SOLUTIONS FOR

Model Question Paper-2

SUBJECT/ CODE: RM&IPR/ 21CS56, 2023-24
(Note: Tailor the answers as per the requirement)
S.N. Q&A
1.a. Define engineering research and list its aims and objectives.
Solution:
Engineering research is the process of developing the perspectives and seeking improvements in knowledge
and skills to enable the recognition, planning, design, and execution of research in a wide range of forms
relevant for engineering and technology investigations and developments.

Aims and Objectives:

The objectives of engineering research are:
 To solve new and important problems.
 To develop new theoretical or applied knowledge and not necessarily limited to
obtaining abilities to obtain the desired result.
 The objectives should be framed such that in the event of not being able to achieve the
desired result that is being sought, one can fall back to understanding why it is not
possible, because that is also a contribution toward ongoing research in solving that
problem.
 Someone else might come along and actually propose a different approach where the
desired objective is indeed possible to be achieved.
The aim of engineering research:
 The main aim of the research is to apply scientific approaches to seek answers to open
questions, and although each research study is particularly suited for a certain approach,
in general, the following are different types of research studies:
o Exploratory or Formulative,
o Descriptive, Diagnostic, and
o Hypothesis-testing.

b. What are the factors that motivate you to do engineering research? Briefly explain.
Solution:
Factors those contribute to conduct engineering research:
 Mix of extrinsic and intrinsic aspects:
i. Wanting to do better than what has been achieved in the world,
ii. Improve the state of the art in technology,
iii. Contribute to the improvement of society,
iv. Fulfillment of the historical legacy in the immediate sociocultural context.
 Several other factors like government directives, funding opportunities in certain areas, and
terms of employment, can motivate people to get involved in engineering research.

 The possible motives may be the result of one or more of the following desires:
i. Studies have shown that intrinsic motivations like interest, challenge, learning, meaning,
purpose, are linked to strong creative performance;
ii. Extrinsic motivating factors like rewards for good work include money, fame, awards,
 praise, and status are very strong motivators, but may block creativity. For example:
Research outcome may enable obtaining a patent which is a good way to become rich and
famous.
iii. Influences from others like competition, collaboration, commitment, and encouragement
are also motivating factors in research. For example: my friends are all doing research and
so should I, or, a person that I dislike is doing well and I want to do better.
iv. Personal motivation in solving unsolved problems, intellectual joy, service to community,
and respectability are all driving factors.

c. Compare descriptive research versus analytical research with examples.

Solution:

Descriptive Engineering Research Analytical Engineering Research

Descriptive research includes comparative

In analytical research, already available facts
and
for analysis and critical evaluation are
Correlational methods, and fact-finding utilized.
inquiries, to effectively describe the present
state of art.

The researcher holds no control over the

variables; rather only reports as it is.
Some research studies can be both descriptive
Descriptive research also includes attempts to and analytical
determine causes even though the variables
cannot be controlled.

2.a. What is the meaning of ethics and why is it important in the practice of engineering research?
Solution:
 Ethics generally refers to a set of rules distinguishing acceptable and unacceptable conduct,
distinguishing right from wrong, or wise aphorisms like the sayings of Chanakya.
 Engineering ethics gives us the rule book; tells us, how to decide what is okay to do and what is not.

The reason that ethics matter in data used in engineering research is usually because there is impact on
humans. Certain practices may be acceptable to certain people in certain situations, and the reasons for
unacceptability may be perfectly valid. We have unprecedented access to data today, and unprecedented
options for analysis of these data and consequences in engineering research related to such data.

Engineering research is not work in isolation to the technological development taking place. Researchers
make many choices that matter from an ethical perspective and influence the effects of technology in
many different ways:
i. By setting the ethically right requirements at the very outset, engineering researchers can
 ultimately influence the effects of the developed technology.

ii. Influence may also be applied by researchers through design (a process that translates the
requirements into a blueprint to fulfill those requirements). During the design process, decision
is to be made about the priority in importance of the requirements taking ethical aspects into
consideration.

iii. Thirdly, engineering researchers have to choose between different alternatives fulfilling similar
functions.

b. Write a note on the following research misconduct

(i) Falsification (ii) plagiarism.
Solution:
i. Falsification (Inappropriate alteration of data):
o Falsification is inappropriate alteration of data. Falsification is the misrepresentation
or misinterpretation, or illegitimate alteration of data or experiments, even if partly,
to support a desired hypothesis even when the actual data received from experiments
suggest otherwise.
o Falsification and fabrication of data and results, hamper engineering research, causes
false empirical data to percolate in the literature, wreck trustworthiness of
individuals involved, incur additional costs, impede research progress, and cause
actual and avoidable delays in technical advancement.
o Misleading data can also crop up due to poor design of experiments or incorrect
measurement practices.
o The image of engineering researchers as objective truth seekers is often jeopardized
by the discovery of data related frauds. Such misconduct can be thwarted by
researchers by always trying to reproduce the results independently whenever they
are interested to do further work in a published material which is likely to be part of
their literature survey.
ii. Plagiarism (Taking other’s work sans attribution)
o Plagiarism is taking other’s work sans attribution: Plagiarism takes place when
someone uses or reuses the work (including portions) of others (text, data, tables,
figures, illustrations or concepts) as if it were his/her own without explicit
acknowledgement.
o Verbatim copying or reusing one’s own published work is termed as self-plagiarism
and is also an unacceptable practice in scientific literature.
o The increasing availability of scientific content on the internet seems to encourage
plagiarism in certain cases, but also enables detection of such practices through
automated software packages.
c. What are three ways to credit the research contributions? Explain.
Solution:
Credit for research contributions is attributed in three major ways in research publications:
o By authorship (of the intended publication),
o Citation (of previously published or formally presented work), and
o Through a written acknowledgment (of some inputs to the present research).

3.a. How does the existing knowledge can contribute to the research process? Explain with relevant points.
Solution:
New knowledge in research can only be interpreted within the context of what is already known, and
cannot exist without the foundation of existing knowledge.
Aim: To look at how that foundation of knowledge needs to be constructed so that our new knowledge
is supported by it.
New Knowledge:
 The new knowledge can have vastly different interpretations depending on what the
researcher’s background, and one’s perception of that new knowledge can change from
indifference to excitement (or vice versa), depending on what else one knows. The significance can
normally be argued from the point of view that there is indeed an existing problem and that it is
known by looking at what already exists in the field.

 One can infer that the knowledge that is sought to be produced does not yet exist by describing
what other knowledge already exists and by pointing out that this part is missing so that
what we have is original.

 To do this, one again needs the existing knowledge:

 The context, the significance,
 The originality, and
 The tools.
 Where does this existing knowledge come from?

 Normally, one finds this knowledge by reading and surveying the literature in the field that
was established long ago and also about the more recent knowledge which is in fact always
changing. With this foundation in place, the new knowledge that one will make will be much
more difficult to challenge than without that strong foundation in place which is ensured with lots
of references to the literature.

b. What are the key features of the bibliographic database of the Web of Science (WoS), and how is it commonly
used in research?
Solution:

Web of Science key features of the bibliographic database:

 Web of Science (formerly known as ISI or Thomson Reuters) includes multiple databases, as well as
specialized tools.
 It is a good search tool for scholarly materials requiring institutional license and allows the
researcher to search in a particular topic of interest, which can be made by selection in fields that are
available in drop down menu such as title, topic, author, address, etc.
  The tool also allows sorting by number of citations (highest to lowest), publication date.
How it is used:
 Put quotes around phrases, add more keywords, or use the “Refine Results” panel on the left to narrow
down the search by keyword, phrases in quotation marks, type of material such as peer-reviewed
journal articles, date, language, and more.
 Expanding the search results is possible by looking for alternate word endings, breaking the search
concepts down, thinking of alternate search terms (including scientific names if applicable) and
connecting them with OR, and using the database’s features for finding additional references. “Cited
reference search” option enables a researcher to trace articles which have cited a formerly published
paper.
 Using this element, it is possible to find how a familiar idea has been applied, improved, or extended
subsequently.
 A structured search like this that enables narrowing and refining what one is looking for is effective to
ensure that the results throw up relevant sources and time spent in studying those is likely to be well
utilized.
 Based on the researcher’s need the search result can be broadened or narrowed down using the built-in
fields provided in this website.
 When clicked on any of the search results, this website provides the title of the paper, authors, the type
of journal, volume, issue number and year of publication, abstract, keywords, etc., so that the
researcher has enough information to decide if it is worthwhile to acquire the full version of the paper.

c. List and explain the Importance of Note-taking while reading research papers.
Solution:
 A researcher reads to write and writes well only if the reading skills are good.
 The bridge between reading and actually writing a paper is the act of taking notes during and shortly
after the process of reading.
 There is a well-known saying that the faintest writing is better than the best memory, and it applies to
researchers who need to read and build on that knowledge to write building on the notes taken.
 Many researchers take notes on the margins of their copies of papers or even digitally on an article
aggregator tool.
 In each research paper, there are a lot of things that one might like to highlight for later use such as
definitions, explanations, and concepts.
 If there are questions of criticisms, these need to be written down so as to avoid being forgotten later
on.
 Such efforts pay significantly when one has to go back and reread the same content after a long time.
 On completing a thorough reading, a good technical reading should end with a summary of the paper
in a few sentences describing the contributions.
 But to elucidate the technical merit, the paper needs to be looked at from comparative perspective with
respect to existing works in that specific area.
 A thorough reading should bring out whether
o There are new ideas in the paper, or
o If existing ideas were implemented through experiments or
o In a new application, or if different existing ideas were brought together under a novel
framework.
  Obviously, the type of contribution a paper is actually making can be determined better by having read
other papers in the area.

4.a. What types of citations fail to achieve their goal and do not benefit the reader? Explain.
Solution: The following are certain cases when references do not fulfill the actual goal of citations
and acknowledgments, and thus do not benefit the reader:
1. Spurious citations: In certain cases, when citation is not required or an appropriate
one is not found, if the author nevertheless goes ahead with including one anyways,
it would be considered as a spurious citation.
2. Biased citations: When authors cite the work of their friends or colleagues despite
there being no significant connection between the two works, or when they do not
cite work of genuine significance because they do not wish to give credit in the
form of citation to certain individuals, then such actions can be classified as biased
citations.
3. Self-citations: There is nothing wrong in citing one’s prior work if the citation is
really relevant. Self-citation of prior papers is natural because the latest paper is
often a part of a larger research project which is ongoing. Sometimes, it is also
advantageous for the reader because citations of all the related works of the same
author are given in one paper and this may reduce the effort of the reader in trying
to find the full versions of those papers. However, it is helpful and ethical only if all
the papers are really relevant to the present work. However, there can also be
negative impact on the journal as well as individual researchers due to
inappropriate and irrelevant self-citations. Self-citations in such cases may be either
spurious or biased or even both. Editors of journals who ignore such types of
citations and allow by negligence or otherwise, to be included in published
materials end up directly or indirectly altering the impact factor of those
publications.
4. Coercive citations: Despite shortcomings, impact factors remain a primary method
of quantification of research. One side effect is that it creates an incentive for
editors to indulge in coercion to add citations to the editor’s journal. Even if not
explicitly stated, the implied message is that the author could either add citations or
risk rejection. Such demands consequently diminish the reputation of the journal.

b. Illustrate using a flowchart, how collaboration in a Co-authorship network can improve the flow of knowledge
in the research.
Solution:
c. Explain the most common styles for citation used by engineers during research, and provide an example.
Solution:
Citation styles differ primarily in the order, and syntax of information about references, depending on
difference in priorities attributed to concision, readability, dates, authors, and publications. Some of the most
common styles for citation (as well as other aspects of technical writing) used by engineers are as follows:

1. ASCE style (American Society of Civil Engineers)

(a) Reference list: This part is to be placed in the bibliography or references at the end of the article or report.
A template with example for the same is given below:
(b) In-text citation for journals or books: The following part is to be placed right after the reference to the
source of the citation assignment:

2. IEEE style (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)3 IEEE style is standard for all IEEE journals
and magazines, and is frequently used for papers and articles in the fields of electrical engineering and
computer science. The IEEE style requires endnotes and that reference be cited numerically in the text.

Those submitting to an IEEE publication should see guidelines for the specific journal or magazine and may
also refer to the complete IEEE editorial style manual. Some examples of IEEE styles of citations for different
types of sources are enumerated below:

3. ASME style (The Association of Mechanical Engineers)

5.a Describe Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) and list its types.
Solution:
 Intellectual Property (IP) is a special category of property created by human intellect (mind) in the
fields of arts, literature, science, trade, etc. Since IP is a novel creation of the mind, it is intangible (i.e.
invisible and indivisible) in nature and differs from the tangible property, such as land, house, gold and
car with which we are quite familiar.
 Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) are the privileges accorded to the creator/inventor (of IP) in
conformance with the laws.
o These rights are given to the creator/inventor in exchange for revealing the process of
creation/invention in the public domain.
o The inventor is conferred with the special rights to use, sell, distribute, offering for sale and
restricting others from using the invention without his prior permission.
o The aforementioned rights do not apply to the physical object (e.g. book or computer or mobile
phone) in which the creation may be embodied but attributed to the intellectual creativity.

Broadly, IP comprises of two branches i.e. ‘Copyrights and Related Rights’ and ‘Industrial Property
Rights‘.
 ‘Copyrights and Related Rights‘ refer to the creative expressions in the fields of literature and art, such
as books, publications, architecture, music, wood/stone carvings, pictures, portrays, sculptures, films
and computer-based software’s/databases.
 The ‘Industrial Property Rights‘ refer to the
o Patents
o Trademarks
o Trade Services
o Industrial Designs and
o Geographical Indications.
b. Define the term patent and what are the conditions that must be met for obtaining patent protection?
Solution:
A patent is an exclusive right granted for an innovation that generally provides a new way of doing something
or offers a new technical solution to a problem. The exclusive right legally protects the invention from being
copied or reproduced by others. In return, the invention must be disclosed in an application in a manner
sufficiently clear and complete to enable it to be replicated by a person with an ordinary level of skill in the
relevant field.

Conditions for Obtaining a Patent Protection:

 Novelty - Not part of ‘State of the Art’. The innovation claimed in the patent application is new and
not known to anybody in the world. In other words, the innovation is a) not in the knowledge of the
public, b) not published anywhere through any means of publication and c) not be claimed in any other
specification by any other applicant.
 Inventive step - Not obvious to the person (s) skilled in the art. The innovation is
a) a technical advancement over the existing knowledge,
b) possesses economic significance and,
c) not obvious to a person skilled in the concerned subject.
 Capable of industrial application - For the benefit of society.
The invention is capable of being made or used in any industry.
c. What are Patent Infringements? Explain its two categories of Infringements.
Solution:

6.a. Explain the following major steps involved in the process of patent registration.
(i) Prior Art Search (ii) Choice of Application to be Filed (iii) Pre-grant Opposition
Solution:
(i) Prior Art Search - Before an inventor embarks upon the patent filing process,
 He has to ensure that his invention is ‘novel‘ as per the criterion for the grant of a patent.
 For this, he has to check whether or not his invention already exists in the public domain.
 For this, he needs to read patent documents and Non-Patent Literature (NPL), scientific
journals/reports/magazines, etc.
 The information lying in the public domain in any form, either before the filing of the patent
application or the priority date of the patent application claiming the invention, is termed as Prior Art.
 Conducting a prior art search before filing the patent has advantages as it averts infringement, tracks
research and development and provides access to detailed information on the invention.
 The prior art search is carried out on the parameters such as novelty, patentability, state of the art,
infringement, validity and freedom to operate.
 The commonly used databases for prior art search fall in two categories i.e. Patents Databases and
NPL.
(ii) Choice of Application to be Filed- Once a decision has been made to patent the invention, the
next step is, what kind of application needs to be filed i.e. provisional patent application or
complete (Final) patent application - generally, the provisional patent application is preferred for
the following reasons:

be included in the final application. In other words, the provisional application does not require
complete specifications of the inventions. The application can be filed even though some data
is yet to be collected from pending experiments.

for the patent applied. However, it is mandatory to file the complete patent application within
one year of the filing of the provisional application; otherwise, the application stands rejected.

(iii) Pre-grant Opposition- If anybody has an objection to the invention claimed in the patent
application, he can challenge the application by approaching the Controller of Patents within 6
months from the date of publication. It is termed as Pre-grant Opposition. Depending on the
outcome of the case, the patent application may be rejected or recommended for the next step, i.e.
patent examination. For a foreign applicant, the address for service in India or place of business of
his patent agent determines the appropriate Patent Office for filing a patent application. In the case
of joint applications, all the applicants are bestowed with equal rights and consideration.
b. In which circumstances Indian residents are not required to file a patent application first in India to get patent
protection in another country? Explain.
Solution:
In general, Indian residents are required to file the patent application first in India. Subsequently, they may
file for patent protection in other countries. But for this, prior approval is needed from the Patent Office.
However, this approval can be waived off under the following circumstances:

Indian resident. The invention does not have a potential market in India and hence does not wish to file the
patent in India. In such a scenario, the Indian resident has to seek Foreign Filing Permission (FFP) from an
Indian Patent Office.
l collaboration, if one part of the invention originated in India and the inventor is an
Indian resident; he has to seek permission to file the patent outside India.
needs to seek
permission from the Indian Patent Office because inventions related to these domains are not the subject
matter of patentability in India.
c. Name the four national bodies dealing with patent affairs.
Solution:
There are many departments/organizations/bodies dealing with various aspects of patents, namely,
 The Indian Patent Office (IPO)
 Department for Promotion for Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT)
 Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC) and
 National Research Development Corporation (NRDC).
7.a. What are the key considerations and tests for determining fair use doctrine under copyright law? Explain with
examples.
Solution:
 Any person not possessing a valid license from the owner of the Copyright is not entitled to exploit the
said work.
 However, Section 52 of the Copyright Act, 1957, provides for certain exceptions to the infringement
of Copyright. As per the rule of law, Copyrighted materials cannot be used by anybody without the
proper consent of the legal owners (of the Copyright).
 However, limited use of Copyrighted materials for teaching and research purposes is legally permitted,
under ‘The Fair Use Doctrine‘, which comprises of the four-part test:
The character of the use - use of the work is purely educational, non-profit and personal.
Nature of the work - The use of work is factual in nature and not imaginative.
Amount of the portion to be used - permission is not needed if only a small portion of
Copyright protected material is to be used. However, this parameter is debatable now.
Impact of use on the value of the Copyrighted material - If a small portion of the work is
copied and is not affecting the author‘s economic and moral rights, it will be excused from the
infringement.

A few examples are listed below:

If the Copyrighted work is used for personal use i.e. studies or research.
Quotation mentioned in the Copyrighted work.
Reporting of current events in the media, such as newspapers, magazines or radios/television.
 Reproduction of the work by teachers or scientific researchers.
Performance is free of charge by government officials in the performance of their duties e.g. reproduction of
any work for a judicial proceeding or a report of a judicial proceeding.
Use of any work prepared by the Secretariat of a Legislature.
Use of the work in a certified copy made or supplied in accordance with any law for the time being in force.
Making three or less than three copies of a book (including a pamphlet, sheet of music, map, chart or plan).
Bonafide religious ceremony, including a marriage function.
b. Using a Flow chart, explain the important steps involved in the process of Copyright Registration.
Solution:

Flow chart for the process of Copyright registration.

c. What were the key events and circumstances surrounding the copyright dispute between photographer David
Slater and the macaques in Indonesia in 2011? Explain.
Solution:
David vs. Macaques, Indonesia, 2011 –
 In 2011, a UK-based photographer David Slater put his camera on a tripod in the wildlife sanctuary to
click the photograph of Macaques monkeys.
 The Macaques were very curious about the equipment and they found the flashlight fascinating.
 One monkey clicked a selfie photograph which became very famous and legally controversial on the
matter of Copyright.
 Theoretically, the monkey is the holder of Copyright as he clicked the photo.
 Practically, David Slater was the claimant of the Copyright.
 The dispute entered judicial quarters between People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)
and David Slater.
 Now, the settlement has been concluded. The photographer i.e. David Slater withholds the Copyright
of the picture for having a substantial contribution, but he would pay 25% of the royalty share to the
wildlife sanctuary where the monkey lives.

8.a. What are the different categories of trademarks recognized under Indian law, and tabulate the famous
trademark types with examples.
Solution:
 Trademark can be a word that must be able to speak, spell and remember.
 It is highly recommended that one should choose the Trademark like invented word, created words,
and unique geographical name.
 One should refrain from Trademarks like common geographical name, common personal name and
the praising words which describe the quality of goods, such as best, perfect, super, etc.
 To ensure all these characteristics in a Trademark, it is suggested to conduct a market survey to ensure
if a similar mark is used in the market.

Following are some examples of the registerable Trademarks:

Any name including personal or surname of the applicant or predecessor in business or the
signature of the person e.g. the Trademark ‘BAJAJ‘ is named after industrialist Mr. Jamnalal
Bajaj.
A word having no relevance to the product/services e.g. Trademark ‘INDIA GATE‘ is being
used for food grains and allied products.
Letters or numerals or any combination thereof e.g. ‘YAHOO‘ is the abbreviation of the
phrase ‘Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle‘. It has now become a worldwide famous
Trademark.

Table: Some of the famous examples of Trademarks:

b. Explain by using a process flowchart, the steps involved in trademark registration.
Solution:
Flow chart for the process of Trademark registration:
9.a. Describe the enforcement of Industrial Design Rights.
Solution:

Once the applicant has been conferred with the rights over a specific Design,
 He has the right to sue the person (natural/entity) if the pirated products of his registered design are
being used.
 He can file the infringement case in the court (not lower than District Court) in order to stop such
exploitation and for claiming any damage to which the registered proprietor is legally entitled.
 The court will ensure first that the Design of the said product is registered under the Designs Act,
2000.
 If the Design is found not registered under the Act, there will not be legal action against the infringer.
 If the infringer is found guilty of piracy or infringement, the court can ask him to pay the damage (₹
50,000/-) in respect of infringement of one registered Design.

b. Explain the classification of Industrial Designs and design registration trends in India.
Solution:
 Designs are registered in different classes as per the Locarno Agreement, 1968; It is used to classify
goods for the registration of Industrial Designs as well as for Design searches. The signatory parties
have to indicate these classes in the official documents too.
 The classification comprises a list of classes and subclasses with a list of goods that constitute
Industrial Designs.
 There are 32 classes and 237 subclasses that can be searched in two languages i.e. English and French.
 For example, Class 1 includes foodstuff for human beings, foodstuffs for animals and dietetic foods
excluding packages because they are classified under Class 9 (Bottles, Flasks, Pots, Carboys,
Demijohns, and Pressurized Containers).
 Class 32 classifies the Design of graphic symbols and logos, surface patterns, ornamentation.

Design trends in India:

The following figure represents the statistics for Industrial Designs (filed, examined and registered) for the
period 2010-20. During this period, an increase of 88%, 117% and 33% was observed in the parameters of
Designs filed, examined and registered, respectively. In all three 88 parameters, the graph depicts a similar
pattern (more or less) with
the highest numbers observed in 2019-20 for Designs filed (12,268), examined (13,644) and registered
(14,272).
c. Explain registered Geographical Indications (GI) in India with the tabulate of examples.
Solution:
 GI products registered in India belong to the domains of handicrafts, agricultural, food stuffs, alcoholic
beverages, etc.
 The first GI tag was granted in 2004 to Darjeeling Tea and the latest being Kashmir Saffron and
Manipur Black rice (Chakhao) in May 2020.
 A total of 370 GI have been registered in India till May 2020. Nearly 58% of these belong to
handicrafts, followed by agriculture (30%).
 Other categories belong to food stuff, manufacturing, and natural goods.
 In the Handicraft category, Tamilnadu holds the maximum number (21) of GI followed by Uttar
Pradesh (20) and Karnataka (19).

Table: List of popular GIs registered in India:

10.a. Explain the Identification of Registered Geographical Indications (GI) items. What are the common methods
used to project GI in India.
Solution:
 Registered GI products are granted a tag, which is printed on the registered products.
 The tag confirms the genuineness of the product in terms of its production (by set standards) and
location of production.
 Non-registered GI products cannot use/exploit this tag.
 By and large, GI tags represent the place of origin (of the product) along with cultural and/or historical
identity e.g. Darjeeling Tea, Mysore Silk, Tirupathi Laddu, etc. In India,GI tags are issued by the
Geographical Indication Registry under the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal
Trade, Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
 The head of GI registry is at Geographical Indications Registry Intellectual Property Office Building,
Industrial Estate, G.S.T Road, Guindy, Chennai -600032.
 GI registered products can be grown/produced in any part of the world using standards laid down by
the GI Registry.
 However, these products cannot be labelled as GI as they are not produced/ manufactured in a specific
geographical location, as mentioned in the official records maintained by the GI Office of GI.
 For example, plants of Darjeeling Tea can be grown in any part of India. But the tea leaves of these
plants cannot be sold under the brand name of Darjeeling Tea, as the concerned plants were not grown
in the soil and climate of the Darjeeling area.

Common methods used to project GI in India:

The two common methods of protecting a GI are
 Sui generis systems (i.e. special regimes of protection) and
 Under certification or collective mark systems.

b. Using a flowchart, explain the process of GI registration.

Solution:

Flow chart for the process of GI registration: