Aci 349.2R-97

AC1 349.
2R-97
Embedment Design Examples

Reported by AC1 Committee 349
Charles A. Zalesiak
Chairman
Hans G. Ashar Gunnar A. Harstead Richard S. Orr*

Ranjit Bandyopadhyay* Christopher Heim Robert B. Pan
Ronald A. Cook* Charles J. Hookham Julius V. Rotzt
Jack M. Daly Richard E. Klingner Robert W. Talmadge
Arobindo Dutt Timothy J. Lynch Chen P. Tan
Branko Galunic Frederick L. Moreadith Richard E. Toland
Dwaine A. Godfrey Dragos A. Nuta Donald T. Ward
Herman L. Graves III Albert Y. C. Wong
*- Major contributor to the report
iDeceased
Appendix B of AC1 349 was developed to better define the design requue-
ments for steel embedmnts revisions are penodically made to the code as a
result of on-going research and testing As with other concretebuilding
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codes, the design of embedments attempts to assure a duchle failure mode so Example A2 Single stud, shear only
that the reinforcement yelds before the concrete fails In embedments Example A3 Single stud, combined tension and shear
designed for direct loading, the concrete puliout strength must be greater Example A4 Anchor bolt, combined tension and shear
than the tensile strength of the steel This report presents a senes of design
Example A5 Single rebar, combined tension and shear
examples of duchle steel embedments These examples have been updated to
include the revision incorparated in Appendix B of AC1 349-97
Keywords: Anchorage (structural); anchor bolts; anchors (fasteners); Example B 1 Four-stud rigid embedded plate, tension only
embedment; inserts; loads (forces); load transfer; moments; reinforced con- Example B2(a) Four-stud rigid embedded plate,
crete; reinforcing steels; shear strength; structural design; studs; tension. combined shear and uniaxial moment
Example B2(b) Four-stud flexible embedded plate,
combined shear and uniaxial moment
Example B2(c) Four-bolt rigid surface-mountedplate,
Example B3(a) Four-stud rigid embedded plate,
combined tension, shear, and
uniaxial moment
AC1 Committee Reports, Guides, StandardPractices,and Commen-
taries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing,
and inspecting construction. This document is intended for the
combined tension, shear, and
use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the signifi- uniaxial moment
cance and limitations of its content and recommendations and Example B4 Four-stud rigid embedded plate in thin slab,
who will accept responsibility for the application of the material tension only
it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all
responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be lia-
ble for any loss or damage arising therefrom.
. . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 349.2R
Reference to this document shall not be made in contract docu-
AC1 349.2R-97 became effective October 16, 1997.
ments. If items found in this document are desired by the Archi- Copyright O 1997, American Concrete Institute.
tecangineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall be All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any
means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or
restated in mandatory language for incorporationby the Architect/ mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduc-
tion or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in
Engineer. writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.
Copyright American Concrete Institute

Provided by IHS under license with ACI 349.2R-1
Licensee=Bechtel Corp Loc 1-19/9999056100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 06/08/2006 01:01:27 MDT
349.2R-2 MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE
INTRODUCTION Ar = reduction in effective stress area to account for

This report has been prepared by members of the AC1 349 limited depth of concrete beyond the bearing
Sub-committee on Steel Embedments to provide examples surface of the embedment, sq. in.
of the application of the AC1 349 Code to the design of steel Avf = area of shear friction reinforcement, sq. in.
embedments. The AC1 349 Committee was charged in 1973 b = width of embedded or surface mounted plate, or
with preparation of the code covering concrete structures in width of an anchor group, measured out to out of
nuclear power plants. At that time, it was recognized that de- bearing edges of the outermost anchor heads, in.
sign requirements for steel embedments were not well de- B = overlapping stress cone factor (see Appendix A)
fined and a special working group was established to c = spacing or cover dimension, in.
develop code requirements. After much discussion and many
drafts, Appendix B was approved and issued in the 1978
c = compressive reaction
db = nominal diameter of reinforcing bar, in.
Supplement of AC1 349 covering the design of steel embed- dh = diameter of anchor head or reinforcing bar, in.
ments. Subsequently, the Sub-committee has continued to
d, = diameter of tensile stress component, in.
monitor on-going research and testing and to incorporate ex-
Fy = specified yield strength of steel plate, psi
perience of applying the Code. Periodic revisions have been
Y, = specified compressive strength of concrete, psi
made to the Code and Appendix B.
fut = specified tensile strength of steel, psi
The underlying philosophy in the design of embedments is
fy = specified yield strength of steel, psi
to attempt to assure a ductile failure mode. This is similar to
h = overall thickness of concrete member, in.
the philosophy of the rest of the concrete building codes
wherein, for example, flexural steel for a beam is limited to ktr = transverse reinforcement index
assure that the reinforcement steel yields before the concrete Id = development length, in.
crushes. In the design of an embedment for direct loading, Ld = embedment depth of anchor head measured from
the philosophy leads to the requirement that the concrete attachment of anchor head to tensile stress
pull-out strength must be greater than the tensile strength of component, to the concrete surface, in.
the steel. M, = nominal moment strength
This report includes a series of design examples starting Mu = factored moment load on embedment
with simple cases and extending to more complex cases for My = elastic moment capacity of steel plate
ductile embedments. The format for each example follows n = number of threads per inch
the format of the Strength Design Handbook, SP-17, and Pd = design pullout strength of concrete in tension
provides a reference back to the code paragraph for each cal- P, = nominal axial strength
culation procedure. Pu = factored external axial load on the anchorage
R = radius of 45 degree stress cone, in. (see A,,)
NOTATION s = spacing between anchors, in.
a = depth of equivalent stress block, in. t = thickness of plate, in.
Ac, = effective stress area defined by the projected area T = tension force
of the 45 degree stress cone radiating towards the Th = thickness of anchor head, in.
attachment from the bearing edge of the anchor, v, = nominal shear strength
sq. in. vu = factored shear load on embedments
A, = effective stress area of anchor, sq. in. a = reinforcement location factor
Ah = area of anchor head, sq. in. ß = coating factor
A, = area of steel, sq. in. Y = reinforcement size factor
Ast = area of steel required to resist tension, sq. in. P = coefficient of friction
A,, = area of steel required to resist shear, sq. in. o = strength reduction factor
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Provided by IHS under license with ACI Licensee=Bechtel Corp Loc 1-19/9999056100
EMBEDMENT DESIGN EXAMPLES 349.2R-3
PART A
EXAMPLES:
Ductile single embedded element
in semi-infinite concrete
Example A I Single stud, tension only
Example A2 Single stud, shear only
Example A3 Single stud, combined tension and shear
Example A4 Anchor bolt, combined tension and shear
Example A5 Single rebar, combined tension and shear
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Example Al-Single stud, tension only
Design an embedment using a stud welded to an embedded plate.
Given:
f: = 4000psi
fy = 50,000 psi
+
fut = 60,000 psi
Pu = 8 kips
where Pu is the required factored external load
as defined in Section 9.2 of the Code.
CODE
SECTION DESIGN PROCEDURE CALCULATION
STEP 1: Determine required steel area of the s
Assume that the load is applied directly over the

stud and that a plate size of 3 in. x 3 in. x V8 in.
has been established by requirements of the
attachment.
B.6.5.1 Equate the external (required strength) and Pu = @ P, = @A,$

internal (design strength) forces and solve for the A,= 8/[(0.9)(50)] = 0.18 in.2
required steel area for the stud. Use one Il2 in. diameter stud,
A, = 0.196 in.2 > 0.18 in.2 OK
STEP 2: Check anchor head bearing
B.5.1.l(a) a) Area of the anchor head (Ah)(including the Ah = 7C(dh/2)2= 0.79 in.2
B.4.5.2 area of the tensile stress component) is at (per manufacturer’s data, d h = 1 in.)
least 2.5 times the area of the tensile stress &/A,= 0.79/0.196 = 4 > 2.5 OK
com ponent.
b) Thickness of the anchor heat ( Th) is at least Th = 0.312 in. (per manufacturer’s data)
1.O times the greatest dimension from the outer ( d h - d,)/2 = 0.25 in.
most bearing edge of the anchor head to the T., = 0.312 > 0.25 OK
face of the tensile stress component.
c) Bearing area of head is approximately evenly Head and tensile stress

distributed around the perimeter of the tensile com ponent are conce ntric. OK
stress component.
STEP 3: Determine required embedment lengi for the stud

to prevent concrete cone failure
B.5.1. I The design pullout strength of the concrete, f d , Asfut= 0.196 x 60 = 11.8 kips
B.4.2 must exceed the minimum specified tensile @ 4 E= 0 . 6 5 x 4 x d w )
strength (Asfut)of the tensile stress component.
= 165 psi (see Note 2)
pd >
7C[(Ld + 0.5)2 - 0.52]0.165 2 11.8
pd = @4 E L d ( L d + 1.o) 2 22.8
Acp= n [ ( L d + d/7/2)2-(dh/2)2] 2
Ld + L d - 22.8 2 0
Compute i d from the equation:
Ld 2 4.30 in.
7C[Ld + dh/2)2- ( dh/2)2]@4Jfc 2 Asfut Use in. diameter stud 1-5/16in. long,
which has an effective length of 4.87 in.
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giving i d = 4.87 + 0.38 = 5.25 in.
Example A I , continued
STEP 4: Check plate thickness

I I
Since the load is applied directly over the stud, Stud welding of in. diameter studs is
the Only requirement on plate thickness is that it acceptable on 3is in, thick plate per
satisfy the minimum thickness required for stud manufacturer, OK
welding.
NOTE: 1) In the above example, the embedment length id is taken to the face of the concrete. If
the plate were larger than the stress cone, then the embedment length would exclude
the thickness of the embedded plate.
2) In all design examples, the strength reduction factor @ for concrete pullout is taken
as 0.65 per Category (d) of Section B.4.2.
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Example A2-Single stud, shear only
Given:
f: = 4OOOpsi
fy = 50,000 psi
fut = 60,000 psi
Vu = 6 kips
where Vuis the required factored external load
1 Sl%%N I DESIGN PROCEDURE CALCULATION
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STEP 1: Determine required steel area of the stud
B.6.5.2.2 Use the shear friction provision of Section 11.7 vu = @V”= @YAvffy
with @ = 0.85, p = 0.9. Av, = W @ P f y )
Equate the external (required strength) and A v , = 6/(0.85 x 0.9 x 50) = 0.16 in.2
internal (design strength) forces and solve Use one Il2 in. diameter stud,
for the required steel area for the stud. A, = 0.196 in.2 > 0.16 in.2 OK
I I
B.4.5.2 a) Procedure is identical to that in Example A I &/A,= 0.79/0.196 = 4 > 2.5 OK
b) Procedure is identical to that in Example A I Th = 0.312 in. (per manufacturer’s data)

( d h - ds)/2 = 0.25 in.
Th = 0.312 > 0.25 OK
c) Procedure is identical to that in Example A I Head and tensile stress

com ponent are conce ntric. OK
STEP 3: Determine required embedment length for the stud

I I
B.4.5.2 Procedure is identical to that in Example A I Use Il2 in. diameter stud 5-3/16 in. long
B.5.1. I since tensile capacity of the stud must be (see calculation in Example A I )
developed.
I I
STEP 4: Check plate thickness
Select plate thickness such that d,/t 2.7* t > 0.W2.7 = 0.185
3/8 in. thick plate is OK.
NOTE: The provisions of Section 11.7.5 on shear strength are not applicable at the surface between the steel
plate and the concrete. Shear loads at this interface are carried by local bearing and wedge action as
described in commentary Section B.4.3.
* Ref.: “Shear Strength of Thin Flange Composite Sections,” G. G. Goble, AISC Engineering Journal,
April, 1968.

Example A3-Single stud, combined tension and shear
Given:
f: = 4000psi
fy = 50,000 psi
r
Pu = 4 kips
fut = 60,000 psi
Pu = 4 kips
Vu = 2 kips
Vu = 2 kips
where Pu and Vuare the required factored external loads \\
as defiied in Section 9.2 of the Code. \
\
\\
CODE
SECTION DESIGN PROCEDURE I
CALCULATION
STEP 1: Determine required steel area of the stud
B.6.5.1 Equate the external (required strength) and Pu = @Pn= @Astfy

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internal (design strength) tension forces and Ast = 4/(0.9 x 50) = 0.09 in.2
solve for the required steel area for tension.
B.6.5.2.2 Use the shear friction provision of Section 11.7 Vu = @Vn= @PA,&
with @ = 0.85, p = 0.9. As,= V J ( @ P f y )
11.7 Equate the external (required strength) and A,, = 2/(0.85 x 0.9 x 50) = 0.05 in.2
Eq. (1 1-26) internal (design strength) forces and solve for the
required steel area for shear.
B.6.5.3.2 Sum the area of steel required for tension A, = 0.09 + 0.05 = 0.14 in.2
with the area of steel required for shear. Use one Il2 in. diameter stud,
Total Area A, = Ast + A,, A, = 0.196 in.2 > 0.14 in.2 OK
B.4.5.2 a) Procedure is identical to that in Example A I &/A,= 0.79/0.196 = 4 > 2.5 OK

b) Procedure is identical to that in Example A I Th = 0.312 in. (per manufacturer?sdata)
(dh - d,)/2 = 0.25 in.
Th = 0.312 > 0.25 OK
I
com ponent are concentric. OK
STEP 3: Determine required embedment length for the stud

I
B.4.2 Procedure is identical to that in Example A I Use Il2 in. diameter stud in. long
B.5.1. I (see calculation in Example A I )
STEP 4: Calculate minimum plate thickness
Select plate thickness such that d,/t< 2.7* t > 0.W2.7 = 0.185
3/s in. thick plate is OK
NOTE: The provisions of Section 11.7.5 on shear strength are not applicable at the surface between the steel
plate and the concrete. Shear loads at this interface are carried by local bearing and wedge action as
described in commentary Section B.4.3.
* Ref.: ?Shear Strength of Thin Flange Composite Sections,?G. G. Goble, AISC Engineering Journal,
April, 1968.
Example A4-Single bolt, combined tension and shear
Design an embedment using a high strength bolt (A325).
Given:
f: = 4OOOpsi
fy = 81,000 psi
fuf = 105,000 psi
Pu = 40kips
Vu = 20 kips
where Pu and Vuare the required factored external loads
CODE
STEP 1: Determine required steel area of the s
B.6.5.1 Equate the external (required strength) and Pu = @Pn= @Astfy

internal (design strength) tension forces and A, = 40/(0.9 x 81) = 0.55 in.2
solve for the required steel area for tension.
B.6.5.2.1 Use provision for contact surface of the base plate Vu = @ Vn = @(0.7fyA,,)
flush with the surface of the concrete, @ = 0.85. A, = vu/[(0.7)(@fyll
Equate the external (required strength) and A, = 20/(0.7 x 0 . 8 5 81)
~ = 0.41 in.2
internal (design strength) forces and solve
for the required steel area for shear.
B.6.5.3.2 Sum the area of steel required for tension A, = 0.55 + 0.41= 0.96 in.2
with the area of steel required for shear. Use one l-Il4 in. diameter bolt,
Total Area A, = A,, + A,, 7 threads per inch.
Tensile stress area = 0.97 in.2
A, = 0.97 in.2 > 0.96 in.2 OK
B.4.5.2 a) Procedure is identical to that in Example A I A 325 Heavy Hex Head for 1-1/4in. diameter
bolt width across flats = 2.0 in.,
thickness = 0.78 in.
Ah = (1.o)2 X 2 X f i = 3.46 in.2
&/A, = 3.46/0.97 = 3.57
> 2.5 OK
b) Procedure is identical to that in Example A I ( d h - d s ) / 2 = ( 2 x 2 f i -1.25)/2
= 0.53 in.
Th = 0.78 > 0.53 OK
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com ponent are conce ntric. OK
STEP 3: Determine required embedment lengi for the bolt

B.4.2 Procedure is identical to that in Example A I A,fu, = 0.97 x 105 = 102 kips
B.5.1. I
@ 4 E= 0.65 x 4 x ,,/m)
= 165 psi
[(Ld + 1.125)2- 1.125210.165 2 102
Ld(Ld+ 2.25) 2 196.8

Example AS-Single rebar, combined tension and shear
Design an embedment using a straight reinforcing bar welded to an embedment plate.
Given:
f: 4000psi =
fy 60,000 psi =
( 5 60,000 OKper Code Section 3.5.3.3)
fuf = 90,000 psi (based on typical test results)
Pu = 15 kips
Vu = 5 kips
where Pu and Vu are the required factored external loads
as defiied in Section 9.2 of the Code.
CODE
STEP 1: Determine required steel area of the s id
Equate the external (required strength) and Pu = @ P n= @Astfy

internal (design strength) forces and solve A,, = 15/(0.9 x 60) = 0.28 in.2
for the required steel area for tension.
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B.6.5.2.2 Use the shear friction provision of Section 11.7

with @ = 0.85, p = 0.9.
11.7 Equate the external (required strength) and A,, = 5/(0.85 x 0.9 x 60) = 0.1 1 in.2
Eq. (1 1-26) internal (design strength) forces and solve
for the required steel area for shear.
B.6.5.3.2 Sum the area of steel required for tension A, = 0.28 + 0.1 1 = 0.39 in.2
with the area of steel required for shear. Use No. 6 Grade 60 reinforcing bar,
Total Area A, = A,, + A,, A, = 0.44 in.2 > 0.39 in.2 OK
STEP 2: Calculate required embedment lengtk
Id = [(3/40)] x [(60000/J4oo0)]
12.2.3
x [( 1.3 x 1.O x 0.8)/(2.5)] x 0.75
= 22.2 in.
12.2.4 Assume no transverse reinforcement (k,, = O), Use Id = 24 inches
no adjacent anchors or edges ([c + k,,]/db = 2.5,
max.), more than 12 in. of fresh concrete to be
cast below the anchor (a= 1.3), uncoated anchor
(ß = 1.O), No. 6 bar (y= 0.8).
STEP 3: Calculate minimum plate thickness
Select the plate thickness as shown for t 2 0.75/2.7 = 0.28 in.

Example A2, based on attachment Use 5/,6 in. thick plate
configuration and welding requirements.
STEP 4: Connection of reinforcing bar to platc
12.14.3.2 Provide full penetration weld between bar

and plate per AWS D I .4

349.2R-1O MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE
PART B
EXAMPLES:
Ductile multiple embedded element
in semi-infinite concrete
Example B I Four-stud rigid embedded plate, tension only


Example B2(c) Four-bolt rigid surface-mounted plate,


combined tension, shear, and uniaxial moment
Example B3( b) Four-stud flexible embedded plate,

Example B4 Four-stud rigid embedded plate in thin slab,

tension only
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Example BI-Four-stud rigid em bedded plate, tension only
Design an embedment with four welded studs and a rigid embedded plate for a 3 x 3 x 3/i6 in. A 501 structural tube attachment.
Given:
f: = 4000psi
fy = 50,000 psi (studs)
fuf = 60,000 psi
Fy = 36,000 psi (plate)
Pu = 18 kips
where Pu is the required factored external load
as defiied in Section 9.2 of the Code.
DESIGN PROCEDURE CALCULATION
STEP 1: Determine required steel area of the : id
Equate the external (required strength) and Pu = @Pn =@~Asfy

internal (design strength) forces and solve A, = 18/45 = 0.40 in.2
for the required steel area for the stud. Use four 3Is in. diameter studs,
A, = 0.442 in.2 > 0.40 in.2 OK
a) Procedure is identical to that in Example A I OK
b) Procedure is identical to that in Example A I Th = 0.312 in. (per manufacturer's data)
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(dh - ds)/2 = 0.25 in.
Th = 0.312 > 0.25 OK

com ponent are concentric. OK
STEP 3: Determine required stud spacing and mbedment length

to prevent concrete pullout
The design pullout strength of the concrete, f d, Asfut= 4 x 0.110 x 60 = 26.4 kips
must exceed the minimum specified tensile @ 4 K= 0.65 x 4 x A m ) = 165 psi
strength of the tensile stress components.
pd As fuf Acpmin = ~ . s f u t 1 ( @ 4 J C )
= 26,400/165 = 160.6 in.2
pd= @ 4 E A c p
Where A, = the projected area of the 45 deg
stress cones radiating toward the attachment
from the bearing edge of the anchors. This area
must be limited by overlapping stress cones and
by the bearing area of the anchor heads.

1
Example B I , continued
CODE
STEP 3: (continued)
For a four-stud plate with studs at spacing S The projected area of the stress cones may
and radius R of the projected stress cone, be calculated for each standard stud length
the projected area is (see Appendix A) (id) and a range of stud spacings, S
(see Table B I - I ) . All values greater than:
,A, = ( 4 -~2B)R2 - 4Ah (2R > S > & R)
A
, = A, f U , / ( @ 4 n )are then
Acp=(3~-B)R2+S2-4Ah ( & R > s)
satisfactory.
The radius of the projected stress cone is
i d + dh/2 at the underside of the embedded Select 3/8 in. x 4-’/8 in. stud with effective
plate, and i d + dh/2 + t at the outer surface length of 3.71 in. at 6 in. spacing.
of the concrete and plate. Conservatively
neglect the thickness of the plate t.
NOTE:
The above calculation utilizes an exact calculation
of the projected area. In many cases, an
approximate calculation is sufficient. Such a
method is used in Example B2. For the stud
configuration selected above ( R = 4.09 in.,
S = 6 in.), the approximate method would give:
=A
, 6 x 6 + 4 x 6 x 4.09 + 7c x4.092
= 4 x 7c x 0.3752 = 184.9 in.2
This compares with the exact value of 175.4 in.2
calculated in Table B I - I
Table BI-I-Projected areas (Acp)for varying L, and S
Development Spacing S
length id, Radius R,
inches inches 4 in. 5 in. 6 in. 7 in.
I 3.71 I 4.09 in.2 I 129.5in.2 I 152.4 in.2 I 175.4 in.2 I 195.2 in.2 I
I 5.71 I 6.09 in.2 I 226.0 in.2 I 258.0 in.2 I 290.8 in.2 I 324.4 in.2 I
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Example B I , continued
CODE
STEP 4: Calculate required plate thickness
Try an 8 in. x 8 in. plate

B.3.1 The plate must transmit to the studs all loads
b
B.6.2 used in the design of the attachment. The design \
strength for embedments shall be based on a \ i
maximum steel stress of @fy.
Calculate the bending strength of the plate based At face of tube (a-a):
on the yield moment capacity using yield stress. M = 9 x 1.5 = 13.5 in.-kips
Evaluate plate sections to determine minimum 0.9 X My= '/6 X 8 X t 2 X 0.9 X 36
load capacity. = 43.2 t2
,,t = A( 13W43.2) = 0.56 in.
On diagonal (b-b):
M = 4.5 x 1 . 5 4 = 9.5 in.-kips
My= '/6 X 5 4 X t 2 x 0.9 x 36
= 38.2t2
,,t = J(9.5/38.2) = 0.50 in.
Use 8 in. x 8 in. x 5/s in. embedded plate
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Example B2(a)-Four-stud rigid em bedded plate,

Design an embedment using welded studs and a rigid embedded plate for a 3 x 3 x V4 in. A 50 1 structural tube attachment.
Given:
f: = 4OOOpsi Vu = 12.4 kips
fy = 50,000 psi (studs) f
fut = 60,000 psi
Mu = 70in.-kip~
I 15”
Vu = 12.4 kips
where Mu and Vuare the required factored external loads
as defined in Section 9.2 of the Code. /‘
3 x 3xlI4”Tube
CODE
STEP 1: Design for moment
Try a 7 in. x 7 in. plate with 5 in. x 5 in. stud

spacing
10.2.7 Assume a uniform stress block for concrete

compression zone and the two top studs as the
tension components.
L
:c a-T
0.85fL - ,
9.2 Equate the internal forces and solve for a : 0.85fC ab = A,fy
9.3.1 a = A, fy /( 0.85 ;f b )
a = A,50/[0.85(4)(7)]
a = 2.10Ae
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Equate the external (required strength) and Mu = @Mn

internal moment (design strength) and solve the 70.0 = 0.9Ae(50)(6 -2.10Ae/2)
resulting quadratic equation for A,: A, = 0.275 in.2
For 2 studs in tension, A, per stud is: A,/stud = 0.138 in.2
Try in.
Il2 diameter studs A,/stud = 0.196 in.2
STEP 2: Design for shear
B.6.5.2 Since this is an embedded base plate,

Section B.6.5.2.2 is applicable.
The stud area not used for moment is available A,,=2(0.196-0.138) + 2(0.196)
for shear transfer by shear friction. A, = 0.508 in.2
B.6.5.2.2 Shear-friction coefficient 0.90
Nominal shear strength V, = 0.90A,ffy
V, = 0.90 (0.508) (50)
V, = 22.9 kips
B.6.2.2 Capacity reduction factor for shear @ = 0.85
9.2 Design shear strength must be greater than @Vn= 0.85(22.9 kips)
9.3 the required strength @Vn= 19.5 > 12.4 kips OK
Example B2(a), continued

CODE
STEP 3: Design for rigid base plate
In order to ensure rigid base plate behavior, it is

essential that the base plate not yield on either the
compression or tension side of the connection.
--`,```,`````,```,``````,``,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Determine minimum base plate thickness to M = Tdt

prevent base plate yielding. The moment in the or
plate at the edge of the attached member is used
for sizing the base plate thickness. The larger of the M = Cd,
moment on the tension side or the compression whichever is greater
side will control the design of the base plate.
Moment on tension side M = Tdt

M = A e fy dt
M = (0.275)(50)( 1 . O )
M = 13.75 in.-kips
Moment on compression side M = Cd,
Note that C = T. M = Aefyd,
NOTE: M = ( 0 . 2 7 5 ) ( 5 0 ) ( 6- 4 - â / 2 )
M = 0 . 2 7 5 ( 5 0 ) [ 2-2.1 ( 0 . 2 7 5 ) / 2 ]
For this example, it is only necessary to show
that d, is greater than d t , and then calculate the M = 23.5 in.-kips t controls
moment as M = (d,)(C). With multiple rows of
anchors in tension (e.g., a middle row of anchors),
both the moment on the tension side and the
moment on the compression side need to be
determined. This general procedure is shown
in this example.
Nominal moment capacity of base plate Mn = F y S

Mn= F y ( b t 2 / 6 )= ( 3 6 ) ( 7 ) t 2 / 6
Mn = 42t2
Determine minimum base plate thickness to 4 2 t 2 = 23.5

prevent yielding of plate. Note that the plate t = 0.75 in. use 3/4 in. plate
thickness is calculated using the nominal strength
of the anchors. The @ factor is not included since
the calculation of plate thickness should be based
on the maximum nominal tensile force in the
anchor rather than the design force. A @ factor
of 0.9 is used in calculating the required area
of the anchor in Step 1

Example B2(a), continued
CODE
STEP 4: Embedment length
B.5.1. I Calculate design load assuming all studs may Put = Asfut
resist concurrent tensile loads. This assumption of = 4(0.196)(60)
--`,```,`````,```,``````,``,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
all four studs in tension assures ductility even in = 47.0 kips

the event of a pure tension load. If the designer
can assure that such a tensile condition cannot
occur, it is sufficient only to develop two of the
studs at a time since the other two studs are in
compression.
Check bearing requirements of stud head See Example A I
B.4.2 Calculate capacity of concrete pd = Ac,

where:
@ = 0.65
A,, = projected area of concrete
R = radius of projected cones
Try in. diameter stud 6-1/8 in. long having

an effective length, i d = 5.69 in.
R = i d stud + plate thickness

+ stud head radius
= 5.69 + 0.75 + 0.5
= 6.94 in.
Assume the outer boundaries of the stress A,,= 5(5) +4(5)(6.94)

cones are connected by tangents. + ( 6 . 9 4 ) ’ ~-4(0.79)
= 312.0 in.2
NOTE:
Although slightly unconservative, the assumption Therefore,
above is reasonable for embedments where the
embedment radius ( R ) exceeds the spacing f d = 4 ( 0 . 6 5 ) * J m ) (312.0)
between individual anchors. For most = 51,300 Ib
embedments, particularly those in the “rigid”
plate category, the embedment radius will f d = 51.3 kips > 47.0 kips
usually exceed the anchor spacing.

Example B2(b)-Four-stud flexible em bedded plate,

Design an embedment using welded studs and a flexible embedded plate for a 3 x 3 x V4 in. A 50 1 structural tube attachment.
Given:
f: = 4000psi
fut = 60,000 psi
Mu = 70 in.-kips
Vu = 12.4kips M u = 70 in.-kips 1
where Mu and Vuare the required factored external //
oads as defined in Section 9.2 of the Code. 3 x 3 x Il4” Tu be
CODE
--`,```,`````,```,``````,``,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
10.2.7
spacing
Determine the amount of tensile steel required for

the applied moment.
-
T = Aefy
If the base plate is not stiff enough to obtain rigid

base plate behavior, a hinge will form on the com
pression side of the base plate at the edge of the
attached member. This will cause the compres-
sive resultant to move inward toward the attached 1 Mu=70
member.
Physically, the nearest the compressive reaction

can be to the edge of the attached member is a
distance “ c ” equal to the yield moment of the
plate divided by the compressive reaction.
Reference: Cook, R. A., and Klingner, R. E.,

“Ductile Multiple-Anchor Steel-to-Concrete
Connect ions,” Journal of Structural Engineering,
American Society of Civil Engineers, V. 118,
No. 6, June, 1992, pp. 1645-1665.
NOTE:
For simplicity, it may also be assumed that the
compressive reaction is located at the edge of the
attached member.
Assume a 5Is in. thick base plate and determine Mn = F y S

yield capacity Mn of plate. Mn = (36)(7)(0.625)2/6
Mn = 16.4 in.-kips
Determine c. c = Mn/C
NOTE: c = FyS/A, fy
From summation of forces T = C = A, f y c = 16.4/Ae(50)
c = 0.328/Ae
Example B2(b), continued
CODE
STEP 1: continued
9.2 Equate the external (required strength) and Mu = @Mn

9.3.1 internal (design strength) moment and solve 70.0 = 0.9Ae(50)(4 + c)
the resulting linear equation for A,: 70.0 = 0.9Ae(50)(4 + O.328/Ae)
70.0 = 45 (4A, + 0.328)
A, = 0.307 in.2
For 2 studs in tension, A, per stud is: A,/stud = 0.153 in.2

Try in.
Il2 diameter studs A,/stud - 0.196 in.2

--`,```,`````,```,``````,``,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
B.6.5.2 Since this is an embedded base plate,

B.6.5.3 The stud area not used for moment is A

,, = 2 (0.196 - 0.153) + 2 (0.196)
available for shear transfer by shear friction. A
,, = 0.478 in.2
B.6.5.2.2 Shear-friction coefficient 0.90
Nominal shear strength V, = 0.90A,,fy
V, = 0.90 (0.478) (50)
V, = 21.5 kips
9.2 Design shear strength must be greater than @ V, = 0.85( 21.5 kips)
9.3 the required strength @ V, = 18.3 kips > 12.4 kips OK
STEP 3: Design for flexible base plate
In order to ensure that prying action does not

occur on the tension side of the base plate, it is T = A,fy
essential that the base plate not yield on the
tension side of the connection.
No Yield
Yield OK
u=====
Determine minimum base plate thickness M = Tdt
to prevent base plate yielding and possible M = A, fydt
prying action on tension side. M = (0.307)( 50)(1.O)
M = 15.35 in.-kips
Nominal moment capacity of base plate. Note M, = FyS

that a @ = 0.90 is already included. M, = Fy(b t 2 / 6 )
M, = (36)(7)(0.625)2/6
M, = 16.4 in.-kips > 15.35 in.-kips
5/s in. plate is OK
Example B2(b), continued
I SI%%N I DESIGN PROCEDURE CALCULATION

--`,```,`````,```,``````,``,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
I I
I I See Example B2(a) I I

NOTE:
As can be seen from this flexible base plate example (5IS in. base plate) and Example B2(a) with a rigid base plate
(314 in. base plate), there is very little difference between the two analyses for a typical two row connection. The real
advantages of flexible base plate analysis become apparent with multiple rows of anchors.
In the case of multiple rows of anchors, the compressive reaction becomes so large that the assumption of
rigid base plate behavior results in excessively thick plates. For multiple row connections, the flexible base
plate procedure will result in more reasonable base plate thicknesses.

Example B2(c)-Four-bolt rigid surface-mounted plate,

Design an embedment using cast-in-place bolts and a rigid surface-mounted plate for a 3 x 3 x 1/4 in. A 501 structural
tube attachment.
--`,```,`````,```,``````,``,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Given: 7”
I *
f: = 4000psi Vu = 12.4 kips
fy = 105,000 psi (bolts)
fut = 125,000 psi (bolts)
Mu = 70in.-kip~
Vu = 12.4 kips
where Mu and Vu are the required factorec, 5xternE
loads as defined in Section 9.2 of the Code.
M u = 70 in.-kips
3 x 3 ’íd”Tube
~
/
/ --- --H
CODE
10.2.7 Try a 7 in. x 7 in. plate with 5 in. x 5 in. bolt

spacing
Determine the amount of tensile steel required

for the applied moment. Assume standard
concrete beam compression block.
Equate the internal forces and solve for a : 0.85 fCab = A,fy
a = A,fy/(0.85 fCb)
a = A,105/[0.85(4)(7)]
a = 4.41Ae
9.2 Equate the external (required strength) and Mu = @Mn

9.3.1 internal (design strength) moments and solve 70.0 = 0.9Ae(105)(6-4.41Ae/2)
the resulting quadratic equation for A,: A, = 0.130 in.2
For 2 bolts in tension, A, per bolt is: A,/bolt = 0.065 in.2
Try 3/8 in. diameter bolts (for 3/8 in. threaded A,/bolt = 0.078 in.2
bolts A , = 0.078 in.2)
B.6.5.2 Since this is a surface mounted plate,

B.6.5.2.1 The nominal shear strength is the sum of the Vn = 0.70A,,fy + 0.40 C
shear strength provided by the anchors and the
friction force between the base plate and concrete
due to the compressive reaction, taken as 0.4
in this example.
Example B2(c), continued

CODE
STEP 2: continued
--`,```,`````,```,``````,``,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
B.6.5.3 The anchor area not used for moment is available A= , 2(0.078 - 0.065) + 2(0.078)
for shear transfer. Assume threads in shear plane A, = 0.182 in.2
Shear contribution from friction between the 0.40 C = 0.40 T

base plate and concrete due to the compressive = 0.40(Aefy)
reaction. = 0.40(0.130) (105)
0.40 C = 5.46 kips
Nominal shear strength from anchors and V, = 0.70A,,fy + 0.40 C
friction between the base plate and concrete V, = 0.70(0.182)(105) + (5.46)
V, = 18.8 kips
9.2 Design shear strength must be greater than @Vn= 0.85(18.8 kips)
9.3 the required strength. @ V, = 16.0 kips > 12.4 kips OK
STEP 3: Design for rigid base plate
In order to ensure rigid base plate behavior,

it is essential that the base plate not yield on
either the compression or tension side of the
connection.
NOTE:
This step in the example is for information only.
Actual design of the base plate is not covered
by AC1 349 Appendix B. Although the design
procedure shown is appropriate for base plate
design, the actual design values used should be
based on the appropriate structural steel code.
Determine minimum base plate thickness to M = Tdt

prevent base plate yielding. The moment in the or
plate at the edge of the attached member is
used for sizing the base plate thickness. The M = Cd,
larger of the moment on the tension side or whichever is greater
the compression side will control the design
of the base plate.
Moment on tension side M = Tdt

M = A e fy dt
M = (0.130)( 105)( 1.O)
M = 13.7 in.-kips
Moment on compression side: Note that C = T M = Cd,

M = Aefyd,
NOTE:
For this example, it is only necessary to show M = (0.130)(105)(6-4-â/2)
that d, is greater than dt , and then calculate the M = 0.130 (105)[ 2 -4.41 (0.130)/2]
M = 23.4 in.-kips t controls
moment as M = (d,)(C). With multiple rows of
anchors in tension (e.g., a middle row of anchors),
both the moment on the tension side and the
moment on the compression side need to be
determined. This general procedure is shown
in this example.
I 1
Example B2(c), continued
CODE
I
STEP 3: continued
I
Nominal moment capacity of base plate Mn = F y S
Mn= Fy(bt2/6) = (36)(7)t2/6
--`,```,`````,```,``````,``,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Mn = 42t2
Determine minimum base plate thickness to 42t2 = 23.4

prevent yielding of plate. Note that the plate t = 0.74 in. use 3/4 in. plate
thickness is calculated using the nominal strength
of the anchors. It is not necessary to include a
@factorin this calculation of plate thickness.
A @ factor of 0.9 is used in calculating the
required area of the anchor in Step 1.
I

I
The calculation of the required embedment
length is similar to that in Example B2(a).

Example B3(a)-Four-stud rigid embedded plate,

Design an embedment using welded studs and a rigid embedded plate for a 3 x 3 x V4 in. A 501 structural tube attachment.
Given:
7”
f: 4000psi
= I c 1
fy 50,000 psi (studs)
= Vu = 12.4 kips
fuf = 60,000 psi
Fy = 36,000 psi (plate) ;=~>pu=ll.l
Mu = 70 in.-kips
vu = 12.4 kips
Pu = 11.1 kips ‘ 7 4 I
M u = 70 in.-kips
where Mu, Pu, and Vuare the required factored external
3 x 3 x Il4” Tube
CODE
STEP 1: Design for moment and tension

spacing T = A,fy
A P u = 11.1
10.2.7 Assume a uniform stress block for concrete

compression zone and the top two studs
as the tension components.
M u = 70
See Example B2(a), the attachment plate is
assumed rigid.
9.2 Sum external (required strength) and internal 50A,- 0.85(4)(â)(7)= 11.1
9.3.1 (design strength) forces. â = 2.1Ae - 0.466
Sum moments about the center line of base plate 70.0 = 0.9[50Ae(2.5)
(line of axial load). + 0.85fC â b ( d - 2.5 -â/2)]
@ = 0.9 for flexure
77.78 = 50Ae(2.5)
+ 0.85(4)(2.1Ae- 0.466)
x (7)[6 - 2.5 - O q 2 . 1 A, - 0.466)]
Solving the quadratic equation: A, = 0.46 in.2

Steel / Stud 0.46/2 = 0.23 in.2
Provide 5Is in. diameter studs A, = 0.30 in.2
Assume the total stud area not used for moment A,, = 2(0.30 - 0.23) + 2(0.30)
and tension is available for shear transfer by = 0.74 in.2
shear friction.
Nominal shear capacity V,, = 50(0.74)(0.9)

p = 0.9 = 33.3 kips
9.2 Shear capacity @ V,, = 0.85(33.3)
9.3 @ = 0.85 = 28.3 kips > 12.4 kips, OK
STEP 3 and STEP 4

--`,```,`````,```,``````,``,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
See Example B2(a)

Example B3(b)-Four-stud flexible em bedded plate,

Design an embedment using welded studs and a flexible embedded plate for a 3 x 3 x Va in. A 50 1 structural tube attachment.
Given:
f: = 4OOOpsi I 7”
1
fy = 50,000 psi (studs) Vu = 12.4 kips
fut = 60,000 psi
Fy = 36,000 psi (plate) vA
Mu = 70in.-kip~
Vu = 12.4 kips
Pu = 11.1 kips
where Mu, Pu, and Vuare the required factored external
= -; M u = 70 in.-kips

3 x 3 x Il4” Tube
CODE
STEP 1: Tension in top studs

spacing
For simplicity, it is assumed that the compressive @ T = 70/4 + 11. I (1.5)/4

reaction is located at the edge of the attached @ T = 21.7 kips
member. T = 24.0 kips
Lever arm for moment = 4 in.; @ = 0.9
Tension in each stud 24.0/2 = 12.0 kips

A,, area for each stud A, = 12.0/50 = 0.24 in.2
Try 5Is in. diameter stud A, provided = 0.30 in.2
B.6.5.3 The stud area not used for moment and tension A,, = 2 (0.30 - 0.24) + 2 (0.30)
is available for shear transfer by shear friction. = 0.72 in.2
B.6.5.2.2 Nominal shear strength V, = 0.9(0.72)(50)
p = 0.9 = 32.40 kips

9.3
9.2 Design shear strength must be equal to or @ V, = 0.85(32.4)
9.3 greater than the required strength. = 27.5 kips > 12.4 kips, OK
STEP 3 and STEP 4
See Example B2(b) --`,```,`````,```,``````,``,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Example B4-Four-stud rigid embedded plate in thin slab, tension only
Determine the reduction of projected stress area due to limited concrete thickness for the embedment of Example B1.
P, = 18 kips
Given:
f: = 4000psi 5/8‘‘ thick plate
fut = 60,000 psi
Thickness of concrete slab = 6 in. 3.71 ”
b+2 (Ld+ t- h)
y SECTION DESIGN PROCEDURE CALCULATION
STEP 1: Determine area available for stress re jction
L
B.4.2 Total stress reduction area
=(b+2Ld+2t-2h)2 = [ 6.75 + 2 ( 3.71 ) + 2 (0.625) - 2( 6.5)]2
= 5.86 in.2 14.8 in.2 area still available
for stress reduction, OK
Ductility requirements met.
COMMENT:
Example B I describes an embedment assembly with a projected area of 175.4 sq. in. when there was a minimum
required area of 160.6 in.2. this leaves approximately 14.8 sq. in. available for reduction in projected area before
the minimum requirements for concrete strength are no longer met.
--`,```,`````,```,``````,``,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Due to biaxial symmetry of the assembly in Example B I , all sides of the rectangular stress reduction area are equal
and, therefore, only one side needs to be found.
Note that the projected area calculated in Example B I , conservatively neglects the thickness of the plate and
uses i d = 3.71 in. rather than the length of 4.33 in. to the face of concrete.

APPENDIX A-Projected area (Acp)for four studs
This appendix develops the projected area of four There are two cases of overlapping stress cones. In
stress cones at the surface of the concrete. The studs Case I, there is no overlap at the center of the rectangle
are located at the corners of a rectangle with spacing since R < ( Sx2 + Sy2)1/2. In Case II, all four stress
S, and C y in each direction. The radius of the project- cones overlap. The projected area for the two cases is
ed stress cones (45 deg cone angle) is R = i d + d h / 2 . formulated below.
CASE I
The projected area is equal to the area of four full cones
minus the area of the four overlapping portions minus the
area of the four heads.
CASE II
The projected area is equal to the area of the central rect- CASE I
angle plus the area of the four three quarter cones minus the
area of the four overlapping portions outside the rectangle
minus the area of the four heads.
Acp2= S,Sy+(4)(3/4)~R2-(a,-sina,)R2
- (ay-S¡nay)R2-4Ah
SUMMARY
A cpl = ( 4 7 ~- 2 B )R2 - 4 A h
Acp2 = ( 3 7 ~- B ) R2 + S X S y - 4 A h
where
B = (a,- sin a,) + (ay- sin ay)
a, = 2cos -1 (S, / 2 R )
--`,```,`````,```,``````,``,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ay= 2cos-I( s y / 2R ) CASE II


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AC1 349.

Embedment Design Examples

Hans G. Ashar Gunnar A. Harstead Richard S. Orr*

Copyright American Concrete Institute

INTRODUCTION Ar = reduction in effective stress area to account for

Copyright American Concrete Institute

Example A I Single stud, tension only

Example A2 Single stud, shear only

Example A3 Single stud, combined tension and shear

Example A4 Anchor bolt, combined tension and shear

Example A5 Single rebar, combined tension and shear

Copyright American Concrete Institute

Example Al-Single stud, tension only

Design an embedment using a stud welded to an embedded plate.

STEP 1: Determine required steel area of the s

Assume that the load is applied directly over the

B.6.5.1 Equate the external (required strength) and Pu = @ P, = @A,$

STEP 2: Check anchor head bearing

c) Bearing area of head is approximately evenly Head and tensile stress

STEP 3: Determine required embedment lengi for the stud

SECTION DESIGN PROCEDURE CALCULATION

STEP 4: Check plate thickness

Copyright American Concrete Institute

Example A2-Single stud, shear only

Design an embedment using a stud welded to an embedded plate.

1 Sl%%N I DESIGN PROCEDURE CALCULATION

STEP 2: Check anchor head bearing

B.4.5.2 a) Procedure is identical to that in Example A I &/A,= 0.79/0.196 = 4 > 2.5 OK

b) Procedure is identical to that in Example A I Th = 0.312 in. (per manufacturer’s data)

c) Procedure is identical to that in Example A I Head and tensile stress

STEP 3: Determine required embedment length for the stud

STEP 4: Check plate thickness

Copyright American Concrete Institute

Example A3-Single stud, combined tension and shear

Design an embedment using a stud welded to an embedded plate.

STEP 1: Determine required steel area of the stud

B.6.5.1 Equate the external (required strength) and Pu = @Pn= @Astfy

STEP 2: Check anchor head bearing

B.4.5.2 a) Procedure is identical to that in Example A I &/A,= 0.79/0.196 = 4 > 2.5 OK

STEP 3: Determine required embedment length for the stud

STEP 4: Calculate minimum plate thickness

Example A4-Single bolt, combined tension and shear

Design an embedment using a high strength bolt (A325).

STEP 1: Determine required steel area of the s

B.6.5.1 Equate the external (required strength) and Pu = @Pn= @Astfy

STEP 2: Check anchor head bearing

c) Procedure is identical to that in Example A I Head and tensile stress

STEP 3: Determine required embedment lengi for the bolt

Copyright American Concrete Institute

Example AS-Single rebar, combined tension and shear

Design an embedment using a straight reinforcing bar welded to an embedment plate.

STEP 1: Determine required steel area of the s id

Equate the external (required strength) and Pu = @ P n= @Astfy

B.6.5.2.2 Use the shear friction provision of Section 11.7

STEP 2: Calculate required embedment lengtk

STEP 3: Calculate minimum plate thickness

Select the plate thickness as shown for t 2 0.75/2.7 = 0.28 in.

STEP 4: Connection of reinforcing bar to platc

12.14.3.2 Provide full penetration weld between bar