Bts12 CB t2 (Al+diwan)

2023-2024
Bridge to Success 12
Coursebook
2
Bridge to Success 12
Coursebook
Bridge to Success
Bridge to Success is an exciting, language-rich English course, which has been
developed with the Ministry of Education to ensure a solid basis for learners
of English as a Second Language in the United Arab Emirates.
This book sets out to:

develop and extend listening, speaking, reading and writing skills
motivate and engage learners through real-world tasks
Coursebook
build on and enhance 21st century skills
encourage global citizenship whilst maintaining an Emirati focus
align with international benchmarks of the Common
European Framework
Book 12
1444-1445 A.H. / 2023-2024 A.D.
1
1
3 2
3 2
Grades
Grade
11
1 448211 222238
Cover image: © Hussain Alhosani Alhodariyat Bridge, UAE

12
12
Advanced
General
Bridge to Success
English Language
Book 12 Coursebook
Grade 11 Advanced
Grade 12 General
Volume 2
1444 - 1445 A.H. / 2023 - 2024 A.D.

© United Arab Emirates Ministry of Education 2017
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions
of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place
without the written permission of United Arab Emirates Ministry of Education.
First published 2017
Printed in the United Arab Emirates
Coursebook
The Grade 12 Bridge to Success Book has been authored by the Ministry of Education
in collaboration by Cambridge University Press. Following a full needs analysis from the
field, the book has been thematically and artistically influenced by the students of the
Ministry of Education.
The Ministry of Education has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of

URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication,
and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate
or appropriate.
??
Welcome to Bridge to Success
Bridge to Success is a twelve-grade course for • English for educational success. To meet
learners of English as a second language (ESL). the challenges of the future, children need
The twelve grades range from the beginning of to develop facility with both conversational
cycle 1 to the end of cycle 3. and academic English. From the earliest
stage, Bridge to Success addresses both these
Bridge to Success 12 consists of twelve thematic competencies. Bridge to Success presents
units of study, which include a range of authentic listening and reading texts, writing
activities, text types and objectives, split over tasks, and end-of-unit projects similar to
three terms. those learners might encounter in English-
medium and international schools.
The materials reflect the following principles:
• An Emirati focus, with an international In addition to this Coursebook, the
perspective. Specifically developed for accompanying Workbook provides additional
young learners throughout the United support, reinforcement and practice.
Arab Emirates, the themes, situations and Comprehensive support for teachers is provided
literature covered by Bridge to Success strive in the Teacher’s Guide.
to reflect the Emirati context and encourage
learners’ curiosity about the wider world. This The following icons are used in this
fosters respect and interest in other cultures Coursebook:
and leads to awareness of global citizenship. 1 pre-recorded listening activity
• An enquiry-based, language-rich approach
links to 21st Century Skills
to learning. Bridge to Success engages
children as active, creative learners. As
learners participate in a wide variety We hope that you and your learners will enjoy
of curriculum-based activities, they using these materials as much as we enjoyed
simultaneously acquire content knowledge, developing them for you.
develop critical thinking skills and practise The Bridge to Success team
English language and literacy. The materials
incorporate a ‘learning to learn’ approach,
helping children acquire skills and strategies
that will help them approach new learning
situations with confidence.
iii
Contents
Reading/Topic Listening/Speaking Use of English Vocabulary Writing
Unit 5 A nation s Listening: Simple future and Lexis Main body of
entrepreneurial A conversation about entrepreneurship; present perfect passive; around: argumentative
Entrepreneurship vision; essays;
Short proposal presentations about Complex declarative
and business Transcript of sentences Notes to refer
3D printing;
Pages 154–165 a spoken Marketing presentation to during an
interaction; interview;
Speaking:
‘Brand you’; Short newspaper
One-to-one interactions/presenting
Job advertisement; article
opinions;
Job application Presenting a proposal;
letters;
Short monologue on a favourite brand or
Emirati teen company;
delivers greens
Giving constructive feedback
Unit 6 Countries and their Listening: Past perfect; Lexis Short comparative
weather; Telephone conversation around hot air Compound complex around: report;
Weather
Graphic balloon flights; declarative sentences Hot air Opinion report
Pages 166–177 information about Survivors of natural disasters talking about ballooning;
weather; what happened to them; Weather and
Transcript of Mini presentations about weather in weather
interview about different countries forecasts;
Emirati weather; Natural
Speaking:
Weather forecasts disasters;
Sharing ideas during a discussion;
and local weather; Surviving
Personal accounts;
Surviving the cold extreme
Interview role play weather
Unit 7 Money and Listening: Compound or complex Lexis Notes – arguments

advertising; Discussion about property rental; interrogative around: for and against
Money sentences; given topics;
A single global Interview with a coin collector; Money;
Pages 178–189 currency; Modals of speculation Money and 150 word essay
Discussion about ethical banking
Newspaper article + you advertising; referring to data
Speaking:
about a coin in charts and
Currencies
Being persuasive; graphs
collector; and coins;
Pyramid discussion about global world
Pay yourself first; Ethical
currency;
Mobile banking banking;
Debate
Mobile
banking
iv
Literature
LESSONS
Lesson Title Reading Objective Literature Focus
1-2
To read and understand author intention in To explore the connection between power
Power and Identity
Oliver Twist. and identity in Oliver Twist.
(p.192-193)
3-4
To read and understand the use of imagery to To explore the concept of loyalty as presented
Imagery and Loyalty
create feeling in Oliver Twist. in Oliver Twist.
(p.194-195)
5-6 To read and understand the ways that the
To explore the role of tension and suspense
Mood and Tension author use mood and atmoshpere to
in relation to plot developlment.
(p.196-197) foreshadow future events in Oliver Twist.
7-8
To read and understand how an author uses To explore the theme of purity and the use of
Purity and Symbolism
symbolism to communicate a message. characterisation in Oliver Twist.
(p.198-199)
9-10
To read and understand how juxtaposition is To explore the themes of courage and
Courage and Cowardice
used to highlight events in Oliver Twist. cowardice in Oliver Twist.
(p.200-201)
CORE READER
Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens
Term 2 Chapters of Study

5. The Kidnapping (p.202-207)
6. Mr. Brownlow’s Disappointment (p.208-211)
7. Big Plans (p.212-218)
8. The Night Before (p.219-223)
9. The Robbery (p.224-228)
10. Poor Oliver (p.229-233)
11. New Beginnings (p.234-238)
EXTRA READING
Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe (p.240-283)
v
Unit 5: Entrepreneurship and business
Artwork competition winner:

Anoud Hassan
Al Ghubaiba Girls’ school
Unit
5 ●
Entrepreneurship
and business
Topics Meet an entrepreneur; A nation’s entrepreneurial vision;
Innovation; Start-ups; Brand ‘you’; Teenage business men and women
● Use of English Simple future and present perfect passive;
complex declarative sentences
Lessons 1–2 Meet an entrepreneur

● Do you know anyone who has their own business? What do they do?
● Would you like to have your own business?
Listening
1 What do you think makes a good entrepreneur? Vocabulary
Put these things in order of importance an entrepreneur (noun): someone
(1 = most important and 7 = least important). who starts their own business,
Then compare your opinions with a partner. especially with some risk involved
how confident they are entrepreneurship (noun): skill in
starting new businesses, especially
their business experience with the ability to see new
their determination opportunities
entrepreneurial (adjective): used to
their ability to take risks
describe someone who makes money
their passion by starting their own business,
especially when this involves seeing a
their creativity and innovation
new opportunity and taking risks
family background
2 You are going to listen to two people talking about entrepreneurship and what makes a
successful entrepreneur. Before you listen, match options a–d with 1–4.
a If someone is a good businessperson, 1 it is likely that you will have an
b If a lot of people in your family are entrepreneurial gene.
entrepreneurs, 2 you can become a better entrepreneur.
c If your first business idea fails, 3 you are never going to be a successful
d If you work hard at developing your entrepreneur.
entrepreneurial skills, 4 he/she has the same skills needed to be a
successful entrepreneur.
154
5 Entrepreneurship and business
3 21 Listen to the discussion between two people Listening strategy

talking about entrepreneurship and what makes a When you are going to listen
successful entrepreneur. Which statement (a, b, c or d) to an in-depth discussion,
do both speakers agree on? it is important to establish
what you are listening for
4 Now look at the transcript and highlight the parts before you start to listen.
where the ideas in statements a, b, c or d are mentioned. This will help you to pick out
Did you choose the right answer? the details and information
you need.
5 Find and underline these phrasal verbs in the transcript.
Look carefully at how they are used, then use them to
complete the sentences below.
give up come up with figure out take on set up
a It didn’t take me long to an idea for my project.

b This is so frustrating! I really want to , but I’ll keep trying.
c When I’m older, I plan to my own business.
d This maths question is so hard, I really can’t it .
e I will a lot more responsibilities and extra work if I accept that promotion.
Speaking Speaking tip

6 Read the extracts below. To what extent do you agree When you are exchanging ideas
or disagree with them? with another person, remember
to listen and respond to what
‘There is no difference between an entrepreneur and a they are saying. A discussion
businessperson.’ is not just a repetition of your
‘Successful entrepreneurs are born with an own ideas, but an opportunity
entrepreneurial spirit and natural ability.’ to listen to and analyse the
Make notes of your ideas if you wish. opinions of others – even if
you disagree. Remember to
7 In pairs, discuss your opinions and ideas. Do you agree? show you are listening and ask
appropriate questions.
155
Lessons 3–4 A nation’s entrepreneurial vision

● Do you have any entrepreneurs in your family?
Did you know?
● Would you like to have your own business? What kind of
business would it be? Developing entrepreneurship
is part of Vision 2021, the
UAE’s national agenda.
Reading Entrepreneurs will be
1 Read the following text and answer the questions that follow. supported by practical
programmes that will help
What is an entrepreneur? develop businesses.
An entrepreneur is someone who is willing to take the risk of setting up
their own business. An entrepreneur sees an opportunity, or a better way
of doing something, and tries to make a profit from it. They have to be
willing to work hard, inspire others and learn from their mistakes.
Why is entrepreneurship important to the UAE?
Vision 2021, the UAE’s national agenda, puts in place
plans and strategies for the success of the country.
One particularly key element that is focused on is
entrepreneurship; this shows the commitment of the
leaders to supporting entrepreneurship amongst
its citizens. For any economy, having a variety of
businesses encourages competition and productivity
and generates wealth, which in turn contributes to the
overall efficiency and health of the economy.
What are the challenges for developing
entrepreneurs?
There are a number of challenges to encouraging
entrepreneurship here. Many Emiratis prefer to work in the
public sector. Government jobs are perceived as being
more secure, and they offer a good salary and benefits.
Public sector jobs are a good fit with the family and the
wider community and the working environment is culturally
familiar. Other challenges include the lack of funds to set up the
business and an unwillingness to take a risk – after all, the business
might not be a success.
What does entrepreneurship offer?
The benefits of entrepreneurship are that it encourages the person to
‘follow a dream’ or work in an area that they are utterly passionate about.
Developing entrepreneurship will help diversify the economy as more Language tip
and more small business are established and people begin to work in the Adverb intensifiers are
private sector. Entrepreneurship will also attract those who do not have a
used to add emphasis to a
job or who did not go to university, as it gives them an opportunity to set
up a business and contribute to the economy of the country. verb, adjective or adverb.
156
Read the following statements about Reading

entrepreneurship. Are the statements true
(T), false (F) or is there no information (NI)? 3 Look at the Language tip box. Read the
1 Being a risk-taker is a characteristic of an text again and underline all the adverbs
entrepreneur. + adjectives.
2 Making mistakes is not expected when 4 Look at the short introduction to an
starting a business. essay that is given below. You are going
3 According to the definition of to finish the essay. Choose the argument
entrepreneurs, they need a good work that best supports your position.
ethic.
4 The UAE’s National Agenda must be Point 1
adopted by all businesses. If you work for an employer your job is more
5 The leadership of the UAE is keen to secure, .
encourage entrepreneurs. a the company is well-established and not
6 Women are more unlikely to be likely to run into trouble this is particularly
entrepreneurs. true for government jobs.
7 Emiratis prefer to work in the public sector b but you will be limited in what you can do;
because the environment is more familiar. you must do what your employer wants.
Point 2
8 People start businesses because they did Working for yourself
not go to university. can be really rewarding,
9 The economy of the country is dependent .
on small businesses. a you can do something you enjoy such as
10 Vision 2021 will give people money to start photography studio or set up a shop selling
a business. unique chocolates and hopefully earn a
living from it.
Speaking b but it is very difficult to make a success of
your own business.
2 Work with your partner. Use the the text
to help you and come up with a list of
three arguments for or against setting up
your own business verses working for
someone.
Your own business Working for someone
157
Lessons 5–6 Innovation

● Look at the photographs on the page. Do you know these technological innovations?
● How did they improve upon existing technology?
Listening
1 22 You will listen to two proposal presentations
from teams using 3D printing. Before you listen,
discuss what you know about 3D printing.
Listen and answer the question.
What can be produced using 3D printing?
2 22 Listen again and decide if the questions are

true (T) or false (F).
1 The Innovation Week is a presentation of the board
members.
2 Mr Fahad’s team wants to print car parts.
3 He has already started manufacturing the parts.
4 Mrs Reem’s team wants to print chocolates.
5 Her team has several different food concepts.
6 Mrs Reem’s proposal is a safe investment.
3 Which proposal is more innovative?
Which do you prefer?
Use of English
We can use the future simple passive and present perfect passive for formal register
when the subject (who/what made the action) is not important.
We use the future simple passive, will be + past participle, to speak about actions that
someone will do in the future.
Example: The building will be planned at the meeting next week.
We use the present perfect passive, has/have + past participle, to speak about actions
that have already been completed, but are connected to the present.
Example: The building has been planned.
In formal speech, we do not use the contractions won’t and hasn’t/haven’t in the negative.
158
Language focus
4 23 Look at the excerpts from the audio track and complete the sentences with the
correct form of the verbs in brackets. Then listen and check.
1 … priority (give) to our two innovation and design teams …
2 The first prototypes (produce) on a small scale …
3 … although they are being tested right now and all the problems (work out)
for another month.
4 A printed chocolates concept (design) by our research team.
5 Other food concepts (not develop) …
Speaking
5 You will be giving a presentation on a new innovation.
Brainstorm ideas for a presentation.
What do you What will you

want to innovate? design?
INNOVATION
How does it Why will it be

improve on previous a successful
technology? innovation?
6 Present your proposals. While listening to the other proposals take notes.
Be prepared to ask questions afterwards.
159
Lessons 7–8 Start-ups

● Can you think of a successful small business that was
started in your area recently?
● What made it successful?
Reading
1 Read the presentation below. Use the words in the box and complete the text.
even though Whereas So Provided that Unless Because
INTRODUCTION
Good afternoon ladies and gentleman. First, let me thank you all for coming here today – I am delighted
that so many of you could make it. Let me introduce myself, my name is Hassan Al Khaja, and I am the CEO
of ACME International Home Delivery Services. We are a new start-up company in the UAE market and are
excited to present you with a lucrative investment opportunity. 1
, let’s get started.
MAIN BODY
I am sure many of us have had similiar problems when trying to order items from abroad, that is, many
companies will not deliver to places without recognised postal addresses. While researching this problem, we
discovered that 2
international delivery services exist, most of them are limited to specific regions
of the world. We believe that we have found a solution to that problem. We will employ personnel already
living in the target countries with established P.O. boxes to work as postal agents, forwarding to our building
in Sharjah. After, we will deliver packages to the final destination in the UAE. 3
we have already
established contacts with businesses in 95 countries around the world, our customers will have the widest
possible range of products available to choose from.
And now this leads us to the client base. We will be available to deliver to customers located in every emirate
throughout the UAE. Furthermore, our services will not only be available to individual clients but to small
businesses as well. We have already begun negotiating with shipping companies to provide the ability to ship
large quantities of products for different small businesses in the retail, agricultural and manufacturing sectors.
As a final point, I would like to talk about our competition. 4
current home delivery services claim
that they can deliver the product within two weeks of ordering, we will be able to promise a one-week delivery
time from the moment a client clicks the “Submit” button, to the moment it arrives at their door. Moreover, by
using innovative methods like automated ordering and shipping, we have developed a way to cut costs and
save our future clients’ money and time. This will help us establish ourselves as the premier international
home delivery service in the UAE.
Conclusion
To sum up, we have established contacts with businesses in more countries than any other international
home delivery services. 5
we can secure funding from investors like you, we will be able to start
operating on a limited scale within four months. Within nine months, we will be fully operational, providing
our services from companies in 95 countries around the world. We are determined to become the biggest
name in international delivery services in the UAE. 6
there are any questions, I think that is
everything I wanted to say. Thank you for listening.
160
2 Read the presentation again and answer the Speaking tip

questions in pairs. Business Presentations
1 What is the main idea of the business? In the Introduction, greet the
2 Who will its main customers be? audience and introduce yourself and
3 What is the current problem with home delivery your topic. Useful phrases include:
services? Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen,
3 Read the text again and answer the questions. I am happy/delighted so many of you
could make it today …
● What phrases does the speaker use to greet the
audience, and introduce himself? Let me introduce myself, I am …
● What phrases does the speaker use to move on to In the Main Body, state what your
the next point in the main body of the presentation? idea is, how it will help your future
● How does the speaker end the presentation? clients and what your competition
will look like. Useful phrases include:
Speaking This now leads us to …
As a final point …
4 Look at some extracts from a presentation about
a new business. Use the transition words on the In the Conclusion, summarise
left to link the ideas in the speech bubbles. your ideas. Thank the audience for
listening. Useful phrases include:
Moreover
Thank you all for listening …
This leads us to /Thank you for your attention …
To sum up
As a final point We are two Grade 12 students from We think it will be

Fujairah. We have an excellent very popular with
Furthermore idea for a new start-up. teenagers.
We hope that we can make a

A description
profit from this start-up and
of our clients.
help support our family.
We would like to We have described our start-

discuss our plans up ideas in detail and we hope
for the future. we can rely on your support.
161
Lessons 9–10 Brand you

● What would you describe as the best qualities for an employee?
● What are your best skills/abilities?
Reading
1 Read this extract from a teen magazine
and answer the questions.
1 According to paragraph one, what makes up
‘brand you’?
2 What two pieces of advice does paragraph 2 Hassan Al Khaja’s new business is
one give about creating ‘brand you’? expanding and he now needs to hire
3 When is your initial opportunity to market someone to help market the business.
‘brand you’? He has placed an advertisement on his
website. Read the ad and answer the
‘Brand you’ exists! It is not about what you do, questions.
but who you are. It is particularly important for 1 What skill set is required for this job?
your career and the best way to market your 2 What qualifications are needed?
skills and abilities. A positive brand can lead 3 What experience is required?
to a great career. Build your own brand – you
4 Do you have to speak English and Arabic?
know more about yourself than anyone! Be
5 What would a cover letter in an application
positive, be honest and showcase all your talent
for this job need to show?
and ability.
Where to start? Well, first you need to
Job Title: Marketing Coordinator
understand your strengths and areas for
Employer: Acme International Home Delivery
improvement. Try drawing a mind map of all
your skills and give examples that demonstrate Location: Sharjah
your abilities. Essential Requirements
What’s next? Take the first chance you get At least two years working in a similar position.
to market ‘brand you’ to employers. This will Enthusiasm and excellent communicative skills.
usually be the cover letter you write when A degree in marketing or equivalent. Excellent
applying for a job. Introduce yourself and write organisational skills and a professional attitude.
about your experience. Show how you are the
Desired Requirements
best person for the job.
Candidates who speak both Arabic and
A word of advice! English preferred.
Understand what the
employers want by reading If you have the right skill set and are up to
the job advert carefully. the challenge of this responsible role please
Show how your talent and submit a CV and cover letter to
ability match this and then [email protected]
you are on your way to a
great career.
162
3 Look at the responses that Hassan received.

Which brand is better ‘brand Abdullah’ or ‘brand
Mansour’? Why?
Subject:
Use of English
Hi Hassan, Would is used to write about a future
How are you? I saw your ad on a website circumstance, where if the situation
recently. I think your business is really cool. allows, you will do something.
I’d like to do the job. I’ve got all the skills and For example:
experience that you’re asking for, like a BA in I would be happy to come …
Marketing, 2 years of experience and all the I would welcome an opportunity …
other skills. I’d like to ask some questions.
How much do you pay? When are the holidays?
I would be very happy to start next month.
Thanks,
Abdullah
Subject:
Dear Mr Al Khaja,
I would like to apply for the position of Marketing Coordinator at Acme International
Home Delivery.
I am currently working in the marketing department of All-things-online, and have
done so for the past three years. When I joined, the business was new, and I helped
develop its online customer base. I loved this experience and would welcome an
opportunity to work in a new company like yours again.
I have excellent communication skills, and I am well organised and professional in
my approach to my work. I speak both Arabic and English fluently and completed
my BA in Marketing three years ago.
I believe I have all the skills required for this position. Moreover, I have a great deal
of experience in a start-up similar to yours. I have attached my CV. I would be very
happy to attend an interview.
I look forward to hearing from you in the near future.
Yours sincerely,
Writing tip
Mansour Al Kaabi
When writing a cover letter make sure
you use formal language. In formal
language we do not use contractions
or informal words such as cool, Hi.
163
Lessons 11–12 Teenage business men and women

● Do you eat healthily?
● How could you make money from healthy food?
Reading
1 Read the first part of a newspaper
EMIRATI TEEN DELIVERS GREENS
article about teenage business people As part of our series on
and choose the correct meaning of the young, successful Emiratis,
words in bold. this week we are speaking
to Majed Al Kaabi. At the
1 He has already set up his own food
age of nineteen he has
delivery company …
already set up his own
a started food delivery company
b bought which is currently valued at
2 So, Majed decided to try and change 20 million AED. We asked
his family’s dietary habits. him how he got the idea
a methods of losing weight for his business.
b food usually eaten
‘Well, we were studying healthy eating habits
3 When his family noticed the benefits
at school and I found it really interesting. I also
of their new healthy lifestyle …
became worried about my family since the lessons
a disadvantages made me realise how unhealthy our diet was.’
b advantages
4 So how did Majed cope with the So, Majed decided to try and change his family’s
increasing demand for his healthy dietary habits. He had always been interested in
food … ? cooking so he started to prepare the daily meals
a deal with and eventually took control of the weekly grocery
shopping. When his family noticed the benefits of
b put up with
their new healthy lifestyle, they began to tell their
friends and neighbours.
‘Whenever a neighbour was having a dinner party,

they would pay me to prepare and deliver the food.
Pretty soon I was getting orders every day and
often several orders for one evening. It was crazy.
I wouldn’t have been able to cope with both school
and the business unless I changed something.’
So how did Majed cope with the increasing

demand for his healthy food as well as keep up
with his schoolwork? It must have been difficult to
balance school while expanding his business.
164
2 Read the last paragraph again. How do you think Majed coped with both
school and his business? How do you think he expanded his company?
Language focus
3 Look at the following ideas. Combine pairs to make four sentences. I didn’t have
Add extra words where you need to. enough money
launching his own
her business partner business
I decided to start my was doubtful
own business
my friends were busy

Abdullah carried out doing homework
Meera was confident the a lot of research
business would be successful
I was out trying to

find customers
Use of English
Independent clause + dependent clause = complex sentence.
Language tip
We connect a dependent clause to an independent clause with a
subordinating conjunction: The subordinating
conjunction comes
When his family noticed the benefits of their new healthy lifestyle, they
before the dependent
began to tell their friends and neighbours.
clause. This means that
I wouldn’t have been able to cope unless I changed something. the listener or reader are
Find examples of subordinating conjunctions in the newspaper article clear that this information
and circle them. What do you notice about the punctuation? is not as important.
Writing
4 Imagine that you are a successful entrepreneur. You have been
asked to write a short article for a local newspaper which is
doing a series on successful Emirati teenagers.
Writing tip
Remember to brainstorm needed money – cleaned my father’s car
ideas and make notes I cleaned my father’s car since I was short of money.
before writing. Look at making a profit – invested money
ways to combine ideas.
Once I was making a profit, I decided to invest more
money in advertising.
165
Unit 6: Weather

Maryam Ebrahim Almheiri
Hudaibah Girls’ Secondary School
Unit
6 ●
Weather
Topics Hot air ballooning; Countries and their weather; Natural disasters;
Rainy days; Weather forecasts and local weather; Surviving extreme weather
● Use of English past perfect; compound, complex declarative
sentence structures
Lessons 1–2 Hot air ballooning

● Have you ever been in a hot air balloon? Would you like to?
● What do you think are the perfect weather conditions for hot air ballooning?
Listening
1 24You are going to listen to a telephone conversation between Anna and an
employee at Adventure Flights. Listen and circle the correct information in the table.
Times of flights Weather conditions

before/after sunrise light storms/winds
before/after sunset cold/hot air
poor/good visibility
no/heavy rain or storms
Go Up, Up and Away

for Mother’s Day
Special Mother’s Day
rates available
Adventure Flights
Call us on: 202 555 0193 for more details
166
6 Weather
2 24 Listen to the audio again and complete the sentences with words from the box.
turbulence winds blustery dusk flight cloud hot
Robert says that …

a … the best time of day for light winds is during the first few hours after dawn and just before
.
b … thermals are not safe for a hot air balloon because they can affect its .
c … the difference between the air inside the balloon and the cold air
d … outside is what makes the balloon fly.
e … balloon flight is dependent on air temperature, wind speed, visibility, cover and
the chance of rain or storms.
f … if the weather forecast states the weather will be gusty, breezy, windy or , then it
is likely the winds will be too strong.
g … can be caused by thermals or sudden higher wind speeds in flight.
h … a bumpy landing can be caused by strong affecting the balloon above.
Writing
3 Look at the words in the box in Activity 2. Do you understand what they all mean?
Write a definition for each word in your notebooks.
Speaking
4 Now you know more about hot air balloons. Work with a partner and debate whether
or not hot air balloons are safe.
5 The Great Dorset Balloon Festival is happening this weekend. A meeting is held to
discuss it. Assign different roles to members of your group and discuss the following:
● whether the event should go ahead
● how it could benefit the area
● what the dangers are
● how it could be run
Did you know?
Listening strategy The world record for
When you are listening for missing the most skydivers to
information, it is a good idea to read parachute from a balloon
the sentences before you listen, look simultaneously is 25,
at what appears before and after the which was achieved by
missing information and try to guess Skydive Dubai on
what you think the answer might be. 10th February 2013.
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6 Weather
Lessons 3–4 Countries and their Weather

● What is the most extreme weather you have ever experienced? Reading strategy
● Which countries do you think have the worst weather?
When reading informational
texts for specific data, scan
Reading for numbers or symbols.
1 Look at the three locations in the reading texts. Can you This can guide you to the
predict the type of weather that these places have? important area of the text.
1. Minnesota, USA:
Minnesota is a state which is located in the north-central part of the country, and
where there are enormous weather changes from season to season. It has four
distinct seasons: a rainy, cool spring from March to May; a hot, humid summer
from June to August; a chilly, colourful autumn from September to November
and finally a frigid, snowy winter lasting from December to February. Minnesota’s
winters are famous for their harsh conditions, with temperatures reaching as low
as -51°C, and up to 432 centimeters of snow annually. Extreme snowstorms,
sometimes referred to as blizzards, often lead to schools cancelling classes
for multiple days at a time. These storms have wind speeds of up to 56 km/h and can last for over three hours, causing a
“whiteout”, or a condition where you cannot see anything outside. This often causes car accidents, and people can be trapped
inside their homes for days. However, summers also come with their own weather issues, as Minnesota often experiences
tornados, or spinning columns of wind which can reach speeds of 180 km/h and do great damage to buildings and people.
1. What did researchers think didn’t happen between 1570 and 1991 in some parts of the Atacama desert?
2. What is a monsoon?
2. Philippines:
The Philippines is a country located on a collection of tropical islands in the
southern Pacific Ocean. Weather in this Southeast Asian country differs greatly
throughout the year. In the mountainous western part of the country, which
includes the capital city of Manila, there are two distinct seasons: a “rainy season”
and a “dry season”. In this region the rainy season lasts from June to November
and is characterised by hot and humid temperatures ranging up to 33°C. During
the rainy season, the Philippines are subject to monsoons, which are sea-breezes
that can have a very strong impact on the weather. Due to the humidity and
copious amounts of condensation of water vapour in the air, summer monsoons bring abundant rainstorms. The average
rainfall can be as much as 5000 millimeters per year, with the majority of that occurring during the summer monsoon
season. The rainy season also sees many strong, destructive storms called typhoons. Typhoons, also known as cyclones or
hurricanes in the western Atlantic Ocean, are tropical storms with wind speeds of between 118 and 219 km/h. The dry season,
lasting from December to May, is the complete opposite of the rainy season. Unlike summer monsoons, winter monsoons
do not bring the tropical rains, and often dissipate, bringing droughts to the Philippines.
3. How many seasons does Minnesota have? What are they and what is the weather during each?
4. How does Easter Island’s climate differ from the rest of Chile?
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6 Weather
3. Chile:
The South American country of Chile has a diverse climate with equally varied weather. One area, the Atacama Desert, located
in northern Chile, is considered to be the driest non-polar place on earth. It is so arid in some parts that it is thought that
there was no significant precipitation from 1570 to 1971, a period of over 400 years! The absolute aridity of the desert is
explained by the fact that it sits between two mountain ranges creating a two-sided rain shadow, which is an area located on
the leeward side of a mountain, protecting it from rainstorms and keeping it very dry. Extreme droughts are common, which
is why the population is small for such a large area, with only around 300 000 people. Easter Island, located in the middle of
the Pacific Ocean, is unique in Chile as it is the only region in the country classified
as a tropical rainforest. The temperature is warm, averaging around 20–25°C, with
1118 mm of rain annually. This weather, along with the moai, or giant carved stones,
makes Easter Island a popular tourist destination for people from all over the world.
5. What is the wind speed range of a typhoon?
6. What is a “blizzard”? Why is it dangerous?
2 Read the article assigned to you. Answer the questions your partner has about your article.
3 Match the graphics below to the correct paragraphs using information from the text.
A Month Average Average B Area: 105,000 km2

temperature tornados Highest point: 6893 m2
(°C) per month (Ojos del Salado)
(1991–2015) Human Population: 284,992
January –11 0 Precipitation: Average rainfall
February –7 0 15 mm per year, though some
regions recieve 1 to 3 mm
March 0 0.8 per year
April 8 1
May 15 6.1
June 20 15 C
600 Key
July 23 11.2 Average rainfall (mm) # Typhoons 1951-2012
500
August 22 5
400
September 16 1.5 300
October 9 0.9 200
November 0 0.2 100
December –7 0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Month
4 Use both the graphs and the readings to answer the following questions:
1 In what months are tornados most/least frequent in Minnesota? Which seasons are those in?
2 How does the difference in rainfall change the climates in the Atacama Desert and Easter Island?
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6 Weather
Lessons 5–6 Natural disasters

● Look at the picture below. What do you think has happened?
● Imagine that you lived there. Describe how you feel now.
Listening
1 25 Listen to a survivor of a natural disaster. Look at the words in the box.
What natural disaster do you think he survived? Listen and check.
blizzard off-piste powder run be engulfed buried
2 How do you think he escaped?
3 26 Listen to a survivor of another natural disaster. Look at the words in the box.
What natural disaster do you think he survived? Listen and check.
picturesque village gentle roar screams wall of water massive wave
4 How do you think they escaped?
5 27 Listen to a survivor of another natural disaster. Look at the words in the box.
What natural disaster do you think she survived? Listen and check.
toxic ash eruptions molten rock lava
6 How do you think she escaped?
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6 Weather
Language focus Use of English

7 Look at the Use of English box and complete We’d been in the Alps for one week
the timeline. when the blizzard hit.
All the other guests had had the same
8 Think of explanations for the following situations.
idea but no-one panicked.
1 I didn’t recognise anyone in the class.
My friend was convinced that she had
Fact:
read somewhere that the ash …
Fiction:
2 I couldn’t get into my house. AN EARLIER
PAST MOMENT
A PAST
MOMENT NOW
Fact:
Fiction:
3 I went shopping to buy some clothes but couldn’t
pay for them.
Fact:
Fiction:
4 I returned from holiday with a broken arm.
Fact:
Fiction:
Speaking
9 Which natural disasters are shown in the pictures?
Speaking tip
When giving a personal account
10 Imagine you have survived one of the natural
remember:
disasters above. Describe what happened.
How did you feel? How did you survive? • To use a variety of narrative
tenses – past simple/continuous
I was absolutely We’d just set off when There was total and past perfect.
terrified. we felt the ground devastation. • To use a variety of vocabulary
start to shake. to make it more ‘real’ and
interesting to the listener.
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6 Weather
Lessons 7–8 Rainy days WEATHER WARNINGS

● Look at the photo below. What can you see? Where is it? for Wednesday:
Marine alert: Rough sea
Listening state, peak wave height
4.5 metres
1 28 Listen and read the weather forecast for
Fog alert
Wednesday. Fill in the gaps in the text.
Heavy rain alert
2 29 Look at the weather warnings
for Wednesday in the UAE. You are Weather forecast for Wednesday
going to listen to an emergency There is a large area of low 1
moving
response meeting between UAE towards the UAE from the east, which will reach the
officials. What are the three areas east coast of Fujairah and Ras Al Khaimah early on
of concern that are discussed? Wednesday morning.
Choose from the options below.
There will be 2
in the morning across the
a Sea ports, roads and schools Northern Emirates due to the drop in temperatures.
b Roads, airports and government Fujairah and Ras Al Khaimah will be hit first with the
offices strong 3
brought in by the low pressure
c Malls, sea ports and businesses system and, once the moisture-laden 4
begin to cross land and rise over the mountainous

areas, it will begin to rain heavily.
The low pressure system will continue to travel
westwards towards Sharjah and Dubai, bringing
further 5
, blustery conditions and even a
chance of thunderstorms and 6
.
There will be strong winds with 7
of up
to to 50 kph onshore resulting in decreased visibility
due to blown sand and dust. However, the north-
westerly winds will be stronger 8
with
speeds of about 65 kph, leading to waves as high as
4.5 metres in the Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman.
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6 Weather
3 29 Listen to the discussion again and decide if the sentences are true (T), false (F)
or if there is no information (NI).
a All boats will be able to enter all ports in the UAE.
b The RTA will alert drivers of any routes that are flooded.
c Lt Col Theyab thinks it is possible to identify the main roads that are very likely to flood.
d Dr Hind says the Ministry of Education is very likely to close schools for the whole day.
e Ms Sameera thinks it is very likely that parents will be able to collect their children from
school easily.
4 30 It’s the day after the storm. You are going to listen to a radio presenter talking
about what happened and what they think might happen to the UAE’s weather
in the future. Look at the picture at the bottom of the page.
What do you think she will talk about? What do you think is likely to happen to the
UAE’s weather in the future? In groups, discuss your predictions.
Listen and check your predictions.
Speaking
5 In groups, you are going to hold an emergency response meeting about the
threat of climate change in the UAE. Use the prompts to help you.
Climate change
in other parts of
the world.
Is it likely to What can the

happen? UAE do?
Climate
change in
the UAE
Could it affect How could it

businesses or the affect people in
economy? the UAE?
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6 Weather
Lessons 9–10 Weather forecasts and local weather

● Have you experienced an extreme weather event?
● Do you think the weather affects the way we feel?
Reading
1 Read the text below and answer the questions.
1 What causes high humidity?
2 What causes the high waves?
3 What two weather forecast are the most similar?
4 What are the two main characteristics of the Shamal?
Your weather for Wednesday Mostly sunny weekend

We are going to have a mixed bag today. There will Weather temperatures continue to soar in the UAE,
be dense fog in the morning which will cause traffic reaching 44 degrees in Sharjah and 45 degrees in Umm
problems, so drive very carefully and leave plenty of Al Quwain. It will have cooled down by Sunday!
room between your car and the car in front. The fog will
have cleared by around 9 am and as the temperature Severe weather warning
heats up we are in for sunny spells and high humidity There is a severe weather warning for the late
for the early part of the day. afternoon. The clouds will have rolled in from the south
and we will experience torrential rain, which might
cause some flash floods, especially in mountain wadis.
The storm front will have passed through the UAE by
Thursday morning.
High winds expected

People have been advised to avoid doing anything at sea
over the next couple of days as high winds are expected
to cause very rough conditions with waves two to three
metres high.
High humidity forecasted Shamal blows in
95% humidity forecasted for tomorrow, especially along The north-westerly wind is expected to bring with it a lot
coastal areas as the air fills up with moisture. This will of sand and dust storms. Visibility will be poor so avoid
cause some fog and mist in the early morning, so drive unnecessary car journeys. Flights may be disrupted so
carefully. check with your airline before you head to the airport.
174
6 Weather
2 Read the text again and find examples of the future perfect.
Use of English
The future perfect is used to talk about things that will be completed at
a certain time in the future, e.g.
I will have completed my homework by 9pm. The future perfect is formed
using will + have + past participle. e.g. will + have+ completed
Speaking
3 Find out about the weather in the next couple of days. Choose a day and take
turns to describe the weather, using the vocabulary and the collocations
Workbook to help you.
4 Look at the marine forecast below, for the next weekend. In pairs discuss the
importance of the information given. Which would be the best day to go sailing?
What rating would you give each day?
Weather for the weekend

Friday Saturday Sunday
Temperature: 36°/28° Temperature: 33°/27° Temperature: 28°/22°

Wave height: 0.5 Wave height: 1.0 Wave height: 2.5
Wind: direction SE, speed 10 kph Wind: direction SE, speed 14 kph Wind: direction SE, speed 30 kph
Rating*: ___________ Rating: ___________ Rating: ___________
Rating: 1–3 = poor, possibly dangerous, conditions with strong winds and 2–3 m waves;
4–6 = average conditions: light winds, 1–2 m waves;
7–10 = calm waters: waves under 1 m
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6 Weather
Lessons 11–12 Surviving extreme weather

● Look at the contents of a survival kit. What do you think these objects are used for?
● Would you add any other items?
Reading
1 Read the advice on how to survive the
extreme cold. What headings would
you give to each section?
SURVIVING THE COLD

1 KEEP WARM
• Using layers will insulate you better and
keep you warm while allowing you to
remove clothes if you get too warm.
• Clean clothes keep the body warm and
preserve heat whereas dirty and grimy
clothes don’t insulate as well.
•
2
• Unless you have a tent, you will need
shelter since the temperature can fall to
well below freezing.
• Use snow or wood to build a shelter but
don’t use metal, as it extracts heat.
• 4
• Include your water purifying tablets, first
3 aid kit and matches, as well as a mirror
• Even though water is abundant in the for signalling, in your survival kit.
Arctic and you are surrounded by snow • Keep a knife and other small tools such
and ice, you still need to purify all water as fishing hooks and lines, candles and
sources. wires. You never know when you might
• Melt snow and ice before using it, or you need them and they might help save
will lose body heat. your life.
• •
2 Talk to your partner and decide on one piece of advice to add to each section.
176
6 Weather
Use of English
3 Read and complete the activities below.
1 Combine these two ideas using the word in brackets:
Lots of layers will keep you warm. Lots of layers will preserve heat. (and)
This is an example of a compound/complex sentence.

2 Combine these two ideas using the word in brackets:
You can’t eat the Arctic shark. It is poisonous. (since)
This is an example of a compound/complex sentence.

3 Combine these three ideas using the words in brackets:
Remember to pack a torch. You can use it to provide light. You can use it to signal for help. (and, because)
This is an example of a compound/complex/compound-complex sentence.
Writing Language tip

4 Look at the advice you added to Surviving the cold. Using compound, complex and
How could you improve the sentences you wrote? compound-complex sentences really
Look at Unit 7 to remind yourself of words we can takes your English to the next level.
use to combine clauses.
5 You are leading a week-long expedition into the desert. On the expedition website,
you need to display some information on how to survive the extreme conditions.
Look at the categories and discuss what information you should give.
Clothing Water Food Survival kit
177
Unit 7: Money

Shamyael Rashid
Lubaba Bint Hareth Basic And Secondary School For Girls
Unit
7 ●
Money
Topics Striking a bargain; Money and advertising; Currency and coins;
Ethical banking; Pay yourself first; Mobile banking
● Use of English Compound or complex interrogative sentences;
Modals of speculation + you
Lessons 1–2 Striking a bargain

● Do you ever try to get a good deal when you are buying something?
● How do you persuade the seller to give you a good bargain?
Vocabulary
1 Look at the word cloud.
● Do you know what all
the words mean?
● Choose two words with your
partner and write a definition.
Listening 31
2 You are going to hear a discussion between two people

about renting a property. Listen and answer the questions.
a What is Fahad’s original budget?
b What is the asking price of the villa?
c What price do they finally agree on?
3 Listen to the audio again and complete the phrases from the conversation.
a It’s just come on the market and I think it’s going to be up.
b I’m sure you can yourself sitting here looking out of the window watching your
children playing in that beautiful garden.
c The rental is 140,000 dirhams for the year, the landlord would accept payment in
four cheques.
d I think that would be a low. I believe we could negotiate though if you were
willing to push your budget a bit more.
e it be great to have a bit more room for you and your family?
f I think he might you up on your offer. I’ll check with him and come back to you.
4 Do you think Fahad is persuasive? Why? What does he do or say to persuade
Abdulla to rent the property?
178
Money
Speaking
5 Complete the quiz with your partner. Who’s more persuasive?
HOW PERSUASIVE ARE YOU?
I feel comfortable haggling over price If a parent or teacher tells me I have

at a foreign market. done something well, I use this as an
opportunity to ask for something.
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
I feel comfortable haggling over price
at a market in my town.
If I want to do something at the weekend
1 2 3 4 5 and my friend wants to do something else,
I can usually change his or her mind.
If someone asks me for something, I would
accept and ask for something in return. 1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
If I need to make a complaint at a hotel or If I have an argument with my siblings or

a shop, I expect more than an apology. friends, I usually win.
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
1 = Not true for me at all, 5 = Very true for me
Speaking tip
Look at the language Abdulla uses to persuade Fahad to go over his budget
and rent the property. To effectively persuade people we make our language:
Indirect past tenses, conditionals and modifiers
Imaginative imagine, think, picture
Emotive amazing, incredible, beautiful
Personal I think you should, In my experience, you, your
And remember, a key part of negotiating successfully is listening carefully to
each other.
6 You are going to negotiate a deal. Your teacher will give you details about
your role. Remember to use what you have learnt to reach an agreement.
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7 Money
Lessons 3–4 Money and advertising

● Do you like to buy expensive brands or cheap brands?
● What makes you think that one brand is better than another?
SALE PRICE
Reading a
1 Read the adverts. Discuss the
following questions with your
partner.
1 Who is the advert targeted at? Save up to 30,000 AED
2 How does the advert attract the
audience’s attention? Prices from 119,999 AED
3 What parts of the advert are in
large print? Why?
Hurry while stocks last
b
YOU CAN DRIVE AWAY TODAY!
i n a n ce 0% down payment
F l a b l e
ava i 0% interest
Zero hassle
c
A new car from only
E C I A L
SP ER
OFF 1399
per month!
20% down payment and payment deferred for 3 months
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7 Money
Reading Writing
2 Look at the adverts and match the picture 4 Work on your own create an advert that
with the correct paragraph 1, 2, or 3. has a short paragraph and tries to sell
1 Do you want a stress free car purchasing one of the following:
experience? Then we have an amazing offer ● an old car
for you. All you have to do is choose your ● a games console
car, and we will manage the financing for ● your school bag
you. Visit our showroom today.
● a one-year-old phone
2 It’s a fantastic offer that you can’t ignore. You
will save money on the cost price and drive
away with a new car. You must make the
decision soon as there is limited availability.
Compare today’s price to last month’s and
see how fantastic this deal is.
3 You can’t miss out on another incredible
offer from our sales team. Do you want
an affordable monthly payment plan, yet
drive a brand new car? Then we have an
astonishing offer for you. Our friendly
professional sales staff will help you
5 Forms groups based on the adverts that
through the paperwork, so call now and you have written (everyone who made
book a test drive. an old car advert together etc.). Rank
them in order of who used the following
3 The texts that accompany the adverts are the best.
persuasive. Look at the text again and ● used personal pronouns
from the list below circle the key features
● used imperatives
of persuasive writing.
● repetition
● repetition ● questions
● rhetorical questions
● modal verbs Now work together as a group and using the
best parts of your individual posters come up
● personal pronouns
with a re-drafted advert.
● present tense
● imperatives
Language tip
In persuasive texts authors try to grab the
attention of the reader by addressing them
directly using generic ‘you’ e.g.
‘It’s a fantastic offer that you can’t ignore …
you will save money’.
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7 Money
Lessons 5–6 Currency and coins

● What do you use coins for? What is the oldest coin you have ever seen?
Listening
1 Look at the pictures of coins below. Can you see where these coins are from?
A B C
2 32 Listen to an interview with a coin collector

from Fujariah. Which of the coins from Activity 1 Use of English
does the speaker mention? Tick the box(es). Often, we use modals of speculation
to talk about how certain a possibility
3 33 Listen to excerpts from the interview. is. Modals must/will or mustn’t/will not
Complete the sentences below with words that express a high degree of certainty.
you hear in the listening. Use you + modal of speculation to
1 … and a collection that most, if not all, give advice. For example:
historic currencies used in this region … You will find the answer in the reading.
2 … he believes such hobbies a vehicle into
You must know Fahad, he is an expert
self-improvement and education.
on coins from all over the Gulf region.
3 I hope the relevant cultural authorities and institutes
more interest in this … We can use modals, may/might/could
4 I a permanent exhibition in my own home … and may not/might not/couldn’t to
express a lesser degree of cetainty.
Use of English May/may not typically express less
certainty than might/might not.
4 Complete the following sentences with an
You may be able to find a 13th Century
appropriate modal of speculation
Islamic coin at the antique store.
1 I buy a 3rd Century Greek drachma, if I can
Coins might not exist much longer if
find one.
online transtations continue to grow in
2 You try the coin museum; they might know
popularity.
what type of coin it is.
3 It looks like it rain; you need your You could try calling the Museum
raincoats. of Archeology for information about
4 You should read this books on ancient Islamic coins, Emirati coins.
you really enjoy it.
182
7 Money
Reading
5 Read the following text and and decide if the statements are true (T), false (F) or if
there is no information (NI).
1 The British Pound Sterling is currently the dominant global currency.
2 One argument for a single global currency is that it will allow countries to easily invest in
the economies of developing nations.
3 “Globals” is the name that has been chosen for the future global currency.
A Single Global Currency?

At many points in history, there has been a currency which
has dominated the financial markets, like the U.S. Dollar
today. However, there has never been a truly “global”
currency. Looking at a current monetary union such as
the “Euro” might give us an idea how to create a
globally integrated currency.
Many argue that a global currency could make the
international market more accessible for countries with
developing economies. Other countries would be more
willing to invest in developing nations if there was less
risk of a rapid currency devaluation. It could also force
nations that rely on one primary commodity, such as tourism,
manufacturing or natural resources, to save money by making it less
advantageous to spend when the income from the commodity is high, and going into
debt when the income is low.
On the other hand, there are several advantages in having national currencies.
For example, it allows people who live in countries with an unstable currency to keep
their life savings in a more stable currency. It would also be difficult to build a system
where all countries could agree on a single organisation that would regulate the currency.
This could lead to countries losing the ability to control their national economies.
Whether the near future holds an answer to the question of a single global currency
or not, it is certainly something that will continue to be researched by economists
worldwide. Who knows, perhaps in a decade you will be using a “20 Globals”
banknote to pay for your film and popcorn.
6 Read through the text and underline the examples of modals of speculation.
Speaking
7 In a pyramid discussion, talk about your opinion of a global world currency
using modals of speculation.
183
7 Money
Lessons 7–8 Ethical Banking

● If you had a million dirhams to give away, what would you do with the money?
Listening
1 34 Listen to the audio and put a tick beside
the clarification phrases the speakers use.
I’m not sure I understand.

So are you saying …?
Did I hear you say …?
Is this what you said?
I’m not quite sure what you said.
In other words …
2 34 Listen again and answer the following questions.

1 Which of the following describes John’s opinion of banks?
a They are the best place to keep your money.
b They don’t always act in the best interest of their customers.
c Ethical banks should be encouraged.
2 What is John’s impression of ethical banking?
a He believes that they don’t have any principles.
b He is unsure what to think.
c He believes they are very socially responsible.
3 What can we infer about Salem from this listening?
a He works in a bank.
b He has an account in an Islamic bank.
c He believes Islamic banks are more responsible than other banks.
4 Do you think that John would switch to an Islamic bank?
Explain your answer in the space below.
a No, he will want to stay with his own bank.
b Yes, he seems interested in responsible/ethical issues.
3 35 Listen to two people preparing for a debate on microfinance.

Complete the table below with no more than three words from the listening.
1. Speaker one has to
2. Microfinance is described as a way to help people
3. The cost of giving a small loan is the same as
184
7 Money
Speaking Speaking tip

4 Your class is going to divide into four teams. The teacher will Clarification techniques ensure
assign you a side for/against one of the following issues. the listener understands what
the speaker said and shows
● Should the UAE change its entire banking system to Islamic banking only? that the listener is interested
● Microfinance has a positive effect on poor people’s lives. in what is being said.
Work with your group and write three arguments for or against. e.g. So are you saying …
In other words …
For Against I’m not quite sure what
you said …
Now that you have your three arguments for or against, choose your strongest
two and develop support for your arguments.
Example For example/for instance/let me give you an example …

Common sense Everyone knows/its common knowledge
Statistics The figures suggest … /90% of …
Experts According to … /experts say.
5 Now you are going to hold a debate using all the points you have developed so far.
Each team will need three speakers. Other team members will help taking notes on
what the opposing team says and developing counter arguments.
Team A Team B
Speaker 1 for the argument – Speaker 1 against the

Speaker 2 Gives the
introduces the topic and gives argument – gives their
second argument for
their first argument first argument
Speaker 3 Gives counter

10 minute break to work Speaker 2 Gives the
arguments aginst other team
on counter arguments second argument against
and summarises their side
Speaker 3 Gives counter

Teacher decides which
argument against other team
team wins
and summarises their side
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7 Money
Lessons 9–10 Pay yourself first

● Look at the image of hands and growing money.
● Can you think of ways to make your money grow?
Reading
1 Read the texts about Aysha and Ahmed and answer the questions that follow.
1 Which of the following best describes pay yourself first?
a saving up to buy something
b saving money before you pay anyone else
c saving a proportion of your money
2 Why was Aysha worried?
3 Who do you think was impacted more by ‘pay yourself first’? Why?
4 Find the adverbs that express the writers’ attitude.
5 What phrases do Aysha and Ahmed use to describe the trend of growth in their savings?
Pay yourself first Language tip

Pay yourself first simply means putting a proportion of Attitudinal adverbs express the
your money/salary into a savings account every month, writer/speakers attitude towards
before you pay any other bills. If you pay yourself first you to the topic. They are unusual in
will always have money in case of an emergency. It is an that they refer to the whole clause
effective way to build a savings habit and to get rich slowly! or sentence and can occur at the
Aysha and Ahmed have both decided that they are going
beginning or end of sentence
to pay themselves first.
as well as before the verb, for
Aysha Unfortunately, when I wanted to buy a designer dress I example;
didn’t have enough money saved. This made me nervous, so I got Unfortunately, I won’t be able to go
some advice from my mum. Luckily for me she works in a bank. to lunch.
She introduced me to ‘pay yourself first’. Honestly, I had no
I won’t be able to go to lunch,
idea what it meant. But now I try to save the same amount
unfortunately.
every month and my savings are steadily growing.
Other examples of attitudinal
Ahmed I heard about pay yourself first from a few adverbs are: luckily, obviously,
friends who managed to buy a brand new car. Sadly, I
honestly, simply, definitely, sadly,
didn’t have enough money. Now every month I save and,
honestly, it works for me. Now instead of buying a car I hopefully
am saving to buy a house. Obviously this is going to take
me longer but hopefully in a few years
I am going to be able to afford my own house.
The amount of money I save every month rises and falls
but overall my savings are gradually increasing.
186
7 Money
Speaking
2 In groups or pairs discuss the following.
● Do you think money makes people happy?
● What are the pros and cons of saving?
● How could you spend less and save more?
● What would you save for if you could?
Reading
3 Look at the graphs/charts below and answer the questions that follow.
1 The monthly Income for Aysha and Ahmed is shown in a .
2 Ahmed and Aysha’s monthly savings is shown in a .
3 Aysha and Ahmed’s monthly budget is shown in a .
4 Who spends more money on food?
5 Who earns more money?
6 From January to May who saved more money?
Monthly budget Ahamed and Aysha’s savings

2400
Food Amount in dirhams
2100
Clothes
1800
Key Key
Entertainment
Ahamed Ahamed
Aysha 1500 Aysha
Other
1200
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 Jan Feb Mar Apr May
Amount in dirhams Month
Monthly income
Writing
4 Write a 150 essay describing the graphs above.
Compare Aysha’s and Ahmed’s income, savings 6,000 5,000
and budget.
● Paraphrase the chart titles.
● Give a brief description of what is in the chart.
Key
● Describe the main details. Ahamed Aysha
187
7 Money
Lessons 11–12 Mobile banking

● Can you explain the following: face-to-face banking,
online banking, mobile banking?
● What are the differences between online banking
and mobile banking?
Reading
1 Match up the different generation types with the years they were born.
1946–1960
on Z 1961–1979
Generati
Generation X
Baby boomers
1995 onwards
1980–1994
Millennials
2 You are going to read a text about mobile banking. Reading strategy
Look at the first sentence of the first paragraph. It’s a good idea to get a general
What information do you expect to find in this understanding of a reading
paragraph? Read and check. first. One way to do this is to
read the first sentence of each
3 Read the first sentence of the remaining paragraphs.
paragraph only.
What information would you expect to find in each
paragraph?
4 Read the complete text and check.
5 Read the text again. What is the purpose of the text?
Use of English
1 Look at the reading text again. Underline all the questions.
2 Look at the conjunctions used in the questions. Are these simple,
compound, or complex questions?
a ________________ c ________________ e ________________
b ________________ d ________________
3 What is the difference between compound and complex questions? When
are compound questions used? When are complex questions used?
4 Why does the writer use questions?
188
7 Money
Language focus
6 Look at the following paragraphs which
advertise a bank’s online banking facility. Our online banking makes it much easier to
Write a question which would gain the take control of your finances. You can check
on your accounts and make transactions at
interest of the reader for each paragraph. times to suit you meaning that you can make
1 the most of your free time.
Bills. Nobody wants them. Nobody likes

them. But they are a fact of life and our online
banking service recognises this. We want to
2 make the process of paying bills as painless
as possible. Set up direct debits and avoid
paying extra fees for late payments.
You can keep an eye on your accounts with

online banking. So, if your salary is late you
3 can find out what’s happened. Since every
transaction is recorded you can go back
months, years even, to check how much
money you are making … or losing!
Speaking
7 You work for a bank and are part of the sales team.
You have been asked to deliver a presentation about
a new mobile banking app you are about to launch.
Key features of mobile banking:

● Access via app
● Configured specifically for mobile device
●
189
LITERATURE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
Lessons 1–2
● Prior reading: Chapters 5 and 6
● To read and understand author intention in Oliver Twist.
● To explore the connection between power and identity in Oliver Twist.
Do you see your clothing or appearance

as part of your identity? How much do
you think someone’s appearance
influences how other people see them
or treat them? Discuss in groups.
What happens to Oliver in Chapter 5?

Does he return to Mr. Brownlow’s house?
Why or why not?
Read the extract from Chapter 5 and

answer the questions.
Why does Charley describe Oliver as a
“gentleman”? Does Oliver’s appearance
match that of the others around him?
Why or why not?
Which word best describes Fagin’s
attitude towards Oliver? Why?
sarcastic When reading a text, it is important to look
polite out for extra details that may initially seem
aggressive unnecessary. Usually, they indicate that the
Why is it symbolic that Oliver’s new clothes author is sending a particular message.
are taken away from him?
“Look at his clothes, Fagin!” said Charley, putting the light so close to his new jacket as nearly to set him
on fire. “Look at his clothes! Super fine cloth, and the heavy cut! O, my eye, what a sight! And his books,
too! Nothing but a gentleman, Fagin!”
“Delighted to see you looking so well, my dear,” said Fagin, bowing with mock humility. “The Dodger
5 shall give you another suit, my dear, for fear you should spoil that special one. Why didn’t you write, my
dear, and say you were coming? We’d have gotten something warm for dinner.”
192
Read the passage from line 86 “Oliver jumped suddenly“ to line 134 “incidental to business.”
Questions 1-5 are based on this passage.
Which choice best summarizes the passage?
Even though a character tries to escape and another tries to help him, he is still captured
and beaten, and the one who tries to help is ignored.
An affectionate friend tries to help a character escape their horrible situation and is beaten
for it.
Largely as a result of his upbringing and childhood, a character is beaten and attacked by
a dog.
Fagin’s treatment of Oliver in lines 99-103 shows that he is
a kind and caring man.
a cruel and violent man.
a suspicious and curious man.
Which choice best describes Fagin’s behaviour in lines 99-103 in comparison to his treatment of
Oliver in Chapter 2 when they met?
It appears to the reader that Fagin’s behaviour is closer to his true nature and his previous
disguise has been removed.
Fagin’s behaviour in this passage appears very similar to how he treated Oliver at the
beginning of the story.
Fagin’s behaviour towards Oliver is very surprising to all of the people watching in this
passage.
Which character throws Fagin’s stick in the fire?
Nancy
Charley
Oliver
The author’s repetition of “nor” in line 133 is most likely used to
highlight that none of the other characters are affected by Fagin beating Oliver.
show that all of the characters present are concerned by Nancy fainting.
emphasise that Nancy’s interference has no lasting impact on the other characters.
Read the Focus tip box and answer the question. There are a number of themes that
Remember to cite textual evidence to support run through Oliver Twist. We have
your answer. already begun to explore the theme
of identity through the connection
Appearances are powerful in Oliver Twist. They between characterization and
can indicate whether characters are ‘good’ or appearances. Here, we can see how
‘bad’, they show what social class characters identity is also connected to power.
belong to, and determine how other characters
view them. How are the themes of identity and
power explored in Chapter 5?
193
Lessons 3–4
● Prior reading: Chapter 7
● To read and understand the use of imagery to create feeling in Oliver Twist.
● To explore the concept of loyalty as presented in Oliver Twist.
The title of Chapter 7 is ‘Big Plans’. What are the big plans discussed in this chapter?
Note down your answer and discuss with a partner.
How does the chapter make you feel? Brainstorm the words, actions, and descriptions
you can remember. Think about how they made you feel and note them in a word web.
Compare your word webs with a partner. How are they similar or different?
Oliver cleans The

Dodger’s boots.
Fagin goes to Bill annoyed dark
Sikes’ home.
sad
Oliver locked in
old house, alone.
‘Big Plans’ dusty
dirty frustrated
Read the extract from Chapter 7 and answer the questions.

Do we know where Fagin is going in the extract? Why do you think this is?
What time of day is it? What’s the weather like? How does it make you feel?
Is the action taking place in a city or in the country? How do you know?
Does Fagin have any difficulty finding his way? Why or why not?
How is Fagin described? What literary technique does the author use in his description?
Why do you think this is?
1 It was a chill, damp, windy night, when Fagin, buttoning his coat tight round his shrivelled body, and pulling the collar
up over his ears so as completely to obscure the lower part of his face, emerged from his den. He paused on the
step as the door was locked and chained behind him, and having listened while the boys made all secure, and until
their retreating footsteps were no longer audible, slunk down the street as quickly as he could. The mud lay thick upon
5 the stones, and a black mist hung over the streets. The rain fell sluggishly down, and everything felt cold and clammy
to the touch. As he glided stealthily along, creeping beneath the shelter of the walls and doorways, the hideous old
man seemed like some horrid reptile, covered in the slime and darkness through which he moved, crawling forth,
194
2 by night, in search of some rich offal for a meal. Fagin was evidently too
familiar with the ground he traversed to be at all bewildered, either by the Authors use a number of
10 darkness of the night, or the intricacies of the way. He hurried through several techniques to help readers
alleys and streets, and at length turned into one, lighted only by a single lamp imagine a scene and create
at the farther end. At the door of a house in this street, he knocked. Having mood or the feeling of a text.
exchanged a few muttered words with the person who opened it, he walked One of these techniques is
upstairs. A dog growled as he touched the handle of a room-door, and a man's imagery. Think of how the
15 voice demanded who was there. author uses their writing
to ‘paint a picture’ for the
reader.
Read the extract from the beginning of Chapter 7 and discuss the question in groups:
What does Fagin say that Oliver has done wrong? Why? Do you think he is right?
The next day, when the Dodger and Charley Bates had gone out to work, Mr. Fagin took the opportunity to read Oliver a long lecture
on the sin of ingratitude, of which he demonstrated he had been guilty by running away from his anxious friends. Even more, in
trying to escape from them after so much trouble and expense had been incurred in his recovery. Mr. Fagin laid great stress on the
fact of how he had taken Oliver in, and cherished him, when, without his timely aid, he might have perished with hunger.
Later in the chapter, Fagin goes to speak to Bill and Nancy about their ‘Big Plans’. Read
the passage from line 133 “Fagin nodded his head…” to line 169 “the matter as could be.”
Questions 1-4 are on this passage, discuss your opinions in groups.
Why do you think Fagin wants Bill to send Nancy out of the room?
Does Nancy leave? Why or why not?
What does Nancy agree to do?
Do you think Fagin trusts Nancy by the end? Commentators have argued that
Why or why not? Charles Dickens draws a connection
between urban poverty and immorality.
In Chapter 7, we see how virtues can
Think about how the author presents the be wrong in the wrong context. For
theme of loyalty through the characters example, loyalty is generally seen as a
of Oliver and Nancy. Make notes on the good quality; however, is Oliver wrong
questions and discuss in groups, citing for being disloyal to thieves? Also, is
textual evidence where possible. Nancy wrong for being loyal to Fagin
• Should Oliver be loyal to Fagin and the and Bill?
boys? Why or why not?
• Can you understand why Nancy is loyal
to Bill and Fagin? Is she right or wrong?
195
Lessons 5–6
● To read and understand the ways that the author uses mood and atmosphere
to foreshadow future events in Oliver Twist.
● To explore the role of tension and suspense in relation to plot development.
Read the questions and discuss in groups.

• Why do you think the title of Chapter 8 is ‘The Night Before’?
What is happening the next day? Does Oliver know what is happening?
• Why do you think the whole chapter is about the night before?
What could be the author’s purpose?
Look at the plot structure diagram and the words in the box.
Work in pairs to label the stages of plot.
Climax / Major conflict Rising action Ending / Resolution

Falling action Beginning / Exposition
2 4
1 5
Read the Focus tip box. Think about the stages

of a plot and remember what has happened in We can often tell when a narrative
the story so far. What do you think might happen is moving towards a conflict as the
next? Will anything happen to Oliver? Discuss in tension and suspense in the
pairs or small groups. text builds. This adds excitement
to the text and encourages the
reader to keep reading.
196
Oliver speaks to three characters in Chapter 8: first, Fagin, then Nancy, and lastly, Bill Sikes.
Questions 1-5 are about these interactions.
In line 28, why does Fagin tell Oliver to light a candle?
Who is the “rough man” (line 31) Fagin talks to Oliver about? What does Fagin tell Oliver to do?
Why?
In line 65, why does Nancy tell Oliver to be “quiet and silent”? What will happen if he isn’t?
In lines 91-92, what does Bill Sikes put against Oliver’s head? Why?
Do any of the characters tell Oliver what he is going to do tomorrow? How does he feel about it
Read the passage at the end of Chapter 8 from line 94 “For a long time
…” to line 104 “… led him away”. Questions 1-4 are on this passage.
Why can’t Oliver sleep?
He is anxious and worried about what is going to happen.
He is excited and looking forward to the next day. Authors sometimes use
He is concerned for Nancy’s health and safety. mood and atmosphere in a
The author includes the descriptions of the dark morning, rain text to what is
and the “black and cloudy sky” primarily to going to happen. This can be
show the distrust existing between two characters. through descriptions of how
emphasise the beauty of the natural world. the characters are feeling, an
foreshadow the dangerous events that are coming. author’s choice of words, and
As used in line 98 “sharp” most nearly means descriptions of the setting,
stinging. including the weather.
extreme.
fast.
In the context of the passage, the author’s use of the phrase
“pausing to show him with a menacing gesture that he had
the same pistol in a side-pocket of his coat” (lines 102-103)
is primarily meant to convey the idea that
Oliver and Bill Sikes are going to hurt other people.
Oliver’s life is in danger while he is with Bill Sikes.
Oliver is going to try to put Bill’s life in danger.
How does the author compel the reader to keep reading in Chapter 8?
Write a response to the prompt and think about:
• plot development
• tension and suspense
• mood and atmosphere
• foreshadowing
• literary devices
197
Lessons 7–8
● To read and understand how an author uses symbolism to communicate a message.
● To explore the theme of purity and the use of characterisation in Oliver Twist.
Read and discuss the questions in groups.

• What do you remember about the social and historical context
of the novel?
• What are the main events in Chapter 9 of Oliver Twist?
Read the passage at the beginning of Chapter 9 from line 1 “It was a cheerless morning…”
to line 25 “… clear of the turmoil”. Questions 1-4 are on this passage.
Which choice best describes what happens in the passage?
A child is chased through quiet, empty London streets, and a busy, dirty and crowded
market.
A child is taken through quiet, empty London streets, and a busy, dirty and crowded
market.
A child feels lost as he wanders through quiet, empty London streets, and a busy, dirty
and crowded market.
In the second paragraph of the passage, the author repeatedly lists types of people, actions and
sounds primarily to
emphasise the size of the crowd, and the noise and confusion surrounding the characters.
show how important markets are as a meeting place for people and as a key part of cities.
suggest that cities are overpopulated and dirty places filled with criminals.
It can most reasonably be inferred that Oliver finds the scene in Bethnal Green Road loud and
confusing, whereas Bill Sikes is
angry and aggressive as he moves through the crowd.
comfortable and confident as he moves through the crowd.
worried and anxious as he moves through the crowd.
In the context of the passage, the author’s use of the phrase “boys, thieves, idlers, and vagabonds
of every low grade were mingled together in a mass” is primarily meant to convey the idea that
people from the lower classes like coming together in a group and mixing as friends,
especially in a city.
it is hard to be a defined and distinct person when you are from a lower social class,
especially when in a large group in a city.
people from the lower classes are lacking in individuality and are dangerous, especially
when in a large group in a city.
198
Some commentators of the novel believe that for Dickens,
the city symbolises immorality, poverty and corruption.
How far does the passage in activity 2 support this
statement? Note down your response and think about:
symbolise
• the descriptions of the city and its people
in the passage,
context
• Oliver and Bill’s different experiences as
detailed in the passage,
• the author’s use of language and literary
commentary
techniques, and
• the wider context of the novel.
Read the two extracts and answer the questions.
In Extract 1, what does Oliver try to do? Why? Is he
successful?
In Extract 2, what does Oliver decide to do? Why is it a
dangerous decision?
They were at no great distance off and, as they walked

1
pretty briskly, they soon arrived at a house in Chertsey.
Oliver suddenly realised that they were there to break
into a house and tried to resist, begging Sikes to let
5 him go, but to no avail.
In the short time he had had to collect his senses, the

2
boy had firmly resolved that, whether he died in the
attempt or not, he would make one effort to dart
upstairs from the hall and alarm the family.
Read the Focus tip box. Do you agree that Oliver is a ‘flat
character’? Why or why not? Do you think his behaviour is
realistic? Why or why not? Discuss your thoughts in groups.
fl
Why do you think Dickens might present Oliver as a flat
character who is always pure and moral? Discuss in groups
and think about:
• the context of the novel,
• the social conditions of the time,
• Oliver’s childhood, upbringing and background, and
• the author’s intended message.
199
Lessons 9–10
● To read and understand how juxtaposition is used to highlight events in Oliver Twist.
● To explore the themes of courage and cowardice in Oliver Twist.
Complete the graphic organiser in pairs or small groups

• What does courage mean? Note down a definition and think of an example.
• What does cowardice mean? Note down a definition and think of an example.
• Share your definitions with another group and check in a dictionary.
Definition Example
courage
cowardice
Which characters do you think are courageous and which do you think are cowardly in
Oliver Twist? Discuss in your groups, giving reasons for your answers where possible.
Mr. Brownlow / The Artful Dodger Bill Sikes

Oliver
Fagin Mr. Bumble Nancy
Read the passage in Chapter 10 from line 28 “The rain came down …” to line 54 “… the
little porch.” Questions 1-5 are on this passage.
Where is Oliver at the beginning of the passage? Why is he there?
Is it easy for Oliver to get up and walk? Why or why not? Underline in the passage where
you found your answer.
Why does Oliver decide that he needs to get up? What would happen if he didn’t?
200
How does Oliver feel when he recognises the house? Why does he feel this way?
Why does he decide not to run away? Do you think his decision is courageous or cowardly?
Read the next passage in Chapter 10 from line 55 “It happened

that about this time…” to line 72 “… he could be punished.”
Questions 1-5 are on this passage. When you read, think about
Where are Mr. Giles, Brittles and the gardener at the beginning of why an author has put
the passage? What are they doing? events in a particular order,
What is Mr. Giles, Brittles and the gardener’s reaction when they or particular events next
hear the knock at the door? Why do you think they feel this way? to each other. Remember
How do Mr. Giles, Brittles and the gardener react when they realise that this technique is called
the person at the door is just a boy? juxtaposition and authors
How do they react when they realise the person at the door is use this to draw contrasts
Oliver, the “robber”? and comparisons to highlight
Why do they try to “restore Oliver” and prevent him from dying? points in a narrative.
Read the Reading Tip and think about the two

passages in activities 3 and 4. How do you think
Dickens has used juxtaposition in these two
passages? Think about:
• how the events of the passages are similar
and different, and
• how the feelings and experiences of the
characters are similar or different.
How are the themes of courage and cowardice
explored in Oliver Twist? Write a response and
remember to justify your answers with evidence
from the text.
Courage and cowardice are important themes

in this part of the novel. Remember that Oliver was
afraid of Sikes and of committing the robbery in the
last chapter; however, he decided to risk his life to
warn the people in the house. Also, Oliver confronts
his fear and knocks on the door of the house in
Chapter 10. Whereas, Sikes and Crackit leave Oliver
in the field to die to save themselves.
201
Th
Bill Sikes sat waiting in a dark, dingy restaurant. At his feet, sat his white-coated, red-eyed dog;
who occupied himself in licking a large, fresh cut on one side of his mouth, which appeared to
be the result of some recent conflict. Bill Sikes was in foul humour and kicked the dog in anger and
frustration. Mr. Sikes spoke to the dog in the very harshest key of a very harsh voice. He started
5 to beat the dog again when Fagin came through the door and the dog darted out to safety.
“What did you come in between me and my dog for?” said Sikes, with a fierce gesture.
Fagin rubbed his hands; and, sitting down at the table, affected to laugh at his friend. He was
obviously very ill at ease, however.
“Grin away,” said Sikes, surveying him with contempt,“grin away. You'll never have the laugh at
10 me, though. I've got the upper hand over you, Fagin.”
“Well, well, my dear,” said Fagin,“I know all that; we have a mutual interest, Bill.”
“Well, what have you got to say to me?” asked Sikes.
“Here is your share. It's rather more than it ought to be, my dear, but as I know you'll do me a good
turn another time, and…”
15 “Where is it? Hand it over!” interposed the robber, impatiently.
“Yes, yes, Bill; give me time, give me time,” replied Fagin, soothingly.“Here it is! All safe!”As he
spoke, he drew forth an old cotton handkerchief from his pocket, and untying a large knot in one
corner, produced a small brown paper packet. Sikes, snatching it from him, hastily opened it and
proceeded to count the money it contained.
20 “This is all, is it?” inquired Sikes.
contempt: a feeling that someone or

something is not worthy of respect
202
“All,” replied Fagin.
“You haven't opened the parcel and swallowed one or two as you come along, have you?” inquired
Sikes, suspiciously.“Don't put on an injured look at the question; you've done it many a time.”
They were interrupted by the arrival of Nancy who updated them with the latest news in the search
25 for Oliver Twist. She had an idea of the area he had been taken to and was going to go there to see
if she could find him. Nancy soon left, accompanied by Bill, to continue the search.
Oliver was on his way to the bookstall. He was walking along, thinking how happy and contented
he was feeling when Nancy found him. She grabbed him and dragged him with her, making a big
show of pretending to have found her brother. Bill Sikes appeared, grabbed the money and
30 books from Oliver and instructed his dog to guard Oliver. Weak with recent illness, stupe ed by
the suddenness of the attack, terrified by the fierce growling of the dog, and the brutality of the
man, what could one poor child do! Darkness had set in and it was an unfriendly neighbourhood.
No help was near, so resistance was useless. In another moment he was dragged into a labyrinth of
dark narrow courts and was forced along them at a pace which caused him to give a few cries.
35 Back in Mr. Brownlow’s house, the gas lamps were lighted; Mrs. Bedwin was waiting anxiously at
the open door; the servant had run up the street twenty times to see if there were any traces of
Oliver; and still the two old gentlemen sat waiting in the dark parlour, with the watch between
them.
Bill Sikes, Nancy and Oliver walked on, by little-frequented and dirty alleys, for a full half an hour
40 meeting very few people, and those they saw appeared to hold much the same low position in
society as Mr. Sikes himself. They turned into a very filthy narrow street, nearly full of old clothes
shops. The dog running forward, as if conscious that there was no further occasion for his keeping
on guard, stopped before the door of a shop that was closed and apparently untenanted. The house
was in bad condition, and on the door was nailed a board, advertising that it was to let, which
45 looked as if it had hung there for many years. Nancy stooped below the shutters, and Oliver heard
the sound of a bell. They crossed to the opposite side of the street and stood for a few moments
under a lamp. A noise, as if a window was gently raised, was heard and soon afterwards the
door softly opened. Mr. Sikes then seized the terrified boy by the collar and all three were quickly
inside the house. They crossed an empty kitchen and, opening the door of a low earthy-smelling
50 room which seemed to have been built in a small backyard, were received with a shout of laughter.
They were greeted by The Artful Dodger, Charley Bates and Fagin. The Dodger and Charley rifled
through Oliver’s pockets to see if there was anything they could take.
stupefy: to become confused or unable to

think properly
203
“Look at his clothes, Fagin!” said Charley, putting the light so close to his new jacket as nearly to
set him on fire.“Look at his clothes! Super fine cloth, and the heavy cut! Oh, my eye, what a sight!
55 And his books, too! Nothing but a gentleman, Fagin!”
“Delighted to see you looking so well, my dear,” said Fagin, bowing with mock humility.“The
Dodger shall give you another suit, my dear, for fear you should spoil that special one. Why didn't
you write, my dear, and say you were coming? We'd have gotten something warm for dinner.”
At this, Charley Bates roared again, so loud, that Fagin himself relaxed, and even the Dodger smiled
60 as he drew forth the five-pound note from Oliver’s pocket.
“Hello, what's that?” inquired Sikes, stepping forward as Fagin seized the note.“That's mine,
Fagin.”
“No, no, my dear,” said Fagin.“It’s mine, Bill, mine. You can have the books.”
“If that isn't mine!” said Bill Sikes, putting on his hat with a determined air,“mine and Nancy's that
65 is, I'll take the boy back again.”
Fagin was startled. Oliver was startled too, though from a very different cause, for he hoped that
the dispute might really end in his being taken back.
“Come! Hand it over, will you?” said Sikes.
“This is hardly fair, Bill. Hardly fair, is it, Nancy?” inquired Fagin.
70 “Fair, or not fair,” retorted Sikes,“hand it over, I tell you! Do you think Nancy and me have got
nothing else to do with our precious time but to spend it in scouting after, and kidnapping, every
young boy that gets grabbed because of you? Give it here, you old skeleton, give it here!”With this
gentle complaint, Mr. Sikes plucked the note from between Fagin's finger and thumb, and looking
the old man coolly in the face, folded it up small, and tied it in his neckerchief.
75 “That's for our share of the trouble,” said Sikes,“and not half enough either. You may keep the
books, if you're fond of reading. If you aren't, sell them.”
“They belong to the old gentleman,” said Oliver, wringing his hands,“to the good, kind, old
gentleman who took me into his house, and had me nursed, when I was near dying of the fever.
Oh, please send them back! Send him back the books and money. Keep me here all my life but
80 please, please send them back. He'll think I stole them. The old lady and all of them who were
so kind to me will think I stole them. Oh, do have mercy upon me, and send them back!”With
humility: the quality of not thinking you are

better than others
204
these words, which were uttered with all the energy of passionate grief, Oliver fell upon his knees at
Fagin's feet and beat his hands together, in perfect desperation.
“The boy's right,” remarked Fagin, looking around, and knitting his shaggy eyebrows into a hard
85 knot.“You're right, Oliver, you're right; they WILL think you have stolen them. Haha!” chuckled
Fagin, rubbing his hands,“it couldn't have happened better, if we had chosen our time!” Oliver
jumped suddenly to his feet and tore wildly from the room, uttering shrieks for help, which made
the bare old house echo to the roof.
“Keep back the dog, Bill!” cried Nancy, springing before the door, and closing it, as Fagin and his
90 two pupils darted out in pursuit.“Keep back the dog; he'll tear the boy to pieces.”
“It would serve him right!” cried Sikes.“Stand back from me!”
“I don't care for that, Bill. I don't care for that,” screamed the girl, struggling to stop him,“the child
won’t be torn down by the dog, unless you kill me first.”
“Won’t he!” said Sikes, gritting his teeth.“I'll soon do that, if you don't keep away.”
95 Fagin and the two boys returned, dragging Oliver among them.
“What's the matter here!” said Fagin, looking round.
“The girl's gone mad, I think,” replied Sikes, savagely.
“No, she hasn't,” said Nancy, pale and breathless,“no, she hasn't, Fagin; don't think it.”
“So, you wanted to get away, Oliver, did you?” said Fagin, taking up a jagged and knotted stick from
100 the corner of the fireplace. Oliver made no reply. But he watched Fagin's motions, and breathed
quickly.“Wanted to get assistance; called for the police, did you?” sneered Fagin, catching the boy
by the arm.“We'll cure you of that, my young master.” He inflicted a sharp blow on Oliver's
shoulders with the stick, and was raising it for a second blow, when the girl, rushing forward,
grabbed it from his hand. She flung it into the fire, with a force that brought some of the glowing
105 coals whirling out into the room.
“I won't stand by and see it done, Fagin,” cried the girl.“You've got the boy so what more do you
need? Let him be or I shall kill you all.”The girl stamped her foot violently on the floor as she
vented this threat, and with her lips compressed, and her hands clenched, looked alternately at
Fagin and Bill Sikes, her face quite colourless from the passion of rage into which she had gradually
110 worked herself.
“Why, Nancy!” said Fagin, in a soothing tone after a pause, during which he and Mr. Sikes had
desperation
205
stared at one another in a disconcerted manner,“you're more clever than ever tonight. Ha! ha! my
dear, you are acting beautifully.”
“Am I?” said the girl.“Take care I don't overdo it. You will be the worse for it, Fagin, if I do and so I
115 tell you in good time to keep clear of me.”
“What do you mean by this?” said Sikes,“What do you mean by it? Do you know who you are?”
“Oh, yes, I know all about it,” replied the girl, laughing hysterically and shaking her head from side
to side with a poor assumption of indifference.
“Well, then, keep quiet,” warned Sikes, with a growl that he was accustomed to use when
120 addressing his dog,“or I'll quiet you for a good long time to come.”The girl laughed again, even
less composedly than before, and, darting a hasty look at Sikes, turned her face aside, and bit her
lip till the blood came.
“Come, come, Sikes,” said Fagin appealing to him in a soft tone, and motioning towards the boys,
who were eagerly attentive to all that passed,“we must have civil words; civil words, Bill.”
125 “Civil words!” cried Nancy, whose passion was frightful to see.“Civil words, you villain! Yes, you
deserve them from me. I thieved for you when I was a child not half as old as this!” pointing to
Oliver.“I have been in the same trade, and in the same service, for twelve years since. Don't you
know it?”
The girl said nothing more; but made such a rush at Fagin that would probably have left signal
130 marks of her revenge upon him, had not her wrists been seized by Sikes at the right moment; upon
which, she made a few ineffectual struggles, and fainted.“She's all right now,” said Sikes, laying her
down in a corner. Fagin wiped his forehead and smiled, as if it were a relief to have the disturbance
over, but neither he, nor Sikes, nor the dog, nor the boys, seemed to consider it in any other light
than a common occurrence incidental to business.
Charley led Oliver into the next room, gave him old clothes to put on and left him in the dark,
135 locking the door behind him. He was sick and weary, and he soon fell sound asleep.
disconcerted: unsettled or confused

indifference: lack of interest or concern
civil: to be courteous and polite
incidental: happening as a result of something
206
What pet does Bill Sikes have?
________________________________________________________________________________
Where do Bill and Nancy take Oliver?
________________________________________________________________________________
Who is waiting for Oliver when he arrives with Bill and Nancy?
________________________________________________________________________________
Which choice best describes the relationship between Fagin and Bill Sikes?
They are respectful and honest partners in illegal business.
They are partners in illegal business who get along well.
They are reluctant and mistrustful partners in illegal business.
They are partners in illegal business who argue but eventually agree.
Write a summary of the main points of action in Chapter 5.
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________________________________________________________________________________
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207
Back at the workhouse that Oliver had escaped from, Mr. Bumble was sitting down to have a cup
of tea and read the daily newspaper. The very first paragraph upon which Mr. Bumble's eye rested,
was the following advertisement:
FIVE GUINEAS REWARD
5 'A young boy, named Oliver Twist, absconded, or was enticed, last Thursday evening, from his
home, at Pentonville, and has not since been heard of. The above reward will be paid to any person
who has information that leads to the discovery of Oliver Twist, or information that throws any
light upon his previous history.’
And then followed a full description of Oliver's dress, person, appearance, and disappearance,
10 with the name and address of Mr. Brownlow at full length. Mr. Bumble opened his eyes, read the
advertisement, slowly and carefully, three times and in something a little more than five minutes
was on his way to Pentonville, having actually, in his excitement, left this tea untasted.
“Is Mr. Brownlow at home?” inquired Mr. Bumble from the girl who opened the door. To this
inquiry the girl returned the not uncommon, but rather evasive reply of “I don't know; where do
15 you come from?” Mr. Bumble no sooner uttered Oliver's name, in explanation of his errand than
Mrs. Bedwin, who had been listening at the parlour door, ran into the passage in a breathless state.
“Come in, come in,” said the old lady.“I knew we would hear of him. Poor dear! I knew we would.
I was certain of it! I said so all along.”The old lady hurried back into the parlour again and seating
herself on a sofa, burst into tears. The girl had run upstairs meanwhile, and now returned with a
20 request that Mr. Bumble would follow her immediately, which he did. He was shown into the little
back study, where Mr. Brownlow and his friend Mr. Grimwig sat. Mr. Bumble sat himself down.
“Now, sir, you come as a result of having seen the advertisement?” asked Mr. Brownlow.
“Yes, sir,” said Mr. Bumble.
guinea: an old British coin which was worth something that is appealing or interesting
21 shillings
abscond: to go away or escape from
somewhere secretly
entice: to attract someone by offering
208
“Do you know where this poor boy is now?”
25 “No more than anybody,” replied Mr. Bumble.
“Well, what do you know of him?” inquired the old gentleman.“Speak out, my friend, if you have
anything to say. What do you know of him?”
Mr. Bumble put down his hat, unbuttoned his coat, folded his arms, inclined his head in a
retrospective manner and, after a few moments' re ection, commenced his story. In Mr. Bumble’s
30 description, Oliver was born of bad parents, abandoned for others to take care of. That he had, from
his birth, displayed no better qualities than betrayal, rudeness, and malice. That he had terminated
his brief career in the place of his birth, by running away in the night from his workhouse. In
proof of his really being the person he said he was, Mr. Bumble laid upon the table the papers he
had brought. Folding his arms again, he then awaited Mr. Brownlow's observations.
35 “I fear it is all too true,” said the old gentleman sorrowfully, after looking over the papers.“I would
gladly have given you treble the money, if it had been favourable to the boy.” It is not improbable
that if Mr. Bumble had possessed this information at an earlier period of the interview, he might
have imparted a very different colouring to his little history. It was too late to do it now, however, so
he shook his head gravely, pocketed the ve guineas and left the room. Mr. Brownlow paced
40 the room to and fro for some minutes, evidently so much disturbed by Mr. Bumble’s tale, that even
Mr. Grimwig decided not to vex him further. After a while he stopped and rang the bell violently.
“Mrs. Bedwin,” said Mr. Brownlow, when the housekeeper appeared,“that boy, Oliver, is an
imposter.”
“It can't be, sir. It cannot be,” said the old lady energetically.
45 “I tell you he is,” retorted the old gentleman.“What do you mean by can't be? We have just heard a
full account of him from his birth; and he has been a little villain, all his life.”
“I never will believe it, sir,” replied the old lady, rmly.“Never!”
“You old women never believe anything but quack-doctors, and lying story-books,” growled Mr.
Grimwig.“I knew it all along. Why didn't you take my advice in the beginning? You would if he
50 hadn't had a fever, I suppose, eh? He was interesting, wasn't he? Interesting! Bah!”And Mr.
Grimwig poked the re with a ourish.
desperation: relating to the past or something that

happened in the past
malice: an intention to cause harm to someone
209
“He was a dear, grateful, gentle child, sir,” retorted Mrs. Bedwin, indignantly.“I know what children
are, sir, and have done these forty years and people who can't say the same, shouldn't say anything
about them. That's my opinion!”
55 This was a hard hit at Mr. Grimwig, who was a bachelor. As it elicited nothing from that gentleman
but a smile, the old lady tossed her head, and smoothed down her apron preparing to make
another speech, when she was stopped by Mr. Brownlow.
“Silence!” said the old gentleman, feigning an anger he was far from feeling.“Never let me hear
the boy's name again. I rang to tell you that. Never! You may leave the room, Mrs. Bedwin.
60 Remember, I am very serious.”There were sad hearts at Mr. Brownlow's that night.
feign: to pretend to be affected by something
210
Who goes to see Mr. Brownlow to tell him about Oliver Twist’s history?
________________________________________________________________________________
What do you think were his true motivations for going to see Mr. Brownlow?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Who believes the story of Oliver Twist’s history? List the names of the characters.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Note down any words you are unfamiliar with from the chapter. What do you think they
could mean based on the information that surrounds them? Check your guesses in a
dictionary.
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________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
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211
The next day, when the Dodger and Charley Bates had gone out to work, Mr. Fagin took the
opportunity to read Oliver a long lecture on the sin of ingratitude, of which he demonstrated he
had been guilty by running away from his anxious friends. Even more, in trying to escape from
them after so much trouble and expense had been incurred in his recovery. Mr. Fagin laid great
5 stress on the fact of how he had taken Oliver in, and cherished him, when, without his timely aid,
he might have perished with hunger. He told him a story of another young boy that he had helped
who went to the police and told them stories but ended up in prison himself for the crimes he had
committed. Little Oliver's blood ran cold, as he listened to Fagin's words, and understood the dark
threats conveyed in them. Fagin, smiling hideously, patted Oliver on the head, and said, that if he
10 kept himself quiet, and applied himself to business, he saw they would be very good friends yet.
Then, taking his hat, and covering himself with an old patched coat, he went out, and locked the
door behind him.
So, Oliver remained all that day, and for the greater part of many subsequent days, seeing nobody,
between early morning and midnight, and left during the long hours to commune with his own
15 thoughts. Which, never failing to revert to his kind friends, and the opinion they must long ago
have formed of him, were sad indeed.
After a week or so, Fagin left the door unlocked and he was at liberty to wander about the house.
It was a very dirty place. The rooms upstairs had great high wooden chimney-pieces and large
doors, with panelled walls which, although they were black with neglect and dust, were
20 ornamented in various ways. From all of these tokens Oliver concluded that a long time ago, before
Fagin was born, it had belonged to better people, and had perhaps been quite warm and handsome
- dismal and dreary as it looked now. Spiders had built their webs in the angles of the walls and
ceilings and sometimes, when Oliver walked softly into a room, the mice would scamper across the
floor, and run back terrified to their holes. With these exceptions, there was neither sight nor sound
25 of any living thing and often, when it grew dark, and he was tired of wandering from room to
room, he would crouch in the corner of the passage by the door to the street, to be as near living
ingratitude: lack of appreciation or thanks for

something
212
people as he could, and would remain there, listening and counting the hours, until Fagin or the
boys returned.
One afternoon, the Dodger and Charley Bates came back after being engaged out that evening. The
30 Dodger took it into his head to command Oliver to assist him in his room, straightway. Oliver
was glad to make himself useful, happy to have some faces, however bad, to look upon. He at once
expressed his readiness and, kneeling on the floor, while the Dodger sat upon the table so that
he could take his foot in his laps, he applied himself to cleaning his boots.
“Why don't you put yourself under Fagin, Oliver?” said Charley.
35 “And make your fortune?” added the Dodger, with a grin.
“I don't like it,” replied Oliver, timidly.“I wish they would let me go. I…I…would rather go.”
“And Fagin would rather not!” said Charley. Oliver knew this too well but thinking it might be
dangerous to express his feelings more openly, he only sighed, and went on with his boot-cleaning.
“You've been brought up bad,” said the Dodger, surveying his boots with much satisfaction when
40 Oliver had polished them.“Fagin will make something of you, though, or you'll be the first he ever
had that turned out unprofitable. You'd better begin at once, for you'll come to the trade long before
you think of it, and you're only losing time, Oliver.”
From this day, Oliver was seldom left alone. He was placed in almost constant communication with
the two boys, who played the old game with Fagin every day, whether for their own improvement
45 or Oliver's, only Mr. Fagin knew. At other times the old man would tell them stories of robberies
he had committed in his younger days, mixed up with so much that was funny and curious,
that Oliver could not help laughing heartily, and showing that he was amused in spite of all his
better feelings.
It was a chill, damp, windy night, when Fagin, buttoning his coat tight round his shrivelled body,
50 and pulling the collar up over his ears so as completely to obscure the lower part of his face,
emerged from his den. He paused on the step as the door was locked and chained behind him,
and having listened while the boys made all secure, and until their retreating footsteps were no
longer audible, slunk down the street as quickly as he could. The mud lay thick upon the stones,
and a black mist hung over the streets. The rain fell sluggishly down, and everything felt cold
55 and clammy to the touch. As he glided stealthily along, creeping beneath the shelter of the walls
and doorways, the hideous old man seemed like some horrid reptile, covered in the slime and
darkness through which he moved, crawling forth, by night, in search of some rich offal for a meal.
Fagin was evidently too familiar with the ground he traversed to be at all bewildered, either by the
traverse: to move across an area
213
darkness of the night, or the intricacies of the way. He hurried through several alleys and streets,
60 and at length turned into one, lighted only by a single lamp at the farther end. At the door
of a house in this street, he knocked. Having exchanged a few muttered words with the person
who opened it, he walked upstairs. A dog growled as he touched the handle of a room-door, and a
man's voice demanded who was there.
“Only me, Bill, only me, my dear,” said Fagin looking in.
65 “Bring in your body then,” said Sikes.“Lie down, you stupid brute! Don't you know Fagin?”
Apparently, the dog had been somewhat deceived by Mr. Fagin's outer garment; for as Fagin
unbuttoned it, and threw it over the back of a chair, he retired to the corner from which he had
risen, wagging his tail as he went, to show that he was as well satisfied as it was in his nature to be.
“Well!” said Sikes.
70 “Well, my dear. Ah! Nancy. It is cold, Nancy dear,” said Fagin, as he warmed his skinny hands over
the fire.“It seems to go right through one,” added the old man, touching his side.
“It must be a piercer, if it finds its way through your heart,” said Mr. Sikes.
Fagin glanced round the room, not in curiosity, for he had seen it often before, but in a restless
and suspicious manner habitual to him. It was a meanly furnished apartment, with nothing but
75 the contents of the closet to induce the belief that its occupier was anything but a working man,
and with no more suspicious articles displayed to view than two or three heavy bludgeons which
stood in a corner, and a 'life-preserver' that hung over the chimney-piece.
“About the house at Chertsey, Bill?” said Fagin, drawing his chair forward, and speaking in a very
low voice.
80 “Yes. What about it?” inquired Sikes.
“Ah! you know what I mean, my dear,” said Fagin.“He knows what I mean, Nancy, doesn't he?”
“No, he doesn't,” sneered Mr. Sikes.“Speak out and call things by their right names. Don't sit there,
winking and blinking, and talking to me in hints, as if you weren't the very first that thought about
the robbery. What do you mean?”
85 “Hush, Bill, hush!” said Fagin, who had in vain attempted to stop this burst of indignation;
“somebody will hear us, my dear. Somebody will hear us.”
intricacy: something that is complicated or

detailed
indignation: anger caused by something that is
unfair or wrong
214
“Let them hear!” said Sikes; “I don't care.” But as Mr. Sikes did care, on reflection, he dropped his
voice as he said the words, and grew calmer.
“There, there,” said Fagin, coaxingly.“It was only my caution, nothing more. Now, my dear, about
90 that house at Chertsey; when is it to be done, Bill, eh? When is it to be done?” said Fagin, rubbing
his hands, and elevating his eyebrows in a rapture of anticipation.
“Not at all,” replied Sikes coldly.
“Not to be done at all!” echoed Fagin, leaning back in his chair.
“No, not at all,” replied Sikes.“At least it can't be a put-up job, as we expected.”
95 “Then it hasn't been properly gone about,” said Fagin, turning pale with anger.“Don't tell me…!”
“But I will tell you,” retorted Sikes.“Who are you that's not to be told? I tell you that Toby Crackit
has been hanging about the place for a fortnight, and he can't get one of the servants in line.”
“Do you mean to tell me, Bill,” said Fagin, softening as the other grew heated,“that neither of the
two men in the house can be got over?”
100 “Yes, I do mean to tell you so,” replied Sikes.“The old lady has had them these twenty years, and if
you were to give them five hundred pounds, they wouldn't be in it.”
“But do you mean to say, my dear,” remonstrated Fagin,“that the women can't be got over?”
“Not a bit of it,” replied Sikes.
“Not at all?” said Fagin incredulously.
105 “Not at all according to Toby Crackit,” replied Sikes.“He says it's all of no use.”
Fagin looked blank at this information. After ruminating for some minutes with his chin sunk on
his chest, he raised his head and said, with a deep sigh, that if flash Toby Crackit reported right, he
feared the game was up.“And yet,” said the old man, dropping his hands on his knees,“it's a
sad thing, my dear, to lose so much when we had set our hearts upon it.”A long silence ensued,
110 during which Fagin was plunged in deep thought, with his face wrinkled into an expression
of villainy. Sikes eyed him furtively from time to time. Nancy, apparently fearful of irritating the
housebreaker, sat with her eyes fixed upon the fire, as if she had been deaf to all that passed.
“Fagin,” said Sikes, abruptly breaking the stillness that prevailed; “is it worth fifty pounds extra, if it's
safely done from the outside?”
ruminate: to think carefully about something

villainy: evil behaviour or actions
furtively: done in a quiet way to avoid being
noticed
215
115 “Yes,” said Fagin, as suddenly rousing himself.
“Is it a bargain?” inquired Sikes.
“Yes, my dear, yes,” replied Fagin, his eyes glistening, and every muscle in his face working, with the
excitement that the inquiry had awakened.
“Then,” said Sikes, thrusting aside Fagin's hand, with some disdain,“let it come off as soon as you
120 like. Toby and me were over the garden wall the night afore last, sounding the panels of the door
and shutters. The crib's barred up at night like a jail, but there's one part we can crack, safe and
softly.”
“Which is that, Bill?” asked Fagin eagerly.
“Well,” whispered Sikes,“as you cross the lawn…”
125 “Yes?” said Fagin, bending his head forward, with his eyes almost starting out of it.
“Umph!” cried Sikes, stopping short, as the girl, scarcely moving her head, looked suddenly round,
and pointed for an instant to Fagin's face.“Never mind which part it is. You can't do it without me, I
know, but it's best to be on the safe side when one deals with you.”
“As you like, my dear, as you like” replied Fagin.“Is there no help wanted, but yours and Toby's?”
130 “None,” said Sikes.“Except a boy. You must find us a suitable boy.”
“A boy!” asked Fagin.
“I want a boy, and he mustn't be a big one!” said Mr. Sikes.
Fagin nodded his head towards Nancy, who was still gazing at the fire and intimated, by a sign,
that he would like her to be told to leave the room. Sikes shrugged his shoulders impatiently, as
135 if he thought the precaution unnecessary, but complied, nevertheless, by requesting that Nancy
fetch him a pot of tea.
“You don't want any tea,” said Nancy, folding her arms, and retaining her seat very composedly.
“I tell you I do!” replied Sikes.
“Nonsense,” replied the girl coolly,“Go on, Fagin. I know what he's going to say, Bill. He needn't
140 mind me.” Fagin still hesitated. Sikes looked from one to the other in some surprise.
“Why, you don't mind the old girl, do you, Fagin?” he asked.“You've known her long enough to
trust her. She isn’t going to tell anyone. Are you Nancy?”
216
“I should think not!” replied the young lady, drawing her chair up to the table and putting her
elbows upon it.
145 “No, no, my dear, I know you're not,” said Fagin,“but…” and again the old man paused.
“But what?” inquired Sikes.
“I didn't know whether she might be out of sorts, you know, my dear, as she was the other night,”
replied Fagin.
“Now, Fagin,” said Nancy with a laugh.“Tell Bill at once, about Oliver!”
150 “Ha! you're a clever one, my dear, the sharpest girl I ever saw!” said Fagin, patting her on the neck.
“It was about Oliver I was going to speak, sure enough.”
“What about him?” demanded Sikes.
“He's the boy for you, my dear,” replied Fagin in a hoarse whisper, laying his finger on the side of
his nose and grinning frightfully.
155 “Oliver?” exclaimed. Sikes.
“Yes,” replied Fagin.“He's been in training these last few weeks, and it's time he began to work for
his bread. Besides, the others are all too big.”
“Well, he is just the size I want,” said Mr. Sikes, ruminating.
“And will do everything you want, Bill, my dear,” interposed Fagin; “he can't help himself. That is, if
160 you frighten him enough.”
“When is it to be done?” asked Nancy.
“The night after tomorrow,” replied Sikes in a surly voice.
“Good,” said Fagin; “there's no moon.”
“It's all planned,” replied Sikes, interrupting him.“Never mind particulars. You'd better bring the boy
165 here tomorrow night.”
After some discussion, it was decided that Nancy should go to Fagin’s the following evening when
the night had set in and bring Oliver away with her.“Goodnight, Nancy,” said Fagin, muffling
himself up as before. Their eyes met, and Fagin scrutinised her, narrowly. There was no flinching
about the girl. She was as true and earnest in the matter as could be.
scrutinise: to examine something carefully
217
Where is Oliver in Chapter 7?
________________________________________________________________________________
Who does Fagin go to see?
________________________________________________________________________________
What are Fagin and Bill Sikes planning to do the night after tomorrow?
________________________________________________________________________________
Who is the boy that Fagin suggests can help Bill Sikes?
________________________________________________________________________________
Why does Fagin want Bill Sikes to ask Nancy to leave the room?
________________________________________________________________________________
Does Fagin think that Nancy can be trusted when he leaves at the end of the chapter?
Why / Why not?
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218
Chapter Eight
Chapter 8
e Night Before
When Oliver awoke in the morning, he was a good deal surprised to find that a new pair of shoes,
with strong thick soles, had been placed at his bedside and that his old shoes had been removed.
At first, he was pleased with the discovery, hoping that it might be the forerunner of his release.
Such thoughts were quickly dispelled, on his sitting down to breakfast along with Fagin, who told
5 him, in a tone and manner which increased his alarm, that he was to be taken to the residence of
Bill Sikes that night.
“To…to…stay there, sir?” asked Oliver, anxiously.
“No, no, my dear. Not to stay there,” replied Fagin.“We shouldn't like to lose you. Don't be afraid,
Oliver, you shall come back to us again. We won't be so cruel as to send you away, my dear. Oh
10 no, no!”The old man, who was stooping over the fire toasting a piece of bread, looked round as
he bantered Oliver, and chuckled as if to show that he knew he would still be very glad to get away
if he could.
“I suppose,” said Fagin, fixing his eyes on Oliver,“you want to know what you're going to Bill's
for…eh, my dear?” Oliver coloured, involuntarily, to find that the old thief had been reading
15 his thoughts but boldly said he wanted to know.“Why do you think?” inquired Fagin, parrying the
question.
“Indeed, I don't know, sir,” replied Oliver.
“Bah!” said Fagin, turning away with a disappointed expression from a close inspection of the boy's
face.“Wait until Bill tells you, then.” He seemed vexed by Oliver's not expressing any greater
20 curiosity on the subject, but the truth is, that, although Oliver felt very anxious, he was too much
confused by the earnest cunning of Fagin's looks, and his own speculations, to make any further
inquiries just then. He had no other opportunity, for Fagin remained very surly and silent until
night, when he prepared to go out.
“You may burn a candle,” said Fagin, putting one upon the table.“And here's a book for you to read,
Vocabulary
speculation: guesses about something that is
not known
219
Oliver Twist, Charles Dickens
25 until they come to fetch you. Goodnight!”
“Goodnight.” replied Oliver, softly.
Fagin walked to the door, looking over his shoulder at the boy as he went. Suddenly stopping, he
called him by his name. Oliver looked up and Fagin, pointing to the candle, motioned him to light
it. He did so and, as he placed the candlestick upon the table, saw that Fagin was gazing fixedly
30 at him, from the dark end of the room.“Take heed, Oliver! take heed!” said the old man, shaking
his right hand before him in a warning manner.“He's a rough man and thinks nothing of blood
when his own is up. Whatever happens, say nothing and do what he bids you.” Placing a strong
emphasis on the last word, he suffered his features gradually to resolve themselves into a ghastly
grin, and, nodding his head, left the room. Oliver leaned his head upon his hand when the old man
35 disappeared, and pondered, with a trembling heart, on the words he had just heard. He remained
deep in thought with his head buried in his hands, when a rustling noise aroused him.
“What's that!” he cried, starting up, and catching sight of a figure standing by the door.“Who's
there?”
“Me. Only me,” replied a tremulous voice. Oliver raised the candle above his head and looked
40 towards the door. It was Nancy.
“Put down the light,” said the girl, turning away her head.“It hurts my eyes.” Oliver saw that she
was very pale, and gently inquired if she were ill. The girl threw herself into a chair, with her back
towards him and wrung her hands, but made no reply.
“Has anything happened?” asked Oliver.“Can I help you? I will if I can. I will, indeed.”
45 She rocked herself to and fro, caught her throat, and, uttering a gurgling sound, gasped for breath.
“Nancy!” cried Oliver,“What is it?”The girl beat her hands upon her knees, and her feet upon the
ground and, suddenly stopping, drew her shawl close round her and shivered with cold. Oliver
stirred the fire. Drawing her chair close to it, she sat there, for a little time, without speaking but at
length she raised her head and looked round.
50 “I don't know what comes over me sometimes,” said she, affecting to busy herself in arranging her
dress,“it's this damp, dirty room, I think. Now, Oliver, dear, are you ready?”
“Am I to go with you?” asked Oliver.
Vocabulary
ghastly: very shocking or horrible
220
beseeching
beseech: to beg someone for something
221
“I'm glad to hear it,” said Sikes, looking grimly at Oliver.
Addressing his new pupil, Mr. Sikes pulled off Oliver's cap and threw it into a corner, and then,
taking him by the shoulder, sat himself down by the table, and stood the boy in front of him.
“Now, first, do you know what this is?” inquired Sikes, taking up a pocket-pistol which lay on the
85 table. Oliver replied in the affirmative.
“Well, then, look here,” continued Sikes.“This is powder, that there's a bullet and this is a little bit
of an old hat for wadding.” Oliver murmured his comprehension of the different bodies referred to
and Mr. Sikes proceeded to load the pistol, with great precision and deliberation.
“Now it's loaded,” said Mr. Sikes, when he had finished.
90 “Yes, I see it is, sir,” replied Oliver.
“Well,” said the robber, grasping Oliver's wrist, and putting the barrel so close to his temple that
they touched, at which moment the boy could not repress a start,“if you speak a word when you're
outside with me, except when I speak to you, that loading will be in your head without notice.”
For a long time that night, Oliver lay awake, thinking about Bill’s threats. Weary with watching and
95 anxiety, he fell asleep at last. When he awoke, the table was covered with tea-things, and Sikes was
thrusting various articles into the pockets of his coat, which hung over the back of a chair. Nancy
was busily engaged in preparing breakfast. It was not yet daylight, for the candle was still burning,
and it was quite dark outside. A sharp rain, too, was beating against the window-panes, and
the sky looked black and cloudy.“Now, then!” growled Sikes, as Oliver started up,“half-past five!
100 Look sharp, or you'll get no breakfast, for it is late.” Nancy, scarcely looking at the boy, threw him
a handkerchief to tie round his throat. Sikes gave him a large rough cape to button over his
shoulders. He gave his hand to the robber, who, merely pausing to show him with a menacing
gesture that he had that same pistol in a side-pocket of his coat, clasped it firmly in his, and,
exchanging a farewell with Nancy, led him away.
Vocabulary
in the affirmative: positive or meaning ‘yes’
deliberation: careful thought or discussion done to
make a decision
222
Chapter Eight
Check your Understanding
Put the sentences in the correct order to make a summary of Chapter 8.

__ Oliver and Nancy walk to Bill Sikes’ house.
__ Oliver wakes up and finds new shoes next to his bed.
__ Oliver and Bill Sikes leave the house early in the morning.
__ Fagin tells Oliver over breakfast that he is going to Bill Sikes’ that night.
__ Oliver goes to sleep.
__ Oliver waits at Fagin’s to be collected.
__ Nancy comes to pick Oliver up.
What does Oliver think when he finds the new shoes next to his bed?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
What happens to Nancy when she comes to collect Oliver?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
What does Bill Sikes show Oliver when he arrives at his house? Why does he show
Oliver this?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
What do you think is going to happen next? Note down your predictions.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________________________________
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223
Chapter 9
The Robbery
It was a cheerless morning when they got into the street, blowing and raining hard and the clouds
looking dull and stormy. The night had been very wet and large pools of water had collected in the
road. There was a faint glimmering of the coming day in the sky but it rather aggravated than
relieved the gloom of the scene, the sombre light only serving to pale that which the street lamps
5 afforded, without shedding any warmer or brighter tints upon the wet house-tops and dreary
streets. There appeared to be nobody stirring in that quarter of the town. The windows of the
houses were all closely shut and the streets through which they passed were noiseless and empty.
By the time they had turned into the Bethnal Green Road, the day had fairly begun to break. It
was market morning. The ground was covered, nearly ankle-deep, with filth and dirt. A thick steam,
10 endlessly rising from the reeking bodies of the cattle, and mingling with the fog, which seemed
to rest upon the chimney tops, hung heavily above. All the pens in the centre of the large area, and
as many temporary pens as could be crowded into the vacant space, were filled with sheep. Tied
up to posts by the gutter side were long lines of beasts and oxen, three or four deep. Countrymen,
butchers, hawkers, boys, thieves, idlers, and vagabonds of every low grade were mingled together
15 in a mass. The whistling of countrymen, the barking dogs, the bellowing and plunging of the oxen,
the bleating of sheep, the cries of hawkers, the shouts, oaths, and quarrelling on all sides. The
ringing of bells and roar of voices, that issued from every house; the crowding, pushing, driving,
beating, whooping and yelling. The hideous din that resounded from every corner of the market
and the unwashed, unshaven and dirty figures constantly running to and fro, and bursting in and
20 out of the throng, rendered it a stunning and bewildering scene, which quite confounded the
senses.
Mr. Sikes, dragging Oliver after him, elbowed his way through the thickest of the crowd, and
bestowed very little attention on the numerous sights and sounds, which so astonished the boy.
He nodded, twice or thrice, to a passing friend and, resisting as many invitations to take a cup of
Vocabulary
aggravate: to make a problem worse or more vagabond: a person who goes from place to
serious place without a home or job
hawker: a person who travels about selling
things, usually advertising them by shouting
224
Chapter Nine
25 tea, pressed steadily onward, until they were clear of the turmoil. They travelled a long way, for
most of the day, getting a lift from a man with a horse and cart and then travelling further on foot.
Sikes kept going, until they were close upon the bridge, then they turned suddenly down a bank
upon the left.“The water!” thought Oliver, turning sick with fear.“He has brought me to this lonely
place to murder me!” He was about to throw himself on the ground, and make one struggle for his
30 young life, when he saw that they stood before a solitary house, all ruinous and decayed. There was
a window on each side of the dilapidated entrance and one story above, but no light was visible as
would have been expected as evening was turning to night. The house was dark, dismantled and
from its appearance seemed uninhabited. Sikes, with Oliver's hand still in his, softly approached the
low porch, and raised the latch. The door yielded to the pressure, and they passed in together.
35 Sikes pushed Oliver before him, and they entered a low dark room with a smoky fire, two or three
broken chairs, a table, and a very old couch, on which, with his legs much higher than his head,
a man was lounging at full length, smoking a long clay pipe. He was dressed in a smartly-cut coat,
with large brass buttons, an orange neckerchief, a patterned waistcoat and drab trousers.
Mr. Crackit had no very great quantity of hair, either upon his head or face, but what he had was of
40 a reddish dye, and tortured into long corkscrew curls, through which he occasionally thrust some
very dirty fingers, ornamented with large common rings. He was a bit above medium size, and
apparently rather weak in the legs but this by no means reduced his own admiration of his boots,
which he contemplated, in their elevated position, with lively satisfaction.“Bill, my boy!” said this
figure, turning his head towards the door,“I'm glad to see you. I was almost afraid you'd given it up,
45 in which case I should have made a personal venture. Hello!” Uttering this exclamation in
a tone of great surprise, as his eyes rested on Oliver, Mr. Toby Crackit brought himself into a sitting
posture, and demanded who that was.“The boy. Only the boy!” replied Sikes, drawing a chair
towards the fire.“Now,” said Sikes, as he resumed his seat,“if you'll give us something to eat and
drink while we're waiting, you'll put some heart in us, or in me, at all events. Sit down by the fire,
50 Oliver, and rest yourself, for you'll have to go out with us again tonight, though not very far off.”
Oliver looked at Sikes, in mute and timid wonder, and drawing a stool to the fire, sat with his
aching head upon his hands, scarcely knowing where he was, or what was passing around him.
Sikes satisfied his appetite however Oliver could eat nothing but a small crust of bread which they
made him swallow, then the two men laid themselves down on chairs for a short nap. Oliver
55 retained his stool by the fire. They slept, or appeared to sleep, for some time, nobody stirring. Oliver
fell into a heavy doze, when he was roused by Toby Crackit jumping up and declaring it was after
Vocabulary
dilapidated: in bad condition because of age or
lack of care
drab: too plain or dull to be interesting
contemplate: to think deeply about something
225
midnight. In an instant, they were on their legs, and all were actively engaged in busy preparation.
Sikes and his companion enveloped their necks and chins in large dark shawls and drew on their
coats. The man went to the door and returned to announce that all was quiet. The two robbers
60 issued forth with Oliver between them.
It was now intensely dark. The fog was much heavier than it had been in the early part of the night
and the atmosphere was so damp, that, although no rain fell, Oliver's hair and eyebrows, within a
few minutes after leaving the house, had become stiff with the half- frozen moisture that was
floating about. They crossed the bridge and kept on towards the lights which he had seen before.
65 They were at no great distance off and, as they walked pretty briskly, they soon arrived at a house
in Chertsey. Oliver suddenly realised that they were there to break into a house and tried to resist,
begging Sikes to let him go, but to no avail. There was a little window, about five feet and a half
above the ground, at the back of the house which belonged to a kitchen at the end of the passage.
The opening was so small, that the residents had probably not thought it worthwhile to defend
70 it more securely, but it was large enough to admit a boy of Oliver's size, nevertheless. A very brief
exercise of Mr. Sike's art, sufficed to overcome the fastening of the lattice and it soon stood wide
open.
“Now listen,” whispered Sikes, drawing a dark lantern from his pocket, and throwing the glare
full on Oliver's face.“I'm a going to put you through there. Take this light and go softly up the steps
75 straight afore you, and along the little hall, to the front door. Unfasten it, and let us in.”
“There's a bolt at the top, you won't be able to reach,” interposed Toby.“Stand upon one of the hall
chairs. There are three there.”
“Keep quiet, can't you?” replied Sikes, with a threatening look.“The room door is open, is it?”
“Wide,” replied Toby, after peeping in to satisfy himself.“The game of that is, that they always leave
80 it open with a catch, so that the dog, who's got a bed in here, may walk up and down the passage
when he feels wakeful.”Although Mr. Crackit spoke in a scarcely audible whisper, and laughed
without noise, Sikes imperiously commanded him to be silent, and to get to work. Toby complied,
by first producing his lantern, and placing it on the ground, then by planting himself firmly with his
head against the wall beneath the window, and his hands upon his knees, so as to make a step
85 of his back. This was no sooner done than Sikes, mounting upon him, put Oliver gently through
the window with his feet first and, without leaving hold of his collar, planted him safely on the floor
inside.“Take this lantern,” said Sikes, looking into the room.“Do you see the stairs before you?”
Oliver, more dead than alive, gasped out,“Yes.” Sikes, pointing to the front door with the pistol-
Vocabulary
imperiously: with the attitude of someone who
gives orders and expects others to obey
226
Chapter Nine
barrel, briefly advised him to take notice that he was within shot all the way and that if he faltered,
90 he would fall dead that instant.
“It's done in a minute,” said Sikes, in the same low whisper.“Directly I leave go of you, do your
work!”
“What's that?” whispered the other man. They listened intently.
“Nothing,” said Sikes, releasing his hold of Oliver.“Now!”
95 In the short time he had had to collect his senses, the boy had firmly resolved that, whether he died
in the attempt or not, he would make one effort to dart upstairs from the hall and alarm the family.
Filled with this idea, he advanced at once, but stealthily.“Come back!” suddenly cried Sikes aloud.
“Back! back!” Scared by the sudden breaking of the dead stillness of the place, and by a loud cry
which followed it, Oliver let his lantern fall, and knew not whether to advance or fly. The cry was
100 repeated - a light appeared - a vision of two terrified half-dressed men at the top of the stairs swam
before his eyes - a flash…a loud noise…a smoke…a crash somewhere, but where he knew not, and
he staggered back. Sikes had disappeared for an instant, but he was up again and had him by the
collar before the smoke had cleared away. He fired his own pistol after the men, who were already
retreating and dragged the boy up.“Clasp your arm tighter,” said Sikes, as he drew him through the
105 window.“Give me a shawl here. They've hit him. Quick! How the boy bleeds!”Then, came the loud
ringing of a bell, mingled with the noise of firearms, and the shouts of men, and the sensation of
being carried over uneven ground at a rapid pace. And then, the noises grew confused in the
distance and a cold deadly feeling crept over the boy's heart and he saw or heard no more.
227
Look back at the predictions you made at the end of Chapter 8. Were they correct?
Note down what you got correct and what you didn’t.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Put the sentences in the correct order to make a summary of Chapter 9.

__ Oliver meets Toby Crackit.
__ Bill Sikes leads Oliver through a busy market.
__ Oliver is shot by the men in the house.
__ Bill Sikes pulls Oliver back through the window.
__ Bill Sikes puts Oliver through a window.
__ Oliver hears a cry and drops his lantern.
__ Bill Sikes takes Oliver to an old, abandoned house.
__ Bill Sikes, Toby Crackit and Oliver walk to a house in Chertsey.
Does Oliver know why Bill Sikes has brought him to the house in Chertsey? How does
he react?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Underline in the passage where you got your answer to the previous question.
What does Oliver plan to do when Bill Sikes puts him through the window of the
house?
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
228
Chapter Ten
Chapter 10
Poor Oliver
Sikes rested the body of the wounded boy across his bended knee and turned his head, for an
instant, to look back at his pursuers. There was little to be made out, in the mist and darkness but
the loud shouting of men vibrated through the air, and the barking of the neighbouring dogs,
roused by the sound of the alarm bell, resounded in every direction.“Stop, you white-livered
5 hound!” cried the robber, shouting after Toby Crackit, who, making the best use of his long legs, was
already ahead.“Stop!”The repetition of the word brought Toby to a dead standstill. For he was not
quite satisfied that he was beyond the range of pistol-shot and Sikes was in no mood to be played
with.“Give me a hand with the boy! Come back!” cried Sikes, beckoning furiously to his accomplice.
Toby made a show of returning but ventured, in a low voice, broken for want of breath, to intimate
10 considerable reluctance as he came slowly along.“Quicker!” cried Sikes, laying the boy in a dry
ditch at his feet, and drawing a pistol from his pocket.“Don't play with me.”
At this moment, the noise grew louder. Sikes, again looking round, could discern that the men who
had given chase were already climbing the gate of the field in which he stood and that a couple of
dogs were some paces in advance of them.“It's all up, Bill!” cried Toby,“drop the kid, and show them
15 your heels. ”With this parting advice, Mr. Crackit, preferring the chance of being shot by his friend,
to the certainty of being taken by his enemies, turned tail, and darted off at full speed. Sikes
clenched his teeth and took one look around, threw the cape in which he had been hurriedly
muffled over the powerless form of Oliver, ran along the front of the hedge, as if to distract the
attention of those behind from the spot where the boy lay, paused for a second, before another
20 hedge which met it at right angles, and whirling his pistol high into the air, cleared it at a bound
and was gone. The air grew colder as day came slowly on and the mist rolled along the ground
like a dense cloud of smoke. The grass was wet, the pathways, and low places, were all dirt and
water, the damp breath of an unwholesome wind went weakly by, with a hollow moaning. Still,
Oliver lay motionless and insensible on the spot where Sikes had left him.
25 Morning drew on. The air become sharper and piercing, as its first dull hue - the death of night,
rather than the birth of day - glimmered faintly in the sky. The objects which had looked dim
Vocabulary
reluctance: unwillingness or not being eager
to do something
229
and terrible in the darkness, grew more and more defined, and gradually resolved into their
familiar shapes. The rain came down, thick and fast, and pattered noisily among the leafless
bushes. But Oliver felt it not as it beat against him, for he still lay stretched, helpless and
30 unconscious on his bed of clay. A low cry of pain broke the stillness that prevailed and, uttering
it, the boy awoke. His left arm, rudely bandaged in a shawl, hung heavy and useless at his side;
the bandage was saturated with blood. He was so weak, that he could scarcely raise himself into
a sitting posture. When he had done so, he looked feebly round for help, and groaned with pain.
Trembling in every joint, from cold and exhaustion, he made an effort to stand upright but,
35 shuddering from head to foot, fell exhausted on the ground. After a short return of the dullness i
which he had been so long plunged, Oliver, urged by a creeping sickness at his heart which
seemed to warn him that if he lay there he must surely die, got upon his feet, and struggled to
walk. His head was dizzy, and he staggered to and from. But he kept up, nevertheless, and, with
his head drooping languidly, went stumbling onward. He staggered on, creeping, almost
40 mechanically, between the bars of gates, or through hedge-gaps as they came in his way, until he
reached a road. Here the rain began to fall so heavily, that it roused him. He looked about and saw
that at no great distance there was a house, which perhaps he could reach. Pitying his condition,
they might have compassion on him, and if they did not, it would be better, he thought, to die near
human beings, than in the lonely open fields. He summoned up all his strength for one last trial
45 and bent his faltering steps towards it.
As he drew nearer to this house, a feeling came over him that he had seen it before. He
remembered nothing of its details, but the shape and aspect of the building seemed familiar to
him. That garden wall! It was the very house they had attempted to rob. Oliver felt such fear come
over him when he recognised the place, that, for the instant, he forgot the agony of his wound,
50 and thought only of flight. Flight! He could scarcely stand and if he were in full possession of all
the best powers of his slight and youthful frame, could he fly? He pushed against the garden
gate. It was unlocked and swung open on its hinges. He tottered across the lawn, climbed the
steps, knocked faintly at the door, and, his whole strength failing him, sunk down against one of
the pillars of the little porch.
55 It happened that about this time, the men of the house, Mr. Giles, Brittles, and the gardener, were
recruiting themselves, after the fatigues and terrors of the night, with tea and sundries, in the
kitchen. They heard a faint knock on the door.“It seems a strange sort of a thing, a knock coming
at such a time in the morning,” said Mr. Giles, surveying the pale faces which surrounded him, and
Vocabulary
porch: an entrance to a building that has a separate
roof
230
Chapter Ten
looking very blank himself,“but the door must be opened. Do you hear somebody?” Mr. Giles held
60 on fast by the gardener's arm (to prevent his running away, as he pleasantly said), and gave the
word of command to open the door. Brittles obeyed; the group, peeping over each other's shoulders,
beheld no more dangerous object than poor little Oliver Twist, speechless and exhausted, who
raised his heavy eyes, and mutely requested their compassion.“A boy!” exclaimed Mr. Giles, pushing
the gardener into the background.“What's the matter with the…eh?...Why…Brittles, look here…
65 don't you know?” Brittles, who had got behind the door to open it, no sooner saw Oliver than he
uttered a loud cry. Mr. Giles, seizing the boy by one leg and one arm (fortunately not the broken
limb) lugged him straight into the hall, and deposited him at full length on the floor.“Here he is!”
bawled Giles, calling in a state of great excitement, up the staircase,“here's one of the thieves,
ma'am! Here's a thief, miss! Wounded, miss! I shot him, miss and Brittles held the light.”The two
70 maids ran upstairs to carry the intelligence that Mr. Giles had captured a robber, and the gardener
busied himself in endeavouring to restore Oliver, in case he would die before he could be
punished. In the midst of all this noise and commotion, there was heard a sweet female voice,
which extinguished it in an instant.
“Giles!” whispered the voice from the top of the stairs.“Is the poor creature much hurt?”
75 “Wounded desperate, miss,” replied Giles, with indescribable complacency. “Wouldn't you like to
come and look at him, miss, in case he should die?”
“Hush, there's a good man!” replied the lady.“Wait quietly only one instant, while I speak to aunt.”
With a footstep as soft and gentle as the voice, the speaker tripped away. She soon returned, with
the direction that the wounded person was to be carried, carefully, upstairs to Mr. Giles' room
80 and that Brittles was to saddle the pony and take himself instantly to Chertsey. From there, he was
to despatch, with all speed, a policeman and doctor.
“But won't you take one look at him, first, miss?” asked Mr. Giles, with as much pride as if Oliver
were some bird with rare feathers, that he had skilfully brought down.“Not one little peep, miss?”
“Not now, for the world,” replied the young lady.“Poor fellow! Oh! treat him kindly, Giles for
85 my sake!”The old servant looked up at the speaker, as she turned away, with a glance as proud and
admiring as if she had been his own child. Then, bending over Oliver, he helped to carry him
upstairs, with great care and solicitude.
Vocabulary
endeavour: to seriously try to do something solicitude: concern that someone feels about
complacency: a feeling of being satisfied with someone's health or happiness
things and not wanting to try to make them
betterplace without a home or job
231
Meanwhile, Mr. Fagin sat in the old den with his boys, awaiting any news from Bill. At a table
behind him sat the Artful Dodger, Master Charles Bates, and Mr. Chitling.“Hark!” cried the Dodger
90 suddenly,“I heard the bell.” Catching up the light, he crept softly upstairs. The bell was rung again,
with some impatience, while the party were in darkness. After a short pause, the Dodger
reappeared, and whispered to Fagin mysteriously.“What!” cried Fagin,“alone?”
The old man bit his yellow fingers and meditated for some seconds, his face working with
agitation, as if he dreaded something, and feared to know the worst. At length he raised his head.
95 “Yes,” said Fagin, answering the mute inquiry,“bring him down.”When the Dodger descended the
stairs, bearing the light in his hand, and followed by a man in a coarse coat, who, after casting a
hurried glance round the room, pulled off a large wrapper which had concealed the lower portion
of his face, and disclosed, all haggard, unwashed, and unshaven - the features of flash Toby Crackit.
“First and foremost, Fagin,” said the housebreaker,“how's Bill?”
100 “What!” screamed Fagin, starting from his seat.
“Why, you don't mean to say…” began Toby, turning pale.
“Where are they?” cried Fagin, stamping furiously on the ground.“Sikes and the boy! Where are
they? Where have they been? Where are they hiding? Why have they not been here?”
“The robbery failed,” said Toby faintly.
105 “I know,” replied Fagin, tearing a newspaper from his pocket and pointing to it.“What more?”
“They fired and hit the boy. We cut over the fields at the back, with him between us. They gave
chase. The whole country was awake, and the dogs upon us. Bill had the boy on his back and
scudded like the wind. We stopped to take him between us, but his head hung down, and he
was cold. They were close upon our heels; every man for himself! We parted company, and left the
110 youngster lying in a ditch. Alive or dead, that's all I know about him.” Fagin stopped to hear no
more but uttering a loud yell, and twining his hands in his hair, rushed from the room, and from
the house.
ditch: an open channel at the side of a road to

carry away water
232
Chapter Ten
Put the sentences in order to make a summary of Chapter 10.

__ Oliver realises it is the house from the night before, but knocks on the door.
__ Bill Sikes leaves Oliver in a ditch covered in a dark shawl.
__ Oliver is carried upstairs by Mr. Giles.
__ Toby Crackit arrives at Fagin’s alone.
__ Oliver is brought inside the house and recognised as one of the robbers.
__ Bill Sikes shouts for Toby Crackit to come back and help him carry Oliver.
__ Toby Crackit tells Fagin that Oliver was shot and that he and Bill Sikes left him in a ditch.
__ Toby Crackit runs away, leaving Bill Sikes and Oliver behind.
__ Oliver wakes up and walks towards a house.
Why does Toby Crackit return to Bill Sikes after he shouts to him?
_______________________________________________________________________________
Underline in the text where you got your answer for the previous question.
Why is Mr. Giles so happy to see Oliver when he opens the door?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Is the story that Toby Crackit tells Fagin accurate? What is different?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
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233
Chapter 11
New Beginnings
In a handsome room, though its furniture had rather the air of old-fashioned comfort than of
modern elegance, there sat two ladies and a man at a well-spread breakfast table. Mr. Giles,
dressed with scrupulous care in a full black suit, was in attendance. He had taken his place half-
way between the sideboard and the breakfast table. He was sitting with his body drawn up to its
5 full height, his head thrown back, and his right hand thrust into his waistcoat, while his left hung
down by his side. He looked like one who laboured under a very agreeable sense of his own merits
and importance. Of the two ladies, one was well advanced in years but the high-backed oak chair
in which she sat was not more upright than she. Dressed, with the utmost nicety and precision,
she sat, in a stately manner, with her hands folded on the table before her. Her eyes were
10 attentively upon her young companion. The younger lady, Miss Rose, was not past seventeen.
She was so slight and exquisite a mould; so mild and gentle; so pure and beautiful. The very
intelligence that shone in her deep blue eye seemed scarcely of her age, or of the world. She
had an expression of sweetness and good humour, and above all, the smile, the cheerful, happy
smile, brightened up the room.
15 “And Brittles has been gone upwards of an hour, has he?” asked the old lady, after a pause.
“An hour and twelve minutes, ma'am,” replied Mr. Giles, referring to a silver watch, which he drew
forth by a black ribbon.
“He is always slow,” remarked the old lady.
Mr. Giles was apparently considering the propriety of indulging in a respectful smile himself, when
20 a coach drove up to the garden gate, out of which there jumped a fat gentleman, who ran straight
up to the door. He burst into the room, and nearly overturned Mr. Giles and the breakfast table
together. The doctor seemed especially troubled by the fact of the robbery having been
unexpected and attempted in the night time, as if it were the established custom of gentlemen in
the housebreaking trade to transact business at noon, and to make an appointment, by post, a day
25 or two previous.
Vocabulary
elegance: having graceful qualities transact: to do business with another person
scrupulous: very careful about doing
something properly
exquisite: very beautiful or delicate
234
Chapter Eleven
“There is a poor creature upstairs, whom aunt wishes you to see,” said Miss Rose.
“Ah! So, there is,” replied the doctor,“That was your handiwork, Giles, I understand. Where is he?
Show me the way. I'll look in again, as I come down, Mrs. Maylie. That's the little window that he
got in at, eh? Well, I couldn't have believed it!”
30 The ladies entered the bedroom to see the robber for the first time and were surprised to learn that
Oliver was merely a child. Ms. Rose, seating herself in a chair by the bedside, gathered Oliver's hair
from his face. As she stooped over him, her tears fell upon his forehead. The boy stirred, and smiled
in his sleep, as though these marks of pity and compassion had awakened some pleasant dream of
a love and affection he had never known.
35 “What can this mean?” exclaimed the elder lady.“This poor child can never have been the pupil of
robbers!”
“Can you really believe that this delicate boy has been the voluntary associate of the worst outcasts
of society?” asked Rose.
Hour after hour passed on, and still Oliver slumbered heavily. It was evening, before the kind-
40 hearted doctor brought them the intelligence that he was sufficiently restored to be spoken to. The
boy was very ill, he said, and weak from the loss of blood but his mind was so troubled with anxiety
to disclose something, that he deemed it better to give him the opportunity than to insist upon his
remaining quiet until next morning. The conference was a long one. Oliver told them all his simple
history, and was often compelled to stop, by pain and want of strength. It was a solemn thing to
45 hear in the darkened room, the feeble voice of the sick child recounting a weary catalogue of evils
and calamities which hard men had brought upon him. The family decided to take him in and tend
to him so that he could recover fully. Oliver gradually prospered under the united care of Mrs.
Maylie, Rose, and the kind-hearted doctor. Three months glided away, three months which Oliver
experienced true happiness, with the purest and most amiable generosity on one side and the
50 truest, warmest, soul-felt gratitude on the other. It is no wonder that, by the end of that short time,
Oliver Twist had become completely domesticated with the old lady and her niece, and that the
fervent attachment of his young and sensitive heart, was repaid by their pride in, and attachment
to himself. Spring flew swiftly by, and summer came. Oliver had long since grown stout and
healthy, but health or sickness made no difference in his warm feelings of a great many people. He
55 was still the same gentle, attached, affectionate creature that he had been when pain and suffering
had wasted his strength, and when he was dependent for every slight attention and comfort on
those who tended him. Oliver and his new friends, Mrs. Maylie and Miss Rose, spent a lot of time
together. It was soon decided that they would go to London for some time.
Vocabulary
calamity: an event that causes great harm or
suffering
amiable: friendly and pleasant
fervent: showing very strong feelings
235
Meanwhile, back at the workhouse, the nurse who attended to Oliver and his deceased mother
60 during Oliver’s birth was on her deathbed. In her dying moments she requested a visit from the
owner of the workhouse, who had, coincidentally, married Mr. Bumble. This union was perfectly
suitable as they were both scheming, soulless individuals with only themselves in mind. So Mrs.
Bumble went to hear the old nurse’s dying confession. She revealed that after Oliver’s mother died,
she had given her a pendant to pass on to Oliver as a link to his origins, however she had kept the
65 pendant herself and eventually sold it to a pawn shop. Upon confessing, she passed away.
Several weeks later, a man named Monks came to the workhouse searching for any information
on Oliver and the circumstances under which he came into the world. He spoke with Mr. Bumble
who informed him that the nurse who had dealt with Oliver’s delivery had since passed but
assured him that he would contact him if he had any further information on the subject. Mr.
70 Bumble disclosed the particulars of his meeting with Monks to Mrs. Bumble, and they decided to
arrange to meet Monks again the next day to see what they could gain from the situation. Mrs.
Bumble insisted that Monks pay her 25 pounds for the information she had regarding Oliver’s
origins and once he agreed she departed her story on his eager ears. She also informed him that
she had found a slip of paper from a pawn shop which she deduced was the receipt for the sold
75 item. She had gone to the pawn shop and retrieved the items that had been sold and produced
them for Monks to inspect. There was a gold locket which contained a lock of hair and a gold
wedding ring with the name ‘Agnes’ engraved on the inside. Monks took the items, examined them
closely and then threw them into the river so that they would never be found again. He told Mr.
and Mrs. Bumble that it was imperative that they keep this whole meeting and situation secret,
80 which they heartily agreed to do.
Monks was an associate of Fagin’s and after his meeting with the vile Bumbles he went to meet
Fagin to tell him of what had happened. When he arrived at Fagin’s, he saw that Nancy was
present, so he requested that they speak in private. Fagin agreed and led Monks to another area to
hear the information he was bringing. Nancy felt suspicious about why Monks needed such privacy
85 to speak with Fagin and she was curious about the news that Monks had to impart on Fagin, so she
slipped off her shoes and followed them, then listened to what Monks disclosed from outside the
door. When Fagin and Monks returned to where they had left Nancy, she was very pale and
distracted and insisted that she needed to leave immediately as Bill would be looking for her. She
immediately rushed to a wealthier part of town and approached the place where she had heard
90 Monks tell Fagin that Mrs. Maylie, Rose and Oliver were staying. She requested to see Mrs. Maylie
or Rose, refusing to give her name or purpose to anyone but her and eventually she was granted
Vocabulary
pawn: sell something to a pawnbroker, who will
sell it to someone else if you do not pay the money
back by a certain time
236
Chapter Eleven
access to speak with Rose. Nancy's life had been squandered in the streets, but there was
something of the woman's original nature left in her still. She felt burdened with the sense of her
own deep shame and shrunk as though she could scarcely bear the presence of her with whom she
95 had sought this interview.
“It's a hard matter to get to see you, lady. If I had taken offence, and gone away, as many would
have done, you'd have been sorry for it one day, and not without reason either.”
“I am very sorry if anyone has behaved harshly to you,” replied Rose.“Do not think of that. Tell
me why you wished to see me. I am the person you inquired for.”The kind tone of this answer, the
100 sweet voice, the gentle manner, the absence of any accent of haughtiness or displeasure, took
Nancy completely by surprise, and she burst into tears.
“Oh, lady, lady!” she said, clasping her hands passionately before her face,“if there was more like
you, there would be fewer like me!”
“Sit down,” said Rose, earnestly.“If you are in poverty or hardship, I shall be truly glad to relieve you
105 if I can, I shall indeed. Sit down.”
“Let me stand, lady,” said Nancy, still weeping,“and do not speak to me so kindly till you know me
better. It is growing late. Is that door shut?”
“Yes,” said Rose, recoiling a few steps, as if to be nearer assistance in case she should require it.
“Why?”
110 “Because, I am about to put my life and the lives of others in your hands. I am the girl that
dragged little Oliver back to old Fagin's on the night he went out from the house in Pentonville. I
am the infamous creature you have heard of, that lives among the thieves, and that never from the
first moment I can recollect my eyes and senses opening on London streets have known any better
life, or kinder words than they have given me!”
115 Nancy proceeded to tell Rose of what she heard Monks tell Fagin, of his encounter with Mr and Mrs
Bumble and of Oliver’s identity. Rose was surprised by the information that she was hearing and
was unsure what to do with the puzzle that had been laid before her. Nancy told her that if she ever
needed to contact her again that she would walk on the London Bridge every Sunday night from
eleven until midnight, presuming she was still alive to do so.
Vocabulary
haughtiness: being unfriendly and considering
yourself to be better than others
237
Put the sentences in order to make a summary of Chapter 11.

__ Oliver stays with the ladies and in three months is recovered.
__ Monks tells Fagin the story of the pendant, which Nancy overhears.
__ Mrs. Maylie, Miss Rose and Mr. Giles wait for the doctor to arrive.
__ Mrs. Bumble tells Monks about the locket that Oliver’s mother gave to the nurse.
__ Nancy goes to see Miss Rose and tells her the story of the pendant.
__ Oliver recovers enough to tell the ladies the story of his life so far.
__ Mrs. Bumble hears the dying confession of the nurse that helped Oliver’s mother
when she was giving birth.
__ Monks throws the pendant into the river.
__ The doctor arrives and then he and the ladies go upstairs to see Oliver.
Who is Monks? Why is he interested in Oliver’s history?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Why do you think the pendant is so important?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
What do you think is going to happen next in the story? Note down your predictions.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
238
Chapter Eleven
239
Extra Reading
Robinson Crusoe, Daniel Defoe
Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe
Chapter 1
Young Robinson Crusoe
My name is Robinson Crusoe. I was born in 1632, in the city of York, England. I lived there with my
mother and father; my father had made his fortune as a successful merchant.
I had two older brothers, one of which was killed in battle against the Spaniards. I never knew my
second brother, as he disappeared suddenly and my parents never found out what happened to him.
My father was desperate for me to join the family business and become successful. However,
I wanted nothing more than to go to sea and explore the world; this led me strongly against the will
of my father. Nothing my family or friends said could change my mind.
My father was a knowledgeable and serious man and he warned me that leaving England would be
dangerous. He explained that my brothers’ adventures had cost them their lives
and he did not want this for me, I could make a fortune in the family merchant business and live an
easy and happy life. Tears ran down his face as he remembered my brothers.
I promised my father and my mother I would do as they wished and never think of leaving home
again. For a year I worked hard to become a merchant, but I could not give up my dream and soon
forgot all about my promise. Every day I thought about the ships at the harbour and about traveling
across the seas.
I felt I had no choice but to leave home; I decided to leave without telling my parents and taking all the
money I had saved, I went to the harbour. I was fortunate enough to meet the captain of a trading ship
that was sailing to London, and then on to America. After some discussion, I paid the captain and he
agreed to take me with him. We would leave on the
Vocabulary
fortune: a very large amount of mone
desperate: needing or wanting something very much
240
Chapter One
1st of September 1651 and, although I was nervous for the first time, I was excited about
my future. I knew It was wrong to disobey my mother and father, but my need for adventure carried me
on to that ship.
We were not long at sea before the wind began to blow and the sea began to rise. I had
never been at sea before and the movement of the waves made me feel sick and terrified. Whilst the
storm raged, I thought of my mother and father and wished I had never left my comfortable life as a
merchant.
The storm grew stronger and stronger. Every angry wave threatened to swallow the ship up.
As the ship rose up and fell down I thought of my parents and swore to return home, work hard and
never go to sea again.
The storm continued for eight more days, and now I could see terror and amazement on the faces
of the bravest of the sailors. I had never been so frightened in all my life; as I looked out of my cabin
window I saw waves the size of mountains crashing around the ship. Suddenly, one of the crew cried
out that water was flooding the ship.
The captain fired a shot into the air, hoping that another ship would hear and help us; and soon we
could see a boat coming towards us. With great difficulty, their boat came near and the men in it
risked their lives to row close enough for us to climb down a rope to safety.
We had not rowed far before I could see our ship sink. I finally understood the dangers of being at sea;
my heart lay dead within me, partly with fright, partly with horror of what could have happened.
The men who saved us worked hard to get us to shore. When we landed on the beach,
people from the town ran to help us. They fed us, gave us dry clothes, a warm place to sleep and
enough money to travel to London.
At this time I should have recognized the dangers of a life at sea and returned to my father. But I was
stubborn and foolish and followed the rest of the crew to London. During our journey the ship’s
captain spoke to me.
“Young man,” says he,“you should never go to sea again; you must return to your family immediately.
If you do not go back you will find nothing but disasters and disappointments.”
I would not listen to the ship captain. I believed I should decide my future and that if I returned home
I would be laughed at by my friends and neighbours. With the money I had left from working with my
father, I decided to stay in London and find a ship for my next voyage.
Vocabulary
threaten: to tell someone you will kill or hurt them plans or to stop doing something
terror: extreme fear foolish: silly or stupid doing something
amazement: extreme surprise disaster: something that causes a lot of
risk: to do something although something bad damage
happened voyage: a very long journey
stubborn: someone who refuses to change
241
Chapter 2
Capture and Escape
Finally, I found a ship going to the northern coast of Africa and I was determined to join her crew on
their voyage.
I know now that I should have traveled on that ship as a sailor and learned all the skills of a sailor, but
I had money in my pocket and I was dressed in good clothes, so I traveled as a gentleman. I slept in
the captain’s rooms and we became good friends. He was a good and honest man.
At first, the voyage went very well. My friend the captain taught me about the mathematics and the
rules of navigation, how to keep records of the ship’s course, and to do the things a sailor needs to
understand. He enjoyed teaching me and I enjoyed learning from him.
Our good fortune did not last. On the way to the Canary Islands we were attacked; sixty men climbed
aboard our ship – once they were on board they started to cut at our sails with their swords. We fought
with all we had, but with three of our men killed, and more wounded, we had to surrender. We were
taken as prisoners into a port called Sallee, in northern Africa.
The captain of the ship that attacked us kept me as his servant, because I was young and fit. I had
changed from a gentleman to a servant. I thought about my father and mother and how much I
wanted to be with them, safe at home.
I was taken to my new master’s house. There I had to look after his garden, and to do housework
and at night he ordered me to take care of his ship. The ship is where I was ordered to sleep.
For two years, I cared for my master’s garden, house and his ship. During this time, I could think of
nothing but my escape.
An opportunity for my escape came when my master was expecting many guests to his house and
required many fish for an important feast. I was an excellent fisherman and he would often send me
fishing with two of his other servants, a man and a young boy called Xury.
We were ordered to take a boat, and go out to sea to catch enough fish to feed all the guests. We filled
Vocabulary
gentleman: a man with a high social position servant: a person who has a job working in
navigation: the act of traveling in the right someone else’s home
direction master: someone who has control and power
wound: to injure or hurt using a knife or gun feast: a special meal with a lot of food and
surrender: to stop fighting because you know drink
you can’t win
242
Chapter Two
the little boat with enough food and water and other supplies for our trip. I was even able to smuggle
some guns and ammunition from my master’s house.
We sailed out of the port to fish, and after we had fished some time and caught nothing - when I had
fish on my hook I would not pull them up - I said to the other servants,“This will not do; our master
will be angry; we must sail further from the shore to catch fish for him.”
They agreed, and set the sails; I took the man by surprise and threw him into the sea. He rose to the
top of the sea immediately and begged me to help him on to the boat. I shouted,“You are a strong
swimmer, and the sea is calm; if you come near the boat I’ll shoot you through the head, for I have a
gun and I am going to escape!” He saw the gun and scared, he swam for the shore.
I turned to the servant boy and said, ‘Xury, will you come escape with me?’The boy smiled, and
promised he would go all over the world with me.
For five days, we sailed along the shore and we saw no other people or boats. We needed fresh water
to drink, so we decided to swim to shore as soon as it was dark; but as the sun set, we heard the
barking, roaring, and howling of wild creatures. Terrified, we huddled together in the boat. Two or three
hours later; we saw huge, strange creatures come down to the shore and run into the water, wallowing
and washing themselves; they made terrible howlings and yellings, sounds that I never heard the like
of before.
We were very scared, but we had no water left on the boat and without water we would die of thirst.
Xury bravely suggested, “We will both go and if the wild animals come, we will kill them, they shall
not eat me and they shall not eat you.” So we sailed the boat as close to the beach as we could and
waded on shore, carrying nothing but our guns and two empty jars for water.
We walked carefully along a creek and after some time, where were happy to find that there was fresh
water when the tide was out; so we filled our jars, and prepared to go on our way, we searched but
could not find any signs of other people living in this part of the world. We saw no footprints of any
human creature.
We journeyed slowly along the coast, always looking at the shoreline for people who could help us.
Behind the beach we could see dark jungle, thick with strange trees and plants. This land seemed to be
uninhabited, except for the monsters we heard cry out every night. We sailed for nearly a hundred miles
along this coast and we saw nothing but a waste, uninhabited country by day, and heard nothing but
the howling and roaring of wild beasts by night.
I wanted to sail far away from this place, but the winds were strong and the sea was too high for our
little boat, making us to keep close to the shore.
Vocabulary
supplies: things that are needed to do tide: the regular rise and fall of sea level
something uninhabited: a place where no one lives
ammunition: a supply of bullets and bombs
that are fired from guns
smuggle: to move something secretly from
one place to another
243
Chapter 3
Saved and Shipwrecked
We continued sailing south for ten or twelve days, eating very little, and only going to the shore to
collect fresh water. I hoped we would meet with some ship or people or we would soon die.
About ten days later, I began to see that the land was changing; finally we saw people, they were
standing on the shore looking and waving at us; as we watched they ran along smiling and calling to
us. I could see that they had no weapons in their hands; Xury and I were starving and thought it safe
enough to make signs for something to eat. They understood us, and soon two of them swam to our
boat and brought with them some dried meat and corn.
We made signs of thanks to them, and decided there was no danger and we could join them on the
shore. The people were interested in how we looked and dressed, they were kind and brought us more
food for our journey, I accepted and made more signs of thanks. I then made signs to them for fresh
water; we fetched the jars from the boat and they took Xury to fill them all. When he returned, we said
goodbye and returned to the boat with fresh supplies.
Now we had food and fresh water we could continue on our journey along the coast. We had been
sailing for another eleven days, when suddenly I heard Xury point and cry out,“Master, master, a ship
with a sail!” I saw the ship and fired a gun to signal to them. They saw my signal and fired a shot in
return. It took us three hours to sail close enough to the ship to climb on board. The ship’s crew very
kindly helped lift us and all our supplies from our boat and onto their ship.
The captain of the ship was a kind and happy man. ‘Mr. Englishman” he said, laughing,“I have saved
your life and will gladly take you and the boy to the Brazils on my ship.”
He gave me money for our boat and asked Xury whether he would like to join his crew and live and
work on his ship, and Xury said he would be happy to join his crew. I was sad to end my travels with
Xury, he had been a loyal and brave friend, but I was happy to know he would be looked after by the
kind captain.
We had a very good voyage to the Brazils, and arrived twenty-two days later. In Brazil, I was able to
buy a small plot of land with the money the captain had given me, and formed a plan to grow sugar
Vocabulary
starving: dying because of not having enough food
signal: a movement, light or sound used to
communicate
loyal: to be someone’s friend no matter what happens
plot: a small piece of land
244
Chapter Three
cane and make myself a home.
For about two years I planted sugar cane, with the money I made I bought more land to grow more
sugar cane. I went on the next year with great success; my wealth continued to grow, and I realized I
could become very rich in this business. But I could not stop thinking about traveling to other countries
and lands.
I could not be happy staying in one place. I had become a rich and successful man in my new sugar
cane plantation, but still felt I had to leave to continue a life of adventure.
I had been living in Brazil for almost four years and had made great friends among the other land
owners and merchants visiting from other countries.
One morning, three of my merchant friends told me that they had a plan to build a ship, fill it with
supplies and to go to Guinea, in western Africa; I, who was born to take risks and make bad decisions,
told them I wanted to join on their journey. I wanted it with all my heart. I decided to make a will, and
I asked a dear friend to look after my plantation and money until I returned. I made him my legal
partner and guardian of all my land and belongings. For doing this I would pay him well.
I went on board on the 1st September 1659, the date being the same date I left my mother and father
eight years ago.
Our ship weighed about one hundred and twenty tonnes, it carried six canons and fourteen men,
besides the captain, his servant, and myself.
We had been sailing for twelve days’ when a violent tornado, or hurricane, took us by surprise. The
wind blew with such strength and the waves beat the ship with such force, that for the next twelve
days, I expected every day to be swallowed up by the ocean.
During the storm, one of our men died of fever, and one man and the captain’s servant were washed
overboard by the waves. On the twelfth day, the weather started to calm, but by now the ship was too
damaged. We needed to go back to the coast of Brazil. But this was not going to happen, our troubles
were not over; a second storm came upon us, which carried the ship and threw us into huge, violent
waves.
During this second storm, our ship struck sand, and the sea continued to break over the ship with such
force that we all believed we would die. We all tried to get to our rooms, to shelter from the foam and
spray of the sea and hope to survive until the storm passed.
We didn’t know where we were – we could see land in the distance, but did not know whether it was
an island or the mainland, whether the land was inhabited or not inhabited. The wind was still strong,
Vocabulary
wealth: a large amount of money shelter: a building that protects you from
guardian: a person who is legally responsible bad weather or danger
for someone else survive: to continue to live
tonne: a unit to measure weight (equal to
about 1000kg)
245
and soon the ship would break into pieces. We huddled together in our rooms expecting death to
come at any moment.
There was another boat on board, and the captain decided we would only survive the storm if we
boarded this boat and rowed out of the storm and away from the ship. The men were brave and
worked together to get the boat over the ship’s side.
The men climbed into the boat with great difficulty; the sea was so high that there was no way the
boat could stay afloat, and we would all be drowned. We worked the oars and tried to row towards
the land, though with heavy hearts, like men going to their deaths; we all knew that when the boat
came near the shore it would be smashed into a thousand pieces.
We did not know whether we were fighting our way towards rocks or sand. As we came closer and
closer to the shore, we were more afraid of the land than the sea.
Suddenly, a raging wave, the size of a mountain, came rolling into us. The boat overturned and we
were all thrown into the sea.
I lost the other men and swam against waves high as hills, I to get above the water to take a breath.
Then, a wave carried me and left me upon the land, I was half dead with all the water I had swallowed.
Before I could get on my feet, the sea came again to drag me away from the shore. Twice more I was
lifted up and dropped by the waves.
The last time this happened it almost killed me, the sea threw me against the rock. I reached out and
grabbed a piece of the rock. I held on with all my strength, till the wave went back. Then, I climbed up
the cliffs of the shore and sat upon the grass, finally free from danger.
As soon as I had the strength, I walked along the shore searching for the rest of the crew. I could not
help thinking about all the men must have drowned.
I never saw them again, or any sign of them, except I found three of their hats, one cap, and a lonely
shoe.
I was in a terrible situation; I was wet, had no clothes, nothing to eat or drink. I had no weapon to
hunt or kill any creature, nor to defend myself against any creature that might want to kill me.
I found a tree, climbed it, and fell fast asleep.
Vocabulary
drown: to die by being unable to breathe underwater
struggle: to try very hard to do something that is
difficult
246
Chapter Four
Chapter 4
Starting a Life on the Island
The weather was clear when I woke up, when I looked out I could see our ship stuck on a rock not far
from shore. I looked further along the coast, and I could see the boat we had used to escape the storm
washed up on the beach.
I decided to use the boat to row out to the ship. The sea was very calm and I was able to climb aboard
using a piece of rope I found on the beach.
When I was inside the ship, I worked to collect as many dry supplies as possible and take them back
to the island.
I used broken pieces of the ship to make a I had to make the raft strong enough to carry the
supplies. I found three of the men’s and filled them with all the clothes, bread, rice, cheese and
meat I could find. The most important thing I found was the carpenter’s chest, which was, much more
valuable to me than a shipload of gold.
I needed to find the guns and as much ammunition as possible. Luckily I found them, as well as two
old, swords. Now I had to think how I could carry everything to shore.
Fortunately, the sea was smooth and calm. I could see a little cove on the right shore of the creek, and
with great difficulty I my raft and all my safe on to the shore.
The next thing I had to do was a find a place to live, and somewhere to safely store all the supplies
I had brought from the ship. I climbed a very steep, high hill; at the top, I saw that I was on an island
completely surrounded by sea: and I could see no other land in the distance.
I looked carefully and found that the island was uninhabited, I could not hear or see any wild beasts.
I only saw many strange and colourful birds.
I spent the rest of the day bringing my cargo on shore, I thought about what else might be on the ship
and decided to get as many things out of the ship as I could.
Vocabulary
raft: a small, flat boat made by tying pieces of steer: to control the direction of a vehicle
wood together cargo: goods that are carried in a vehicle
chest: a strong, wooden container with a lid
rusty: a dark, orange substance that appears
on damaged, old metal
247
I got on board the ship as before, and made a second raft; I found bags full of nails, many axes, and,
above all, the most useful - a grindstone! I also took all the men’s clothes that I could find, and a
spare sail, a hammock, and some bedding; and with this I loaded my second raft, and brought
everything safely to shore.
When we were aboard the ship we had a dog and two cats; I was happy to find them alive and
carried both the cats with me on to the raft. The dog had also survived the storm, when he saw me
he immediately jumped out of the ship and swam to shore next to my raft. He was a trusty friend and
companion to me for many years.
I made myself a little tent with the sail and some wooden poles from the ship: and into this tent I
brought everything that I knew could be damaged by either the rain or the sun. I used all the empty
chests and barrels up to make a circle around my tent, to protect it from any sudden attack, either from
man or beast.
I blocked the opening to the tent and made a bed on the ground, I kept my guns close to the bed and
went to sleep. I was so tired that I slept deeply. It must have been a stormy night – when I woke and
looked out, I could not see the ship!
I now had to think how I would survive on this island: I needed fresh water, shelter from the heat of
the sun, safety from any attack and a view to the sea so I could see any ship that came close enough
to the island. I searched and I found a little plain on the side of a rising hill, next to the plain was a
small cave.
This is where I would set up my tent. From here I could easily get to the beach and because it was
next to a hill it was sheltered from the heat most of the day. I could also view the ocean to look for
any passing ships.
I set up my tent and two rows of strong, pointed wooden poles around the tent for protection. I
used cable from the ship to tie the stakes together; making a strong fence that no animal or man
could climb over.
To get to my tent I made a short ladder to climb over the fence; I carried all my provisions to the
tent and began to feel completely safe in my new home.
Vocabulary
grindstone: a large, round stone used to protection: the act of keeping something
make tools sharper safe from danger
hammock: a bed made out of a piece of cloth fence: a wall made out of wood or wire
that is tied betºween two poles provisions: supplies of food and other things
companion: a person or animal that you
enjoy being with
248
Chapter Four
I began to work at the rock to make my cave larger. I used the earth and stones that I dug out to
strengthen my fence.
I went out at least once a day with my gun to hunt animals for food. There were many goats on the
island, but they were quick and difficult to shoot.
I was alone and there was no one to help me, but I thought “Well, it is true you are in a terrible
situation; but remember, where are the other men? You have been saved, is it better to be here or
where they are?” I looked to sea and thought of my good fortune.
I did not want to lose count of the days, so I decided to use my knife to cut days on a large post. The
first thing I wrote on the post was “I came on shore here on the 30th September 1659.” On this post
I kept a calendar by cutting every day, month and year.
I looked through the things I had brought from the ship and amongst them I found a pen, ink and
paper. I decided to write my good and bad thoughts on a piece of paper;
Bad: I am on a horrible, island. All the other men have drowned.
Good: But I am the only man to survive.
Bad: I am all alone.
Good: But I will not starve, I can find food and water on the island.
Bad: I have no clothes.
Good: But it is too hot for clothes.
Bad: I have no defense, against an attack from man or beast.
Good: But I see no wild beasts to hurt me.
Bad: I have no one to talk to.
Good: But I have taken enough provisions from the ship to last me as long as I live.
For every negative thought, there was something positive to be thankful for. I needed to work hard
to make myself a home and to learn how to survive on this island.
249
Chapter 5
Building a House – The Journal
30th SEPTEMBER, 1659 – My name is Robinson Crusoe, I’ve have been shipwrecked on an island.
All the other men drowned. I had nothing. I was scared of being eaten by wild beasts, so I slept in
a tree.
1st OCTOBER - In the morning I saw the ship again, much nearer the island. I hoped, if the wind
stopped, I could get on board, and get some food and other supplies. I went upon the sand as near
as I could, and then swam on board. It rained all day, but there was no wind.
1st – 24th OCTOBER – All these days were spent getting everything I could from the ship. Every
day it rains heavily; it seems this was the rainy season.
20th OCTOBER – A wave hit my raft, and all the goods on it fell into the sea; but the water was
shallow, and I was able to save most of them.
25th OCTOBER - It rained all night and all day, with strong winds; I could see the ship had been
broken to pieces. I spent this day covering the goods which I had saved, so they would be protected
from the rain.
26th OCTOBER - I walked along the shore all day, to find a safe place to live. I found a place under a
rock, and marked out a semicircle for my camp; I would make a wall along the mark made of stakes
lined within with cables.
26th – 30th OCTOBER - I worked very hard in carrying all my supplies to my new camp.
1st NOVEMBER - I set up my tent under a rock, and used stakes to swing my hammock upon.
2nd NOVEMBER - I used the pieces of wood which made my rafts, to make a fence around my tent.
3rd NOVEMBER - I went out with my gun, and killed two birds like ducks, they tasted very good. In
the afternoon, I worked to make a table.
Vocabulary
shallow: having only a short distance from top to
bottom
stake: a pointed stick or post
cable: a thick, strong rope made of metal
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Chapter Five
4th NOVEMBER – Today, I decided to schedule my time. Every morning I walked out with my gun for
two or three hours; then I worked until about eleven o’clock; then I would eat; and from twelve to two
o’clock I slept, the weather being very hot; and then, in the evening, I went to work again.
5th NOVEMBER - I went hunting with my gun and my dog, and killed a wild cat; every creature that
I killed I took the skins and preserved them. Coming back by the sea-shore, I saw many sorts of sea-
birds and two or three seals.
6th NOVEMBER - After my morning walk I made a table.
7th NOVEMBER – The weather is good! The 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, and part of the 12th (for the 11th was
Sunday) I made myself a chair.
13th NOVEMBER - There was terrible thunder and lightning, which frightened me a lot. I was scared
the lightning would hit my ammunition.
14th – 16th NOVEMBER – During these three days I made boxes, to hold the gun powder. On one of
the days I killed a large bird that was good to eat.
17th NOVEMBER. - This day I began to dig behind my tent into the rock, to make my new home
bigger.
23rd NOVEMBER – I have been working hard every day to make my cave bigger, so that I can store
all my things safely in it.
10th DECEMBER - I had almost finished my cave, when suddenly a great amount of earth fell down
into my cave. I now had a lot of work to do, I had to carry the loose earth out again.
11th DECEMBER - I worked using boards to make a roof for my home.
17th DECEMBER - From this day to the 20th I made shelves for my things. I also put nails on the
posts, so I could hang everything up; there is now some order within my new home.
20th DECEMBER - I carried everything into my cave, and began to furnish my house, and set up
some pieces of boards to put things on, I also made another table.
24th DECEMBER – A lot of rain all night and all day.
Vocabulary
schedule: a plan of things that need to be done and
when
preserve: to keep something in good condition
251
25th DECEMBER - Rain all day.
26th DECEMBER - No rain, and the earth much cooler than before.
27th DECEMBER - Killed a young goat, and hurt another, so I caught it and took it home. I looked
after it and it got better. It became tame and would not go away. This was the first time I thought of
keeping my own goats.
28th – 31st DECEMBER - Very hot, and no breeze, I stayed indoors.
1st JANUARY - Very hot still: this evening, walked to the centre of the island, I found plenty of goats;
I must bring my dog to hunt them down.
2nd JANUARY - Went out with my dog, and set him on the goats, but the dog was scared and would
not hunt them
3rd JANUARY - I began my fence or wall; I’m still scared of attack, so I want to make it very strong.
NOTE - I stopped writing in my journal; from the 2nd of January to the 14th of April. I’m busy
working, finishing, and perfecting this wall. I worked hard for weeks, I would not feel safe until the
wall was finished.
Before the great rains arrived, I noticed some green stalks shooting from the ground next to the wall.
They continued to grow and I recognized it to be barley! I remember shaking the pieces of corn from
food sacks from the ship in that very place.
Stalks continued to grow. Watching them grow touched my heart and brought tears to my eyes, and I
began to thank nature for helping me! Soon after I saw some different stalks, and I was happy to see
they were stalks of rice.
I must grow corn and carefully look after the crops, so one day I would be able to make bread.
Besides this barley, there were, as above, twenty or thirty stalks of rice, which I carefully looked after -
to make me bread; I found ways to cook it without baking, though I did that also after some time.
But to return to my journal.
16th APRIL - I finished the ladder; so I went up the ladder to the top of the wall, and then pulled it up
Vocabulary
journal: a written record of what you have done each
day
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Chapter Five
after me, and let it down in the inside. I was completely safe and enclosed.
The day after I finished the wall, I was terribly frightened with a most dreadful, surprising thing indeed;
suddenly, I found the earth shake underneath me! I was scared that the cave would fall down upon my
head. I ran and climbed the ladder and got over the wall. As soon as I was on the ground, I saw it was
a terrible earthquake. I saw the sea moving violently; I think the shocks were stronger under the water
than on the island.
The moving of the earth made my stomach sick, like I was being shaken about at sea. It was not long
before the shocks stopped. The earthquake itself was over, but the rain was very heavy and I was forced
to go into my cave, even though I was scared it would fall on my head if the earth began to shake again.
I was scared but had to stay in my cave because the rains continued on the 19th, 20th and 21st of April.
22nd APRIL - The next morning, I begin to clear up the damage caused by the earthquake to the wall.
It was more than a full week’s work to fix the wall.
30th APRIL – The bread I took from the ship is running out, I must only eat one biscuit cake a day, this
makes me very sad.
1st MAY - In the morning, looking towards the sea, I saw the shipwreck again. It had been driven closer
to shore by the earthquake; I walked along the sands, as near as I could to the wreck of the ship, to look
for more supplies. Maybe I will find some more bread.
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Chapter 6
Sick and Alone – The Journal
When I came down to the ship I could see it had been broken by the earthquake. I decided to pull what
was left of the ship apart, and carry everything I could back to the island. Everything I could get would
be of some use.
3rd MAY - I used my tools to cut parts of the ship into smaller parts.
4th MAY - I went fishing, and caught a young dolphin. I could always catch enough fish to eat. I always
dried the fish in the sun, and ate them dry.
5th MAY - Worked on the wreck; brought three great planks of wood from the decks, which I tied
together, and floated to shore.
6th MAY - Worked on the wreck; got several iron bolts out of her and other pieces of ironwork. Worked
very hard, and came home very tired, and I had thoughts of giving up.
7th MAY - Went to the wreck again. Now, it was almost full of water and sand.
8th MAY - Went to the wreck, and carried an iron bar to pull up the deck, and brought the pieces of
wood on shore.
9th MAY - Went to the wreck, carried away more decking.
10th – 14th MAY - Went every day to the wreck; and got many pieces of timber, and boards, or planks,
and iron.
15th – 17th MAY – The wind is blowing so hard I could not get to the wreck. I stayed in the woods, to
shoot pigeons for food.
24th MAY - Every day, to this day, I worked on the wreck; I continued this work every day until the
15th of June, except the time spent to hunt or make food; and by this time, I had got enough timber
and plank and iron to build a good boat.
Vocabulary
tool: a piece of equipment you use with your deck: the top floor of a ship where you walk
hands to make or repair something and that is not covered
plank: a long, narrow, flat piece of wood timber: wood used for building
wreck: what is left of a ship after it is
destroyed
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Chapter Six
16th JUNE - I found a large turtle on the beach.
17th JUNE - I spent the day in my home cooking the turtle. Inside the turtle I found many eggs, and
the meat was the most delicious I had ever tasted in my life. I had only had goat and bird meat since I
landed in this awful place.
18th JUNE - Rained all day, and I stayed inside. I thought at this time the rain felt cold, and I felt chilly;
which I knew was unusual.
19th JUNE - Very ill, and shivering, as if the weather had been cold.
20th JUNE - No rest all night; very bad pains in my head, and feverish.
21st JUNE - Very ill; very frightened and there is no one to help me - to be sick, and no help.
22nd JUNE - A little better; but still very scared.
23rd JUNE - Very bad again; cold and shivering, and then a violent headache.
24th JUNE - Much better.
25th JUNE - A very violent fever; the fit held me for seven hours; felt very cold and then very hot.
26th JUNE – Feel better; took my gun, felt weak but killed a goat, and carried it home with much
difficulty.
27th JUNE – All day I lay in bed with a violent sickness, unable to eat or drink anything. I was ready to
die of thirst. I fell asleep, and did not wake up until late in the night. When I woke up, I felt much better,
but still weak, and very thirsty.
28th JUNE – A little better, I filled a large bottle with water. I walked about, but was very weak. At night,
I ate three of the turtle’s eggs for my supper, which I roasted in the fire.
I felt better on the 30th, but I did not want to travel too far. The next day, I felt sick again.
2nd JULY – I ate three turtle’s eggs; even though I had no appetite, and forced myself to drink a lot of
water.
4th JULY – I have decided to use the books I saved from the ship; I will read every morning and every
night; to keep my thoughts active.
My health and strength returned, from the 4th of July to the 14th I spent all my time collecting food.
I still had convulsions in my nerves and arms and legs for some time. I learned that the rainy season
was a danger to my health.
Vocabulary
shiver: to shake because you are cold or scared
appetite: the feeling that you are hungry
convulsion: a sudden movement in your muscles or
body, that you cannot control
255
Chapter 7
Learning to Farm
I had now been on this unhappy island for more than ten months, and I had stopped hoping to be
rescued.
It was on the 15th of July that I began to explore the whole island. First, I went up the creek, and on
the banks of this river I found beautiful meadows. They were plain, smooth, and covered with grass
and strange plants.
The next day, I walked further than the meadows, and here there were many more trees. Here, I found
many different fruits; there were melons on the ground, and ripe, rich grapes in the trees. I found an
excellent use for these grapes; to cure or dry them in the sun, and keep them as dried grapes or raisins.
I decided to spend the night in this place, I climbed a tree and slept well there. The next morning, I
continued to explore; the country appeared so fresh and so green that it looked like a planted garden.
I saw here many cocoa, orange, lemon, and citron trees. I had to find a way to gather a lot of fruit and
carry it home; I travelled homewards; resolving to come again.
The next day, I walked back to the fruit trees with two small bags to carry home fruit; when I got there
I found the melons spread all over the ground, trodden to pieces, and dragged about. There must be
some wild creatures in this area. I was able to gather many of the grapes, and I hung them in trees to
dry in the sun; I carried as many limes and lemons back as I could.
I liked this place, and spent the rest of July there. I built a shelter; so now I had my country house and
my sea-shore house; and this work took me up to the beginning of August.
The 3rd of August, I found the grapes I had hung up had dried perfectly and I carried most of them
home to my cave. Then it began to rain; and it rained, more or less, every day from August until the
middle of October. Sometimes it rained so much, I could not leave my cave for several days.
From the 14th to the 26th, the rain never stopped. I killed a goat; and the last day, which was the
26th, I found a very large tortoise. I managed my food like this: I ate a bunch of raisins for my
Vocabulary
meadow: a field with grass and flowers
ripe: ready to be eaten
gather: to collect things
resolve: to decide that you will do something
256
Chapter Seven
breakfast, a piece of the goat or turtle meat cooked over the fire for my dinner (I had no pot to boil or
stew anything) and two or three of the turtle’s eggs for my supper.
30th SEPTEMBER. - I counted the marks on my post, and found I had been on the island for one year.
My ink supply is getting low, so I must use it carefully, and write down only the most important events
of my life, without continuing a daily journal.
I now know when the rainy season and the dry season came. I learned the right time to plant crops.
I sowed the rice and barley seed in February, and this having the rainy months of March and April to
water the crops, they grew well, and yielded a very good crop.
I found now that the seasons of the year were not like in England, where we had Spring, Summer,
Autumn and Winter. Here there were rainy seasons and dry seasons.
Vocabulary
stew: vegetables and meat or fish cooked slowly
together in liquid
257
Chapter 8
Exploring the Island
I was determined to explore the whole island. I took my gun, an axe, my dog and some food and
started my journey. I passed the meadows and found a great view to the west, it was such a clear
day that I could see land in the distance! I could not tell whether this land was another island or a
continent.
I did not know whether the land I could see was inhabited by dangerous tribes, who would murder
any other humans.
This side of the island was beautiful – there were open fields, flowers and grass, and large trees. I saw
many parrots and with great difficulty, I caught a young parrot and brought it home so I could teach it
to speak.
I came to the sea-shore, I was surprised to see it covered with countless turtles. There was also an
infinite number of birds of many kinds, some which I had never seen before.
Even though this side of my island was much more beautiful; I had already made a safe home and I
would not move.
I took a different route home; on the way my dog surprised a young goat. I made a collar for this little
creature, and with a string, I led him along until I arrived home. By now the goat had become a tame
and loving creature. I would keep it as another companion.
I cannot tell you how happy I was to return to my cave home, and lie on my hammock. I had now been
on the island two years and I had become quite happy and content.
From this moment, I realized it was possible for me to be more happy in this forgotten, lonely place
than it was anywhere else in the world.
I began my third year dividing my time between daily tasks; going hunting with my gun, the cutting,
preserving, and cooking of what meat I caught during my hunts. I had to do this in the mornings and
afternoons, as the middle of the day was too hot to go out in the sun.
Vocabulary
determined: wanting to do something and route: a particular way to get from one place
not letting anything stop you to another
tribe: a group of people who have the same task: a piece of work that has been given to
language, customs and beliefs someone
infinite: endless, without limits
258
Chapter Eight
It was now November, and I was expecting to harvest my crop of barley and rice. The crop looked
very good, but I had to beware of the goats and rabbits who were always trying to eat the sweet, fresh
blades. At night, I tied my dog to a stake to keep guard, and he would stand and bark all night long;
this worked well and the corn grew fast and strong.
Now the birds became a problem. One day, I saw my little crop surrounded with them. I immediately
ran at them with my gun. As soon as I shot, a little cloud of birds rose up from among the corn itself.
I saw they had done a lot of damage, but what was left would still make a good crop if I could save it.
I was so angry, that I waited for the birds to return and then shot and killed three of them. I hung the
dead birds from the trees to scare away others who would come to steal my corn. This worked very
well, and in December, I had a good harvest.
I had to use my sword to cut the corn. I cut off the ears, and carried them away in a big basket which
I had made. Then, I rubbed out the grains with my hands; and at the end of all my harvesting, I found
that I had plenty of rice and barley.
Next, I had to learn how to make bread, which I knew would be very difficult.
Vocabulary
blade: a long, narrow piece of grass or plant
grain: a seed or seeds of a plant used for food
259
Chapter 9
Building a Boat
I sowed my seed in two large, flat pieces of ground. This land was near to my house and I fenced
around it with a good hedge. The rain was still heavy and kept me in my cave, I kept busy talking to
my parrot, and teaching him to speak. I quickly taught him to know his own name, and at last to speak
it out loud. He would squawk,“Poll,” which was the first word I ever heard spoken on my island by any
mouth but my own.
I needed large jars to store corn, I studied how to make them. I was lucky to find a type of clay that I
thought I could use. I had to dig the clay and bring it to my cave to work it into the correct shapes.
It would make the reader laugh at me, to see how many ugly misshapen things I made out of the clay!
It took me two months to make two large jars. The sun baked them dry and hard; and they stored my
corn well.
Making the large pots was very difficult, but I made several smaller things with much more success;
such as little round pots, flat dishes, pitchers and pans.
Finally, I had made an earthen pot that would sit on the fire without breaking; I set it on the fire with
some water in it to boil some meat, which it did very well; and with a piece of a young goat I made
some very good broth.
Next, I had to think about how I could bake bread. I made some special pots to bake loaves of bread
and a large fire. When the firewood was burned into embers or live coals, I placed them all around the
outside of the pots, to keep in and add to the heat. This method worked as well as the best oven in the
world, and I baked my barley-loaves.
While I worked, I thought about escaping the island. I thought of crossing the ocean and finding
the mainland. I knew this could be dangerous; I could fall into the hands of murderous tribes or
dangerous animals. Yet, my head was filled with thoughts of escaping the island and getting to the
mainland.
Vocabulary
hedge: a line of small trees or plants that make a wall
clay: wet, heavy earth that is used to make things
pitcher: a container used to carry liquids
ember: a very hot piece of wood or coal that keeps
burning for a long time
260
Chapter Nine
Now I wished that my boy Xury was still with me, and we had the long-boat we had used to sail along
the coast of Africa. My desire to get to the mainland increased, rather than decreased, even though
finding a way to travel there seemed impossible.
I began to think whether I could make a canoe, out of the trunk of a great tree.
I chose and chopped down a large cedar-tree. I was twenty days chopping the tree down; it took
fourteen more to cut off the branches. It took me one month to shape it and nearly three months more
to clear the inside. It was big enough to carry twenty six men, so it would be big enough to carry me
and all of my cargo.
When I had finished making the boat I was extremely happy with it. The boat was bigger than any
canoe, and it was made from one tree.
The boat was one hundred yards from the water. It was too heavy to push to the water; so I needed to
bring the water up to the canoe. I decided to dig a canal from the sea to the canoe, but to do this alone
would take me at least ten years!
There was no way I could get my boat to the water, and this made me more sad than I could ever
say. The experience taught me a lesson, though too late, it is foolish to begin a task before planning
properly, and before we know if we have the strength to finish it.
While making the boat, I finished my fourth year in this place. I now realized that I was completely
separate from the world and I would be forever.
I learned to look more upon the bright side of my situation, and less upon the dark side, and to think
about what I enjoyed rather than what I wanted. Another thought that was of great use to me, and
would be to any one that should be in the same situation; and this was, to compare how my life was
now with what I at first expected it would be.
I was king of this whole country. I had no enemies; and although my ink was almost gone, I had
somewhere safe to sleep and plenty of corn, grapes, meat, clothes and wood.
I lived comfortably and I was safe.
Vocabulary
trunk: the thick, main part of a tree
canal: a man-made channel for water made for
moving boats
261
Chapter 10
Catching Goats
For another five years, nothing unusual happened. I spent all my time making a small canoe, learning
from the mistakes I made with my first attempt.
This boat was smaller and lighter, I dug a canal and successfully floated the canoe to the creek.
I made a little mast for my boat, and made a sail too out of some of the pieces of the wrecked ship’s
sails. I made an umbrella out of animal skins and stood it over my head, to keep the heat of the sun
off me. At last, I was able to sail around my kingdom.
It was the 6th of November, in the sixth year of my reign - or my imprisonment - that I set out on a
voyage, I took plenty of food and water and a gun for hunting.
I sailed to the other side of the island. When I came to the east side, I found a ledge of rocks reaching
out far into the ocean, and beyond this was a strip of sand. I had to sail far out to move around the
sand bar. Suddenly, I found myself in deep, rough waters. The current was strong and I thought it was
going to carry me out to sea.
I was scared and I looked back upon my island as the best place in the world, and I wished to be there
again. I was being carried away from the island by the water and I worked with all my strength to get
out of the current. I kept steering directly for the island and I was helped by a fresh wind, it took me
about an hour to sail a mile off the shore, where, it being smooth water, I soon got to land.
When I was on shore, I decided to stop trying to escape by boat. I brought my boat to a little cove,
climbed out and being tired from the journey, fell asleep under some trees.
The next morning it was very hot, I took my gun and umbrella and I began the long walk home. I
reached my old country shelter in the evening. I laid down to rest, and immediately fell asleep. I woke
suddenly, shocked I heard a voice calling,“Robin, Robin, Robin Crusoe: poor Robin Crusoe! Where are
you, Robin Crusoe? Where are you? Where have you been?”
Vocabulary
mast: a tall pole that holds up the sails on a ledge: a shelf of rock coming out of a cliff
boat or wall
kingdom: a country ruled by a king or queen strip: a long, narrow area
reign: a period of time when a person, usually current: a movement of water in a particular
a king or queen, rules a country direction
mile: a unit of distance (equal to 1.6 km
262
Chapter Ten
I saw my parrot, Poll, sitting on the top of the hedge. Holding out my hand, I called him by his name
and the bird came to me, and sat on my thumb and continued talking to me,“Poor Robin Crusoe! and
how did I come here? and where had I been?” Poll was very happy to see me; and so I carried him
home along with me.
I thought about the danger I had been in at sea and decided to stay on the island. For a year I lived a
very calm, quiet life; even though I was lonely I lived very happily during this time.
I had now been on the island for eleven years, and because my ammunition supplies were getting low,
I needed to make a trap to catch goats and keep my own flock.
One night I set three traps, and going the next morning I found three young goats, a male and two
females. I tied the young goats together with string and brought them home.
To tame the goats, I needed to enclose a piece of land where there was enough food for them to eat,
water for them to drink, and cover to protect them from the sun. I found an open piece of meadow
with fresh water and a wood at one end.
In about a year and a half I had a flock of about twelve goats; and in two years more I had forty-three.
Now I had as much goat’s meat and milk as I wanted. I had seen butter and cheese made as a child
and with a lot of practice was able to make it. When I first arrived on the island I thought I would die
from hunger, now there was more than enough delicious food to eat!
Vocabulary
flock: a group of sheep, goats or birds
263
Chapter 11
Finds a Footprint
You would smile if you could have seen me and my little family sit down to dinner. Poll, would perch
close to me, and was the only one of my companions alllowed to talk to me. My dog, who was now
old and crazy, sat always at my right hand; and two tame cats, one on either side of the table.
If another man was to see me; he would either be frightened or would laugh a lot. I was dressed
strangely, I will write a description of my appearance.
I had a great high ugly cap, made of a goat’s skin, with a flap hanging down behind, to keep the sun
and rain off my neck. I had a short jacket made of goat’s skin. My trousers were made of the skin of
an old goat, whose long hair hung down to my knees. I also had made a pair of misshapen boots.
Around my waist I had on a wide belt of goat’s skin. I hung a little saw and an axe from this belt, one
on either side. I carried a basket on my back, my gun on my shoulder, and held a great, ugly, goat’s-
skin umbrella over my head. My beard had grown long and I had a large moustache.
I prepared and went on a new journey, and was gone for about five or six days. I travelled first along
the sea-shore, then I walked over the land, as I looked forward I was surprised to see the sea all
smooth and quiet – there was no rippling, no motion and no current.
I now had two grain fields which I sowed and harvested every year. I grew and stored raisins and
looked after my goats. I lived between my cave house and my shelter, or ‘country house’. I had made
a wall of stakes around my country house also, making it a safe place to stay.
One day, about noon, I was walking along the shore. I looked down and was shocked to find the print
of a man’s foot on the sand. I could not believe my eyes! I listened and looked around, but I couldn’t
see or hear anything. I searched everywhere, but couldn’t find any other prints. I walked on, terrified,
looking behind me at every two or three steps taken, thinking every distant bush and tree was a man.
I was very afraid and ran back to my cave, which I now called my ‘castle’.
Vocabulary
perch: to sit on the edge of something distant: very far away
waist: the part of the human body between bush: a low plant with many branches
the chest and the hips
motion: the act of moving
264
Chapter Eleven
That night I could not sleep; I could not stop thinking about the footprint. It must have been a
tribesman from the mainland; they must have arrived in canoes and gone back out to sea.
I was scared that they had found my boat or any other sign that I was living on the island. I had been
so lonely, but now I was terrified that another man was on the island. I stayed in my cave for three
days, too scared to leave. In time, I convinced myself that it had been a mistake and that I had seen
my own footprint.
This thought made me feel better and I felt brave enough to leave my cave. I went to the shore and
found the foot print. I measured the print against my own foot, the foot print in the sand was much
larger than mine. Now I knew for sure that another man had been on my island and I and ran back to
my cave.
I was terrified and stayed awake all that night; and in the morning, I fell into a deep sleep and woke up
feeling much better. I thought about making my castle safer – in case tribes should land on the island,
find and attack me.
I decided to make a second wall around my castle. Twelve years before, I had already grown a row of
trees around the wall. These trees stood close together, between them I put posts in the ground to
make a strong fence. I now had a double wall; and my outer wall was thickened with pieces of timber
and old cables. I made seven holes, as big as my arm, in the second wall. I put guns in these holes, so
that if I was attacked I would be able to fire at my enemy without leaving the castle walls.
In two years’ time I had a thick hedge; and in five or six years’ time I had a thick wood of trees
surrounding my home. No man could break through and I used ladders to get in and out. I had done
everything I could to protect myself.
Vocabulary
footprint: a mark made by a foot on a ground
265
Chapter 12
A Cave Retreat
While I was securing the walls around my castle, I thought about how to keep my flock of goats safe.
I decided to make two or three enclosures for the goats. The enclosures had to be far away from each
other, so that if something were to happen to one group of goats, I would have two others. This plan
required a lot of work.
I searched the island for the best places to build these enclosures. I found a place in the middle of
the woods. It took me one month to build the enclosure, when the fence was finished I moved twelve
goats to their new home.
I went about the whole island looking for another hidden place to keep a small flock of goats. I
wandered to the west of the island and climbed a hill to look about the island and out to sea; and
there in the distance, I could see a boat!
I rushed down the hill to the shore, what I saw at the beach confused and shocked me! I cannot
describe the horror I saw on the shore; the sand was spread with skulls, hands, feet, and other bones
of human bodies. There was also a place where a fire had been made.
I turned my face away from the terrible sight; I was just about to faint, when my stomach cramped
and I vomited on the sand. I turned and ran up the hill as fast I could and rushed to the safety of my
castle. I was so scared of what I had seen on the beach, I stayed in my wooded enclosure for almost
two years.
Over time my uneasiness began to wear off. I felt that my home was well hidden and I would never
be discovered. I only left my home to care for the goats, and when I did I always carried guns and a
sword.
My fear turned to anger, night and day I could think of nothing else but how I could destroy the
murderers who had visited my island. I imagined flying at those men with my sword and guns loaded
and killing them all. I went to watch out for them, and found a place on the side of the hill where I
Vocabulary
enclosure: a place that is surrounded by a wall or
fence
faint: the act of suddenly becoming unconscious
cramp: a sudden, sharp muscle pain
266
Chapter Twelve
could keep watch for their boats without being seen.
For three months, every morning I went to the top of the hill to look out to sea for any approaching
boats. No boats came to the island and my thoughts began to calm. I thought about what I was doing;
what right did I have to judge and kill these men? These men had done nothing to me.
It could see that these people were violent towards each other, but this was nothing to me: they had
not hurt me. If they attacked me, then I would protect myself. But they did not know I was on the
island, therefore they no plans to hurt me. It would be wrong for me to attack them.
It was more important to stay hidden. I should not hurt them, unless in defense of my own life.
For one year I stopped climbing the hill to look out for boats. I hid my boat and was careful to remove
everything I had left from the shore, so there was no sign of human habitation on the island.
I walked everywhere, peeping and peering about the island, scared of who I might find. The thoughts
of this sometimes sank my very soul.
I believe the reader will understand my anxieties. I always thought of my safety. I was too scared to
hit a nail, chop wood or fire a gun in fear of being heard. I worried about making fire, as smoke could
be seen from a great distance.
It was with great relief I found a cave in the earth. The mouth of this hole was at the bottom of a great
rock; it was difficult to climb in, but it was large enough for me to stand in. The cave was very dark, and
in the darkness I saw two broad shining eyes of some creature, which twinkled like two stars. I was
frightened, but I took up a stick of burning wood: I used all my courage and moved towards the eyes;
suddenly I heard a very loud sigh, like a man in pain, and it was followed by a noise, like words half
spoke. I stepped closer, and by the light of the firebrand, I saw a monstrous old goat dying of old age.
The next day I brought candles and began exploring the cave. The cave was very large, but at the back
was a small passage. I had to crawl through the passage on my hands and knees. When I got to the
end of the passage the roof rose very high; it was the most glorious sight I’d ever seen! The walls and
ceilings reflected a hundred thousand lights from my candles. It looked like the rocks were made of
diamonds and gold.
This cave was a safe place. If five hundred tribesman tried to find and hunt me, they would never find
me here. The cave was dry and hidden and the perfect place to store my spare guns and ammunition.
When I left the cave, I found the old goat had died. I dragged him out of the cave and buried him in
the ground.
Vocabulary
anxiety: a feeling of nervousness or worry passage: a long, narrow path that connects
relief: a feeling of being freed from pain or two places
worry reflect: to send light back from a surface
courage: the ability to deal with dangerous or
difficult situations without being frightened
267
Chapter 13
A Spanish Shipwreck
I had now been on the island for twenty three years, and I was happy. I had Poll, my parrot, to speak
to; he lived with me for twenty six years. My dog was a loyal friend to me for sixteen years. I always
kept a few tame cats, goats and birds within the castle walls for company. I was content and soon
forgot about the murderous men who had visited my island.
It was December; I went out before sunrise, and was surprised to see the light of a fire on the shore.
I was terrified and ran back to my castle, climbed the ladder and pulled it up after me.
I stayed for about two hours, and began to wonder what was happening on the beach. So setting
up my ladder, I left my castle and climbed to the top of the hill. When I reached the top I laid on the
ground, and began to look. I could see nine tribesmen sitting around a small fire.
They had two canoes, that they had pulled up on to the sand. To my relief, I soon saw them drag
their canoes into the water and start to row away from the island.
As soon as I saw them shipped and gone, I took two guns upon my shoulders, and two pistols in
my belt, and a sword. I ran to their fire. Going down to the shore, I could see the horror they had left
behind; blood and bones.
After this discovery I spent my days worried and afraid of these men. I could not sleep, and if I did I
had frightful dreams. If I ever left my castle, I took the great care and caution.
One day in the middle of May, I was surprised to hear the noise of a gun fired at sea. I rushed to the
top of the hill, thinking this must be a ship in distress! I collected as much dry wood as I could find
and set it on fire at the top of the hill. If there was a ship, they would see my fire and help me! Soon
I heard another gun; the ship had heard my signal and they were replying!
Vocabulary
content: happy and satisfied
discovery: the act of finding something new
caution: great care and attention
distress: a strong feeling of sadness, worry or pain
268
Chapter Thirteen
I had no choice but to wait until sunrise, early in the morning I ran to the top of the hill and looked out
for the ship. I could see something very far out to sea, as I looked closer I saw it was the wreck of a ship
caught on the rocks.
I could do no more than pity the ship’s crew, I knew they must have been killed in the wreck. I
wished just one man had made it to the island to be my companion and save me from my loneliness.
I repeated the words,“Oh if only one had lived!” a thousand times. But it was not to be; I never knew
whether any men were saved out of that ship or not, but I did find the body of a drowned boy come on
shore near the shipwreck.
When the sea was calm, I decided to sail my boat to the wreck – hoping to find someone alive. I had to
plan my journey, and sail very carefully, avoiding the rocks and currents.
It took me two hours to get to the wreck. Now I was closer, I could see it was a Spanish ship, it was
stuck fast, jammed in between two rocks. The ship had been beaten to pieces. As I came closer, a dog
appeared; seeing me the dog barked, jumped in the sea and swam to my boat. I pulled him up and gave
him some bread and fresh water.
I could find no one else alive, or any food supplies that had not been ruined by the sea water. I found
and took two chests back to the island to open.
There were several guns in the ship’s cabin, two little brass kettles, a copper pot, and a gridiron; I
took these things and the dog back to my island. I slept that night in the boat and in the morning I
opened the chests. In the first chest, I found several useful things. I found in one a fine case of bottles,
filled with cordial waters. I found two pots of very good sweetmeats, undamaged by the salt-water. I
found some good shirts, and many white handkerchiefs which I could use to wipe my face on a hot day.
The second chest held three great bags of coins, and some small bars or wedges of gold. Even though
I had no use for money, I carried it back to my cave. The ship must have carried a great deal of money
and treasure before the storm had ruined it.
Vocabulary
pity: a feeling of sadness for someone else’s situation
brass: a bright yellow metal
copper: a red / brown metal
gridiron:
cordial: a sweet drink made from fruit
269
Chapter 14
A Dream Realised
I began to relax again. For two years life carried on and was easy, but my head was filled with projects
and designs how, if it were possible, I might get away from this island.
It was a rainy March night. I had now been alone on my island for twenty-four years and I was lying
in my hammock awake. My mind raced and I ran over the whole history of my life. I reflected on how
happy I was during the first years on the island, and then the years of fear and anxiety after seeing the
foot print in the sand.
I thought seriously about the real danger I had been in for so many years on this very island, and how
I had walked about not knowing that danger could have been anywhere and come at any time.
What would happen if these wild men caught me? How could I escape if I was attacked? If I was to
escape the island and reach the mainland, how would I know they would not be there waiting for me?
Even though I was scared, I had as it were no power to stop my mind from escaping the island to the
mainland on my boat.
Exhausted with these thoughts, I fell into a deep sleep. I dreamed I saw angry tribesmen arrive on the
shore. They had another man they brought to kill. All of a sudden, this man broke free and ran for his
life. He ran to my castle and I gave him my ladder to climb and helped him to my cave. Finally I was
no longer alone! I woke suddenly; sad that it was just a dream.
For another year and a half I waited, keeping watch over the shores of my kingdom.
One morning, I was surprised to see five canoes on the beach. Immediately, I took my guns and
climbed to the top of the hill. I looked down to the shore and saw thirty tribesmen dancing around a
fire.
Then, I saw some of the men drag two people from the boats. The first of the men was knocked down
and beaten to death by wooden clubs. While this was happening, the second of the men broke free
and ran quickly in my direction! Three of the murderous gang began to chase him, but they could not
run as fast.
The man continued running until he reached the creek, he plunged in and swam with great speed
Vocabulary
exhausted: extremely tired
gang: a group of criminals
plunge: to fall down suddenly into something
270
Chapter Fourteen
and landed on the other side. Two of his pursuers jumped into the water to follow him, the third must
have been unable to swim. Suddenly, it occurred to me that if I helped this man he could become my
companion!
I ran down to the creek towards the attackers. As I came nearer, I saw one of these wild men with a
bow and arrow, getting ready to shoot me. I took my gun, aimed and killed him with one shot.
The poor man who had escaped came closer to me, I smiled at him: then he kneeled down, kissed the
ground, and laid his head upon the ground, and taking me by the foot, he put my foot on his head; this,
it seems, was a sign of his gratitude in his culture.
I looked up and saw the other attacker running towards us. My new friend jumped up and pointed at
my sword. I gave it to him immediately. As soon as he had it, he ran to his enemy, and killed him with
one blow. He then made signs to me that he should bury them with sand, so that the rest of the tribe
would not see the bodies.
We quickly buried them in the sand. Then, I helped and guided him to my cave, on the farther part of
the island. Here I gave him bread and a bunch of raisins to eat, and some fresh water.
He was a handsome man, perfectly made, with straight, strong limbs; he was tall, and I thought about
twenty-six years old. He had a friendly face. His hair was long and black, and his eyes sparkled. His face
was round and plump; a very good mouth, thin lips, and his fine set of white teeth.
After some time had passed I began to speak to him, and teach him to speak to me. I called him Friday,
which was the day I saved his life. I taught him to say Yes and No and to know the meaning of these
words. I gave him some clothes, which he was very happy with.
I gave Friday a sword and a gun. He also had a bow and arrows at his back; I carried two guns and
together we marched to the place where the murderers had been. When I came to the place my very
blood ran cold in my veins, the place was covered with human bones, the ground dyed red with their
blood, and great pieces of human flesh left here and there.
Friday, by his signs, told me there had been a battle between this tribe and his. The winning tribe had
taken prisoners to the island to violently kill them, in what I though must be a tribal ritual.
We left the bloody scene and returned to our castle; and here I made Friday some clothes out of goat
skin. He was very pleased.
The next day, I made a little tent for him between the two walls of the castle. I did not need to think of
my own safety; Friday was a faithful, loving friend. He was like a son to me; and I think he would have
sacrificed his life to save mine. I was so happy to have a companion and I taught him about life on the
island, so he would be able to help me in every task.
Vocabulary
pursuer: someone who is chasing someone or something
gratitude: the feeling of being thankful
limb: an arm or leg of a person or animal
ritual: a set of actions that are part of a ceremony
271
Chapter 15
Teaching Friday
After two or three days, one morning I took Friday out to the woods to teach him to shoot. I shot a
young goat that was resting under a tree, Friday was at first surprised and scared of the sound the gun
made. I pointed to the gun and to the dead goat and signed to Friday to run and fetch the animal. We
took it back to the cave and boiled the flesh to make a stew. Friday liked the food very much.
The next day I taught him how to make bread; and soon Friday could do all the work as well as I could
do it.
Now there were two people to feed we worked together to prepare more land for harvest. Friday
worked hard and I was happier than I had ever been on my island. Friday began to talk very well, and
understand the names of almost everything.
I asked him questions about his own country, and about the battles he had fought in. Friday told me he
had landed on my island before.
I asked him how far was it from our island to the shore, and whether the canoes often got lost at sea.
He told me there was no danger; the current and wind was always one way in the morning, the other
in the afternoon.
He told me that in a place beyond the setting of the moon, there was a place where white bearded
men lived. I asked if we could get to this place, and he told me “Yes, yes, you may go in two canoe.” He
meant we must take a large boat, as big as two canoes.
Friday soon began to understand all I said to him. I told him my own history, how I had come to the
island and how long I had been there.
I described to him my home country of England. I told him about the ship wrecks and showed him
where the boats had sunk. I told him about the other men who had drowned.
Vocabulary
flesh: the soft part of the body between the skin and
the bone
beyond: further away in the distance
272
Chapter Fifteen
Friday excitedly added,“We save the white mans from drown, the boat full of white mans.” I asked him
how many. He told me counting on his fingers up to seventeen. I asked him what had happened to the
men. He told me,“They live, they live in my country.”
He told me the men had been living with his people for about four years; that the tribes did not hurt
them. I asked him why they did not kill them. He said,“No, they make brother with them.”
It was some time after this conversation, that we were on top of the hill. The weather was very clear
and the air was still, and because of this we could see land far off in the distance. Friday, looked towards
the land, and started jumping and dancing, he called out “Oh, joy!” says he; “Oh, glad! There see my
country, there my nation! ” He looked so happy, I could see he missed him own country a lot.
I called to him, and said,“Friday, do you want to be back in your own country, your own nation?”
“Yes,” he said,“I be much glad to be at my own nation.”
“What would you do there?” said I.“Would you turn wild again? Would you kill men?”
He looked very serious, and shaking his head, said,“No, no, Friday tell them to live good; no kill man,
they willing love learn.”
Then I asked him if he would go back to them. He smiled, and told me that he could not swim so far. I
told him I would make a canoe for him and he said that he would go if I would go with him.
“I go!” says I,“Why, they will kill me if I come there.”
“No, no,” says he,“me make they no kill you; me make they much love you.” He meant, he would tell
them how I had killed his enemies, and saved his life, and so he would make them love me.
After this conversation, I felt it would be safe to go to the mainland with Friday and I wanted to make
the journey. So, I told Friday I would make a boat to carry us to his nation.
Vocabulary
nation: a country or group of people living in one
area with their own laws and language
273
Chapter 16
The Rescue
I went with Friday to find a large tree to chop down, so we could make a canoe big enough to take us
to the mainland. It took a month’s hard work to finish the boat, two months to fit the masts and the
sails and two weeks to carry it on rollers to the water. The canoe was big enough to carry twenty men.
When the large canoe was in the water, it amazed me to see how well Friday could turn and paddle
the boat along.
We spent every day preparing for our voyage, we had to make sure we had enough supplies. I asked
Friday to go to the shore to find a turtle, for the eggs and the meat. Soon, I heard Friday shout,“O
master! O master! O bad! O bad!”
“What’s the matter, Friday?” says I.
“Over there,” says he,“one, two, three canoes!”
“Well, Friday,” said I,“do not be frightened. Can you fight, Friday?”
“Me shoot,” says he,“but there come many great number, me die when you die.”
So I got our guns and my great sword, and I gave Friday an axe.
I looked and saw a group of men on the beach, they had two prisoners with them and they were here
to kill these men. I decided that we must go to the beach and fight to save the prisoners. I told Friday
to stay close to me, and to stay quiet.
As we marched towards them, I thought about whether this was the right thing to do. These people
had done nothing wrong to me. It was none of my business – Friday had reason, these people were
his enemy and the enemy of his nation. But this was not true for me; I decided to just to see what was
happening – but not to attack.
I told Friday to climb a tree to get a better view of the beach. He told me the men were dancing around
the fire; they had killed one of their prisoners, the other lay tied up on the sand. He told me the
Vocabulary
roller: a long tube that turns over and over to carry
things along
paddle: to push poles through the water to move a
boat along
remaining: continue to stay behind after other people
have left the bone
274
Chapter Sixteen
prisoner was still alive, and he looked like a white bearded man.
I decided we had to help the remaining prisoner. We both aimed our guns and shot at the murderers.
Friday killed two men with one shot and wounded three more, I killed one and hurt two. The rest of
the attackers ran around yelling and screaming like wild animals.
“Now, Friday,” says I,“follow me,” we marched towards the prisoner, shooting at our attackers. Friday
continued to fire at them while I took my knife and cut the ropes that bound the prisoner. I asked him
where he was from, and I understood that he was from Spain. I gave him a pistol and my sword. He
took them very thankfully; and flew upon his murderers, he cut two of them to pieces in an instant.
Friday pursued the rest of the men, with no weapon in his hand but his axe: and with that he killed
three. The young prisoner chased some of the men, and hurt them badly; Friday jumped to help and
killed them all, only one was too quick; he ran and jumped into the sea, then he swam to a canoe
and joined two others who were escaping. We had killed them all, except for the three who now were
quickly paddling away.
I was worried the men who escaped would go and fetch more of their tribe to come back and attack us.
I jumped in one of the canoes they had left on the beach to chase them, and I was surprised to see a
man, bound and afraid, lying at the bottom of the boat. We had found another prisoner, but he seemed
almost dead.
I cut the ropes that tied him, and called Friday to help me. As soon as Friday saw the man’s face he
began to cry and hug and kiss him; he then told me that the man was his father.
This put an end to our pursuit of the canoe carrying the other attackers, who we hoped would be lost
at sea.
Friday ran to fetch fresh water, and two loaves of bread for his father and the Spaniard, so they could
regain some strength.
Friday, a strong man, carried the Spaniard on his back to our castle. He then returned for his father.
They were too weak to climb the ladder, so we made them a comfortable tent just outside the walls.
As soon as the two weak, rescued prisoners were resting, I told Friday to boil and stew a goat. When
the food was ready we carried it to them, we set up a table in their tent and ate our dinner together.
After we had dined, Friday went to fetch our guns from the place of battle, and the next day he buried
the dead bodies of the tribesmen, which were lying in the sun.
Now, there were four people on my island and this made me very happy.
Vocabulary
yell:
bound:
275
Chapter 17
Visitors
I spoke a little Spanish and I was able to talk to the Spaniard about how he came to be captured. He
told me that he had been living peacefully with a tribe along with sixteen of his countrymen. Their
ship had been wrecked and they had been lucky to make it alive to the coast.
He told me they were all very honest men, but they didn’t have any weapons, or enough clothes and
food. The Spaniard wanted me to help bring them to the island and he promised me that if I could
help them, they would live and die by me.
If we saved these men, we would need a lot of provisions. So for six months we worked very hard to
have enough corn, rice, dried fruit and meat for everyone.
The Spaniard and Friday’s father took our large canoe and filled it with bread, dried grapes and water.
I gave them each a gun and told them only to fire if necessary. They set sail and aimed to be back in
eight days.
On the morning of the ninth day, Friday woke me shouting,“Master, master, they are come, they are
come!” I jumped up, and ran to the shore. I soon saw that this was not the boat carrying out friends.
It was an English boat carrying men from my own country! Further in the distance I could see a grand
ship, an English ship!
I was still unsure if these men were dangerous or not, so I told Friday to stay hidden while I moved to
the beach to take a closer look. I could see that there were eleven men in the boat, and I could now see
for certain that they were English.
I could see no prisoners or weapons which was a great relief. Friday joined me and we continued to
watch from behind a tree; we watched as the men landed on the beach, left their boat on the shore and
began exploring the island.
It was clear to see which of these men was the captain; as he directed his crew and gave them orders.
I decided it was safe to approach him, after all he could help transport me away from the island and
back to my home in England.
Vocabulary
capture: to take someone as prisoner
grand: important and large
276
Chapter Seventeen
As we walked down the shore towards these welcome visitors, I could see they were surprised and
shocked to see anyone on the island at all, especially two men who looked like myself and Friday. As I
approached them, I said “Gentlemen, do not be scared; perhaps you can help me. I am an Englishman,
I have been deserted on this island for twenty-eight years.”
The ship’s captain called me to him, we sat on the sand and shared our stories. I told him my whole
history and it affected him deeply. I told them how I came to be here, and how I had survived all these
years on the island. I asked him whether he would be able to save myself and Friday by taking us away
with him on his ship. He quickly agreed to helping us leave the island and ordered seven of his men to
return to the ship and prepare it for the journey.
I invited the rest of the men to my home, I gave them food and water and showed them how I had
been living for twenty-eight years. The captain admired my castle, and how perfectly I had hidden and
protected it with a grove of trees.
The captain told me that his ship was on course to sail back to England, and with it I would finally be
able to return to my own country and see the family I had abandoned so long ago.
Suddenly, as I viewed and thought about all that I had accomplished and built; my castle, my flocks
of goats, tame birds and cats, my fields full of corn and barley, I felt sad to leave it all behind.
Vocabulary
grove: a group of trees planted together
abandoned: left behind for a long time or forever
accomplished: able to do or finish something
successfully
277
Chapter 18
Leaving my Island
I now realized that it was time to leave the island. I led the captain, his men and Friday as we climbed
to the top of the hill to take a final view of my island, my kingdom. The captain hugged me,“My dear
friend,” says he,“there’s your ship; after so many difficult years, she will carry you home to England –
where you belong.”
I looked at the ship, it was about half a mile from the shore; we could see the crew had weighed her
anchor as soon as they had received the orders from the men who had returned from the island. The
weather was good, and they were able to bring the ship close to the mouth of the little creek. When I
could see the ship clearly I was ready to fall down with the surprise; now I could see and believe that I
was saved!
I tried to thank the captain for finding and saving us, but I could find no words and was unable to
speak; he took me in his arms and I had to hold on to him tightly, or I would have fallen to the ground.
After some time I sat on the ground and stared at the ship, and it was a long time before I could speak
another word. During all this time the poor man said a thousand kind things to me, to help me recover
from the shock, but such was the flood of joy in my heart, I broke down in tears.
The captain and his men were here to save me and Friday and I could not express how grateful I was
to him and his men for finding and helping us.
I told the captain I needed to stay that night on the island to prepare my things, and that he should go
on board and make everything was ready on the ship. He agreed and said he would send the boat on
shore next day to collect us.
Some of his men decided to stay and live on the island. So that night I told them my story and how
I had lived on the island all these years. I showed them my fortifications, the way I made my bread,
planted my corn, and dried my grapes; and anything else that would help them live an easy and
pleasant life.
Vocabulary
anchor: a heavy object on a strong rope or chain that
is dropped from a boat to stop it from moving
stare: to look directly at something for a long time
express: to show a feeling or opinion
fortification: strong walls that protect a place
278
Chapter Eighteen
I told them about Friday’s father and the Spaniard who would be returning to the island soon with
more men. I wrote a letter for them when they arrived, the letter told them to live and work with these
men in peace.
I left them guns and ammunition and three swords. I gave them a description of the way I managed the
goats, and directions to milk and fatten them, and to make both butter and cheese. I prepared them as
much as I could for life on my island.
The next morning, we could see the men rowing the smaller boat from the ship to the shore, and we
rushed down to meet it. The captain called aloud to the boat, and ordered his men bring us all to the
ship.
279
Chapter 19
Return to England
The next day, we prepared to sail. Finally, I was leaving my island behind and returning to society.
I took with me the great goat-skin cap I had made, my umbrella, and one of my parrots; also, all the
money I had found on the wreck of the Spanish ship. We left the island on the 19th of December, in
the year 1686, after I had been on the island twenty-eight years, two months, and nineteen days.
I arrived in England the 11th of June, in the year 1687, having been gone for thirty-five years. Friday
was excited and amazed by everything he saw.
England had changed a lot while I had been gone and there was a lot to understand. We traveled to
Yorkshire to find my family; when we arrived I discovered my father and mother had died. I found my
two sisters, and two of the children of one of my brothers alive and well. My family had thought that
I had died and my parents had not left me any money. I realized that I needed money to live in this
world.
I decided to go to Lisbon to find the family of my old business partner in Brazil. I wanted to find
information about the state of my plantation in the Brazils, and of what had happened to my partner,
who I thought may have died years ago. My man Friday came with me and was a most faithful
companion.
We found his family and they told me my partner was still alive. He believed I had been lost and
drowned long ago but had kept the plantation working in case any of my family should need it. His
family informed me that the plantation was doing very well, and that my partner had become very rich
managing it, and that he would be very happy to hear that I was alive. They told me that even though
he thought I had died, every year my partner had saved my share of the plantation profits.
They were very fair, honest people, and very wealthy; they were happy to help me contact my partner
and have the money I was owed transferred to me.
Vocabulary
society: a large group of people who live together in
an organised way
plantation: a large farm that grows crops
profit: money made through a business
280
Chapter Nineteen
There were ships in the river of Lisbon just ready to go away to Brazil. I entered my name in a public
register, confirming that I was alive, and that I was the same person that owned the plantation land.
In less than seven months I received a large packet from my partner in Brazil.
There was a letter for me from my old friend and loyal business partner. He congratulated me on
being alive, gave me an account how the estate was improved, and what it produced a year, with the
particulars of the number of squares, or acres that it contained. He invited me very passionately to
come back to Brazil and take over the running of the plantation. He wrote about our friendship and
how pleased he was that I was able to find his family in Lisbon.
He also sent me also five chests of excellent sweetmeats, and a hundred pieces of gold. Another ship
in the same fleet brought me one thousand two hundred chests of sugar, eight hundred rolls of
tobacco, and the rest of the whole account in gold.
It is impossible to express the happiness in my heart when I found all my wealth about me; I now
had more than five thousand pounds in money, and an estate in the Brazil that earned more than a
thousand pounds a year. This was more than enough money to care for my family and Friday.
Now I had to decide what to do with my new life and fortune. I prepared to go to England with all
my wealth.
I thanked those people in Lisbon who had helped me and I wrote to my partner to thank him for
looking after my plantation and told him I would write again soon.
Having settled my business in Lisbon, I sold the cargo I had received from Brazil and I set sail for
England with Friday.
Vocabulary
estate: a large area of land owned by a family
281
Chapter 20
Adventure Again
I thought that my travels were now over and I bought land and an estate in England, where I thought
I could settle and grow old.
I decided to sell my plantation in Brazil, and wrote to my partner and offered to sell the business to
him. He paid me thirty-three thousand pieces of eight and in return, I signed the instrument of sale
in the form his family sent from Lisbon.
I have now shared the first part of a life of fortune and adventure – it is a story that the world has never
seen the like of before, beginning with disaster, but closing much more happily than I could ever have
hoped for.
Anyone would think that in this state of good fortune I was past adventure and travel, but I was born
to a wandering life.
I especially thought about going to see my island. I needed to know what became of the Spaniard and
his friends, and Friday often talked about his father and wondered what happened to him.
During my time in England I looked after my two nephews, the children of one of my brothers. The
eldest, I raised as a gentleman and provided him with an estate. The other worked with the captain of
a ship; and after five years, he had become a sensible and bold young man. I bought him a good ship,
and sent him to sea.
For years I tried to settle in England. But when my nephew returned after a successful voyage to Spain
telling stories of adventure, I realized I was bored of England and eager to return to the seas. I decided
to join him on his next adventure; this was in the year 1694.
During this voyage I visited my island, and saw my successors the Spaniards, and heard the story of
their lives and their time on my island. The stories they told me were full of wonderful experiences and
unfortunate accidents - they also told me about their battles with the tribesmen, who landed several
times upon the island.
Vocabulary
settle: to find a place and make a home
disaster: a sudden event that causes a lot of damage
eager: wanting very much to have something
successor: someone or something that comes after
someone or something else
282
Chapter Twenty
Friday asked about his father, they informed him that he had made it safely back to his people on the
mainland. This news made Friday so happy tears ran down his face.
The population of the island had now increased. Five of the Spaniards had made the dangerous journey
to the mainland and brought back eleven men and five women, and there were now about twenty
young children on the island.
We stayed on the island for twenty days, and left them supplies of guns, ammunition, clothes, tools, and
two workmen, a carpenter and a blacksmith I had brought from England. I brought, also, five cows,
three of them being big with calf and some sheep.
Everyone on the island seemed content and happy, they had no plans to return to life on the mainland.
As our ship sailed away, I looked back at the kingdom I had built, and was grateful to see it thriving.
As we set sail, I knew I would have more adventures with Friday, which I shall write about in the
Second Part of my Story.
Vocabulary
thriving: doing well and becoming successful
283
Wordlists
Unit 5 prototype
premier
noun
adjective
attached adjective promote verb
base noun premises noun
brand noun risk verb/noun
benefits noun reshape verb
current adjective requirements noun
creativity noun responsible adjective
conclusion noun secure adjective
citizens noun strategies noun
commitment noun sincerely adverb
contribute verb
concept noun Phrase List
deal noun/verb a common good
desired adjective business incubator
equivalent noun cut costs
enthusiasm noun cope with
economy noun low-risk
elements noun main body
entrepreneur noun risk established
established adjective run a business
funds noun small business
funding noun set up
generate verb start-up
hesitant adjective see potential
invest verb sign a contract
introduction noun technological innovation
idea noun work out
innovation noun Yours sincerely
legacy noun
lucrative adjective
marketing noun
niche noun
overheads noun
passion noun
propose verb
284 Wordlists
Wordlists
Unit 6 monsoons
massive
noun
adjective
abundant adjective precipitation noun
arid adjective picturesque adjective
absolute adjective preserve verb
agriculture noun purify verb
block verb rainfall noun
buried verb rolled verb
breezy adjective roar verb
blizzard noun shaking verb
blustery adjective severe adjective
condensation noun soar verb
cyclone noun survive verb
chilly adjective shelter noun
complete adjective torrential adjective
copious adjective tornado noun
cause verb/noun typhoon noun
coastal adjective tsunami noun
dirty adjective visibility noun
dissipate verb violent adjective
engulfed verb windy adjective
enormous adjective wave noun
extreme adjective wildfire noun
fog noun waterlogged adjective
foggy adjective
frigid adjective Phrase List
flooding noun extreme cold
grimy adjective first aid kit
gusty adjective flash floods
humid adjective intense heat
hazy adjective keep warm
humidity noun low pressure
hurricanes noun molten rock
insulate verb off-piste
lava noun survival kit
misty adjective
Wordlists 285
Wordlists
toxic ash incredible adjective

total devastation integrated verb
torrential downpours issue noun/verb
wind speed ignore noun
water shortages impression noun
zero visibility information noun
knowledge noun
Unit 7 manipulating
monetary
verb
adjective
argue verb microfinance noun
advertising noun means noun
amassed verb millennials noun
bargain noun nuisance noun
brand noun overall adjective
barter verb offer noun/verb
configured verb odd adjective
convince verb opinion noun
concession noun persuade verb
currency noun principles noun
compromise noun purchasing verb
constant adjective poverty noun
commodity noun regulate verb
confidence noun savings noun
discount noun sadly adverb
denominations noun simply adverb
devaluation noun steadily adverb
debate noun stunning adjective
emotions noun strategy noun
exchange verb subscribe verb
ethical adjective tactic noun
effective adjective wealth noun
fantastic adjective
faith noun
gradually adverb
haggle verb
286 Wordlists
Wordlists
Phrases List
bite-size chunks
commemorative
coinage
conduct financial affairs
check your account balance
enter the workforce
Generation X, Y, Z
handheld devices
interact with
monetary union
set up direct debits
take up
target customers
tech savvy
user-friendly
Wordlists 287
Audioscript
and characteristics. However, this is not the case; anyone can
become an entrepreneur if they put their mind to it.
Unit 5 Abeer: Hmm I think I must disagree with you there, Jassem.
Track 21 Interviewer: Yes, please go on, Abeer.
Interviewer: Good morning and welcome to Business Hour. Abeer: I think what you are talking about is the difference
My name is Alan Jones and I am joined in the studio by between a businessman and an entrepreneur. I think
Jassem Al Marri, who has recently released his book, Nature anyone can be a businessman, but not everyone can be an
or Nurture: The Makings of an Entrepreneur. Welcome, entrepreneur.
Jassem. Interviewer: But, what’s the difference between a businessman
Jassem: Thank you, Alan. and an entrepreneur, Abeer?
Interviewer: Also joining us today is Mr. Abeer Al Khaja, Abeer: An entrepreneur is more creative and innovative;
who is a very successful local Emirati entrepreneur. Welcome, they see gaps and needs in a market and they’re able to
Abeer. figure out a solution. They’re more passionate and driven
Abeer: Thank you, I’m very happy to be here. about a business idea, and they’re prepared to take on
Interviewer: Today, we are going to be talking about many challenges to make it work. However, a businessman
entrepreneurship and, more specifically, what makes an generally manages a safe and established business that is
entrepreneur. I believe our two guests have very different already set up or runs a business that is not a new idea. They
opinions, which we will discuss today. Firstly, let’s start with don’t take the same risks and are not so personally attached
a simple question: What exactly is an entrepreneur? Jassem, to the success of the business.
would you like to start us off ?
Jassem: Yes, sure. Er well, I think that when most people Interviewer: OK and why can’t people learn to be
think of an entrepreneur, they think of the very famous entrepreneurs?
businessmen and women we see in the media. These men and Abeer: Well, I can only speak from my own experience and I
women are presented as geniuses who have been business- come from a large family of successful entrepreneurs. Jassem
minded almost since birth! was talking about what makes a successful entrepreneur
Interviewer: Haha, yes, that’s true. earlier: the ability to take risks, see business opportunities
Jassem: And while, yes, these people are entrepreneurs, there where others don’t, passion, confidence, and never giving up.
is more than one type. Many people believe that successful And I see these common characteristics in my family. But,
entrepreneurs are born with an entrepreneurial spirit and they’ve always had them. Yes, maybe over time their abilities
natural ability. have improved, but they had these basic abilities to begin
with. I see the same entrepreneurial gene in my children.
Interviewer: What do you mean by ‘entrepreneurial spirit’
Jassem? Interviewer: Entrepreneurial gene?
Jassem: I mean that they have specific characteristics or Abeer: Haha, yes, that natural entrepreneurial spirit Jassem
abilities they have been born with, and it’s these abilities that mentioned. I can see it in my children and my nieces and
make them naturally good entrepreneurs. nephews, and they have no experience of business. But they
think outside the box, like the mind of an entrepreneur, they
Interviewer: Mhmm, I see. And which kinds of characteristics
question how things are done, they are very creative and I see
make a good entrepreneur?
that same openness to risk and lack of fear an entrepreneur
Jassem: Well, generally, when people imagine an needs.
entrepreneur, they think of someone who can see business
Jassem: But Abeer, maybe your children have learnt those
opportunities everywhere, someone who is able to take
things from you or the other entrepreneurs in your family?
risks and lacks fear, and someone who is so passionate
about an idea that they’ll never give up. They’re confident, Abeer: Hmm yes maybe, I hadn’t thought of that before.
successful risk-takers with a great ability to come up with Jassem: That’s why I was saying that there is more than one
amazing business ideas. And many people believe that type of entrepreneur. For instance, many entrepreneurs start
successful entrepreneurs are just born with these abilities their careers working for others, building their knowledge
288 Audioscript 288

Audioscript
and experience, before setting up their own businesses. And, increases, our ability to build the internal parts will also
many fail, but they learn from their experiences and try increase.
again. Entrepreneurship is a skill and, like other skills, it can Mr Saeed: Okay, when will the first prototypes be available
be practised and improved. for our developers to see?
Abeer: Hmm very true, Jassem. Mr Fahad: The first prototypes have already been produced
Interviewer: Well, I’m afraid that’s all we’ve got time for. on a small scale, although they are being tested right now
Thank you, Jassem and Abeer, for a very interesting debate. and all the problems won’t be worked out for another
Next, we’ll be speaking to Hamad Al Shehi about a recent month. However, we believe that within three months we
report on Business Innovation in the UAE. Stay tuned. can perfect the 3D printing technology to make producing
our smartphones more economical than our current process.
Track 22 With the support of the board of EZ Industries, the final
stage of the project will be completed in nine months.
Mr Saeed: Good afternoon, good afternoon, thank you for
meeting today. Can I have your attention now, please? We Mr Saeed: It seems like a rather safe idea. Thank you for
have a very full schedule, due to the Innovation Summit your presentation. And now Miss Reem.
happening next week between the major technological firms Miss Reem: Thank you Mister Saeed and the board of EZ
in the UAE. At this summit, businesses will be presenting Industries for inviting our team to present our proposal
their newest technological innovations, and we want to have today. We believe that 3D printing should not be limited to
the best presentation. building parts for new technology, but can be used in other
So, with that in mind, priority for our meeting will be given ways as well. We propose using the new 3D printing division
to our two Innovation and Design teams who have been to reshape the food industry.
working on proposals for new product lines to develop using Mr Saeed: The food industry!? How will you do that?
3D printing technology. We believe that 3D printing is the Miss Reem: We have already started! A printed chocolates
future of manufacturing, because it can be used to print concept has been designed by our research team. Using 3D
so many things like computer parts, furniture, shoes and printers, we have been able to layer chocolate and vanilla
clothing, and even entire offices! As many of you know, we crème to create a delicious, high quality sweet. If EZ
have decided to start a 3D printing division of EZ Industries Industries chooses to invest their time and resources in our
as we feel that this new division will allow us to stay proposal, we will have innovated the sweets industry!
competitive in the technological field. Whichever proposal is Mr Saeed: Won’t this be too much of a niche? I mean a very
the best will be presented at the Summit. small market?
So, in order to keep to our busy schedule, I will invite the first Miss Reem: We believe that there are already too many
group to present their proposal. Mister Fahad, if you would companies that are using or will use 3D printing to produce
like to begin please? things like that which has been proposed by Mr. Fahad. If we
Mr Fahad: Thank you Mister Saeed and the board of EZ succeed, we will be the only company making food products
Industries. As we all know, the UAE is focusing resources on using 3D printers.
technological innovation. Our proposal focuses on the use of Mr Saeed: Have other … food concepts … been developed
3D printing for manufacturing parts for new smartphones yet?
and tablets. We believe that using 3D printers will be a more Miss Reem: Well, other food concepts have not been
efficient way to produce these parts and save us time and developed yet … However, our team is working on them as
money, even saving the company 75% of the current cost. we speak.
Our concept is to use the 3D printers to create all the external Mr Saeed: Hmmm … very interesting. It could be very risky
parts of the phones. This includes the cases, the screens … but also very rewarding.
and the buttons. We will still use the current manufacturing
Mr Saeed: Thank you both for your proposals. The board
process to create the internal parts, including the wire and
will review both of them and we will get back to you later
microchips. However, as our ability to use 3D printing
this week.
Audioscript 289
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Track 23 Customer: Oh, I see. Well, I think we’ll go for the morning
1. … so, with that in mind, priority will be given to our two flight on Mother’s Day please, for two.
innovation and design teams … Business owner: OK great. However, I should mention that it
2. The first prototypes have already been produced on a small is not guaranteed we will be able to fly on that day.
scale … Customer: Oh! What do you mean? Why?
3. … although they are being tested right now and all the Business owner: Well, our flights are completely weather
problems won’t be worked out for another month. dependent. We need to think about the temperature of
4. A printed chocolates concept has been designed by our the air, which is why we don’t fly during the peak summer
research team. months. We also need to think about wind speed, visibility,
cloud cover and the chance of rain or storms.
5. Other food concepts have not been developed yet ...
Customer: Oh, I had no idea. So how do we know if the flight
is going ahead?
Unit 6
Track 24
Business owner: You can call us the night before and we’ll
have a good idea from the weather forecast whether we’ll be
able to fly in the morning.
Business owner: Good morning, Adventure Flights. Robert
Customer: OK and I suppose we can check the forecast
speaking, how can I help you?
ourselves too?
Customer: Good morning, Robert. I’m calling because I saw
Business owner: You can. It won’t tell you all the information
your ad about a special offer for Hot Air Balloon Rides on
you need to know, but if the forecast indicates that surface
Mother’s Day. Could you tell me what times you’re flying?
winds will be over 10mph, then we will definitely not be
Business owner: Sure. We have a morning flight and an
flying. If the forecast states that the weather will be ‘gusty,
evening flight. The morning flight is just after sunrise and the
breezy, windy or blustery’ it’s likely that the winds are too
evening flight is just before sunset.
strong for us to fly. Similarly, if the forecast says it will be
Customer: Oh right, don’t you have any flights during the day, ‘foggy, hazy or misty’, there’s a good chance we’ll have a
like at lunchtime? problem with visibility and we’ll have to cancel. And of
Business owner: No, I’m afraid not. And, you won’t find any course, if there’s any mention of rain or thunderstorms, we
companies that do because we’re not allowed to fly at any won’t be flying.
other times. Customer: But, if the surface wind is under 10 mph and
Customer: Oh, really? Why is that? there’s good visibility, we’ll be able to fly?
Business owner: There are a number of reasons. Firstly, we Business owner: No, not quite. We also need to think about
need light winds to fly, and the best chance of this is during wind speeds in the upper levels at 500, 1000 and 2000 feet
the first few hours after dawn and just before dusk, as winds above the ground. From this information, we’ll know if
decrease leading up to sunset. Also, as the day goes on, the there’s any chance of turbulence that might cause us difficulty
sun heats the ground which creates thermals in the cold air. in flight and landing.
Thermals are areas of warm air and hot air balloons rely on Customer: How could turbulence affect us in flight? Could it
cold air above ground so that they can fly. be dangerous?
Customer: Why do they need cold air to fly? Business owner: Well, yes. Turbulence which is caused by
Business owner: A hot air balloon is filled with air that thermals or sudden higher wind speeds in flight can cause
is heated by its propane burner, so that the air inside the the balloon to go off course. Also, it can cause problems in
balloon is hotter than the air outside. Hot air is lighter than landing.
cold air, which makes the balloon move up into the sky. Customer: Oh dear, how so?
When the balloon hits a thermal, it can affect its flight, which
Business owner: A hot air balloon has no brakes so the pilot
is not safe.
has to try to get the balloon to stop by dragging its basket
290 Audioscript
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on the ground. And, remember that the balloon is over 100 day on the beach. All of a sudden we heard this gentle roar
feet high, so if there are pockets of stronger winds above the which seemed to be getting louder and louder. You know, like
ground, or thermals, the pilot may lose some control of the a motor racing car in the distance coming closer and closer.
balloon. Then we heard screams coming from the beach. I went out
Customer: Oh dear, what could happen if he loses control? on to the terrace and I couldn’t believe what I was looking
at. A wall of water at least 10 feet high was moving towards
Business owner: Well, while the pilot is trying to land the
the beach. It was like the biggest wave in the world. It was
balloon, the winds affecting the balloon above may mean that
moving very fast and getting bigger and bigger and heading
the basket drags along the ground for longer or may even tip
straight towards us. I grabbed my wife and children and we
over onto its side. Basically, it could be a bumpy landing. But
rushed to the stairs. We had to get to the roof before the
don’t worry, we check the weather forecast very carefully and
massive wave hit us. All the other guests had had the same
our pilots are very experienced.
idea but nobody panicked. Before long everyone reached the
Customer: OK, thanks for explaining all that, Robert. I think
relative safety of the roof. The water was rushing through the
I’ll go ahead and book for Mother’s Day and keep an eye on
streets up to the third storey of our hotel. It was destroying
the weather!
anything in its way – cars, buses, buildings. The noise was
Business owner: OK great, I just need a few details … deafening. And then it suddenly went quiet. The sight was
incredible – it was like a war zone. The village had been
Track 25 completely demolished. Dead bodies and animals were
We’d been in the Alps for one week when the blizzard hit on floating past us – it was awful. I still have nightmares about
30th January. The skiing up to then had been OK but it had it. We had no food or drinking water and all the mobile
been quite warm. What we really wanted was to get off-piste networks were off. We had to figure out a way to
and into some really fresh powder snow. So that night when escape …
the blizzard came we were really looking forward to the next
morning so we could get our powder fix. As expected, the Track 27
next morning the skiing was awesome. Even though the risk When we woke up it was quiet – too quiet – and dark. I
was at code 4, which is high, we decided to give the top run looked at my watch and saw that it was 9 o’clock in the
a go. I went first. The top was one of the best powder runs morning. I got my torch and opened the tent. The world had
I’d ever experienced, with the deep snow making it hard to had the light sucked out of it. There must have been about
see. As I built up speed, I got some air and landed heavily. five inches of ash lying everywhere and it was still falling.
That’s where things started to go wrong. As I landed the
A couple of days earlier, my best friend and I had set out
snow started to slab and break away. Soon it felt as if the
on a 100 mile hike through what is known as the ‘Ring of
whole mountain was falling to pieces. I tried to ski as fast as
Fire’ on the Pacific coast. We had been told that there was a
I could to escape the wall of snow, but it was useless. I was
danger of eruptions but we were pretty sure we had taken all
completely engulfed by the snow. I looked up and watched
the necessary safety precautions and would be OK.
this enormous wall of snow completely envelop me. The
last thing I managed to do before I was totally buried was My friend was convinced that she had read somewhere that
to reach as high as I could with my right arm and ski pole. thr ash normally precedes an eruption of molten rock leading
I reckon this is what saved my life. All I remember was the to fast moving lava trails. We were terrified. We didn’t know
complete and eerie silence and wondering what it was like to if the ash was toxic but we had to get out of there … fast. We
die. I thought about everything I had achieved and hadn’t had no signal for the phones. which meant we had no GPS.
done in my life … We did a quick spot check of our equipment – spare clothes,
maps, compass, water, torches – and left the tent. It was like
entering another world …
Track 26
We were staying in this really picturesque beach village on
Track 28
the island. We’d booked a ground floor apartment in a four-
storey hotel. It was paradise. I remember that we had just Good morning, this is the weather forecast for Wednesday:
eaten our breakfast and were getting ready for another lazy
Audioscript 291
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There is a large area of low pressure moving towards the boats as this is a good time of year for the fishermen to get
UAE from the east, which will reach the east coast of good catches. Hopefully, the conditions are not likely to be as
Fujairah and Ras Al Khaimah early on Wednesday morning. extreme as predicted.
There will be fog in the morning across the northern Emirates Captain: We can discuss these issues after this general
due to the drop in temperatures. Fujairah and Ras Al meeting.
Khaimah will be hit first with the strong winds brought in by Chair: Ok, we look forward to receiving your report on that.
the low pressure system and, once the moisture-laden clouds Let’s move on to the roads. Ms. Sameera Al Harthi is here
begin to cross land and rise over the mountainous areas, it from the Roads and Transport Authority.
will begin to rain heavily. Ms Sameera: Good morning, everyone. RTA will be
The low pressure system will continue to travel westwards coordinating with the local media to warn motorists of
towards Sharjah and Dubai, bringing further rain, blustery the conditions and to encourage them to drive slowly and
conditions and even a chance of thunderstorms and hail. carefully. Also, we will send alerts about any flooded routes
There will be strong winds with gusts of up to to 50 kph so drivers can use alternative ones.
onshore resulting in decreased visibility due to blown sand Mariam: These are good measures, but I’d like to say
and dust. However, the north-westerly winds will be stronger something.
offshore with speeds of about 65 kph, leading to waves as Chair: For those of you who are not aware, this is Mariam Al
high as 4.5 metres in the Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of Khaja, our Media Correspondent. What would you like to
Oman. say Mariam?
Mariam: Good morning. I agree that media outlets such as
Track 29 radio and TV broadcasts should be used to warn motorists,
Chair: Good morning, everyone. Thank you for coming. As however, we could also identify areas that have a risk of
you all know, this is an emergency response meeting about flooding before it starts raining.
the severe weather conditions expected to hit the UAE this Ms Sameera: Of course the RTA has records of where flash
Wednesday. I trust everyone has seen the weather forecast floods have taken place before and where large puddles have
and the weather warnings for Wednesday. disrupted traffic, but we can’t predict where rain will fall. We
Thank you, thank you. We have brought together a number may send resources to the wrong areas and then cause further
of agencies to discuss our action plan. delays for commuters and motorists.
As we know, there is a marine alert for Wednesday. Lt Col Theyab: I partly agree with you Sameera, but I
think Mariam has a very good point. Good morning, I’m
OK, OK, thank you, so a good place to start is with the
Lieutenant Colonel Theyab Al Falahi, the deputy director
ports. We have Captain Rashed Al Yammahi from the UAE
of the RTA control room in Dubai. Now, the last time we
Coast Guard here today. What will you do in response to the
had severe weather conditions like these, the control room
weather forecast for Wednesday, Captain Rashed?
received over 3,000 phone calls and in excess of 250 reports
Captain: Firstly, we will use restricted visibility measures in of road accidents. [Gasps / surprise / chatter.] We need to try
response to the fog warning. This means that large sea craft and prevent this from happening again.
must have operational radar to navigate into the port. If they
Ms Sameera: Of course.
do not, they must anchor at a safe distance until visibility
improves. Secondly, we will issue a small craft advisory for Lt Col Theyab: So, I think we should go to those areas
the predicted rough sea state. Larger craft will be able to we know are likely to be a problem, before they become a
navigate the waves, but not the smaller craft. problem. We know that certain main roads are very likely
to flood, causing traffic accidents and blocking the flow of
Mr Ali: Could I come in here?
traffic. Pumps and tankers need to be sent out to these areas
Chair: Yes, of course. This is Mr. Ali Al Qubaisi from to clear waterlogged roads for the safety of road users.
Fujairah port authority. Do you agree to these measures Mr
Chair: What’s your response to this Ms. Sameera?
Ali?
Ms Sameera: I think Lt Col Theyab and I need to discuss
Mr Ali: Of course, we will always work in line with the Coast
this matter further with details of what resources we have
Guard. However, it is unfortunate for the smaller fishing
292 Audioscript
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available and the areas that we think are going to be a number of phone calls and incidents on the roads thanks to
problem. their preventative actions and the care taken by motorists.
Chair: OK. We haven’t looked at the possibility of school However, events like these make us question: Is this extreme
closures yet. Dr. Hind Al Blooshi from the Ministry of weather likely to occur more often in the future? Flooding
Education is here to discuss this with us. Dr. Hind, in light of and drought in other countries has already become more
what you’ve heard so far, what is the Ministry likely to do? frequent in recent years. And, while they are both naturally
Dr Hind: Good morning. The predictions of early fog, strong occurring events, many scientists expect there to be more of
winds and heavy rain in the morning, with a further chance each in the years to come.
of storms, is concerning. I think the Ministry is very likely But, what could happen to the UAE?
to take the decision to close the schools. However, whether It’s a question that researchers have begun trying to answer.
that will be for the whole day or for half the day, is not yet The UAE is already one of the most water stressed countries
decided. in the world. However, several studies have shown that with
Ms Sameera: Excuse me but I’m not sure I agree with this climate change, the UAE, and the Middle East as a whole,
decision. It could cause a problem for the RTA. could suffer from severe water shortages, droughts, floods,
Chair: Yes, Ms. Sameera, can you explain why you disagree? desertification and coral reef bleaching.
Ms Sameera: The last time we had such severe weather There are many likely outcomes of climate change for the
conditions, schools were closed early. However, this meant UAE, but is there anything we can do to stop it?
that parents were in their cars trying to get to schools
through waterlogged roads and adding to the traffic chaos. I

Unit 7
Track 31
think it’s better if the schools make the decision not to open
Abdulla: Hello, Dubai Homes. Abdulla speaking, how can I
at all and avoid this problem. Heavy rain is coming and many
help you?
roads are likely to flood.
Fahad: Good morning, Abdulla. My name’s Fahad, I’m
Dr Hind: I understand your concern Ms. Sameera.
calling about your ad. I understand you can help me find a
However, if we close the schools and the weather isn’t as
new home?
bad as predicted, students will lose a whole day of learning
unnecessarily. I think this needs to be discussed further. Abdulla: Yes, that’s right. Are you looking to buy or rent?
Chair: Thank you, Dr Hind. I’m sure we all look forward Fahad: I’m looking to rent.
to hearing from you regarding the action the Ministry of Abdulla: OK and what kind of home are you looking for?
Education will take. Also, a detailed plan from the RTA Fahad: Well, we’re looking for a villa, with at least three
regarding their response would be appreciated. We will meet bedrooms, in Mirdif, for about 110,000 dirhams a year. We’d
again tomorrow to discuss the outcomes of these points. like a pool and some outside space for the kids.
Meeting adjourned.
Abdulla: OK great, we have lots of properties on our books
that I think would suit your needs. Let’s meet this afternoon
Track 30 and take a look at some.
Yesterday saw widespread chaos across the Emirates thanks Fahad: Sure. See you then.
to the extreme weather that hit our shores. Fog caused Abdulla: So this is our first property that I’m really excited
issues for many commuters early on Wednesday morning as to show you. I’m sure you’re going to love it. It’s just come
people tried to get to work and school. This was followed on the market and I think it’s going to be snapped up. It’s
by torrential downpours and blustery conditions, causing a four-bedroom property, with a stunning finish inside and
further delays for motorists with many areas experiencing out, great square footage, plenty of outside space and a
flash flooding and reduced visibility from strong winds communal pool.
carrying dust. There was a good response by the Roads and
Fahad: Great! Wow! This is amazing.
Transport Authority, who were on hand in the worst hit areas
with pumps and tankers to clear the waterlogged areas and Abdulla: I’m sure you can imagine yourself sitting here
help motorists on their way. The RTA has reported a reduced looking out of the window watching your children playing in
Audioscript 293
Audioscript
that beautiful garden. Track 32

Fahad: Yes, they would love it. Does the garden furniture Fujairah Observer: In 1988, a young Fujairah school boy was
come with the property? inspired by a popular children’s magazine to start collecting
Abdulla: I’m afraid not, but I think you could get something stamps and coins and 23 years later, Saif Mowailah Al-
similar for a good price at the garden centre. Yamahi, a Sergeant with Fujairah Police is as enthusiastic as
ever about his now considerable currency collection worth an
Fahad: OK. So, what’s the rental price for this villa?
estimated Dhs3.7 million.
Abdulla: The rental is 140,000 dirhams for the year, but the
He has amassed more than 16,000 coins and paper currencies
landlord would accept payment in four cheques.
from all over the world and a collection that may represent
Fahad: Oh, that’s rather a lot over our budget. Do you think most, if not all, historic currencies used in this region
the landlord would consider a lower offer? covering periods from the Greeks to the establishment of the
Abdulla: What were you thinking? modern Gulf states. He has held a number of exhibitions and
Fahad: I was thinking closer to 120,000. plans a few more in the next couple of years under various
Abdulla: I think that would be a little low. I believe we could themes.
negotiate though if you were willing to push your budget up Saif sees his hobby as much more than a simple pastime or
a bit more. interest; he believes such hobbies can become a vehicle into
Fahad: I’m not sure we can push it much higher. self-improvement and education.
Abdulla: I’m sure you can see this as a great opportunity. In Saif Mowailah Al-Yamahi: As a child I used to subscribe
my experience, incredible properties like this, they don’t come to the children’s magazine ‘Majid’, and from my reading
up very often. and following some of the hobbies and interests they had I
was inspired to start collecting stamps, at first, because they
Fahad: Hmm, it is a beautiful house, but I just don’t know
had more colour and decorative features. Soon, however, I
how much further we can push our budget. It’s a lot bigger
switched to collecting coins and paper currencies and I soon
than I was looking for.
realised that it was not just a passing phase but something I
Abdulla: Yes, it is, but just think of the extra space you would had a real interest in. I found that I was not collecting stamps
have with your family if they moved in here. Wouldn’t it be and coins for their monetary value but was more interested in
great to have a bit more room for you and your family? their historic and archaeological worth.
Fahad: Yes, that is true, there is an extra bedroom and the Fujairah Observer: Where do collectors like yourself get your
living areas are large. Erm how about if we paid in fewer coins from?
cheques? Do you think the landlord would accept a lower
Saif Mowailah Al-Yamahi: There are various ways; through
offer then?
exchange with other collectors, friends travelling to foreign
Abdulla: It’s possible. If you offered 135,000 in one cheque, I countries, buying from antique markets, various exhibitions,
think he would be very likely to accept it. public auctions and the internet. Currency collecting can be
Fahad: That’s still a little high. How about 125,000 in one a very hard thing to do and, at times, I’m forced to travel to
cheque? other countries to buy and collect the currencies I want even
Abdulla: Hmm I think 130,000 would be more likely. though this costs a lot of money and effort.
Fahad: Add the garden furniture and you have a deal. Fujairah Observer: What currencies do you mostly collect?
Abdulla: I think he might take you up on your offer. I’ll check Saif Mowailah Al-Yamahi: I have a large monetary collection
with him and come back to you. from Asian countries due to the large Asian community
residing in the UAE, but I also have currencies from all
Fahad: Thank you, I hope he does.
over the world and, of course, a large collection of historic
value going back to the Greek and Roman periods. I also
specialise in currencies used by people who have ever lived in
this land, from the Greek period, right through the Islamic
294 Audioscript
Audioscript
and Ottoman periods, up until the period of British rule, 3. I hope the relevant cultural authorities and institutes will
when the Indian rupee was used. The Indian rupee was the take more interest in this …
last foreign currency used before local emirates began issuing 4. I might establish a permanent exhibition in my own home
their own independent currencies as a precursor for the …
UAE’s current currency.
Fujairah Observer: What are some of the oldest and oddest Track 34
coins or paper currencies you have?
John: You know my confidence in banks is really low at the
Saif Mowailah Al-Yamahi: I have Chinese coins from moment. They seem to make more and more money, and
420 BCE, a coin from Alexander the Great dating back to don’t do anything useful like give to charity or help
330 BCE, coins from the Kushan Empire dating back to relieve poverty.
200 BCE, and coins from the Greek, Roman and Islamic
Salem: So are you saying that you would prefer to keep all
periods, among others. Perhaps the most peculiar currency
your money at home?
I have is the ‘Taweylat Al-Hassa” or “Larin” which are bent
bars of gold, silver and copper used as currency in the Gulf John: No, I’m not saying that, but banks are not always run
region in the 17th and 18th centuries. The highest single very well. Just remember what happened with the global
denomination I have is a banknote of 50 billion from the financial crash. People around the world lost their homes
former Yugoslavia. and jobs – in my opinion the banks caused that because those
Fujairah Observer: You have collected all the currencies used who run the banks don’t have any principles.
in this land that currently constitutes the UAE; can you tell Salem: In other words, you don’t trust them.
us what they are? John: That’s right, I have no faith in banks.
Saif Mowailah Al-Yamahi: The oldest currency is the Greek Salem: What about ethical banking? What’s your impression
drachmas, then comes the Islamic dirhams and dinars, the of that?
Maria Theresa Thaler, A.K.A Austrian riyal, Ottoman riyal,
John: To be honest I have no knowledge of that. How does it
Burgashia paisa (named after a Sultan of Oman & Zanzibar),
work?
Indian rupee (consisting of seven variants) and the Qatar and
Dubai riyal. There were also a number of commemorative Salem: Well, ethical banking is when banks invest in
coinage issues by separate emirates such as Fujairah. organisations, businesses or people who have a positive
effect on society or the environment. It is also about offering
Fujairah Observer: What are your aspirations for yourself and
products that don’t cause any harm.
your hobby?
John: I’m not sure I understand what you’re saying …
Saif Mowailah Al-Yamahi: I hope the relevant cultural
authorities and institutes will take more interest in this hobby Salem: Well, take Islamic banking as an example. They can’t
and help spread it more by including it in cultural events. I charge interest on loans, so they don’t make lots of money
also hope the education authorities can encourage students off people who are struggling. Also, they don’t invest your
to take up such hobbies instead of wasting their time on money in certain types of business – that’s not allowed. They
video games. As for myself, I’m now in the process of re- have to comply with Sharia law.
archiving my whole collection in a professional way and I John: So how do they make money then?
might establish a permanent exhibition in my own home to Salem: They offer the same kinds of products as normal
increase interest in this hobby and make it more accessible. or conventional banks but they charge you for that service
instead of charging interest. If you want to start a business
Track 33 and use an Islamic bank they’ll share in the profit or loss that
you make. This is all agreed before starting the business or
1. … and a collection that may represent most, if not all,
taking the loan.
historic currencies used in this region …
John: Wow that’s a lot of information I need to think about.
2. … he believes such hobbies can become a vehicle into self-
But what about my wealth? What would they do with my
improvement and education.
money if I saved with them?
Audioscript 295
Audioscript
Salem: Well, as I said, they only invest in companies or etc. is the same for any loan and this cost is usually
products that comply with Islamic principles. Also, Islamic transferred to the customer. Therefore, poor people end up
banks have to invest in fixed assets like buildings. That’s why paying more for a loan than rich people and that makes
they’re more stable. things worse rather than better. It is for this reason that we
should have no faith in microfinance.
Track 35 Nour: Wow that was great.
Nour: OK, are you ready to practice for our debate?
Thurya: Yep, let’s go. You’re Speaker 1, so you start.
Nour: OK, how long do I have to speak for again?
Thurya: Remember the teacher said Speaker 1 has to
introduce the topic and give some information, so describe
what we’re going to talk about and then give your first
argument. So probably two minutes … Are you ready?
Nour: Yes. Good afternoon everybody. Today we are
debating microfinancing. Let me first describe what that is so
everybody understands. Microfinance is the process of giving
loans, saving opportunities and money transfer options to
people who would not normally have access to banking
facilities. It has been described as a way to help people out of
poverty. Our debate today is on whether or not microfinance
has a positive effect on poor people’s lives. My team mates
and I are arguing that microfinance does indeed help lift
people out of poverty.
Let me give you an example. If there’s someone who doesn’t
have a bank account they will not normally be given a loan.
So if they want to set up a small business they will not be
able to and, therefore, will remain in poverty. If, on the other
hand, they have access to microfinance, they will get that
loan and develop their business and they and their family will
be better off. This in turn can lead to the creation of more
businesses in the community.
Common sense would suggest that the more small businesses
there are, the better the whole economy will be, and this in
turn will generate wealth.
Thurya: Well done. You gave a great intro and you delivered it
with confidence. Now it’s my turn for the counter argument.
Are you ready?
Nour: Yes, off you go.
Thurya: Experts say that in fact there is no evidence that
microfinance helps lift people out of poverty. This is because
the cost of giving a small loan is the same as giving a large
loan, so the impression that it is ethical is wrong. For
instance, the administration cost of doing all the paperwork
296 Audioscript
Acknowledgements
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reprinting.
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Cover label guide
Cycle 03 Color
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Grade
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shaded to represent the
09
volume of Course book Activity Lab Manual (Science)
Number 9 Shows grade

level Teacher Guide
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2023-2024

This book sets out to:

Cover image: © Hussain Alhosani Alhodariyat Bridge, UAE

1444 - 1445 A.H. / 2023 - 2024 A.D.

The Ministry of Education has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of

Unit 7 Money and Listening: Compound or complex Lexis Notes – arguments

Lesson Title Reading Objective Literature Focus

Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens

Term 2 Chapters of Study

Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe (p.240-283)

Artwork competition winner:

Lessons 1–2 Meet an entrepreneur

3 21 Listen to the discussion between two people Listening strategy

give up come up with figure out take on set up

a It didn’t take me long to an idea for my project.

Speaking Speaking tip

Lessons 3–4 A nation’s entrepreneurial vision

Read the following statements about Reading

Lessons 5–6 Innovation

2 22 Listen again and decide if the questions are

What do you What will you

How does it Why will it be

Lessons 7–8 Start-ups

even though Whereas So Provided that Unless Because

2 Read the presentation again and answer the Speaking tip

As a final point We are two Grade 12 students from We think it will be

We hope that we can make a

We would like to We have described our start-

Lessons 9–10 Brand you

3 Look at the responses that Hassan received.

Lessons 11–12 Teenage business men and women

‘Whenever a neighbour was having a dinner party,

So how did Majed cope with the increasing

my friends were busy

I was out trying to

Artwork competition winner:

Lessons 1–2 Hot air ballooning

Times of flights Weather conditions

Go Up, Up and Away

turbulence winds blustery dusk flight cloud hot

Robert says that …

Lessons 3–4 Countries and their Weather

A Month Average Average B Area: 105,000 km2

Lessons 5–6 Natural disasters

blizzard off-piste powder run be engulfed buried

2 How do you think he escaped?

picturesque village gentle roar screams wall of water massive wave

4 How do you think they escaped?

toxic ash eruptions molten rock lava

6 How do you think she escaped?

Language focus Use of English

Lessons 7–8 Rainy days WEATHER WARNINGS

begin to cross land and rise over the mountainous

Listen and check your predictions.

Is it likely to What can the

Could it affect How could it

Lessons 9–10 Weather forecasts and local weather

Your weather for Wednesday Mostly sunny weekend

High winds expected