Hypothesis Testing

Hypothesis in statistics is an assumption regarding a population parameter.
(Guess, conjecture, theory, notion, perception)

The null hypothesis is a characteristic arithmetic theory suggesting that no statistical relationship and significance exists in a set of given, single,
observed variables between two sets of observed data and measured phenomena.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/null hypothesis#:~:text=The%20null%20hypothesis%20is%20a%20characteristic%20arithmetic%20theory%20suggesting%20that,observed%20data%20and%20measured%20phenomena.
In other words, the null hypothesis (i.e., that there is no effect) is assumed to be true until the sample provides enough evidence to reject it. Null
hypotheses often include phrases such as “no effect”, “no difference”, or “no relationship”.May 6, 2022
https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/null-and-alternative-hypotheses/#:~:text=In%20other%20words%2C%20the%20null,%E2%80%9D%20or%20%E2%80%9Cno%20relationship.%E2%80%9D
1) A manufacturer of car tires wants to test whether their machine still produces car tires with a mean diameter of 16 inches.
H0: μ = 16 inches (The machine produces a car tire with a mean diameter of 16 inches)
Ha: μ ≠ 16 inches (The machine does not produce a car tire with a mean diameter of 16 inches)
2) A company produces a snack product claiming that the snack pack has a mean weight of 15 grams. Consumers would not buy item with less than the
advertised weight.
H0: μ = 15 grams or ( μ ≤ 15)
Ha: μ>¿ 15 grams (The snack pack does not have a mean weight of 15 grams or less)
3) An airline company claims that the percentage of delayed flights do not exceed to 28% of the total flights. Passengers would be unhappy if the
percentage of delayed flights is greater than what the airline claims.
H0: p = 0.28 or ( p ≤0.28)
Ha: p¿ 0.28 (The percentage of delayed flights is greater than 28%)
4) A manufacturer of canned tuna claims that each can has an average weight of 150 g. Consumers would not patronage if the content is less than 150
g.
H0: μ = 150 or ( μ ≤150)
Ha: μ>¿ 150 (The average weight is 150 g or more)
5) A librarian suspected that the weekly average number of students who entered the library is 450. The librarian would like to enhance the library
program if the students who enter the library is less than 450.
H0: μ = 450 or ( μ ≤ 450)
Ha: μ>¿ 450 (The average number of students who entered the library is greater than 450)
6) According to a drug manufacturer, the potency of a new antibiotic is said to be 90% of the patient will be cured.
H0: The proportion of patients cured by the new antibiotic is 90%. p = 0.90
Ha: The proportion of patients cured by the new antibiotic is not 90%. (Nondirectional) p ≠ 0.90
7) The average power consumption of a certain Barangay is 5,000 kW. Can the support of solar panel system help reduce the power consumption of the
Barangay?
H0: The average power consumption of a certain Barangay is 5,000 kW. μ = 5,000
Ha: The average power consumption of a certain barangay is lower than 5,000 kW. (Directional). μ ¿ 5,000
8) The variability of a water bottling machine is 0.4 mL. The company wants to determine if the machine needs adjustment if the variance of the volume
dispensed is greater than 0.4 mL.
H0: σ 2 ¿0.4 or σ 2 ≤0.4
Ha: σ 2 ¿ 0.4 (Directional)
A z-test compares a sample to a defined population and is typically used for dealing with problems relating to large samples (n > 30).
z-tests can also be helpful when we want to test a hypothesis. Generally, they are most useful when the standard deviation is known. Aug 11, 2021
https://study.com/academy/lesson/z-test-t-test-similarities-differences.html#:~:text=A%20z%2Dtest%20compares%20a,the%20standard%20deviation%20is%20known.
Testing the claims about the population mean with known population variance or standard deviation. (n > 30 population)
x = sample mean μ0 = Hypothesized pop. mean σ = population SD n = sample size
x−μ0
z = z – value (critical region) = z= σ
√n
α
For α (alpha) level of significance: 95% level of confidence α = 0.05 = 0.025
2
Critical Values:
One – Tailed = ±1.65 (Directional use α = 0.05)
α
Two – Tailed = ±1.96 (Nondirectional use = 0.025)
2
1) An automobile engineers claims a new car model gets mean of 15 km/L mileage and a standard deviation of 2.5 km/L from the 35 sample cars. The
car company claims that the gas mileage is 16 km/L. Test if the claim is valid at 5% level of significant.
Solution: H0: μ = 16 km/L Ha: μ ≠ 16 km/L (Nondirectional)
Step 1) Formulation of Hypotheses:
H0: The car has an average gas mileage of 16 km/L. H0: μ = 16
Ha: The car average gas mileage is significantly different from 16 km/L. Ha: μ ≠ 16 (Nondirectional)
Step 2) Level of significant: (Alpha Level) α = 05. Since Ha is nondirectional, n ¿ 30, two-tailed z-test is appropriate.
Given: x = 15 km/L SD = 2.5 km/L n = 35 cars μ0 = 16 km/L
x−μ0 15−16
Step 3) Compute the z – value: (z – Computed). z = σ = 2.5 = -2.37
√n √35
Step 4) Critical Region: α = z=
± 0.025 ± 1.96
2
a) -z ¿ critical region, reject the null hypothesis.

(Less than). (Reject H0)
b) -z ¿ critical region, fail to reject the null
hypothesis. (Greater than). (Accept H0)
c) +z ¿ critical region, fail to reject H0. (Accept
H0)
d) +z ¿ critical region, reject H0.
Step 5) Decision:
a) z ¿−2.37 ←1.96 Reject H0: μ = 16 km/L
The car average gas mileage is significantly different from 16 km/L. Ha: μ ≠ 16
Therefore, the claim of the car company is not valid.

Hypothesis Testing

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Hypothesis in statistics is an assumption regarding a population parameter.

(Guess, conjecture, theory, notion, perception)

a) -z ¿ critical region, reject the null hypothesis.

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