RM MODEL PAPER SOLUTION 2

1a Define engineering research and list its aims and objectives

Engineering research refers to a systematic method of inquiry aimed at expanding the existing
knowledge base, solving new and important problems, and making original contributions to the
field of engineering. The aims and objectives of engineering research include:
- Solving new and important problems by applying scientific approaches
- Developing new theoretical or applied knowledge
- Testing hypotheses of causal relationships between variables
- Determining the frequency of occurrences or associations
- Gaining familiarity with a phenomenon or achieving new insights
- Portraying accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation, or group
- Contributing to the improvement of society and the state of the art in technology
- Obtaining a patent for innovative outcomes
- Fulfilling personal motivations such as intellectual joy, service to the community, and
respectability

These objectives are pursued through various types of engineering research, including
exploratory, descriptive, and hypothesis-testing studies. Motivations for engaging in
engineering research can be intrinsic, such as interest, challenge, and learning, as well as
extrinsic, including rewards for good work like money, fame, awards, and status.

1b What are the factors that motivate you to do engineering research?

Briefly explain
Individuals are motivated to engage in engineering research for various reasons. Some of these
motivations include:

1. Personal fulfillment: The desire to solve unsolved problems, intellectual joy, and the sense of
service to the community and respectability are driving factors for individuals in engineering
research.

2. Competition and collaboration: Influences from others, such as competition, collaboration,

commitment, and encouragement, serve as motivating factors for research. For example, the
desire to do better than others or to contribute to the improvement of society can be strong
motivators.

3. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors: Motivations can stem from both intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
Intrinsic motivations like interest, challenge, learning, and purpose are linked to strong creative
performance. Extrinsic motivating factors such as rewards for good work, including money,
fame, awards, praise, and status, also play a role in motivating individuals.

4. Contribution to society: The opportunity to improve the state of the art in technology and
contribute to the improvement of society serves as a motivation for individuals engaged in
engineering research.

5. Government directives and funding opportunities: External factors such as government

directives, funding opportunities in certain areas, and terms of employment can also motivate
people to get involved in engineering research.

In summary, individuals are motivated to engage in engineering research by a combination of

personal fulfillment, competition and collaboration, intrinsic and extrinsic factors, the
opportunity to contribute to society, and external influences such as government directives and
funding opportunities.
1c Compare descriptive research versus analytical research with
examples.
Descriptive research involves methods such as comparative and correlational studies, as well as
fact-finding inquiries, to effectively describe the present state of a phenomenon. The researcher
has no control over the variables and only reports the situation as it is. An example of descriptive
research could be a study that aims to describe the demographic characteristics of a specific
population without attempting to determine causation.

On the other hand, analytical research utilizes already available facts for analysis and critical
evaluation. In analytical research, the researcher critically evaluates existing information to
draw conclusions. An example of analytical research could be a study that analyzes the impact
of different variables on the performance of a specific engineering material, using existing data
to draw conclusions about the factors influencing its behavior.

2a What is the meaning of ethics and why is it important in the practice of

engineering research?
Ethics is crucial in the practice of engineering research for several reasons. Firstly,
technological advancements often raise ethical concerns, such as privacy issues and data
related to surveillance systems. Engineering researchers need to make ethical decisions and be
accountable for the repercussions of their research outcomes, especially when it impacts
humans. Additionally, engineering research often involves making choices that have ethical
implications, such as setting the right requirements at the outset, which can ultimately influence
the effects of the developed technology. Furthermore, research outcomes can have unintended
and undesirable side effects, making it vital for researchers to minimize hazards and consider
alternative, safer mechanisms. Ultimately, engineering ethics provides a rule book for
researchers, guiding them on what is acceptable and what is not in the development and
application of technology.

2b Write a note on the following research misconduct

(i) Falsification (ii) plagiarism.
Research misconduct, such as falsification and plagiarism, can have serious consequences in the
academic and scientific community. Falsification involves the illegitimate creation or alteration
of data or experiments to support a desired hypothesis, even if the actual data suggests
otherwise. This can lead to false empirical data entering the literature, which damages
trustworthiness, incurs additional costs, and impedes research progress.

On the other hand, plagiarism occurs when someone uses or reuses the work of others without
proper acknowledgment. This includes verbatim copying or reusing one's own published work
without citation, which is termed as self-plagiarism. Plagiarism can lead to the spread of
unattributed work and can undermine the integrity of research.

To prevent these forms of misconduct, it is important to have ethical guidelines in place, conduct
peer reviews before publication, and use tools to detect and prevent plagiarism. Additionally,
researchers should be aware of the ethical implications of their actions and strive to maintain
the integrity of their work.

2c What are three ways to credit the research contributions? Explain

Research contributions can be credited in three major ways in research publications:

1. Authorship: This involves being listed as an author of the intended publication. Authorship
establishes both accountability and gives due credit. A person is expected to be listed as an
author only when associated as a significant contributor in research design, data interpretation,
or writing of the paper.
2. Citation: Research contributions can also be credited through citation of previously published
or formally presented work. This acknowledges the inputs to the present research and gives
credit to the original sources.

3. Acknowledgment: Contributions can be recognized through a written acknowledgment of

some inputs to the present research. This allows for the recognition of individuals who may have
provided valuable input but may not meet the criteria for authorship.

These methods of crediting research contributions are important for establishing priority for
discoveries, building peer-reputation, and ensuring that individuals receive appropriate
recognition for their work.

3a How does the existing knowledge can contribute to the research

process? Explain with relevant points.
Existing knowledge contributes to the research process in several ways:

1. Foundation for Interpretation: New knowledge can only be understood and interpreted within
the context of existing knowledge. Without the foundation of existing knowledge, it is difficult to
comprehend the significance and implications of new findings.

2. Significance and Problem Identification: Existing knowledge helps in identifying significant

problems by providing a basis for comparison. It allows researchers to understand what is
already known in the field and to pinpoint areas where new knowledge is needed.

3. Building on Established Knowledge: Research builds upon the established knowledge found in
textbooks and previous research papers. This process ensures that new knowledge is grounded
in a strong foundation and can be effectively integrated into the existing body of knowledge.

4. Context and Originality: Existing knowledge provides the context for new research and helps
in establishing the originality of the work. By identifying what is already known and pointing out
the missing parts, researchers can demonstrate the originality of their contributions.

5. Immersion in the Literature: To become an expert in a particular field, researchers need to

immerse themselves in the existing literature. This allows them to understand the current state
of knowledge, identify gaps, and formulate research objectives.

Relevant points to consider when using existing knowledge in the research process include:
- Authority, accuracy, and scope of the sources being used.
- Understanding the hypothesis, models, and experimental conditions used in existing research.
- Making connections, comparing and contrasting information, and identifying strengths and
weaknesses in the existing knowledge.

In summary, existing knowledge forms the foundation for new research, helps in problem
identification, and provides the context for interpreting new findings. It is essential for
researchers to thoroughly analyze and synthesize existing knowledge to advance the overall
field of research.

3b What are the key features of the bibliographic database of the Web of
Science (WoS), and how is it commonly used in research?
The Web of Science (WoS) is a bibliographic database that offers several key features for
researchers:
1. Multiple Databases: WoS includes multiple databases and specialized tools, making it a
comprehensive platform for accessing scholarly materials.

2. Search Tools: Researchers can use specific search fields such as title, topic, author, and
address to narrow down their search to a particular area of interest.

3. Sorting Options: The tool allows sorting by the number of citations (highest to lowest) and
publication date, enabling researchers to identify influential and recent works.

4. Refine Results Panel: WoS provides a "Refine Results" panel that allows users to narrow down
their search by keyword, phrases in quotation marks, type of material (such as peer-reviewed
journal articles), date, language, and more.

5. Citation Tracing: The "Cited Reference Search" option enables researchers to trace articles
that have cited a previously published paper. This feature helps in understanding how a
particular idea has been applied, improved, or extended over time.

WoS is commonly used in research for its ability to provide access to a wide range of scholarly
materials, including peer-reviewed journal articles. Researchers rely on WoS to conduct
comprehensive literature reviews, identify influential works, track citation patterns, and stay
updated on the latest research in their field.

3c List and explain the Importance of Note-taking while reading research

papers.
Note-taking while reading research papers is important for several reasons:

1. Retention of Information: Taking notes helps in retaining important information from the
research paper, making it easier to recall key points and findings later on.

2. Organization of Thoughts: Note-taking allows the researcher to organize their thoughts and
ideas as they read, helping them to better understand the content and make connections
between different sections of the paper.

3. Critical Thinking: It encourages critical thinking by prompting the researcher to jot down
questions, criticisms, and reflections on the content, which can lead to a deeper understanding
of the material.

4. Reference for Writing: Notes serve as a valuable reference when writing papers or conducting
further research, as they capture the researcher's initial reactions, interpretations, and ideas
inspired by the paper.

5. Memory Aid: Notes act as a memory aid, ensuring that important details and insights are not
forgotten over time, especially when revisiting the paper after a long period.

6. Summarization: Taking notes helps in summarizing the paper, allowing the researcher to
distill the key contributions and technical merits of the work for future reference.

Overall, note-taking is an integral part of the research process, aiding in comprehension,

retention, critical analysis, and the development of new ideas.

4a What types of citations fail to achieve their goal and do not benefit the
reader? Explain.
Certain types of citations fail to achieve their goal and do not benefit the reader. These include:
1. Spurious citations: In cases where a citation is not required or an appropriate one is not found,
if the author still includes one, it would be considered a spurious citation. This does not add
value to the reader and may lead to confusion or misinterpretation of the information.

2. Biased citations: When authors cite the work of their friends or colleagues despite there being
no significant connection between the two works, or when they do not cite work of genuine
significance because they do not wish to give credit to certain individuals, these actions can be
classified as biased citations. This can lead to a skewed presentation of information and does not
benefit the reader in understanding the full scope of relevant work in the field.

3. Self-citations: While there is nothing inherently wrong in citing one's prior work if the citation
is relevant, excessive or unnecessary self-citation can fail to benefit the reader. Self-citation of
prior papers should be done judiciously to ensure that the reader is provided with a
comprehensive view of the relevant literature.

These types of citations do not fulfill the actual goal of citations and acknowledgments, and thus
do not benefit the reader by providing a clear and unbiased understanding of the existing body
of work in a particular field.

4b Illustrate using a flowchart, how collaboration in a Co-authorship

network can improve the flow of knowledge in the research.
Collaboration in a co-authorship network improves the flow of knowledge in research in several
ways. Firstly, it facilitates the exchange of ideas and expertise between co-authors, leading to the
generation of new knowledge. This collaboration allows researchers to leverage each other's
strengths and experiences, thereby enhancing the quality and depth of the research output.

Furthermore, co-authorship networks enable the dissemination of knowledge across

institutions and research fields. When a paper is cited by another paper, it creates a flow of
knowledge through citation networks, contributing to the transfer of information and ideas
across different academic and research entities.

The interdisciplinary nature of research encourages scholars to collaborate, and co-authorship

networks provide a platform for such cooperation. This interdisciplinary collaboration not only
fosters the sharing of diverse perspectives but also promotes the integration of different areas of
expertise, ultimately enriching the quality of research.

In summary, collaboration in a co-authorship network enhances the flow of knowledge in

research by facilitating the exchange of ideas, promoting interdisciplinary cooperation, and
enabling the dissemination of knowledge across institutions and research fields.

4c Explain the most common styles for citation used by engineers during
research, and provide an example.
The most common styles for citation used by engineers during research are the ASCE style
(American Society of Civil Engineers) and the IEEE style (Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers).

An example of the ASCE style citation:

[1] Author(s). "Title of the Paper." Title of the Journal/Conference, vol. X, no. X, pp. XX-XX, Month
Year.

An example of the IEEE style citation:

[1] Author(s), "Title of the Paper," in Title of the Journal/Conference, vol. X, no. X, pp. XX-XX,
Month Year.
5a Describe Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) and list its types.
The types of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) can be categorized into two main branches:

1. Copyrights and Related Rights:

- This category includes creative expressions in the fields of literature and art, such as books,
publications, architecture, music, sculptures, films, and computer-based software and
databases.

2. Industrial Property Rights:

- This category includes:
- Patents: Exclusive rights over an invention, preventing others from manufacturing, using, or
selling the product or outcome of the invention.
- Trademarks: Signs that differentiate the owner's goods or services from others.
- Trade Services: Services related to trade, financing, lending, or other financial
accommodations provided by the bank.
- Industrial Designs: Protection for the visual design of objects that are not purely utilitarian.
- Geographical Indications: Indications used to identify a product as originating from a
particular place.

These categories encompass the various types of Intellectual Property Rights and provide
protection for different forms of intellectual creations and innovations.

5b Define the term patent and what are the conditions that must be met for
obtaining patent protection?
A patent is an exclusive right granted for an innovation that provides a new way of doing
something or offers a new technical solution to a problem. It legally protects the invention from
being copied or reproduced by others, and in return, the invention must be disclosed in an
application in a manner clear and complete enough to enable it to be replicated by a person with
an ordinary level of skill in the relevant field.

The conditions for obtaining patent protection, as provided in Section 2(1)(j) of the Patents Act,
1970, include:

1. Novelty: The innovation claimed in the patent application must be new and not known to
anybody in the world. It should not be in the knowledge of the public, published anywhere
through any means of publication, or claimed in any other specification by any other applicant.

2. Inventive step: The innovation should be a technical advancement over the existing
knowledge, possess economic significance, and not be obvious to a person skilled in the
concerned subject.

3. Capable of industrial application: The invention must be capable of being made or used in any
industry for the benefit of society.

5c What are Patent Infringements? Explain its two categories of

Infringements.
Patent infringements can fall into two categories: direct infringement and indirect infringement.
Direct infringement occurs when someone makes, uses, sells, or offers to sell a patented
invention without permission. Indirect infringement, on the other hand, includes contributory
infringement and induced infringement. Contributory infringement happens when someone
provides a component or material for use in an infringing manner, while induced infringement
occurs when someone actively encourages or aids another party to infringe a patent.
Patent infringement refers to the unauthorized use, manufacture, or sale of a patented invention.
It occurs when someone uses, makes, sells, or offers to sell a patented invention without the
permission of the patent owner. Infringement can lead to legal action, including the possibility
of the patent owner seeking damages or an injunction to stop the infringing activities.

6a Explain the following major steps involved in the process of patent

registration.
(i) Prior Art Search (ii) Choice of Application to be Filed
(ii) Pre-grant Opposition
The major steps involved in the process of patent registration include:

1. Prior Art Search:

- Before filing a patent, it's crucial to ensure the novelty of the invention. This involves
conducting a prior art search to check if the invention already exists in the public domain.
- The search includes reading patent documents and Non-Patent Literature (NPL) such as
scientific journals, reports, and magazines.
- The search helps in averting infringement, tracking research and development, and providing
detailed information on the invention.
- Databases like Indian Patent Advanced Search System (InPASS), Patentscope, Espacenet,
USPTO, Google Patents Advanced Search, Orbit Intelligence, and Derwent Innovation are
commonly used for this purpose.

2. Choice of Application to be Filed:

- Once the decision to patent the invention is made, the next step is to determine the type of
application to be filed, i.e., provisional patent application or complete (Final) patent
application.
- The provisional patent application is often preferred due to its cost-effectiveness, less time
consumption, and fewer formalities.

3. Pre-Grant Opposition:
- After the expiry of 18 months from the date of filing the application or the priority claimed
date, the application is published in the Official Journal of the Patent Office to inform the public
about the invention.
- If anyone has an objection to the invention claimed in the patent application, they can
challenge the application by approaching the Controller of Patents within 6 months from the
date of publication. This is termed as Pre-grant Opposition.
- Depending on the outcome, the patent application may be rejected or recommended for the
next step, i.e., patent examination.

6b In which circumstances Indian residents are not required to file a patent

application first in India to get patent protection in another country?
Explain.
Indian residents are not required to file a patent application first in India to get patent
protection in another country under the following circumstances:

1. If the applicant is not an Indian resident.

2. If six weeks have passed since the patent application was filed in India by an Indian resident.
3. If two or more inventors are working on an invention in a foreign country and one of the
inventors is an Indian resident. If the invention does not have a potential market in India and the
Indian resident does not wish to file the patent in India, they can seek Foreign Filing Permission
(FFP) from the Indian Patent Office.

In these situations, Indian residents can directly file for patent protection in other countries
without the requirement of filing the patent application first in India.
 6c Name the four national bodies dealing with patent affairs
The four national bodies dealing with patent affairs are:
 The Indian Patent Office (IPO)
 Department for Promotion of Industry & Internal Trade (DPIIT)
 Technology Information Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC)
 Cell for IPR Promotion and Management (CIPAM)

7a What are the key considerations and tests for determining fair use
doctrine under copyright law? Explain with examples.
The key considerations and tests for determining fair use doctrine under copyright law include:

1. The character of the use: The use of the work should be purely educational, non-profit, and
personal.

2. Nature of the work: The use of the work should be factual in nature and not imaginative.

3. Amount of the portion to be used: Permission is not needed if only a small portion of
copyrighted material is to be used, although this parameter is debatable.

4. Impact of use on the value of the copyrighted material: If a small portion of the work is copied
and does not affect the author's economic and moral rights, it may be excused from infringement.

These considerations are part of the Fair Use Doctrine, which allows for limited use of
copyrighted materials for teaching and research purposes. Detailed information and examples
of the Fair Use Doctrine can be accessed from the official website.

7b Using a Flow chart, explain the important steps involved in the process
of Copyright Registration.
The important steps involved in the process of Copyright Registration are as follows:

1. Creation of Work: The first step is the creation of the original work. Once a work is created via
any medium, it automatically receives Copyright protection.

2. Application Submission: The applicant submits the application for Copyright registration to
the office of the Registrar of Copyrights.

3. Examination: The application is evaluated by examiners. If any doubts or queries are raised,
the applicant is given around 45 days to clear these objections.

4. Objection Handling: If any person has objections to the claim/s made in the application, they
can contact the office of the Registrar of Copyrights. After giving an opportunity of hearing to
both the parties, the Registrar may decide the case in favor or against the author of the work.
Once the objections are cleared, the application is evaluated by the examiners.

5. Registration: If everything is in order and objections are cleared, the work is registered by the
Copyright Office. The certificate of registration serves as prima facie evidence in a court in cases
of disputes relating to ownership or creation of Copyright.

6. Judicial Powers: The Registrar of Copyrights has the powers of a civil court when trying a suit
under the Code of Civil Procedure in respect of Copyright matters.

7. Waiting Period: Usually, there is a mandatory waiting period of 30 days after applying for
Copyright registration.
7c What were the key events and circumstances surrounding the copyright
dispute between photographer David Slater and the macaques in
Indonesia in 2011? Explain.

The copyright dispute between photographer David Slater and the macaques in Indonesia in 2011
revolves around the famous "monkey selfie" incident. Here are the key events and circumstances
surrounding the dispute:

1. **The Monkey Selfie**: In 2011, British wildlife photographer David Slater traveled to
Indonesia to photograph the endangered Celebes crested macaques. During his visit to Sulawesi,
Indonesia, a group of macaques became curious about his camera equipment. One of the
macaques, named Naruto, managed to take several self-portraits using Slater's camera, including
a now-iconic selfie where Naruto grinned into the lens.

2. **Ownership of the Photographs**: Slater later published the photographs, including the
monkey selfie, in a book and online. However, controversy arose over the ownership of the
images. Slater claimed that he held the copyright to the photographs since he set up the camera
and owned the equipment used to capture the images.

3. **Public Domain Argument**: On the other hand, animal rights activists and some legal experts
argued that because the macaque pressed the shutter button and took the photos themselves, the
images should be considered public domain or owned by the macaque itself, rather than Slater.
They contended that copyright law typically only applies to works created by humans and not
animals.
4. **Legal Dispute and Settlement**: The dispute led to legal action, with Slater attempting to
assert his copyright over the photographs. In 2014, Wikimedia Commons, a repository of free-use
images, refused to remove the monkey selfie from its collection, asserting that the image belonged
to the public domain since it was taken by a non-human animal.

5. **Settlement and Clarification**: In 2017, Slater reached a settlement with the People for the
Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), which had filed a lawsuit on behalf of Naruto, the macaque.
As part of the settlement, Slater agreed to donate a portion of the proceeds from the photographs
to macaque conservation efforts. Additionally, PETA agreed to drop its claim that Naruto held the
copyright to the images. However, the legal precedent regarding the copyright status of works
created by animals remained somewhat ambiguous.

Overall, the copyright dispute surrounding the monkey selfie brought attention to the
intersection of copyright law, animal rights, and the evolving role of technology in photography. It
raised complex questions about authorship, ownership, and the application of intellectual
property laws in non-human contexts.

8a What are the different categories of trademarks recognized under

Indian law, and tabulate the famous trademark types with examples
The different categories of trademarks recognized under Indian law include:

1. Word Marks: These are trademarks that consist of words, letters, or numbers. For example, the
trademark "APPLE" for electronic gadgets.

2. Device Marks: These trademarks consist of a particular design, logo, or symbol. For example,
the Nike "Swoosh" logo.

3. Service Marks: These are used to identify and distinguish the services of one person from the
services of others. For example, the trademark "UBER" for transportation services.

4. Shape Marks: These trademarks are related to the shape of goods or their packaging. For
example, the Coca-Cola bottle shape.

5. Collective Marks: These are trademarks used by members of a collective group or

organization. For example, the trademark "DARJEELING" for tea produced in the Darjeeling
region.

6. Certification Marks: These marks are used to show that the goods or services in connection
with which they are used have been certified by the proprietor of the mark in respect of origin,
material, mode of manufacture of goods or performance of services, quality, accuracy, or other
characteristics. For example, the "AGMARK" certification mark for agricultural products.

7. Series Marks: These are trademarks applied for in respect of a series of goods or services. For
example, the trademark "SONY BRAVIA" for a series of televisions.

8b Explain by using a process flowchart, the steps involved in trademark

registration.
The steps involved in trademark registration are as follows:

1. Prior Art Search: Before applying for trademark registration, it is important to conduct a prior
art search to ensure that the intended trademark is not similar to ones already registered. This
search can be carried out using various web portals such as Public search for Trademarks by
CGPDTM, Trademark Electronic Search System (TESS), and WIPO's Global Brand Database.
2. Application Submission: The proprietor of the trademark can apply for registration on their
own or with the help of a certified agent. The application is assigned an application number,
which can be tracked online.

3. Examination: The application is scrutinized by a professional examiner. If everything is in

order, the particulars of the application are published in the official Trademark journal. If there
are objections, the examiner will send them to the applicant for rectification. The revised
application may then be recommended for publication.

4. Publication and Objection: Once the trademark is published in the official journal, the public
has 90 days to file an objection. After hearing both parties, the officer decides whether to
proceed further for the grant of trademark or disallow the grant. If the outcome is unfavorable,
the applicant has the right to contest the decision in front of the IPAB.

5. Registration Certificate: If the application successfully completes all formalities, a trademark

registration certificate is issued in the name of the applicant.

Famous Case Law: COCA-COLA COMPANY VS. BISLERI INTERNATIONAL PVT. LTD.
- 'MAAZA', a popular mango fruit drink in India, is a registered trademark of an Indian company,
Bisleri International Pvt. Ltd.

9a Describe the enforcement of Industrial Design Rights.

The process for enforcing Industrial Design Rights involves the following steps:

1. Legal Exclusivity: Design registration confers a monopolistic right to the proprietor, allowing
them to legally exclude others from reproducing, manufacturing, selling, or dealing in the
registered design without prior consent.

2. Lawsuit Filing: If pirated products of the registered design are being used, the proprietor has
the right to sue the infringing party, whether a natural person or entity. This involves filing an
infringement case in a court not lower than the District Court to stop the exploitation and claim
any entitled damages.

3. Verification: The court verifies whether the design of the product is registered under the
Designs Act, 2000. If the design is not registered, legal action against the infringer may not
proceed.

4. Legal Action: If the infringer is found guilty of piracy or infringement, the court can order
them to pay damages, typically around ₹50,000, in respect of infringement of one registered
design.

In summary, the process for enforcing Industrial Design Rights involves legal exclusivity, filing a
lawsuit, verification of design registration, and legal action against infringers.

9b Explain the classification of Industrial Designs and design registration

trends in India.
The classification of Industrial Designs in India is based on the Locarno Agreement of 1968. This
classification system is used to categorize goods for the registration of Industrial Designs and for
conducting Design searches. There are 32 classes and 237 subclasses in this classification
system, and it is used to indicate the classes in official documents. The classification includes a
list of classes and subclasses with a list of goods that constitute Industrial Designs. For example,
Class 1 includes foodstuff for human beings, foodstuffs for animals, and dietetic foods, while
Class 32 classifies the products under the heading "Lighting apparatus."
In terms of design registration trends in India, the statistics for Industrial Designs (filed,
examined, and registered) for the period 2010-20 show an increasing trend. There was an 88%
increase in Designs filed, a 117% increase in Designs examined, and a 33% increase in Designs
registered. The highest numbers were observed in 2019-20 for Designs filed (12,268), examined
(13,644), and registered (14,272).

9c Explain registered Geographical Indications (GI) in India with the

tabulate of examples
GI products registered in India belong to the domains of handicrafts, agricultural, food stuffs,
alcoholic beverages, etc.
 The first GI tag was granted in 2004 to Darjeeling Tea and the latest being Kashmir Saffron and
Manipur Black rice (Chakhao) in May 2020. A total of 370 GI have been registered in India till
May 2020.
 Nearly 58% of these belong to handicrafts, followed by agriculture (30%).
 Other categories belong to food stuff, manufacturing, and natural goods.
 In the Handicraft category, Tamilnadu holds the maximum number (21) of GI followed by
Uttar Pradesh (20) and Karnataka (19).
 A few stands out GI are mentioned in the below table
| Product | Type | State/Region |
|-----------------------|------------|--------------------|
| Mysore Silk | Handicraft | Karnataka |
| Kashmir Pashmina | Handicraft | Jammu & Kashmir |
| Banaras Brocades and Sarees | Handicraft | Uttar Pradesh |
| Naga Mircha | Agriculture| Nagaland |
| Tirupathi Laddu | Foodstuff | Andhra Pradesh |
| Phulkari | Handicraft | Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan |
| Basmathi | Agriculture| India |

10a Explain the Identification of Registered Geographical Indications (GI)

items. What are the common methods used to project GI in India.
Registered GI products are granted a tag, which is printed on the registered products. The tag
confirms the genuineness of the product in terms of its production (by set standards) and
location of production.
 Non-registered GI products cannot use/exploit this tag.
 By and large, GI tags represent the place of origin (of the product) along with cultural and/or
historical identity e.g. Darjeeling Tea, Mysore Silk, Tirupathi Laddu, etc.
 In India GI tags are issued by the Geographical Indication Registry under the Department for
Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade, Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
 The head of GI registry is at Geographical Indications Registry Intellectual Property Office
Building, Industrial Estate, G.S.T Road, Guindy, and Chennai - 600032.
 GI registered products can be grown / produced in any part of the world using standards laid
down by the GI Registry.
 However, these products cannot be labeled as GI as they are not produced/ manufactured in a
specific geographical location, as mentioned in the official records maintained by the GI Office
of GI.
 For example, plants of Darjeeling Tea can be grown in any part of India. But the tea leaves of
these plants cannot be sold under the brand name of Darjeeling Tea, as the concerned plants
were not grown in the soil and climate of the Darjeeling area.
The common methods used to protect Geographical Indications (GI) in India include:

1. Prior Search: Before filing an application for registering GI, it is important to search whether
the concerned GI is already protected. This can be done using search engines created by WIPO.

2. Application Filing: The application for GI can be submitted by an individual, organization, or

authority of people established under Indian law. It should be in a prescribed format and
submitted to the Registrar, Geographical Indications along with the prescribed fee.

3. Applicant Details: The applicant needs to mention the interest of the producers of the
concerned product and provide details about how the standard of the GI will be maintained.

4. Scrutiny and Examination: Once the application is filed, the Examiner will scrutinize it for any
deficiencies or similarities. If any discrepancy is found, the applicant needs to respond within a
specified time.

5. Publication and Registration: After the examiner is satisfied with the response, an examination
report is filed and the application is published in the official Geographical Indication Journal
for seeking any objections. If no opposition is received, the GI gets registered.

6. GI Tag: Registered GI products are granted a tag, which confirms the genuineness of the
product in terms of its production and location of production. Non-registered GI products
cannot use/exploit this tag.

7. Renewal: Initially, GI is registered for ten years but is renewable on the payment of the fee.

These methods ensure the protection and authenticity of Geographical Indications in India.

10b Using a flowchart, explain the process of GI registration.

The process of Geographical Indication (GI) registration involves several steps:

1. Prior Search: Before filing an application for GI registration, it is important to search whether
the concerned GI is already protected. This can be done using search engines created by WIPO
or by accessing the list of registered GIs in India from the official website of CGPDTM.

2. Filing the Application: The application for GI can be submitted by an individual, organization,
or authority of people established under Indian law. The application, in a prescribed format, is
submitted to the Registrar of Geographical Indications along with the prescribed fee. It should
include details about the applicant's name, address, particulars, the designated goods being
protected under GI, class of goods, an affidavit to establish the claim of genuinely representing
the interest of the producers, characteristics of GI, and any special human skill required.

3. Scrutiny by Examiner: Once the application is filed, an examiner will scrutinize it for any
deficiencies or similarities. If any discrepancies are found, the examiner will communicate
them to the applicant, who must reply within one month of receiving the communication.
4. Examination Report: If the examiner is satisfied with the response, an examination report is
filed, and the application is scrutinized again. If necessary, the applicant may be asked to clear
any doubts or objections within two months of the communication.

5. Publication and Opposition: After getting approval from the Registrar, the application is
published in the official Geographical Indication Journal to seek any objections to the claims
mentioned in the application. Objections must be filed within four months of the publication. If
no opposition is received, the GI is registered, with the filing date as the registration date.

6. Renewal: Initially, GI is registered for ten years but is renewable on the payment of the fee.

Rights Granted to the Holders:

- Right to grant the license to others
- Right to sue for unauthorized use
- Right to exploit and authorize users with exclusive rights
- Right to obtain relief for the violation of GI products

Protection of GI:
- The IP rights to GI are enforced by the court of law of the concerned country.
- GI registration provides advantages such as identifying pirated/non-genuine products,
increasing commercial value, and strengthening legal cases.