1.

Doing Philosophy

By now, you have already defined what

Philosophy is, and you have seen that it is
not confined within the four corners of the
classroom, nor the four edges of the
textbook, but it speaks and points to your
As a Senior High School student
whole life experiences – everyday life.
living in the 21st century, what does the world Isn’t philosophy exciting!
mean to you? Is it a world of fun and laughter
with friends or a world of work and struggle to
meet everyday needs? Is it a gadget-filled world
inside your room or a world of studies and serious stuff? With many things that concern
you these days, from basic necessities you have to meet to some wants you hope to
pursue, it is so often that you find yourself taking everything as it is, you seldom look back
on what you have experienced, or how your day went through, what made you choose
the choices you made, and why you have what you have right now instead of what others
possess. The way you live your life is the very same way you look at the world. Look
again. Through your eyes, you have seen the world. Through your thoughts, you have
known the world, and the world has been opened before you.
Reflection is an activity you have to constantly perform to determine how you are
doing in this life and how this life becomes meaningful to you. It gives your ideas – of
what is and what is not. Ideas that prompts you to choose an action and perform – to do
and undo. Choices and actions that eventually define who and what you are. Your whole
life and the world require reflection. So look again within yourself, assess yourself, move
forward, improve, develop, flourish until you become who and what you hope to be. Your
everyday encounter with the world and everything in it need not only be a passing
experience but a learning experience. Reflection is a process you have to make every
day.

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. identify the elements/process of a philosophical reflection, and

2. do a philosophical reflection on a concrete situation from a holistic perspective
(PPT11/12-Ic-1.4)
 Excited to do a philosophical reflection on
the concrete situation from a holistic
‘Bring it on!’ C’mon, try yourself perspective? Open up yourself, mind, and
with these two tasks. heart, to this experience!

Task 1. Donita’s story.

Directions: Donita is a Senior High learner from Mataas na Paaralan ng Mababang
Gulod. As a learner like you, she has her share of experiences. Below is a brief event in
her high school life that sounds familiar to you. Complete her story by helping her think
and act by giving your answers to the questions. Ready your pen and paper and choose
the best answer. Write your answers on your paper.

1. On the examination day, the teacher distributed the learners’ exam papers. Donita,
looking inside her bag, found out that she left her ________.
a. newly bought fidget spinner toy at the toy shop
b. lunch box with fried egg and meatballs
c. black ballpen with her name on it
d. brown soccer shoes for the afternoon’s game

2. Knowing that she left at home that most important object during examinations, she
asked herself ________.
a. What should I do to be able to answer this exam?
b. What is the subject am I going take exam first?
c. What letter is the best answer on number six?
d. What should come first, the chicken or the egg?

3. Having asked herself the right question, she evaluated the situation, looked at her
best option and thought _________________.
a. I would borrow from a teacher or classmate.
b. I would just sit until the exam time is done.
c. I would go home and not take the exam.
d. I would have my break now.

4. She made the right choice. At last, she was able to take the exam, thankful for the
goodness and generosity of one of her classmates who lent her a ballpen. Her reflection
on the experience said __________.
a. It is not ok to skip questions.
b. It is always best to come to school prepared.
c. It is not good to be negligent of simple things.
d. It is ok to leave something because I have generous classmates.
5. Finally, she has come to the insight of the importance of preparedness so she made
this as her crystallized insight or principle ‘_____________’.
a. Anong pake mo sa buhay ko
b. Daig ng handa ang pabaya.
c. Di bale walang sagot basta di gutom
d. Mas masaya maglaro kaysa mag-aral

Whoa. That was fast! Thanks to you, Donita was able to finish the
exam right on. How do you feel being of help to Donita? Surely it
feels great to be of help to those in need. How do you feel about
yourself? It is liberating to share your perspective, that is, your view
of things and events in the world.

Task 2. Concept Check.

Directions: Donita’s story involved the core concepts used in philosophical reflection.
Now, see if you could identify the following important concepts. Ready your paper and
pen. Then, write the letter of your best choice in your paper.

a. Insight
b. Questioning
c. Evaluation
d. Reflection
e. Crystallization
1. What you know, think, or feel about a person, thing, or event as you experience them.
2. When you ask what is given to arrive at a desired answer however factual or
opinionated it may be.
3. You provide differing positions or answers to the given question and you give your
judgment to what is the most acceptable answer.
4. You look back at what you experienced, remembering how and why it happened,
noting your position as it happened, and owning it as your experience and no one else’s.
5. When your ideas and experience taken together becomes not only abstract or
conceptual or only in your mind but it becomes a solid or concrete part of you in your
everyday experience.

Oh boy/girl! This gets exciting. You

now have an understanding of the
Move further and try to apply the important concepts.
concepts in these statements, the third, and fourth
tasks. Let’s do this!
Task 3. Of Love and Friendship.
Directions: Your life is enriched by everyday experiences with family and friends,
persons who make your life meaningful. Read the series of statements below. Statements
1-5 are on love of parents, while statements 6-10 are on friendship. Choose from among
the concepts inside the box that corresponds to the statement. Write the answer in your
paper.
initial insight,
. questioning,
an evaluation of the arguments,
reflection on the experience,
or crystallization of new insight.

1. You love your parent/s ____________

2. You obey pieces of advice given by your parents. ____________
3. Loving parent/s sometimes means sacrifice. ____________
4. Obeying my parents’ advice requires sacrifice. ____________
5. How do you show your love to your parent/s? ____________
6. Friends should always be present. ____________
7. Some friends are absent during my birthday ____________
8. Sometimes I am not present but I am still his friend. ____________
9. It is not always necessary to be present to be friends. ____________
10. Is it needed to be always present in order to be friends? ____________

Great job! Was it because love and friendship is a

common experience, hmm? The next two stories
speak of Gelo and Flo respectively, and their
reflections on poverty and happiness. How did Gelo
Directions: Read the short story which and Flo reflect on these issues, and what were their
provides the condition or background of concretized ideas? Help them along the process.
experience. In your paper, write the letter
corresponding to the statements, arrange
the statements chronologically as he undergoes the process of philosophical reflection.

Task 4.1 Gelo and his friend (on poverty). Gelo lives in a big house at Everplay
Subdivision. His father owns the renowned Higos Construction Corporation and General
Service in the province and is also a known personality in the society. Gelo lives a well-
provided life, eats sumptuous delicious foods, has toys and gadgets he wants, and
attends an exclusive school only for the rich with a driver and bodyguard in tow. Tios na
Plus is the squatters’ area where Flo and his family live. Flo is Gelo’s best friend, whose
father is a hard-working labor worker at Higos Construction, who on top of that, also sells
balut/mani at night. They are like brothers. One afternoon on his way home after playing
with and visiting Flo’s house, he cannot help but think about being poor. These ideas
came across his mind. Like a seer, you are given the chance to peek inside his thoughts
and reflection. Arrange them according to what you think is the sequence of reflection.

Statements:
A. Some people are poor.
B. Why are these people poor?
C. Are they poor because they are lazy?
D. Laziness may not be the cause of poverty.
E. There are other factors aside from laziness that makes some people poor.
F. But my poor neighbor works at the construction site during the day and sells
balut/mani at night; hence, he is not lazy.

Answer: 1. _A_ 2. _____ 3. _____ 4. _____ 5. _____ 6. ______

Task 4.2 Flo and the gift (on happiness). Flo’s father, a laborer and street vendor at
the same time, bought him new basketball shoes twice the cost of his father’s shoes as
a birthday present to him on his 18th birthday. His father’s shoes were equivalent to three
day’s earning, and father had to save for a month before he was able to buy one. He was
so happy with the gift making his father equally or more than happy. While unboxing the
gift, he cannot help but think about the cost of the shoes and his father’s happiness. Below
are Flo’s reflections. Arrange them according to what you think is the sequence of
reflection.

Statements:
A. I feel happy.
B. Why am I happy?
C. Father bought the shoes out of his hard-earned salary.
D. Is it the new shoes gifted by my father or is it my father’s care/ love for me?
E. Happiness is not only in the material things I have but with the people I share
the things with.
Answer: 1. __A__ 2. _____ 3. _____ 4. _____ 5. _____

Love, friendship, poverty, and happiness! Aren’t they all

Now let us dig deeper too human experiences? Were they your experiences
and analyze further the process too? At some point, you had a friend, a loved one who
is not necessarily your friend, but romantically inclined
through the next two stories. to, had seen poor people, and been happy! What more?
You were able to have a glimpse of the philosophical
reflection process and tried to apply such.
Directions: Examine the two stories
below. In your paper, answer the
questions briefly with the first answer
that comes to your mind. Do not worry, some answers on this part are considered
relatively correct since they are your thoughts on the matter, while others may be
objectively right or wrong since they ask specific answers. Feel the experience.

Task 5. Story 1: Dogs be gone

Earl and Nani are best of friends, and they decided to join the Boy Scouts regional
camp. A certain portion of the big camping ground, one that is close to the village, was
assigned to their troop to patrol. It was their turn to patrol the area. While doing their
rounds, they chanced upon an angry dog, ready to bite them. Earl immediately ran as
fast as he could, being a good climber, he was able to immediately climbed the nearest
tree. Nani, on the other hand, was left alone, standing still, since he was too afraid to run,
and does not even know how to climb. Luckily, the owner of the dog was just nearby and
immediately pacified the dog.

1. What saved Earl from the dog’s teeth? What saved Nani?
2. What did you feel when Earl left Nani behind?
3. Would you appreciate it better if Earl stayed with Nani? Why?
4. Given Earl was too afraid to be bitten by the dog, do you respect his action?
5. If you were Earl, what would you have done?
6. Grounding on the story, what is friendship to you?

Story 2: Unquenchable Thirst

Kim, one day asked her best friend and confidant Eirene what she must do to pass her
failing subjects. She felt down and troubled considering that it is already the last semester
before they graduate. With full of concern and compassion, Eirene asked what happened.
Kim replied she did study and submitted the requirements, although there were times that
she turned them in late. Also, there were several occasions where she was not able to
attend classes. Eirene wants to be sure that Kim really desired to pass the subject, so
she asked her to have a 5-kilometer hike with her up a mountain. While they were hiking,
they talked about their hopes and dreams, especially what they want to achieve in life to
make society a better place to live. When they reached their destination, they were so
exhausted and Kim was so thirsty. Kim asked Eirene for water since she already
consumed her water along the way. Eirene seeing the opportunity to ask Kim about her
desire to pass the subjects and eventually graduate made it imperative to ask her how
much did she really want to pass. Kim answered ‘Yes!’ Eirene said, “Your desire to pass
the subject should be like your desire for water when you feel very thirsty and dehydrated.
It is as if your whole life depends on it.”

1. Who are the characters in the story?

2. What is Kim’s problem?
3. What are the reasons why Kim is failing the subject/s?
4. Do you appreciate Eirene’s method of getting Kim’s commitment?
5. If you were Kim, will you treasure Eirene’s care and concern?
 With the stories and questions you
have been through, you must have had
To do a philosophical
a fair share and taste of doing a
reflection from a holistic perspective, it involves not philosophical reflection.
only the process but also the person in the process.
Take a look at this diagram:

human person
initial insight

crystallization questioning
EXPERIENCES New EXPERIENCES/
NEW understanding

reflection evaluation

From our experiences as a human person, we apply the process of philosophical

reflection, then new experiences and understanding of the experiences emerge. Let us
deepen your understanding of the process.

The process of doing a philosophical reflection begins with an initial insight,

proceeds with questioning, then evaluation of the arguments, followed by reflection on
the experience, and finally, crystallization of the resulting insight makes the experience
holistic.
initial insight
Initial insight refers to your knowledge and feeling
of people, things, and events in your experiences. They are
the immediate ideas or immediate datum of experience.
crystallization questioning
Max Scheler considers this insight of the thing as not
complete and assumes merely a partial insight into the
thing itself. Usually, they come as natural occurrences in
reflection evaluation your daily life, and because they are too ordinary, you
sometimes disregard or seldom think about them. What
does that mean? Everything you experience in your everyday ordinary life gives you your
initial insight. These may be the things you have with you like your pen and uniform;
persons you come in contact with like parents, friends, and classmates; feelings of love,
happiness, or fear; events like failing the subject, face to face with an angry dog, mountain
hiking. These are only some of the data of your immediate experiences that form your
initial insight.
 Questioning happens when you start to ask what
is given in your immediate experience to arrive at the
desired answer, however factual or opinionated it may be.
Your ordinary insight deepens when you question or
when others question what you have experienced. It
leads you both inwards, telling you who you are and your
condition in the world, and outwards, what is not you, that
is the world outside of you, including people and things.
Questioning suggests reason and purpose as to why you
do things, especially repetitive ones. Pausing for a moment of questioning grants you the
privilege of owning the current condition, and it frees you from the limits of the experience
at hand.

Example: ‘Have you already eaten your breakfast ?’ affirms and recognizes your
presence (you) and your condition (eaten already), also pointing and leading towards
outside you (what you would have eaten or about to eat).

‘Why am I born like this and what is the purpose of my life?’ may not be answered
outrightly, as it invites more questioning until it satisfies the questioner’s desire to know.
If you cannot find the answer within you, you start to look outwards, that is towards the
world and whatever it offers you. Everything is opened before you. Hence, you are freed
from what is narrowly confining you before. Asking questions initiates you to think, and if
philosophy is thinking, then you start philosophizing.

Looking at your previous tasks, you'll find the questions ‘Why are these people
poor?, ‘Why am I happy? Why did Earl ran and climbed, leaving Nani behind? invite you
to think again about your initial insight.

initial insight
Evaluating the argument means looking at differing
positions or answers to the given question as you give your
judgment as to what the most acceptable answer is.
crystallization questioning
Argument refers to the answers or statements you give as
an answer to a question. It may take more than one
statement as you seek to justify or reason out why it is your
reflection evaluation
answer.

Example: “Why do some students fail in class?” Answers may be: ‘The students
are lazy, and they do not give enough effort in their studies.’; ‘The subject is very difficult
to understand.’; The teacher is boring and does not explain the subject matter well
enough.’' ‘The classroom is too dark, crampy, and hot.’ The answers may never end. So
what you do is look at the answers, analyze, and evaluate which one is justifiable,
acceptable, and true. The answer you have accepted may not be the final answer as you
may still question it further, and have more answers.
 Looking at one of our stories on poverty, it tells us that laziness may not be the
cause of poverty as Gelo sees the diligence and industriousness of his friend’s father.
Likewise, Flo’s happiness may have come from the efforts given by his father as the gift
was bought out of his hard-earned salary.

Some answers given are outrightly correct and true, while others are maybe out of
boredom or indifference, may be wrong and untrue. Say when you ask your friend who
looks gloomy and sad ‘Are you sad?’ but you get a ‘No!’ for an answer. It seems
unbelievable to you, so you proceed to evaluate the answer given. If the given answers
do not need further justification or explanation, or if you are the one answering the
question, you pause yourself, and you find yourself convincing enough to give a nod of
approval; or if it is not the case, you shake your head in disapproval. Some questions,
however, may not be satisfied with a single answer, so you continue to ask further until
you arrive at an answer sufficient enough for you to agree with.

Reflecting on your experiences means that you have to

initial insight
look back on what you have experienced, remembering
how and why it happened, noting your position as it
crystallization questioning happened, and owning it as your experience and no one
else’s. Dewey (1916) sees reflection not only on what but
also on how the experience is. Reflection makes your
reflection evaluation experiences rich and meaningful. Gelo’s experience of him
being rich with material things and his friend Flo’s wants
despite his father’s industriousness makes him reflect on his notion of poverty. Laziness
might not be the cause of one’s poverty because other factors make one poor. Earl’s
action, when confronted by a threat, invites you to reflect on what you value more.

As an additional note on reflection, Gabriel Marcel speaks of two kinds of reflection,

primary and secondary. The primary reflection looks at the experiences objectively,
detached from oneself as science does. Sciences take their object of study as a ‘case’
defined and described with their dimensions and specific characteristics. For example,
you are asked ‘Who is your friend?’, your response will turn to series of names that
immediately come before you, like ‘Tux’ ‘Jeson’ ‘Ome’ ‘Nani’ ‘Earl’ ‘Kim’ ‘Flo’. You may
also enumerate qualities, characteristics, actions that define your friendship like ‘tall, dark,
and never mind’; ‘intelligent and humble; ‘rich and powerful’; always present’; and others.
Primary reflection will then proceed with the details of friendship, answering the questions
when, where, how, and in what manner you were able to become friends. However, these
are only notes or concepts attached to your friendship. It is not enough. Secondary
reflection gathers the fragmented experience synthesizing it as one cohesive whole. This
friend of yours ceases to become just a name with the characteristics enumerated, but
one with whom you have that sacred bond of friendship with the totality of experience you
alone as friends had gone through makes you friend.
 initial insight
Crystallization of insight happens when your ideas and
experiences have taken together and have become not
just as an abstract or concept in your mind but as a solid
crystallization questioning
or concrete part of you in your everyday experiences. The
crystallized insight will become a part of another rich and
meaningful experience, similar to how Gelo finally
reflection evaluation
crystallized the insight that poverty is not only about works
and jobs; Flo realizing that happiness is not only in material
things; and that loving requires sacrifice and friendship and does not always require you
to be physically present.

After looking back at your experiences, you gained

another insight deeper than that of the first one. Thus, you
have an idea in your mind together with all your other
human person opinions and concrete experience in the here and now,
allowing them to meet through your questioning, finding the
relationships, reasons, and justifications for the experiences,
and your understanding of them. These summarize the
process of philosophical reflection.

What makes philosophical reflection holistic? The process is not the wholeness of
the philosophical reflection as it simply presents the process, a method. Devoid or
absence of the person doing the method makes it non-human or non-personal. It is the
person who makes the method human. Philosophical reflection, therefore, is an interplay
between the experience and method, considering all other circumstances related to it,
and most especially the person himself. Being the person who sees his everyday concrete
experiences holistically using this philosophical reflection gives a holistic view of your
experience, taking into consideration not only a partial view of everything considered. The
interplay between your ideas and experiences would not be enough if you would not
consider the larger picture to which these experiences belong. Experience does not
simply end as your experience is always dynamic. It constantly moves and changes. The
series of actions you perform is not just a random collection of unrelated actions but one
coherent whole. What seems to be doing the same thing every day invites you to see
them as always something new. It does not simply end, it continues to be experienced.
These would include all other related experiences that make your concrete experience
rich and meaningful. What we have now is the holistic process of philosophical reflection.

A little caveat, however, the truth of the common adage, ‘no one has the monopoly
of knowledge.’ This would ring so true to you and to everyone who hopes to philosophize
holistically. Yours is but one of many views from a plethora of point of views or
perspectives. Keep a humble heart even if you think you have the best point around. Like
the elephant in your first lesson, the reality is, you are but a ‘blind’ man touching a scratch
of the elephant. The more ‘touches’ considered, the more real the elephant becomes.
Continue touching and scratching reality. Happy philosophizing!

How about that? Somehow your glass

of knowledge is nearing to the full. But
wait, let us see how you do so far.

Have a short review of what has been discussed,

have them applied here.

Task 6. Picture perfect!

Directions: Take a look at the picture. You may think of it also as your experience. Write
your answers to the questions in your paper. You do not need to complete the five
insights, two may be enough as long as you finish the process.

What is shown in the picture? What is the picture about? List at most five things
you see/observe in the picture. (e.g. a boy washing dishes). These are your initial insights.

1. ___________________________________
2. ___________________________________
3. ___________________________________
4. ___________________________________
5. ___________________________________
 Now that you have your list of the things you have observed in the picture, make
a question for each observation (e.g. a boy is washing dishes. - Why is the boy washing
dishes?). This is the questioning process.

Observations: Questions:
1 1. ________________________________________
2 2. ________________________________________
3 3. ________________________________________
4 4. ________________________________________
5 5. ________________________________________

Take a second look at the picture. Probably the picture remains the same. Has
something changed in the way you look at the picture? Now, try to answer the question
you asked in the previous activity. (e.g. Why is the boy washing dishes instead of the girl?
– He wants to help his mother. He is kind-hearted. He wants to please his mother. He
was forced to wash dishes. He is a sissy.) Evaluate the arguments now.

Questions: Answers:
1 1. ________________________________________
2 2. ________________________________________
3 3. ________________________________________
4 4. ________________________________________
5 5. ________________________________________

Given your answers, try to reflect on the experiences shown taking into
consideration the bigger picture. You may still ask questions while reflecting on the
experience. (e.g. It feels good to be of help, mother washing the dishes, regardless of the
task. Should women be the only ones washing the dishes?)

Insight : Reflections:
1 1. ________________________________________
2 2. ________________________________________
3 3. ________________________________________
4 4. ________________________________________
5 5. ________________________________________

Have your initial insights now crystallized, making it concretely part of your
experience. (e.g. Washing dishes is not only the girls’ or sisters’ or mothers’ task. Works
and tasks are not always specific for boys or girls.)
 My crystallized insights:
1. ____________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________
4. ____________________________________________________
5. ____________________________________________________

Congratulations! You have undergone the process of doing your own philosophical
reflection. To draw it to a holistic perspective, answer the following questions:

a. Were you able to relate with the boy/girl/mother/father while you were
answering the questions and undergoing the process?
b. How do you feel being part of the story/event you are looking at?
c. Is the story just a story /event or your story/event?
d. From the activity made, what have you learned? Almost done with the
learning material! A little more push and you’re done.

Task 7. What do I ‘see’?

Directions: What do you see after an hour of
doing philosophical reflection?

I have seen that ____________________________________

______________________.

I have realized that __________________________________

_________________ _____.

This is it! The last part of the learning material!

Task 8. Ikaw at ako. Bagay tayo. Triple Matching Type.

Directions: Match the concepts described in Part A to their corresponding description of
philosophical reflection process found in Part B, and to their respective possible
application in Part C. Write your answers in your notebook.
A. Complete the word stating the elements of philosophical reflection process.
1. C _ Y S T _ _ L I Z A _ _ ON
2. I _ S _G _T
3. R E _ L _ _ T _ _ N
4. Q _ _ S _ _ O _ _N _
5. E _ A _ U _ _ _ O N

B. Identify the elements of the philosophical reflection process described:

a. It is taken from your ordinary everyday experience, known and felt.
b. It deepens initial insight leading to your desired answer.
c. Giving your judgement after weighing the benefits and disadvantages.
d. The primary and secondary way of looking at experiences.
e. Making the initial insight a concrete part of my experience.

C. Apply the process on the statements given.

i. This quiz is a triple matching type.
ii. Why am I doing this matching type?
iii. All activities may become learning activities.
iv. This is part of the module and I like to finish it to learn.
v. This matching type is my learning and enjoyable activity.

A B C
Example: 1 e iii.
______________ ______________ ______________
______________ ______________ ______________
______________ ______________ ______________
______________ ______________ ______________
______________ ______________ ______________

----the end----
Glossary

Terms you should remember:

Argument refers to the statements you give as an answer to a question. It may be series
of statements as a justification or reason for the answer.

Crystallization of insight concretizing the ideas and experience taken together not only
in your mind but making it a solid part of you in your everyday experience

Datum of experience are the individual perception of persons, things, events. Simply
stated, these comes from your senses. e.g. seen objects, heard sounds.

Insight refers to your knowledge and feeling of persons, things, and events in your
experience. It is arrived at by kind of looking inward into your thoughts regarding your
experience

Questioning is asking what is given, that is your immediate experience, in order to arrive
at a desired answer.

Reflection is looking back at what you experienced, remembering how and why it
happened, noting your own position as it happened, and owning it as your experience
and no one else’s.

Answer Key

Task 1. Donita’s story.

1. C
2. A
3. A
4. B
5. B

Task 2. Concept Check.

1. A
2. D
3. E
4. B
5. C

Task 3. Of Love and Friendship.

1. Insight
 2. Evaluation of the argument
3. Crystallization of the insight
4. Reflection
5. Questioning
6. Insight
7. Evaluation of the argument
8. Reflection
9. Crystallization of the insight
10. Questioning

Task 4.1 Gelo and his friend (on poverty).

1. A 2. B 3. C 4. F 5. D 6. E

Task 4.2 Flo and the gift (on happiness).

1. A 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. E

Task 5. Story 1: Dogs be gone

1 Earl - Running fast and climbing the tree; Nani – dog pacified by the owner
2-6 Answers may vary

Task 5. Story 2: Unquenchable Thirst

1. Kim and Eirene
2. Failing subjects
3. Late submission of requirements and absence in classes
4-5 Answers may vary

Task 6. Picture perfect!

Answers may vary

Task 7. What do I ‘see’?

Answers may vary

Task 8. Ikaw at ako. Bagay tayo

A B C
1 e _iii_
2 a _i_
3 d _v_
4 b _ii_
5 c _iv_
References

John Dewey.1916. Democracy and Education. New York: The Macmillan Company
Gabriel Marcel. 1950. The Mystery of Being. London: The Harvill Press Ltd.
Davis, Zachary and Steinbock, Anthony, "Max Scheler", The Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy (Spring 2019 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL =
<https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/scheler/>.

Prepared by:

GERRY A. BAJARO
Teacher II
Legazpi City Schools Division
Region V (Bicol)