ANAPHY LAB Week 7: Nervous BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD

System MENINGES
NERVOUS SYSTEM - consists of two - the brain and spinal cord are
divisions: the central nervous system enclosed by 3 membranes, collectively
containing the brain and spinal cord, known as the meninges:
and the peripheral nervous system - the outside membrane is the dura
which is a network of nerves and mater;
neural tissues branching out
- the middle membrane is the
throughout the body
arachnoid;
- allows the brain to send messages
- the inside membrane is the pia mater.
quickly to the rest of the body GRAY AND WHITE MATTER OF THE
- the CNS and PNS have a CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
bidirectional communication - brain and spinal cord of the central
- the brain sends messages to the nervous system receive impulses,
opposite side of the body process the information, and respond
- the brain receives messages from the with the appropriate action
opposite side of the body - gray matter of the brain and spinal
cord consists of unsheathed nerve
fibers (cannot be regenerated if
• CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM damaged) in the cortex or surface layer
(CNS) - brain and spinal cord PARTS OF THE BRAIN
- brain has 2 sides: hemispheres - white matter makes up the internal
structure, and consists of myelinated 1. CEREBUM - the cortex is also
- brain is made up of different areas:
nerve fibers divided into 4 lobes that correspond to
cortex, corpus callosum, cerebellum
the overlying bones of the skull:
- there are billion neurons in the brain
- the frontal lobe specializes in motor
- neurons make networks
activity, personality, and speech; the
parietal lobe is where language,
temperature, pressure, touch are
interpreted;
- the temporal lobe contains centers for
hearing, smell, and language input; the
occipital lobe specializes in vision.
 body temperature, and many metabolic
activities
- attached to the pituitary gland, it also
controls hormonal secretions of this
gland

2. CEREBELLUM - the second largest

5. SPINAL CORD - spinal cord has 31
part of the brain
segments:
- it contains nerve fibers that connect it
- 8 cervical segments that correspond
to every part of the central nervous 4. BRAINSTEM - consists of 3
to the C1-C8 vertebrae;
system structures:
- 12 thoracic segments corresponding
- it coordinates voluntary and - the gray matter of the midbrain to the T1-T12 vertebrae;
involuntary patterns of movements control visual reflexes and sense of - 5 ;lumbar segments corresponding to
- it also adjusts muscles to hearing L1-L5 vertebrae,
automatically maintain posture - the white matter of the pons plays a - 5 sacral segments corresponding to
role in regulating visceral (internal S1-S5 vertebrae,
3. DIENCEPHALON - refers to the organ) control - 1 coccygeal segment
thalamus and hypothalamus
- the 44 cm long spinal cord is shorter
➢ MEDULLA OBLONGATA - than the spinal column, so segments
➢ THALAMUS - is the relay center for connects the rest of the brain to the do not perfectly correspond to the
all sensory impulses except olfactory spinal cord vertebrae
(sense of smell) and motor areas of the
- it regulates breathing, swallowing,
cortex
coughing, sneezing vomiting,
heartbeat, and blood pressure
➢ HYPOTHALAMUS - regulates
behavior and emotional expression,
 • PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ➢ AUDITORY OR COCHLEAR
(PNS) - the network of nerves NERVE - provides sensory input for
branching out throughout the body hearing and equilibrium
from the brain and spinal cord is called
the peripheral nervous system ➢ GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE -
- to the 31 pairs of spinal nerves controls saliva, swallowing, and taste
mentioned in the slides on the spinal
cord, there are 12 pairs of cranial ➢ VAGUS NERVE - is the longest
nerves that attach to the brain: cranial nerve, extending to and
controlling the heart, lungs, stomach,
- at each segment of the spinal cord, and intestines
➢ OLFACTORY NERVE - carries
left and right pairs of sensory and
sensory input for smell ➢ ACCESSORY NERVE - permits
motor nerves branch out and connect
to the peripheral nervous system movement of the head and shoulders
➢ OPTIC NERVE - carries sensory
- impulses travel back and forth to the input for vision ➢ HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE - controls
brain and back to the muscles
the muscles of the tongue
➢ OCULOMOTOR NERVE - controls
muscles of the eye and eyelid
TYPES OF NEURONS
➢ TROCHLEAR NERVE - controls the - neurons are the nerve cells, the
eyeball structural and functional units ofthe
nervous system
➢ TRIGEMINAL NERVE - controls the - they conduct impulses that enable the
face, nose, mouth, forehead, top of body to interact with its internal and
head, and jaw external environments
6. CEREBROSPINAL FLUID -
colorless fluid is produced in the - there are various types of neurons
ventricles of the brain; it surrounds the ➢ ABDUCENS NERVE - also controls
- the tissues that support the nerve
brain and spinal cord the eyeball
cells is called neuroglia
- it cushions the brain and cord from
shocks that could cause injury ➢ FACIAL NERVE - controls muscles
- it is maintained at a level around 1/2 - of the face and scalp, and part of the • MOTOR NEURONS - usually have
2/3 cup tongue for sense of taste. one axon and several dendrites.
- the axon is covered with a insulating • INTERNEURONS - are located NERVE FIBERS
fatty layer called a myelin sheath, and entirely within the central nervous - there are no Schwann cells on nerve
transmits signals a long distance from system fibers in the central nervous system,
the neuron to the area to be activated - they intercept the impulses from the therefore damage to those nerve fibers
- dendrites are short and unsheathed sensory neurons and transmit the is not reversible
- motor neurons cause muscle signals to the motor neurons.
- a bundle of nerve fibers is simply
contractions and control secretions
from glands and organs controlling called ‘a nerve’
body functions - afferent nerves conduct impulses to
the central nervous system;
- efferent nerves conduct impulses to
the muscles, organs, and glands.
• SCHWANN CELLS - only found on
peripheral nerves which can
regenerate

• MYELIN SHEATH - a fatty layer of

insulation on some nerve fibers

• AXON - that transmits the message

• SENSORY NEURONS - do not have
true dendrites SYNAPSES - nerve impulses are
- they are attached to sensory transmitted via branches called
receptors and transmit impulses to the synapses
central nervous system, which then
stimulate the interneurons, and then - the synapses are connectors hooking
dendrites and axons from one neuron
motor neurons
to another

2 MAIN DIVISIONS OF PNS

- motor
- sensory
MOTOR DIVISION OF PNS - messages travel form the PNS to the
- voluntary actions brain and back
- involuntary actions - these electrical messages are sent
very quickly - up to 150 meters/second
- faster messages: reflexes
• AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM -
is a part of the peripheral nervous
system • REFLEX ARC - is the nerve pathway
- it controls the involuntary bodily which makes such a fast, automatic
functions such as sweating, gland response as possible
secretions, blood pressure, and the - they do not involve the conscious part
heart of the brain
- it is divided into the ‘sympathetic’ and
‘parasympathetic’ divisions

➢ SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM - is responsible for the ‘flight
or fight’ responses
- increased alertness, metabolic rate,
respiration, blood pressure, heart rate,
and sweating and decrease in
digestive and urinary function

➢ PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM - counteracts the responses
of the sympathetic system restoring
homeostasis

• INVOLUNTARY SYSTEM - divided

into two
- sympathetic: fight or flight
- parasympathetic: rest and digest