWP100 CO2[LCO2.N+MCO2(1-a1)] + GWP100 NH3[LNH3.N+MNH3(1-a2)]
(1)
GWP100: global warming potential for 100 years.
The mass of the refrigerant is assumed tobe
1 kg/kW of cooling capacity for carbon dioxide and 2 kg/kW of cooling capacity for
ammonia.Theleakage(L)isassumedtobe

LNH3=0.15MNH3 (3)
The years of analysis (N) are assumed to be
15 and the recycling factors (a1and a2) should be 95%. [6,13]
TEWI Indirectis a function of the duration N of use, the annual electrical
energy consumption (E) by the equipment in kWhand the amount (A) in kilogram
equivalent of CO2emitted to produce 1 kWh of electricity consumed by the
cooling equipment . A depends mainly on the primary energy used to produce electricity.
TEWI indirect=E.N.A.(4)
According to Vivendi Group's methodological note for calculating greenhouse gas emissions
the emission factor for electricity production in Benin is A= 0.720kgCO2/kWh.
E= (5)
The annual mean performance coefficient is given by the relation: [7]
[6,13]

Chegnimonhan
COPm= K. Victorin et.al. Parametric study of NH3/CO2cascade refrigeration cycles for hotclimates

(6)
15% of the total refrigerant mass (M),
LCO2

=0.15M

CO2

(2)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The effect of the evaporation
temperature on the NH3/CO2cascade
system
Figure 2 shows the effect of the evaporating temperature on the coefficient of
performance of the cascade system, the effect of the refrigeration capacity (Q L) and
the work required (WC)in the compressors (sum of the work of the two compressors).
The results are obtained by setting the condensing temperature at 35°C and the
condensing temperature of the R744 in the cascade heat exchanger at 15°C. As the
evaporating temperature increases, the coefficient of performance increases slightly
(the COP is equal to 1.211 at -50°C and equal to 3.22 at -10°C). The work required to
operate the compressors decreases as the performance of the cascade system
increases. Figure 3 shows that the compression work required in the low- temperature
cell decreases as the evaporating temperature increases because the pressure ratio
decreases. The work has dropped from 169.1 kW (at the evaporating temperature of -
50°C) to 45.02 kW (at the evaporating temperature of -10°C). The compression work
required in the high- temperature cell has decreased slightly. It has decreased from
53.83 kW to 38.62 kW at the same evaporating temperatures. As a result, the
combined work (WC) required alsodecreases.
Figure 2: Variation in COP, compressor work and the effect of the evaporating temperature of the cascade system

Figure 3: Effect of the evaporating temperature of the cascade system on compressor operation
Effect of the condensation temperature of the cascade refrigerationsystem

When the evaporating temperature is kept constant at -35°C and the condensing
temperature from R744 to -15°C in the evaporator-condenser, the coefficient of
performance of the cascade refrigeration system will decrease as the condensing
temperature increases; the cooling capacity (Q L) will be constant over the entire
condensing temperature range (Figure 4). However, the work required at the high-
temperature cell compressor increases due to the increase in the compression ratio of
the cell. The combined work (WC=WL+WH) increases, therefore the COP of the cascade
systemdecreases.
Figure 4: Variation in COP and compressor work of the cascade system as a function of condensing temperature
Effect of the condensation temperature of CO2in theevapo-condenser

When the condensing temperature is kept constant at 45°C and the evaporating
temperature at -45°C, the Coefficient of

Performance (COP) of the cascade refrigeration system and the Coefficient of Performance
(COPLand COPH) of each cell vary according to the condensing temperature of the low-
temperature cell. According to Figure 5, it is observed that the COP Lof the low-temperature
cell decreases as the carbon dioxide condensing temperature increases although the COPHof
the high-temperature cell increases. By varying the carbon dioxide condensing temperature (-
25°C to 10°C) the COP of the cascade system first increases; reaches the maximum value
(1.407 to -15°C) and then decreases. The condensing temperature of the low temperature cell
at which the COP of the cascade system is maximum is known as the optimum coupling
temperature of the cascadesystem.
Figure5: Variation of COP, COPH and COPL as a function of coupling temperature
Effect of cascade system compressor efficiency

The variation of the coefficient of performance of the cascade refrigeration system with the
coupling temperature is shown in Figure 6 for different isentropic
compressorefficiencies(ɛ).Itisobservedin Figure 6 that the COP of the cascade system
increases as the compressor efficiency increases, due to the reduction in compressorwork.

Figure 6: COP variation for different isentropic compressor efficiencies.
Effect of the temperature difference in the cascadecondenser

The variation of the coefficient of performance as a function of the coupling
temperature at different temperature differences (ΔT) in the cascade heat exchanger
is shown in Figure 7. In the cascade refrigeration system, the condenser of the low-
temperature cell rejects heat to the evaporator of the high-temperature cell. In order
for there to be heat transfer between the two cells, there should be a temperature
difference (ΔT) in the cascade heat exchanger. When the temperature difference in
the cascade heat exchanger increases, the system performance drops although the
system cost also decreases (due to the small size of the cascade heat exchanger) vice
versa. Therefore, the temperature difference must have an optimal value to balance
the cost and performance of the system. Generally, it is recommended that the value
of the temperature difference (ΔT) should be equal to 5°C.
Figure 7: Effect of the temperature difference in the cascade capacitor on the COP

Improving the performance of the cascade refrigeration system

It is assumed that the condition of the refrigerant entering the low and high
temperature cycle expansion valves is saturated liquid. However, liquid cooling below
saturation can increase the refrigeration effect and potentially improve the coefficient
of performance. To improve the COP by subcooling, the effects of the internal heat
exchanger and condenser subcooling are studied. It is observed in Figure 8 that the
internal heat exchanger has a negative effect on the performance of the cascade
system. The COP decreased from 1.789 to 1.742. The performance therefore
decreased by 4.7%. Therefore, it is concluded that the internal heat exchanger is not
advantageous with a pair of ammonia and carbon dioxide refrigerants in a cascade
system.
With regard to improving the performance of the cascade system, theeffect of
undercooling (ΔTSC) and overheating (ΔTSH) has also been studied on the cascade
system. Figure 9 shows the evolution of the coefficient of performance as a function
of the coupling temperature at various degrees of subcooling and superheating in the
two circuits. It can be seen from Figure 9 that the degree of undercooling increases
system performance and that overheating always has undesirable consequences on
system performance.
At -10°C the COP increased from 1.742 to 1.907 for a subcooling of 10°C, i.e. an increase of
16.50%.
Figure 8: Effect of internal heat exchanger on system performance in cascadee

Figure 9: The effect of undercooling and overheating on the COP of the cascade system
Exercise analysis of the NH3/CO2cascade refrigeration system

A careful analysis of Figures 10, 11, 12 and 13 illustrates the exercise analysis of the
NH3/CO2cascade refrigeration system. The destroyed exergy of some components
increased as a function of the condensation temperature of carbon dioxide, while the
exergy of some components decreased (Figure 10). The destroyed exertion in the
components of the high-temperature cell drops when the condensation temperature
of CO2in the evaporator-condenser increases. The destroyed exertion in the cascade
exchanger increases as a function of the temperature. In the low-temperature cell the
rate of exergy destruction in the compressor, expansion valve and evaporator
increases as the CO2condensing temperature rises. At - 25°C, the condenser has the
highest exergy destruction, followed by the high- temperature cell compressor, its
expansion valve, the evaporator, the cascade condenser, the low-temperature circuit
compressor and its expansion valve. However, when the temperature has risen to
5°C, the condenser is first followed by the CO2cell compressor,its expansion valve,
the NH3compressor, the cascade exchanger, the evaporator and the NH 3expansion
valve. Other information related to the exertion of the components of the cascade
system as a function of the CO2condensing temperature is summarised in Table2.

Table 2: Exergy of cascade refrigeration system components

Couplin Ex Exergy Ex Ex Ex Exergy [kW] Exergy [kW] Tot
g erg [kW] at erg erg erg at the at the alE
tempera y CO2 y y y intermediate evaporator x
ture [k compressor [k [k [k heatexchanger erg
[°C] W] W] W] W] y
at at the to the to the [k
con NH3 CO2 NH3 W]
den compress regula regula
ser or tor tor
-25 32.2 3.55 17.04 0.9978 12.11 7.534 9.65 83.13
5 18
-20 28.8 5.282 16.06 1.986 10.38 8.028 9.65 80.19
1 6
-15 25.8 7.015 15.05 3.363 8.81 8.755 9.65 78.50
6 3
-10 23.3 8.774 14 5.191 7.386 9.721 9.65 78.07
5 2
-5 21.2 10.59 12.92 7.558 6.103 10.94 9.65 79.00
4 1
0 19.5 12.49 11.8 10.58 4.952 12.44 9.65 81.41
2
5 18.0 14.53 10.63 14.44 3.93 14.28 9.65 85.55
9
10 17.8 15.54 6.955 21.7 2.24 17.8 19.23 101.3
7 35
15 17.5 17.5 6.055 27.75 1.673 20.57 19.23 110.3
5 28
Figure 11 illustrates the rate of exergy destruction of the cascade system components
for four different CO2condensing temperatures (-25°C, -10°C, 0°C, 15°C) in the
evaporative condenser when the refrigeration capacity is maintained at 270kW. The
condensing (Tc) and evaporating (Te) temperatures of the refrigeration system are kept
constant. The values of the exergetic destruction rates of the system components as a
function of the coupling temperature and the values of the total exergetic of the
refrigeration system as a function of the coupling temperature are determined (Table
2). It can be seen that at the coupling temperature -10°C, the total exertion of the
refrigeration system is low (78.072kW) compared to other coupling temperatures.
Figure 12 shows the percentage of exergy destruction of each component of the
cascade refrigeration system when the coupling temperature is set at -10°C. The

condenser and compressor of the high- temperature cell are the largest contributors to the
exergy destruction of the system with an irreversibility of 48%. These results show that
heat transfer processes are important in the condenser, so special attention must be paid
when designing this exchanger (an irreversibility of 30%). Table 3 shows the exergy
efficiencies (ηex) of the components of the cascade refrigeration system.
In Figure 13, the rates of exergy destruction of all components increase with the
cooling capacity of the refrigeration system. The condenser, the evaporator, the low-
temperature cell expansion valve (CO 2expansion valve), the low-temperature cell
compressor (CO2compressor),thecascade heat exchanger, the high-temperature cold
room compressor (NH3compressor) and its expansion valve (NH3expansion valve)
have the highest exergy destruction rates, respectively.
Table 3: Exergy efficiencies of cascade refrigeration system components

Exergy contribution of components (ηex)
Condense Compressor of NH3 cycle Dealer Dealer Cascade Evaporator
the CO2 cycle compressor of the CO2 of the NH3 exchanger
cycle cycle
0.1 0.82 0.64 0.99 0.98 0.99 0.80
Figure 10: Variation in the rate of exergy destruction as a function of coupling temperature

Figure 11: Exercise destruction rate of cascade refrigeration system components
Environmental analysis of the

NH3/CO2cascade refrigerationsystem
Figures 14 and 15 show the
environmental analysis of the
NH3/CO2cascade refrigeration
system and the variation in TEWI
(Total Equivalent Warning Impact)
of the cascade refrigeration system
operating with different
refrigerants, respectively. The
simulation is made by setting the
condensing temperature (Tc=35°C)
Figure 12: Distribution of energy loss in the cascade
refrigeration system and the cooling capacity (QL=
270kW) constant. The annual
average Coefficient of Performance
and TEWI vary as a function of the
evaporating temperature (Figure
14). The TEWI value decreases as
the evaporating temperature
increases because the coefficient of
performance increases. Figure 15
shows the TEWI values of the
cascade refrigeration system
operating with different natural
refrigerants in the high-
temperaturecell.
Figure 13: Variation of the exerted destruction rate as a Of the cascade refrigeration
function of cooling capacity systems (R717/R744, R600a/R744,
R290/R744, R600/R744,
R1234yf/R744,R1234ze/R744,
R134a/R744, R404A/R744), only the
R717/R744 system has the lowest TEWI
value. The closest TEWI value is that of
the R600/R744 cascade refrigeration
system.At

-50°C the TEWI of the R717/R744 refrigeration systems are environmentally

cascade system reaches a value of 18850 friendly systems.
tons of CO2when the TEWI of the
R600/R744 cascade system is 18890 tons
of CO2at the same temperature. At 10°C
the TEWI of the R717/R744 cascade
system reaches a value of 3969 tons of
CO2when the TEWI of the R600/R744
cascade system is 3992 tons of CO2at the
same temperature. The R404A/R744
cascade system has the highest TEWI
value (20810 tons of CO2at - 50°C and 5574
tons of CO2at 10°C). Since natural
refrigerants and hydrofluoroolefins are low
Figure 14: Variation of annual average coefficient of
GWPrefrigerants among other refrigerants, performance and TEWI as a function of evaporating
it can be concluded that the R717/R744 temperature.
and R600/R744cascade
Figure15: TEWI variation of cascade refrigeration system operating with different refrigerants
CONCLUSION optimum coupling temperature value

Based on the concepts of can be obtained. The use of an
thermodynamics and with the help internalheatexchangerinacascadesyste
of the performance optimisation m
calculation, the following relevant
conclusions can bedrawn from
thestudy:
The performance of the cascade
system increases as the evaporating
temperature rises and decreases as
the condensing temperature rises
due to the diminishing of the
compression ratio which results in
less compressor work requirement.
That induces an increase in COP.
Performance is maximum for
particular condensing and
evaporating temperatures, and the
reduces performance by 4.7%, whereas
subcooling in both circuits increases the
performance of the cascade system by
16.50%. As the isentropic efficiency of
the compressor improves the
performance of the cascade system
increases. The destroyed exertion in the
high-temperature cell components drops
as the CO2condensing temperature rises.
After the exergy analysis of the cascade
system, the coupling temperature of -
10°C results in a low irreversibility (i.e.
a total irreversibility of 78.072kW for a
system with 270kW refrigeration
capacity. The condenser and compressor
of the high-temperature cell have been
identified as the most critical
components with a total irreversibility of
48%. Exercise destruction ratesof all

components increase with the cooling Y. Ma, Z. Liu, et H. Tian, " A review of
capacity of the refrigeration system. transcritical carbon dioxide heat pump and
Among refrigeration cycles ", Energy, vol. 55, p. 156-
8 cascade refrigeration systems operating 172, juin 2013, doi:
with different refrigerants, the R717/R744 10.1016/j.energy.2013.03.030.
C. Aprea et A. Maiorino, " An experimental
cascade refrigeration system is the most
evaluation of the transcritical CO2 refrigerator
environmentally friendly followed by the performances using an internal heat exchanger
R600/R744 cascade refrigeration system. ", Int. J. Refrig. , vol. 31, no 6, p. 1006-1011,
The TEWI (Total Equivalent Warning sept. 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2007.12.016.
Impact) value decreases as the evaporating E. Gholamian, P. Hanafizadeh, et P. Ahmadi, "
temperature increases and the coefficient Advanced exergy analysis of a carbon dioxide
of performance of the cascade system ammonia cascade refrigeration system ", Appl.
increases. Finally, the feasibility of Therm. Eng. , vol. 137, p. 689-699, juin 2018,
cascade systems in tropical areas does not doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.03.055.
pose any particular safety problems T. Morosuk et G. Tsatsaronis, " Advanced
compared to cold countries. These systems exergetic evaluation of refrigeration machines
using different working fluids ", Energy, vol.
are therefore applicable
34, no 12, p. 2248-2258, déc. 2009,
withoutreservation. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2009.01.006.
AIRAH, "Best_Practice_Tewi_June2012".
REFERENCES 2012, Accessed: June 21, 2020. Online].
P.Rivet, "Environmental impact of cold and Available at:
energy efficiency", p. 16,2011. https://www.airah.org.au/
T. Gillet, R. Rulliere, P. Haberschill, E. Content_Files/BestPracticeGuides/
Andres, A. El-Bakkali, and G. Olivier, " Best_Practice_Tewi_June2 012.pdf.
Modélisation d'une climatisation automobile P. Gullo, K. M. Tsamos, A. Hafner, K.
multi- évaporateurs ", p. 9,2016. Banasiak, Y. T. Ge, et S. A. Tassou, "
Y. Ma, Z. Liu, et H. Tian, " A review of Crossing CO2 equator with the aid of multi-
transcritical carbon dioxide heat pump and ejector concept: A comprehensive energy and
refrigeration cycles ", Energy, vol. 55, p. 156- environmental comparative study ", Energy,
172, juin 2013, doi: vol. 164, p. 236-263, déc. 2018,
10.1016/j.energy.2013.03.030. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2018.08.205.
G. Lorentzen, "Revival of carbon dioxide as a K. M. Tsamos, Y. T. Ge, Id. Santosa, S. A.
refrigerant", Int. J. Refrig. vol. 17, no. 5, pp. Tassou, G. Bianchi, et Z. Mylona, " Energy
292-301, Jan. 1994, doi: 10.1016/0140- analysis of alternative CO2 refrigeration
7007(94)90059-0. system configurations for retail food
A. H. Mosaffa, L. G. Farshi, C. A. Infante applications in moderate and warm climates ",
Ferreira, et M. A. Rosen, " Exergoeconomic Energy Convers. Manag. , vol. 150, p. 822-
and environmental analyses of CO2/NH3 829, Oct. 2017, doi:
cascade refrigeration systems equipped with 10.1016/j.enconman.2017.03.020.
different types of flash tank intercoolers ", S. Sawalha and B. Palm, "CO2 as secondary
Energy Convers. Manag. , vol. 117, p. 442- refrigerant in Sweden", p. 11,2000.
453, June 2016, doi:
10.1016/j.enconman.2016.03.053.
P.Gullo, B. Elmegaard, et G. Cortella, "
Energy and environmental performance
assessment of R744 booster supermarket
refrigeration systems operating in warm
climates ", Int. J. Refrig. , vol. 64, p. 61-79, How to cite this article: Victorin CK, Louis AO,
avr. 2016, doi: Alain A et.al. Parametric study of
10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2015.12.016. NH3/CO2cascade refrigeration cycles for hot
climates. International Journal of Research and
Review. 2020; 7(10): 219-229.
******

Memoi IJRR0030

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Memoi IJRR0030

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Memoi IJRR0030

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

International Journal of Research and

Parametric Study of NH3/CO2Cascade

This article makes a parametric study of cascade

Keywords: Refrigeration, Cascade cycle,

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 1

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 2

MATERIAL AND METHOD

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 220

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 221

Figure 1: NH3/CO2 cascade cooling system

Modelling of the NH3/CO2cascade refrigeration cycle

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 222

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 223

High-temperature circuit ṁ3= ṁ4= h3=h4 Sgen= ṁL(s4-s3) Exd= ṁH(Ex3-Ex4)

Coefficient of performance of the high-temperature cycle (COP H)

Environmental assessment of the NH3/CO2cascade refrigerationsystem

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 224

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 225

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 226

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 227

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 228

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 229

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 230

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 231

Effect of the condensation temperature of the cascade refrigerationsystem

Effect of the condensation temperature of CO2in theevapo-condenser

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 232

Figure5: Variation of COP, COPH and COPL as a function of coupling temperature

Effect of cascade system compressor efficiency

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 233

Figure 6: COP variation for different isentropic compressor efficiencies.

Effect of the temperature difference in the cascadecondenser

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 234

Improving the performance of the cascade refrigeration system

Figure 8: Effect of internal heat exchanger on system performance in cascadee

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 235

Exercise analysis of the NH3/CO2cascade refrigeration system

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 236

Table 2: Exergy of cascade refrigeration system components

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 237

Table 3: Exergy efficiencies of cascade refrigeration system components

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 238

Figure 11: Exercise destruction rate of cascade refrigeration system components

Environmental analysis of the

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 240

-50°C the TEWI of the R717/R744 refrigeration systems are environmentally

CONCLUSION optimum coupling temperature value

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 242

You might also like