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    The OSI Model Layers From Physical To Application

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    Nick Jara
    The document explains the seven layers of the OSI model, with each layer defining networking functions from the physical transmission of bits to high-level applications. It describes the functions of each layer, from the physical transmission of signals at layer 1 to protocols like TCP and HTTP that interact with user applications at layers 4 and 7.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    The OSI Model Layers From Physical To Application

    Uploaded by

    Nick Jara
    4 views6 pages
    The document explains the seven layers of the OSI model, with each layer defining networking functions from the physical transmission of bits to high-level applications. It describes the functions of each layer, from the physical transmission of signals at layer 1 to protocols like TCP and HTTP that interact with user applications at layers 4 and 7.

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    The OSI Model Layers from Physical to Application

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    The document explains the seven layers of the OSI model, with each layer defining networking functions from the physical transmission of bits to high-level applications. It describes the functions of each layer, from the physical transmission of signals at layer 1 to protocols like TCP and HTTP that interact with user applications at layers 4 and 7.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    4 views6 pages

    The OSI Model Layers From Physical To Application

    Uploaded by

    Nick Jara
    The document explains the seven layers of the OSI model, with each layer defining networking functions from the physical transmission of bits to high-level applications. It describes the functions of each layer, from the physical transmission of signals at layer 1 to protocols like TCP and HTTP that interact with user applications at layers 4 and 7.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 6

    TECH FOR HUMANS

    INTERNET, NETWORKING, & SECURITY > HOME NETWORKING 1,490

    The Layers of the OSI Model


    Illustrated
    Each layer explained
    By Bradley Mitchell Updated on December 25, 2020
    Reviewed by Jerrick Leger

    The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model defines a networking


    framework to implement protocols in layers, with control passed from
    one layer to the next. It is primarily used today as a teaching tool. It
    conceptually divides computer network architecture into 7 layers in a
    logical progression.
    The lower layers deal with electrical signals, chunks of binary data,
    and routing of these data across networks. Higher levels cover
    network requests and responses, representation of data, and network
    protocols, as seen from a user's point of view.

    The OSI model was originally conceived as a standard architecture for


    building network systems, and many popular network technologies
    today reflect the layered design of OSI.

    Physical Layer
    SKIP TO CONTENT
    At Layer 1, the Physical layer of the OSI model is responsible for the
    ultimate transmission of digital data bits from the Physical layer of the
    TECH FOR HUMANS
    sending (source) device over network communications media to the
    Physical layer of the receiving (destination) device.

    Examples of layer 1 technologies include Ethernet cables and hubs.


    Also, hubs and other repeaters are standard network devices that
    function at the Physical layer, as are cable connectors.
    At the Physical layer, data is transmitted using the type of signaling
    supported by the physical medium: electric voltages, radio
    frequencies, or pulses of infrared or ordinary light.

    Data Link Layer


    When obtaining data from the Physical layer, the Data Link layer
    checks for physical transmission errors and packages bits into data
    frames. The Data Link layer also manages physical addressing
    schemes such as MAC addresses for Ethernet networks, controlling
    access of network devices to the physical medium.

    SKIP TO CONTENT
    TECH FOR HUMANS

    Because the Data Link layer is the most complex layer in the OSI
    model, it is often divided into two parts: the Media Access Control
    sub-layer and the Logical Link Control sub-layer.

    Network Layer
    The Network layer adds the concept of routing above the Data Link
    layer. When data arrives at the Network layer, the source and
    destination addresses contained inside each frame are examined to
    determine if the data has reached its final destination. If the data has
    reached the final destination, layer 3 formats the data into packets
    delivered to the Transport layer. Otherwise, the Network layer updates
    the destination address and pushes the frame down to the lower
    layers.

    To support routing, the Network layer maintains logical addresses


    SKIP TO CONTENT
    such as IP addresses for devices on the network. The Network layer
    also manages the mapping between these logical addresses and
    physical addresses. In IPv4 networking, this mapping is accomplished
    TECH FOR HUMANS
    through the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP); IPv6 uses Neighbor
    Discovery Protocol (NDP).

    Transport Layer
    The Transport Layer delivers data across network connections. TCP
    (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol) are
    the most common examples of Transport Layer 4 network
    protocols. Different transport protocols may support a range of
    optional capabilities, including error recovery, flow control, and
    support for re-transmission.

    Session Layer
    The Session Layer manages the sequence and flow of events that
    initiate and tear down network connections. At layer 5, it is built to
    support multiple types of connections that can be created dynamically
    and run over individual networks.

    SKIP TO CONTENT
    TECH FOR HUMANS

    Presentation Layer
    The Presentation layer has the simplest function of any piece of the
    OSI model. At layer 6, it handles syntax processing of message data
    such as format conversions and encryption/decryption needed to
    support the Application layer above it.

    Application Layer
    The Application layer supplies network services to end-user
    applications. Network services are protocols that work with the user's
    data. For example, in a web browser application, the Application layer
    protocol HTTP packages the data needed to send and receive web
    page content. This layer 7 provides data to (and obtains data from)
    the Presentation layer.
    SKIP TO CONTENT
    TECH FOR HUMANS

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