ABOUT

INFRASTRUCTURE
WHAT IS
INFRASTRUCTURE
1) Earthwork
2) Road
3) Drainage (Stormwater Management)
4) Water Reticulation (External)
5) Sewerage Reticulation (External)
1. EARTHWORK

Earthwork is the process of moving a portion of

the earth's surface from one location to another.
Earth movement also includes transforming the
earth's material into a new desired shape and
physical condition.

Process of Earthwork:
a. Cut & Fill
b. ESCP
Before start Earthwork - involves collection of
available information relevant to the site.

Layout plans (master plan and building

layout)
Topographic/ Survey Maps
Geological maps and published literature on
existing geological conditions
Aerial photos
History of the site, eg,: mining activity,
dumping site, plantation and others
Geographical Information System
Soil information of nearby site
a. Cut & Fill
Cut and fill is an essential process in construction, especially when dealing with uneven ground or
topography. It involves cutting away the topsoil or unwanted earth material from a construction site
and using it to fill in low-lying areas or create embankments, slopes, and other features.

Earth that is brought

in is considered Fill
while earth that is
removed is considered
Cut. Generally,
designers generate
drawings called Cut
and Fill Diagrams,
which illustrate the cut
or fill present at any
given site.
b. ESCP (Erosion and Sediment Control Plan)
The ESCP site plan should be a simple illustration of the project site, showing key physical
features and the location of erosion and sediment control measures and all construction
operation measures such as entrance drives and construction yards.
To the extent possible, locally
required grading plans and/or erosion
control plans should be used in
preparing the ESCP.
The ESCP must be prepared before
construction begins, ideally during the
project planning and design phases.
Implementation of the ESCP begins
when construction begins, typically
before the initial clearing, grubbing
and grading operations since these
activities usually increase erosion
potential on the site
A. Hoarding
B. Temporary Access
C. Hump & Earth
Bund/ Bank
D. Hump & Earth
Bund/ Bank
E. Sediment Trap/
Sediment Basin
F. Temporary Earth
Drain/ Check Dam
G. Wash Trough
I. Erosion Control Cover
2. ROAD

Roads design guidelines take into account

speed, vehicle type, road grade (slope), view
obstructions, and stopping distance. In rural
areas, roads are divided into five categories,
namely, Expressway, Highway, Primary Road,
Secondary Road and Minor Road and in urban
areas, roads are divided into four categories,
namely, Expressway, Arterial, Collector and Local
Street.
Standard
Roads are designed in conjunction with design
guidelines and standards. These are adopted by
national and sub-national authorities (e.g.,
states, provinces, territories and municipalities).
Road Design
The design team must consider factors such as
traffic flow, safety, pavement structure, drainage,
geotechnical engineering, and environmental impact.
The design of roads and highways plays a critical
role in economic growth, social development, and
quality of life.
Structural road design aims to ensure the road is
strong enough for the expected number of vehicles
in a certain number of years.
Roads in Malaysia are classified into two broad
categories, namely Federal Roads and State Roads.
Federal roads are all roads declared under the
Federal Roads Ordinace (1959) and the major
interurban roads joining the state capitals and roads
leading to points of entry to and exit from the
country.
Road Layout
It is the design of any road taking into account the geometric shape that it will have as
regards the service it will provide, its physical dimensions and its relationship with the land.
Road Cross-Section
The cross section of a roadway is the view obtained in a section between the right-of-way
lines cut perpendicular to the direction of travel along the road. It includes features on the
traveled portion of the road used by vehicular traffic as well as on the roadside.
Road Details
The features of detail design of roads include lanes, sidewalks (pavement), roadways
(carriageways), medians, shoulders, verges, bike paths (cycle paths), and shared-use paths.
Sample:
Road Layout Plan
Sample:
Road Marking
Layout Plan
Sample:
Road Furniture
Layout Plan
Sample:
Typical Road
Cross Section
Sample:
Typical Road
Cross Section
(Part of building)
Sample:
Typical Road
Cross Section
and Details
Sample:
Kerb Details
Sample:
Kerb Details
Sample:
Kerb Details
Sample:
Kerb Details
Sample:
Typical Detail of
Road Marking
(Lane Indication
Arrows Detail)
Sample:
Typical Detail of
Road Marking
Sample:
Typical Detail of
Road Marking
Sample:
Typical Detail of
Road Signboard
Sample:
Typical Detail of
Road Signboard
3. DRAINAGE
(Stormwater Management)

Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of a

surface's water and sub-surface water from an
area with excess water. External drainage
systems work by drawing water away from your
building through a drain pipe that eventually
leads to a storm drain.
Standard
The Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia (DID)
released the Urban Stormwater Management Manual for
Malaysia (MSMA) in 2000 as a guideline to address long-
term national goals and priorities in ensuring that
sustainable urban drainage systems are properly used.

This Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia

(MSMA 2nd Edition) is an improved version of the. MSMA
1st Edition that provides planning and design guidance to
all those involved in the management of. stormwater.
Drainage Design
The Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia (DID) released the Urban Stormwater
Management Manual for Malaysia (MSMA) in 2000 as a guideline to address long- term national
goals and priorities in ensuring that sustainable urban drainage systems are properly used.

This Urban Stormwater Management

Manual for Malaysia (MSMA 2nd Edition)
is an improved version of the. MSMA 1st
Edition that provides planning and design
guidance to all those involved in the
management of. stormwater.
Stormwater System Drainage
When urban development takes place in a natural catchment, the ordered system of natural
drainage lines is replaced by a system of roof and property drains, inlets, swales, pipes and
channels. Although outwardly different from the natural catchment drainage network, the formal
paths of the developed landscape should display a structure which similar to that of the natural
system they have replaced (Argue, 1986).

Planning and design of an integrated urban stormwater management/ drainage network for a new
development requires a database on the following:
(a) catchment natural drainage direction,
(b) runoff outfall point,
(c) catchment boundary,
(d) internal node points: locations of interest where flows, flood levels and possibly water quality need to be
assessed. These may be, for example, at major road crossing or landscape features,
(e) drainage network: the layout of the surface channels which convey runoff originating in the catchment, and
(f) catchment sub-base
Stormwater System
Drainage
An example of a natural
catchment drainage system,
which illustrates items (a) to
(f) is shown in Figure.

Figure show the Runoff

Travel Path and Features of
a Natural Catchment.

(a) catchment natural drainage direction,

(b) runoff outfall point,
(c) catchment boundary,
(d) internal node points: locations of interest where flows, flood levels and possibly water quality need to be
assessed. These may be, for example, at major road crossing or landscape features,
(e) drainage network: the layout of the surface channels which convey runoff originating in the catchment, and
(f) catchment sub-base
Stormwater System Drainage On-Site Detention Pond/ Tank:
An on-site stormwater detention (OSD)
temporarily stores stormwater runoff, and
reduces the rate of runoff flowing onto other
properties or into drainage system.
This is important to help control the movement of
water and reduce the chance of flooding
downstream, especially in short, intense storms.

On-Site Retention Pond/ Tank:

A retention pond, while it may appear to be just
another water feature, serves a much more
important role.
Excess stormwater runoff puts growing towns at
greater danger of flooding and erosion.
Retention ponds, like dams, are permanent
constructions meant to hold water flow for a
limited duration.
Stormwater System Drainage
Stormwater Detention Tank:
Stormwater Detention tanks collect and store
stormwater runoff during a storm event, then
release it at controlled rates to the downstream
drainage system, thereby attenuating peak
discharge rates from the site.
With such systems in place, the drainage system
as a whole can cater for higher intensity storms
brought about by increasing uncertainties due to
climate change.
Detention tanks may be located above ground on
buildings, on ground levels and even
underground.
This is a method of detaining and holding storm
water runoff, on a temporary basis and then
releasing it slowly to the ground or the town
storm water system.
Sample:
Drainage Layout
Plan
Sample:
Typical Drain Details
Sample:
Typical Drain Details
Sample:
Typical Drain Details
Sample:
Typical Drain Details
Sample:
Typical Drain Details
Sample:
Typical Drain Details
Sample:
Typical Drain Details
4. WATER
RETICULATION
(External)

Water reticulation is water distribution network

which is delivered to the consumers. The
distribution came from the pressure created
from the source and delivered to its destination.
Reticulated water systems refer to the provision
of water to consumer via a piped-water network,
typically consisting of tanks, pumps, pipes and
troughs.
Standard
“Design Guideline for Water Supply Systems”
- The Malaysian Water Association (MWA)

“Uniform Technical Guidelines Water

Reticulation and Plumbing”
- Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara
(SPAN)
Reservoir/ Water Tank/ Water Reticulation
Sample:
Water Supply
Layout Plan
Sample:
Typical Details of
Sluice Valve, Scour
Valve Chamber and
Fire Hydrant
Sample:
Typical Details of
Sluice Valve, Scour
Valve Chamber and
Fire Hydrant
Sample:
Integrated Water Supply System (IWSS)
5. SEWERAGE
RETICULATION
(External)

Sewerage (or sewage system) is the

infrastructure that conveys sewage or surface
runoff (stormwater, meltwater, rainwater) using
sewers. It encompasses components such as
receiving drains, manholes, pumping stations,
storm overflows, and screening chambers of the
combined sewer or sanitary sewer.
The wastewater is transported in separate pipes
from storm sewers, industrial sewers and sanitary
sewers.
Standard
“Malaysian Sewerage Industry Guidelines” - Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (SPAN)
Sewerage Treatment Plant / Sewer Reticulation
Sewerage Treatment Plant / Sewer
Reticulation
Sewerage Treatment Plant / Sewer
Reticulation
Sample:
Sewerage
Layout Plan
Sample:
Manhole Cross
Section
Sample:
Manhole Cross
Section
Sample:
Details of Manhole
Sample:
Details of Manhole
Sample:
Details of Precast Manhole
Sample:
Details of Precast Manhole
INFRASTRUCTURE
THANK
YOU