Biology

COMPARING
PLANT AND
ANIMAL
NUTRITION AND
GAS EXCHANGE
STM 008 | MODULE 3 | GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. To identify the difference between plant and
animal nutrition and gas exchange
2. To trace how plant and animal obtain nutrition
or food.
3. To state the importance of nutrition in living
things.
NUTRIENTS are important for proper
health and development. Also,
essential for survival.
NUTRITION
Refers to the activities by which living things obtain
raw materials from the environment and transport
them into their cells. The cells metabolize these raw
materials and synthesize structural components,
enzymes, energy-rich compounds, and other
biologically important substances.
GAS EXCHANGE
Gas exchange is an essential function of the
respiratory system. Animals, during respiration, take
in oxygen and release carbon dioxide gas. Plants, on
the other hand, utilize this carbon dioxide gas in the
process of photosynthesis to produce food and
release oxygen in the atmosphere. Thus, we can say
that plants and animals help each other in
exchange of gases in the atmosphere.
PLANTS AND ANIMAL’S
NUTRITION
NUTRITION
PLANT ANIMAL
AUTOTROPHIC HETEROTROPHIC
PHOTOAUTOTROPHIC CHEMOAUTOTROPHIC SAPROPHYTIC PARASITIC

OR
CHEMOSYNTHESIS
HOLOZOIC
PLANT
NUTRITION
AUTOTROPHIC
can make its own food from simple
chemical substances “self-nutrition”
AUTO means self; TROPHE means
nutrition
Utilize sun's energy and carbon

dioxide and water to store energy in
food (glucose and starch). They are not
dependent on other organisms for
energy and instead directly obtain it
from sunlight.
TWO TYPES OF AUTOTROPHIC
• PHOTOAUTOTROPHIC
• CHEMOAUTOTROPHIC
PHOTOAUTOTROPHIC
PHOTOAUTOTROPHIC
LIGHT
Photosynthetic organism (such as a green plant) that

utilizes energy from light to synthesize organic
molecules.
PHOTOAUTOTROPHIC
This process occurs in
photosynthetic structures such
chloroplast.
The requirement of
photosynthesis are water,
carbon dioxide, sunlight.
EXAMPLE OF PHOTOAUTOTROPHIC
• PLANT
• ALGAE
CHEMOAUTOTROPHIC
CHEMOAUTOTROPHIC
CHEMICAL
The organisms that obtain energy from

inorganic resources and usually live in harsh
environment. They oxidize various inorganic
substances such as nitrates, nitrites and
ammonia and the energy which is released from
the oxidation of these compounds, is used for
ATP production.
Chemotrophic
organisms are generally
extremophiles, found in
hostile environments.
These organisms can live
on the ocean floor,
where sunlight cannot
penetrate.
EXAMPLE OF CHEMOAUTOTROPHIC
Riftia pachyptila, that live near hot sulfur vents in the ocean.
ANIMAL
NUTRITION
HETEROTROPHIC
An organism that is unable to
synthesize its own food, and therefore,
must rely on other sources.
Hence, from an ecological perspective,

heterotrophs are always secondary or
tertiary consumers in a food chain.
THREE TYPES OF HETEROTROPHIC
• SAPROPHYTIC
• PARASITIC
• HOLOZOIC
SAPROPHYTIC
SAPROPHYTIC
DECAY
An organism that couldn't make its personal food. They

feed on dead and decaying matter.
The saprophytes eat the decaying particles left by plants
and animals. The remaining substances are wealthy
minerals that in the long run change into part of the soil.
EXAMPLE OF SAPROPHYTIC
• INDIAN PIPE
• MUSHROOM
• MOLDS
PARASITIC
PARASITIC
A type of nutrition which feeds on another living
organism called its host.
The parasite gives the host nothing in return and usually
harms the host.
EXAMPLE OF SAPROPHYTIC
• TAPEWORM
• LICE
• ROUNDWORM
HOLOZOIC
HOLOZOIC
WHOLE
A type of nutrition that is characterized by the internalization

(ingestion) and internal processing of liquids or solid food particles.
This involves the steps of ingestion, digestion, absorption,
assimilation and excretion.
The ingested food is digested and absorbed inside the body and cells
in the organism
5 STEPS OF NOURISHMENT PROCESS (HOLOZOIC)
1.INGESTION: It is the process of taking the food inside the mouth either
by sucking or swallowing. Initial digestion begins at this stage with saliva
of the mouth.
2.DIGESTION: It is the process in which the ingested food is digested
with the help of certain enzymes.
3.ABSORPTION: In this process, the cells use the energy from the
digested food.
4.ASSIMILATION: The energy obtained from the digested food is used
by all the cells of the body.
5.EGESTION: The waste products are excreted out of the body.
EXAMPLE OF HOLOZOIC
• HUMAN BEING
• AMOEBA
SUMMARY OF NUTRITION OF PLANT
AND ANIMALS
•Autotrophs and heterotrophs are the two classifications of organisms based on
nutrition.
•Autotrophs are organisms that can prepare their own food. On the contrary,
heterotrophs depend on autotrophs and other organisms for nutrition.
•Green plants and algae contain chlorophyll that helps them to prepare food
with the help of sunlight.
•Heterotrophs include herbivores that feed on plants, carnivores that feed on
other animals, omnivores that feed on both plants and animals and
decomposers that feed on dead and decaying matter.
•Autotrophs are the primary producers and are placed first in the food chain.
•Heterotrophs are the consumers and are placed at the secondary and tertiary
levels.
•Both are beneficial to maintain the energy flow in the ecosystem.
DO PLANTS BREATH?
ALL LIVING THINGS NEED
OXYGEN TO EXIST.
PLANTS AND ANIMAL’S
GAS EXCHANGE
In the majority of organisms, this metabolism takes
place by respiration, a process that requires oxygen.
GAS EXCHANGE
PLANT ANIMAL
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESPIRATION
• TRACHEA (INSECTS)
• BUCCAL PUMPING
(REPTILES/AMPHIBIANS)
• AIR SACS (BIRDS)
LEAVES • LUNGS (MAMMAL)
PLANT
GAS
EXCHANGE
TWO TYPES OF PLANT GAS EXCHANGE
• PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• RESPIRATION
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Process by which green plants convert carbon dioxide and water into
sugars, such as glucose, and oxygen in the presence of sunlight.
• ANABOLIC PROCESS – energy consuming reaction
RESPIRATION
RESPIRATION
• Chain of chemical reactions that enables all living entities to synthesize

energy required to sustain.
• CATABOLIC PROCESS – energy is released
• Plants needs OXYGEN to help release energy from glucose.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
AND RESPIRATION
TAKES PLACE AT
THE LEAVES
DO PHOTOSYNTHESIS
HAPPENS ALL THE TIME?
ANIMAL
GAS
EXCHANGE
CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
• Process by which organism use oxygen to break down food molecules

to get chemical energy for cell function.
• It is a series of chemical reaction that break down glucose to produce
ATP, which may be used as energy to power many reactions
throughout the body.
CHEMICAL EQUATION:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
1. GLYCOLYSIS
2. CITRIC ACID CYCLE (KREB’S
CYCLE)
3. ELECTRON TRANSPORT
CHAIN (OXIDATIVE
PHOSPHORYLATION)
WHERE DO ANIMALS
BREATH?
INSECTS
TRACHEAE
SPIRACLES
- Holes on the outside of
the body and an openings
of the tracheal system.
REPTILES/AMPHIBIANS
BUCCAL PUMPING
INHALATION
EXHALATION
BIRDS
AIR SACS
AIR SACS permit a unidirectional flow of air through the
lungs. Unidirectional flow means that air moving through
bird lungs is largely 'fresh' air and has a higher oxygen
content. Therefore, in bird lungs, more oxygen is available to
diffuse into the blood.
MAMMALS
LUNGS
ACTIVITY 3: COPY AND
ANSWER IN YOUR NOTEBOOK.
Classify the following objects listed be
it exhibits a gas exchange. Write P for
Gas Exchange, A for Animal Gas Exch
and NO if it does not exhibit. You may
start.
1) Rock 9) Dolphins
2) Leaves 10) Cat
3) Water 11) Fish
4) Algae 12) Bacteria
5) Mushrooms 13) Child
6) Corals 14) Maya
7) Meteor 15) Sponge
8) Mango Tree

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COMPARING

PHOTOAUTOTROPHIC CHEMOAUTOTROPHIC SAPROPHYTIC PARASITIC

Utilize sun's energy and carbon

Photosynthetic organism (such as a green plant) that

The organisms that obtain energy from

Hence, from an ecological perspective,

An organism that couldn't make its personal food. They

A type of nutrition that is characterized by the internalization

• Chain of chemical reactions that enables all living entities to synthesize

• Process by which organism use oxygen to break down food molecules

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