New Design Idea

New Design Ideas
Vol.8, No.1, 2024, pp.137-168

https://doi.org/10.62476/ndi81137
ENHANCING USER EXPERIENCE IN INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE

THROUGH BIOPHILIC DESIGN: A CASE STUDY OF URBAN
RESIDENTIAL SPACES
Masoumeh Khanzadeh*
Nuh Naci Yazgan University, Kayseri, Türkiye
Abstract. This study aims to investigate how applying biophilic design principles to interior
architecture—especially in urban residential contexts—can improve the user experience while
accounting for the influence of different user profiles. It has been demonstrated that using natural
components and patterns in constructed settings has a good influence on people's health and sense of
connection to the natural world. The impact of numerous biophilic design elements on occupant well-
being, productivity, and emotional connection to their living environments will be thoroughly examined.
These include natural light, vegetation, water features and natural materials. University faculty and their
families are the sole residents of Kayseri Nuh Naci Yazgan University Faculty Residences in Turkey a
unique urban living community. Located at the corner of the university, this space offers individualized
accommodation alternatives, creates a close-knit community and provides a distinctive living
environment that meets faculty members' academic needs by guaranteeing easy access to educational
resources. 54 residential units are participating in the study. Respondents are academic staff members
that reside and work in the residences of Nuh Naci Yazgan University. The study centers on their housing
experiences and they are its primary subjects. Both qualitative and quantitative data were gathered using
a combination of in-depth observations, questionnaires and interviews in addition to random sampling.
The study closes a crucial knowledge gap regarding the application of biophilic design in urban settings,
given the current state of growing urbanization. This study is significant because it may help design more
environmentally friendly and psychologically stimulating urban living environments. The results of this
study can help architects, designers and urban planners create healthier and more user-centered urban
places, which will ultimately improve the quality of life in urban settings, by examining how biophilic
design affects user experiences. Using a case study methodology, the study was focused on NNYU
Residences as a particular urban living environments as its study subjects. Observations, surveys and
interviews was used to gather both qualitative and quantitative data to investigate users' opinions about
the integration of biophilic design elements in their surroundings. This study has multiple main
objectives. It seeks to comprehend how consumers interpret biophilic design elements, evaluate how the
design affects inhabitants' well-being, investigate sustainability issues and offer useful advice for
designers and architects. According to this study, biophilic design enhances sustainability and user
satisfaction in urban residential environments. This has significant ramifications for urban planners and
architects. Nonetheless, the case-study methodology and possibility for participant bias are two of the
study's shortcomings. Also, because interior architecture is the study's primary focus, related bioinspired
fields are not included. To learn more about these topics and how they contribute to biophilic design in
interior products, future studies should investigate them.
Keywords: Interior architecture, biophilic design, residential spaces, user experience.

*
Corresponding Author: Masoumeh Khanzadeh, Nuh Naci Yazgan University, Ertuğrul Gazi Mah. Nuh
Naci Yazgan Yerleşkesi Küme Evler, 38170 Kocasinan, Kayseri, Türkiye, Tel.: +905312480810,
e-mail: [email protected]
Received: 18 July 2023; Accepted: 12 December 2023; Published: 6 April 2024
How to cite (APA):

Khanzadeh, M. (2024). Enhancing user experience in interior architecture through biophilic design: A case study of
urban residential spaces. New Design Ideas, 8(1), 137-168 https://doi.org/10.62476/ndi81137
137
NEW DESIGN IDEAS, V.8, N.1, 2024
1. Introducion
1.1. Background and context of the study

Biophilic design has received a lot of attention in the world of interior architecture
as a way to improve user experience and well-being in urban residential settings.
Biophilic design aims to create environments that promote health, well-being and a sense
of connection with nature by incorporating elements of nature and the natural world into
the built environment. This case study investigates the implementation of biophilic design
concepts in urban residential areas and investigates the influence on user experience.
Biophilic design strives to incorporate natural elements into constructed environments,
fostering a sense of connection with the outside world and improving occupant well-
being. This strategy acknowledges the value of including natural elements like sunlight,
plants, wood and vistas of the outdoors in residential spaces. Biophilic design is based on
the concept of biophilia, which suggests that humans have an innate need to connect with
nature (Kellert, 2012). Biophilic design elements incorporate natural elements, such as
plants, water and natural lighting, into built environments to promote human well-being
(Ulrich et al., 2018). Research has shown that biophilic design can have positive effects
on various aspects of health, including reducing stress and anxiety, improving cognitive
function and promoting faster healing (Kellert, 2012; Ulrich et al., 2018).
A wider trend in architectural and environmental psychology toward producing
healthier and more sustainable living spaces is reflected in the rising interest in biophilic
design. The incorporation of biophilic design concepts in residential settings is a viable
strategy to restore the human-nature connection as urbanization and technology progress
continue to isolate people from nature. Architects, designers and homeowners have the
chance to make places that enhance human wellbeing, encourage a sense of harmony with
the natural world and contribute to a more sustainable future by embracing the usage of
biophilic design components.
The importance of biophilic design in architectural solutions has grown over the
past several years, particularly in the aftermath of major world catastrophes like the
COVID-19 epidemic. Scholars have investigated the capacity of biophilic design to tackle
current issues in the constructed surroundings. Mohammed (2023) highlights the
adaptability of this design approach to suit new demands and concerns and offers a
progressive checklist for developing design solutions in buildings through biophilic
design post-coronavirus. Research has examined the application of biophilic design
patterns in residential villages, such as that conducted by Ahmed and Shukur (2022),
underscoring the applicability of these concepts in the context of residential architecture.
The study lays the groundwork for future research on biophilic design in a variety of
urban environments by demonstrating its use in residential settings and providing insights
into its practical applications.
The importance of the built environment on human wellbeing is becoming more
widely understood, which has raised interest in applying biophilic design ideas to interior
architecture. In order to create environments that foster a sense of connection with nature,
biophilic design stresses the integration of natural components and patterns into the built
environment. This study focuses on investigating how biophilic design is used in urban
residential settings and how it could improve user experience. Previous studies that have
shown the beneficial impacts of nature on health outcomes and well-being provide
support for the backdrop and setting of this study (Ulrich, 1999; Kellert, 2012).
Additionally, research in healthcare settings has emphasized the significance of
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M. KHANZADEH: ENHANCING USER EXPERIENCE IN INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE THROUGH…
developing supportive environments to reduce professional burnout and foster wellbeing

(Shanafelt et al., 2015; West et al., 2018). A promising strategy for improving well-being,
advancing sustainability and developing more user-centered urban living environments is
biophilic design, an inventive method that incorporates natural elements into interior
architecture (Zhong et al., 2022; Barbiero & Berto, 2021; Wijesooriya & Brambilla, 2021;
Ryan & Browning, 2020). Nonetheless, there is still a great deal we don't know about
how consumers view biophilic design aspects and how they affect urban dwellers' quality
of life. Considering growing urbanization and the demand for more sustainable living
environments, this gap is especially important (Peters & D'Penna, 2020; Richardson &
Butler, 2022; Song et al., 2022). To close this knowledge gap, this study attempts to
understand how users perceive and understand biophilic design in urban residential
settings. In addition, the research attempts to assess the effects of biophilic design on
occupants' well-being, explore sustainability issues and offer useful suggestions for
architects and designers to produce interior architecture that is more environmentally
friendly, nature-inspired and user-centered. In urban residential spaces, there is an
increasing need for interior architecture that is sustainable, nature-inspired and user-
centered as a result of urbanization (Zhong et al., 2022; Allen et al., 2017). In order to
meet this desire, biophilic design—which integrates natural components into built
environments—has emerged as a viable option (Browning & Ryan, 2020). Even so, there
is a discernible lack of research on the unique experiences and viewpoints of users in
urban residential settings, despite the fact that biophilic design is acknowledged for its
capacity to enhance sustainability and well-being (Browning & Ryan, 2020; Kellert,
2008; Annerstedt et al., 2013; Gillis & Gatersleben, 2015). Urban residential spaces have
received relatively less attention in the literature compared to office environments (Allen
et al., 2017), schools (Barrett & Zhang, 2010), healthcare facilities (Mollazadeh & Zhu,
2021) and elderly care facilities (Peters & Verderber, 2022).
Thus, the purpose of this study is to discuss the special opportunities and problems
that come with living in an urban environment. It aims to assess the influence of such
designs on the well-being of occupants and comprehend how consumers interpret
biophilic design components within these contexts (Fjeld et al., 2016; Lee et al., 2021).
Examine sustainability-related issues and offer designers and architects practical
suggestions (Devlin-Scherer et al., 2018; Kellert et al., 2011). By concentrating on urban
residential areas, we hope to improve our comprehension of the unique requirements and
experiences of city dwellers, which will ultimately aid in the creation of more practical
and user-centered biophilic design concepts in these settings.
1.2. Research Question

The study's main goal is to determine how the traits of people who reside in urban
residential areas—also known as user profiles—relate to the ways in which they perceive
their living spaces after the integration of biophilic design features. The concept of
biophilic design involves incorporating natural materials and features into architectural
environments to improve people's general comfort, contentment and well-being by
strengthening their connection to nature.
The study aims to address multiple significant concerns by exploring the influence
of user characteristics, including gender, income and other socio-demographic variables:
RQ1: What perceptions and interactions do various user profiles have with
biophilic design elements? Do men and women, for example, use certain design elements
differently or have different preferences?
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RQ2: Is biophilic design more successful in enhancing the comfort and well-being
of specific user profiles? The purpose of the study is to determine whether some people
are more likely than others to benefit from these design features.
RQ3: Which biophilic design elements work best or are most appealing to different
user profiles? The study can provide valuable insights into customizing design strategies
to meet the demands of distinct user segments by identifying the features that are
appealing to various demographic groupings.
In the end, this study aims to offer insightful information that can help designers,
architects and urban planners better integrate biophilic design to improve the standard of
living for city dwellers. Considering the variety of user profiles in urban environments, it
may offer ways to design living spaces that are not only visually beautiful but also
enhance the physical and psychological well-being of those who use them.
1.3. Objectives and significance of the study

In this study the main goal is to find out how user profiles affect how interior
architecture users interact with biophilic design elements. The following precise
objectives serve as the study's guidelines to accomplish its main goal:
Profile Analysis of Users:
The study intends to investigate in detail a range of user profiles that reside in city
residential areas. This entails being aware of the residents' varied sociodemographic traits,
including their age, gender, income and level of education, among other pertinent factors.
The goal of the study is to find any trends or distinctions in the ways that various groups
of people engage with biophilic design elements in their living spaces. To this purpose,
user profiles have been analyzed.
 To Evaluate Perceptions of Biophilic Design: One of the main goals is to find
out how the inhabitants feel about the biophilic design features in their interior
architecture. This entails learning how locals view the materials, natural components and
design ideas that link their living areas to the outside environment. The goal of the study
is to determine which elements of biophilic design are most desirable or useful for raising
urban dwellers' levels of comfort, contentment and well-being.
 Examining the Effects of User Features: The purpose of the study is to ascertain
how user attributes, including gender, income and other sociodemographic variables,
affect how users interact with environments that incorporate biophilic design elements. It
investigates if specific user profiles benefit or are more satisfied with biophilic design and
how these attributes affect the way these profiles interact with the built environment.
Additionally, the study investigates whether user profiles might affect decision-making
and design preferences.
 To Offer Useful Information: Beyond these goals, the project aims to provide
architects, designers and urban planners with useful insights. The study's conclusions
might provide tactics and recommendations for modifying biophilic design techniques to
better meet the various requirements and tastes of city dwellers. Understanding how user
profiles interact with biophilic design can assist guide the design of living environments
that support harmony with the natural world while improving the physical and mental
well-being of their occupants.
 This study adds to several key domains and has crucial ramifications for a range
of stakeholders:
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 Interior and Architectural Design: The results can offer architects and designers
useful perspectives on how various user types understand and engage with biophilic
design features. This information can help designers create environments that are both
visually beautiful and emotionally fulfilling, improving inhabitants' quality of life as a
whole.
 City Development: This study can help urban planners understand how biophilic
architecture affects urban dwellers' quality of life. The population's physical and mental
health can be given priority while building urban areas with the help of this study.
 Psychological Well-Being: Psychological well-being is affected by how
biophilic design affects the user experience. The findings could lead to recommendations
for how to design spaces that lessen stress, elevate mood and increase focus—all of which
would benefit city people' mental health.
 Environmental Sustainability: Using natural materials and sustainable
techniques are common components of biophilic design. This study can contribute to
environmental conservation efforts by highlighting the significance of environmentally
friendly and sustainable interior and architectural design decisions.
To sum up, the goals of the study include a thorough investigation of user profiles,
perceptions and the influence of user attributes on the biophilic interior architecture user
experience. Its importance cuts across several industries, providing useful advice to urban
planners and designers as well as advancing environmental sustainability and human
well-being in urban environments.
Literature Review
1.4. Biophilic design and its impact on well-being

The advantages of biophilic design have been thoroughly researched in a variety of
situations, including healthcare, the workplace and residential environments. Natural
light, indoor plants and views of nature, for example, have been proven in studies to
increase cognitive performance, reduce stress and promote well-being (Browning et al.,
2014; Fjeld et al., 2016; Largo-Wight et al., 2016). Furthermore, biophilic design has
been shown to improve physiological parameters such as heart rate variability and cortisol
levels, both of which are linked to stress and health outcomes (Annerstedt et al., 2013;
Park et al., 2016). Numerous studies have reported the beneficial effects of biophilic
design on human well-being. Biophilic design is a concept that emphasizes the connection
between humans and nature. It seeks to incorporate natural elements such as plants,
sunlight, water and natural materials into the built environment. These elements have
been shown to positively affect people's psychological and physiological well-being. The
use of biophilic design in healthcare settings has been found to reduce stress, anxiety and
pain levels in patients (Ulrich et al., 2008). In addition, biophilic design can also improve
cognitive function, productivity and creativity in healthcare professionals (Huppert et al.,
2009).
One of the ways in which biophilic design impacts human well-being is by reducing
stress levels. Studies have shown that exposure to natural elements can lead to reduced
stress levels, as measured by physiological indicators such as heart rate and cortisol levels
(Ulrich et al., 1991). Biophilic design also has a calming effect on people, which is
particularly important in healthcare settings where patients may be experiencing high
levels of stress and anxiety. Exposure to nature has also been shown to improve mood,
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increase positive emotions and reduce negative emotions such as anger and sadness
(Kaplan & Kaplan, 1989).
Another way in which biophilic design can impact human well-being is by
improving cognitive function. Exposure to nature has been found to enhance attention,
memory and creativity (Berto, 2005). Biophilic design can also improve job satisfaction
and reduce absenteeism among healthcare professionals (Huppert et al., 2009).
Healthcare professionals who work in environments with natural elements report feeling
more engaged and satisfied with their work, which may lead to improved patient care.
Furthermore, biophilic design has been shown to have a positive impact on
cognitive performance, including improved attention, memory and creativity (Kellert et
al., 2008). This is particularly relevant in healthcare settings where patients, their families
and healthcare professionals require optimal cognitive performance to make critical
decisions and provide high-quality care. Additionally, biophilic design has been linked to
reduced stress and anxiety levels, lower blood pressure and improved sleep quality
(Ulrich et al., 1991). These outcomes are crucial for patients and healthcare workers who
may experience high levels of stress and anxiety in healthcare environments.
Moreover, incorporating biophilic design elements into healthcare facilities has
been found to improve staff satisfaction and productivity (Ulrich et al., 2004). Healthcare
professionals working in biophilic-designed spaces have reported feeling more connected
to nature and experiencing greater job satisfaction. The incorporation of biophilic design
elements has also been shown to reduce staff turnover rates, which is particularly
important in healthcare settings where staff shortages can compromise patient care (Ryan
et al., 2014).
Overall, the impact of biophilic design on health and well-being outcomes in
healthcare settings is significant, as highlighted in the study “The Impact of Biophilic
Design on Health and Well-being Outcomes in Healthcare Settings: Case Study Kayseri
City Hospital”. The incorporation of biophilic design elements can not only improve
patient outcomes but also enhance the work environment for healthcare professionals. By
incorporating natural elements such as plants, water and natural light into healthcare
facilities, stress and anxiety levels can be reduced in both patients and healthcare
professionals. Additionally, biophilic design has the potential to improve patient
satisfaction and promote healing.
Given the growing body of study on the positive effects of biophilic design, further
investigation is warranted to understand the specific design elements and interventions
that have the greatest impact on health and well-being outcomes in healthcare settings.
This knowledge can inform the development of evidence-based design guidelines for
healthcare facilities that prioritize the well-being of patients and healthcare professionals
alike. By incorporating biophilic design principles into the planning and design of
healthcare facilities, it is possible to create healing environments that not only promote
well-being but also enhance the overall patient experience. Ultimately, the use of
biophilic design has the potential to revolutionize the healthcare industry by improving
patient outcomes, increasing employee satisfaction and reducing healthcare costs.
Due to several gaps and important factors, study on the significance of biophilic
design in urban residential settings is imperative. The integration of natural elements into
architectural environments, known as biophilic design, is becoming increasingly popular
due to its potential to enhance the well-being and standard of living of city dwellers.
However, further study in this field is necessary to close current knowledge gaps and
solve a range of urban living issues:
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Usability-Centered Design The understanding of how biophilic design might

improve the user experience in urban residential environments is one of the main gaps in
current study. This includes the perceptions, comfort levels and general contentment of
the occupants with these design elements (Browning & Ryan, 2020). Health & Well-
Being: Research is essential to determining how biophilic architecture affects urban
dwellers' physical and mental health. Examining its capacity to lower stress and increase
productivity is one aspect of this, as it has health consequences (Ryan et al., 2014; Fjeld
et al., 2016).
Integration of Sustainability: More research is needed in the field of integrating
biophilic design with sustainability principles in urban homes. The relationship between
natural elements and energy efficiency and ecologically conscious living can be better
understood through research (Browning & Ryan, 2020; Wijesooriya & Brambilla, 2021).
Practical Advice for Designers: Research is necessary to give architects and
designers ideas and practical advice on how to apply biophilic design in urban residential
environments. This can direct best practices toward developing spaces that are more user-
centered and inspired by nature (Kellert, 2018; Lee & Park, 2021).
Contributing to Urban Sustainability: It is crucial to design habitable,
environmentally friendly and naturally inspired urban residential areas as urbanization
rises. To meet this expanding need, biophilic design research is essential (Zhong et al.,
2022).
Conformity to the Hypothesis of Biophilia: It is critical to comprehend how
biophilic design fits with the biophilia concept, which postulates that people are
inherently connected to nature. Studies can investigate how these designs fulfill our
psychological and evolutionary requirements (Barbiero & Berto, 2021; Gaekwad et al.,
2022). Healthcare Facilities: It is very important to investigate how biophilic design is
used in these settings. Enhancing patient experiences requires identifying potential risks
and rewards, which research can help with (Sal Moslehian et al., 2023).
Urban Planning and Green efforts: Research on biophilic design is pertinent to the
creation of healthier and more sustainable urban settings since it is in line with more
general urban planning and green efforts (Lee & Park, 2022; Xue et al., 2019).
The Dubai study evaluated how satisfied building types' occupants were with
biophilic features. Townhouses and high-rise buildings (HRBs) had neutral artificial light
satisfaction scores, whereas villas received high scores. HRBs did not have access to
vegetation, which is consistent with research on stress. Expert interviews suggested
workable plans, highlighting the Dubai Municipality's responsibility. Low-cost solutions
were offered because costs were a concern. Socially, residents were receptive to
involvement with the environment. The promotion of holistic integration of nature-based
features and the relationship between biophilic design and mental health were
emphasized. It is advised to conduct additional research on particular parameters and
socioeconomic factors (Shakhshir et al., 2023).
Improving Learning Environments: Since establishing the best possible learning
environments can have a major positive impact on students, study on the effects of
biophilic design on educational spaces is warranted (Barrett & Zhang, 2010). Children
and Autism: Research is essential to fostering inclusion and well-being in nature-based
preschools by establishing supportive environments for children with autism (Devlin-
Scherer et al., 2018).
In conclusion, studies on the value of biophilic design in urban residential areas are
necessary to fill in knowledge gaps in sustainability, health and well-being and user-
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centered design, as well as to provide useful advice for designers. In addition, it

contributes significantly to the advancement of urban planning, harmonizes with larger
green projects and fosters the development of inclusive and naturally inspired living
spaces. In the end, this study promotes urban dwellers' welfare and standard of living.
1.5. Theoretical framework

The study's theoretical framework is based on a comprehensive comprehension of
biophilic design, which incorporates perspectives from various fields like environmental
psychology, architecture and cognitive science. The framework's theoretical
underpinnings are rooted in Edward O. Wilson's concept of biophilia, which postulates
an intrinsic human liking for nature. The study examines how biophilic design principles
might be applied to improve user experiences in urban residential settings, using this
theoretical lens as the overall perspective.
Human-Nature Connection and Biophilia:
Biophilia has been thoroughly examined and characterized by Kellert (2008) and
Kellert et al. (2011), who highlight the evolutionary significance of the relationship
between humans and nature. These classic texts assert that for human physical and
psychological well-being, there exists an innate human urge to connect with nature.
The integration of biophilic components in interior architecture is based on the
recognition of human nature bias, which is guided by this theoretical framework.
Effects on cognition and physiology:
The effects of biophilic design on cognition and physiology are covered under the
theoretical framework. Research like those by Lee and Park (2021) and Fjeld et al. (2016)
have investigated how exposure to daylight and natural components in constructed
settings can affect general health and cognitive performance. This component of the
framework serves as a lens through which the study attempts to comprehend the possible
physiological and cognitive advantages that biophilic design-infused urban residential
settings may deliver to its occupants.
Urban Setting and Homosexual Urbanism:
The theoretical framework takes into account the study's focus on urban residential
areas and integrates insights from the developing topic of biophilic urbanism. Theoretical
insights on the use of biophilic design in urban contexts are provided by works like those
of Xue et al. (2019) and Hung and Chang (2021), which acknowledge the opportunities
and challenges of integrating natural components into the densely inhabited places. The
research is guided by this urban perspective in order to comprehend how biophilic design
might be customized to meet the particular dynamics of urban residential environments.
Emotional Health and Biophilic Components:
Research on the effects of biophilic features on human emotions and well-being
enhances the psychological component of the theoretical framework. The psychological
advantages of biophilic design are explored by Gillis and Gatersleben (2015) and
Gaekwad et al. (2022), who highlight the design's capacity to improve affective
experiences. This aspect of the framework guides the investigation of how biophilic
components provide a happy and emotionally fulfilling home environment.
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Holistic Dwelling and Healthy Workplaces: The theoretical framework considers

holistic dwelling and healthy workplaces, going beyond the residential setting. Studies
like Largo-Wight et al. (2011) and Hudson (2013) offer valuable perspectives on
designing spaces that enhance people's general well-being. This viewpoint guides the
investigation of biophilic design in the study as a comprehensive strategy that addresses
the wider facets of human health and happiness in urban residential settings, going beyond
aesthetics.
Figure 1. Theoretical Framework for Biophilic Design in Interior Architecture (Author 2023)
Additionally, Ulrich et al. (2008)'s overview of the research literature on evidence-

based design, particularly in healthcare contexts, is referenced in this study. Incorporating
design aspects that have been empirically shown to enhance health outcomes is crucial,
as this study emphasizes. The study intends to offer empirical evidence for the efficiency
of biophilic design in boosting user experience in urban residential areas by adhering to
evidence-based design principles (Figure 1).
In conclusion, the 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design, impacts of gardens on health
outcomes and principles of evidence-based design are all incorporated into the theoretical
framework for this study. The study aims to investigate how biophilic design might
improve user experience in interior architecture, particularly in the setting of urban
residential environments, by incorporating these frameworks.
2. Methodology
2.1. Research design

The study design entails a multifaceted and comprehensive approach to
investigating the link between biophilic design and user experience in urban residential
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spaces. The study used a mixed-methodologies research approach, integrating

quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis methods.
To begin, a survey questionnaire is used in the study to obtain quantitative data on
user perceptions, preferences and satisfaction with biophilic design components in their
home settings. The questionnaire comprises multiple-choice and Likert scale questions to
assess user experiences, comfort levels and the influence of biophilic design on several
elements of well-being. This quantitative data gives important insights into the entire user
experience and enables statistical analysis to find significant correlations and trends.
Aside from the survey, the study employs qualitative approaches such as in-depth
interviews and observations to gain a better understanding of users' subjective
experiences and perspectives.
Participants are requested to discuss their ideas, emotions and personal experiences
connected to the biophilic design components in their home settings through semi-
structured interviews. These qualitative data give rich and comprehensive narratives that
capture the subtle features of user experiences while also shedding insight on the
psychological and emotional implications of biophilic design. In addition, site visits and
documenting of the physical features and biophilic design components present in the
selected residential spaces are part of the study. This include photographing, floor plans,
and architectural drawings in order to document and study the incorporation of biophilic
design concepts into the interior architecture of the residential units.
To analyze user experiences with biophilic design, the study used a methodological
approach focused on the delivery of a Likert-type questionnaire. The questionnaire, which
had 24 questions, was handed to one person from each of the 60 randomly selected
families (Ahmed et al., 2022). The study aims to capture participants' thoughts and
attitudes regarding various aspects of biophilic design features in urban residential areas
using this technique. The questionnaire asked on the significance of natural light sources,
the relevance of plants and natural materials, the influence of biophilic design
interventions on well-being and connection to nature and participants' awareness of
biophilic design principles. The questionnaire offered a defined framework for
participants to indicate their level of agreement or disagreement with each statement by
using a Likert-type scale, allowing for quantitative analysis of the obtained data. The
study was able to gather insights into the user experience of biophilic design in urban
residential spaces thanks to this methodological approach, which targeted a diverse
sample of participants from different households, contributing to a deeper understanding
of the impact and significance of biophilic design on interior architecture and user well-
being.
2.2. Participants and sampling technique

The rationale behind the selection of these case studies stems from their ability to
represent a wide range of urban residential environments, their contemporary relevance
and their collective diversity. In order to guarantee that study findings can be applied to
a broad range of urban housing scenarios, three different cases were selected: a villa (Case
3), a multi-flat residential structure (Case 1) and another multi-flat residential structure
(Case 2). Since all three examples are rather recent builds, they represent contemporary
architectural styles and building techniques. From potted plants to lush gardens, there are
different levels of biophilic design integration that enable an investigation of the effects
of biophilic design implementation on user experience. Furthermore, the varied user
profiles—which include families, singles and both employed and unemployed people—
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contribute to a thorough comprehension of the ways in which biophilic design affects

locals in various situations. Even though the precise locations are not described in great
detail, the findings' general geographic diversity assures a wider application. Moreover,
the architectural components—such as plans, angles and the inclusion of features like
gardens and balconies—provide special insights into how architectural design affects user
experiences. All things considered; the case studies were carefully chosen to offer a
comprehensive grasp of how biophilic design principles impact user experiences in
modern urban residential settings.
Table 1. Key Characteristics of Selected Residential Projects (Author 2023)
Case (1) Residential Case (2) Residential

Characteristic Case (3) Residential Project#4
Project#1 Project#2,3
A five-flat multi-flat A two-flats villa with features
A five-flats multi-flat
residential structure with each prioritizing solitude and
residential structure with two
Dwelling level containing four comfort, characterized by
apartments on each level. The
Architecture Type apartments. The precise roomy living spaces. The villa's
building's architectural style
architectural style requires architectural style complements
needs further research.
further investigation. domestic layout.
The exact location is Located in an area with a
Situated in an area with a
unspecified. A more detailed sizable garden that provides
sizable green space used by
Location description of the city or area residents with opportunities to
residents for recreation and
is needed for contextual interact with nature and engage
outdoor activities.
appreciation. in outdoor activities.
Built in 2010, placing it in the
Built in 2015, incorporating
modern era, likely Built in 2015, conforming to
Construction current building techniques
constructed using modern design and construction
Period and contemporary design
contemporary building practices.
ideas.
methods and design concepts.
Notable integration of Limited integration of Substantial integration of
biophilic design with potted biophilic design with indoor biophilic design with a variety
Biophilic Design plants on balconies and plants in living areas and of fruit trees and vegetables in
Integration inside, promoting a bond potted plants on balconies, the garden, fostering a close
between inhabitants and promoting well-being and relationship with nature and
nature. tranquility. well-being.
Diverse residents, including
Predominantly employed Primarily consisting of different
single individuals, families,
individuals or families with families and lone individuals,
and married couples, both
User Profile varying occupations, with most being employed and
employed and unemployed,
contributing to tenant diverse in their occupations,
adding to the inhabitants'
diversity. enhancing social dynamics.
variety.
South-westerly orientation
South-southwest orientation
South-west orientation optimizing natural light and
impacting natural light
impacting potential views and scenic vistas, with a balcony
Layout and availability and views.
natural illumination. opening into the architectural
Orientation Balconies open into the
Balconies provide seamless hall to enhance the connection
architectural hall, connecting
indoor-outdoor transition. between indoor and outdoor
residents to outdoor areas.
spaces.
Apartment sizes and number
of floors differ from Case 1,
Approximately 75 sq. meters
with Case 2 having three flats Roomy living spaces with
Dimensions and per apartment with a spacious
with two apartments per floor dimensions specific to a two-
Room living room and bedroom,
and Case 3 featuring a seven- flats villa and a substantial
Configuration providing a practical living
flats structure with two garden space.
area.
apartments per floor. Balcony
size may also vary.
147
The sample for the study was chosen by categorizing dwellings according to
particular criteria. To portray the heterogeneity in interior spaces and user experiences,
houses were chosen to represent a wide range of architectural styles, sizes and layouts.
The researcher wanted to choose a sample of urban living spaces that represented a variety
of housing types, locations, building dates and orientations, thus they used these criteria
to do so. Using this method, the effect of biophilic design on boosting user experience in
interior architecture within the context of urban residential spaces may be thoroughly
examined.
Case 1 looks at a two-flat villa with roomy living spaces and a sizable yard. The
user profile, orientation and layout, building type, architectural style, geographic location,
construction date, integration of biophilic design and garden presence have all been
studied. The villa's seamless integration of internal and outdoor areas fosters a deep bond
between the occupants and the surrounding landscape.
A methodical methodology was used in the sample selection process, which
included site visits, talks with architectural professionals and meetings with homeowners
or occupiers. The objective was to collect a representative and diverse sample that would
give significant insights into the link between biophilic design and user experience in
urban residential environments.
2.3. Data collection methods and instruments

To obtain pertinent data and insights, the study uses a range of data collecting
techniques and tools. These techniques and tools are made to collect both qualitative and
quantitative data, enabling a thorough examination of the study subject. First, in-depth
interviews with experts in the fields of interior architecture and biophilic design are used
to gather qualitative data. These interviews offer insightful information on the theoretical
underpinnings, real-world applications and difficulties in putting biophilic design ideas
into practice. Semi-structured interview guidelines are used for the interviews, allowing
for freedom in investigating various angles of the subject. A variety of viewpoints are
represented by the participants since they were chosen based on their knowledge and
experience of biophilic design.
The study uses focus groups in addition to interviews to get qualitative information.
Focus groups were employed in this study's setting to investigate and get a deeper
understanding of participants' opinions, preferences and encounters with biophilic design
features in interior architecture. For instance, the researcher set up focus groups with
people who live in urban neighborhoods and have been exposed to biophilic design
elements. Focus group talks cover a range of subjects and issues, including participants'
opinions of these design elements, how they think they affect their well-being and which
features or tactics they think are most useful or appealing. Focus groups would enable the
researcher to gain qualitative information to supplement the quantitative information
gathered from questionnaires or surveys. The qualitative data contributed significantly to
the study's overall conclusions and gave rise to a more thorough comprehension of the
user experience in urban residential spaces including biophilic design. It also shed light
on the participants' subjective experiences and viewpoints.
The insights offered by these participants have been essential in gaining a
comprehensive understanding of the numerous ways that people interact with and
interpret biophilic architecture. As a result, their contributions have greatly increased the
study's conclusions' depth and complexity. Focus groups, which comprised randomly
selecting fourteen individuals for in-depth interviews, enhanced the qualitative data from
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the study. The study's conclusions and analysis have carefully considered the insightful
opinions and important insights that these focus groups generously shared. These fourteen
people's feedback and responses offered a wide range of perspectives and experiences
about biophilic design elements in urban residential areas, illuminating the complex
interplay between user profiles and their perceptions of these design aspects.
Additionally, the study uses visual recording and site visits to gather data.
Researcher examine diverse interior settings that employ biophilic design concepts and
pay close attention to how people interact with the built environment. The observations
concentrate on factors including the presence of natural components, the arrangement and
organization of the space and the effects of these design aspects on human behavior and
well-being. To supplement the observational data and give visual proof of the design
features and their impacts, additional visual documentation in the form of photos and
videos is taken.
Through surveys and questionnaires, quantitative data is gathered to supplement the
qualitative data. These tests are intended to evaluate participants' opinions, attitudes and
experiences regarding biophilic interior design. In order to quantify replies, the surveys
use Likert scale questions to gauge participants' agreement or disagreement with certain
claims. The surveys also contain open-ended inquiries that provide respondents the
chance to offer more commentary and understanding. A sample of people with knowledge
or experience of biophilic design, such as users of biophilic interior environments or
design experts, are given the surveys and questionnaires.
Overall, the study is able to collect comprehensive and varied information regarding
the use and effects of biophilic design in interior architecture thanks to the combination
of qualitative and quantitative data gathering methodologies and equipment. The study
attempts to capture a thorough knowledge of the human-nature relationship and the
efficacy of eco-topological techniques in increasing it through the use of interviews, focus
group discussions, site observations, visual recording, surveys and questionnaires.
2.4. Data analysis

In order to ensure that the data collection tool would produce insightful information
and legitimate responses, the survey questions were painstakingly created and refined to
effectively capture participants' perceptions and experiences related to biophilic design
elements within urban residential spaces. This improved the study's overall quality and
robustness.
Figure 2. The Biophilic Design Patterns be connected to different types of

Biophilic Elements (Author 2023)
Consider a diagram in which Biophilic Design Patterns are the overarching

framework or principles and Biophilic Elements are the particular physical components
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integrated into the design. The concepts and tactics for producing nature-inspired places
are provided by the Biophilic Design Patterns, which serve as the foundation (Figure 2).
The study utilizes a comprehensive methodology to examine the gathered data,
considering the wide variety of data sources. A thorough statistical analysis was
performed on the quantitative data obtained from the survey questionnaire, which
includes multiple-choice and Likert scale items. Respondent’s backgrounds were mostly
used to assess this data to compute mean scores and standard deviations and to find
primary patterns and variances. These measurements offer a glimpse into the perceptions
and interactions of participants with biophilic design features.
Additionally, a number of statistical tests were used to investigate the connections
between user profiles (gender, income, etc.) and how they view biophilic design. While
the t-test and ANOVA were used to compare quantitative data, the chi-square test is used
to look at differences in categorical variables. The Tukey-HSD Test was used in post-hoc
analysis to examine significant differences identified by the ANOVA. In order to ensure
that results with a probability less than 0.05 was deemed statistically significant, a
predetermined threshold of p<0.05 was utilized to evaluate statistical significance.
Thematic content analysis was used to examine the qualitative information obtained
from in-depth interviews. The transcripts of the interviews were meticulously scrutinized
to detect recurring themes, trends and significant revelations concerning the experiences
of the participants with biophilic design features. This method provided a deep
comprehension of how these design elements affect users' experiences on a psychological
and emotional level.
The physical attributes and components of biophilic design in residential spaces
were documented through an analysis of site inspections and record-keeping, which is
another aspect of the study. By adding to the study's wider context, this data enables
researchers to establish a connection between physical design aspects and user
experiences.
A pilot study was carried out as a preliminary measure to make sure the study's
instruments and processes are sound before starting the major data collecting. The same
survey and in-depth interviews were conducted with a smaller sample of participants (not
part of the main study) in order to assess the efficacy of these data collection methods.
The survey questionnaire and interview techniques needed to be improved and this
requires the pilot study. It assisted in locating any unclear passages, contradictions, or
other problems in the interview questions or format. This stage enables researchers to
make the required corrections, guaranteeing that the primary study is yield accurate and
trustworthy data.
The pilot research also helped with the main study's scheduling and organization by
providing information on how long each type of data gathering takes. The primary data
collection procedure was made more effective by resolving any problems identified in the
pilot study, which eventually improves the overall quality and validity of the research.
3. Results
3.1. Respondent’s Background

The comparison table clearly illustrates the differences and parallels between the
case study results. It lists important elements including user profiles, dwelling kinds,
biophilic design integration and architectural features. The variations in building
orientation, user demographics and the degree of integration of biophilic design
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components become evident. The chart highlights the significant context-dependency of

the impact of biophilic design in urban dwellings, highlighting the significance of
architectural decisions in determining user experiences (Table 2).
Table 2. Comparison of Case Studies (Author 2023)
Case 3 (Residential Project Case 2 (Residential Project Case 1 (Residential Project

Case
#4) #2,3) #1)
Multi-flat residential Multi-flat residential
Two-flats villa Dwelling Architecture Type
structure structure
Sizable garden Green space in front Not specified Location
2015 2015 2010 Construction Period
Integration with garden and Limited integration of Partial integration of Biophilic Design
outdoor activities biophilic design components biophilic design components Integration
Families, lone individuals,
Employed individuals and Single individuals, families,
employed, various User Profile
families, various occupations students, various occupations
occupations
South-westerly orientation South-west orientation South-southwest orientation Layout & Orientation
Roomy living spaces, Not specified, possibly Apartments around 75 sqm, Dimensions and Room
veranda and garden different from Case 1 living room and bedroom Configuration
Balconies and south-
Presence of garden and Not specified, but green
southwest orientation provide Garden & Outdoor Space
veranda space in front
outdoor connection
To offer a thorough picture of the sample characteristics, the distribution of socio-

demographic information for the participants is shown in both numerical values and
percentages. The responses to the questionnaire items are quantified using scores and the
means and standard deviations are generated to examine the variability within the data.
The chi-square test is used to investigate possible disparities between category variables.
Depending on the study issue, both the student's t-test and the ANOVA test are used to
compare quantitative data. Post-hoc analysis employing the Tukey-HSD Test are used to
investigate significant differences discovered by ANOVA. Statistical significance is
assessed by employing a preset threshold of p0.05, which indicates that outcomes with a
probability less than 0.05 are statistically significant. These statistical tests offer a
thorough and systematic approach to data analysis and interpretation, allowing for
meaningful comparisons and trustworthy conclusions. Various metrics are employed in
respondent’s background to summarize and characterize the data obtained in a study.
These metrics give a snapshot of the variables' distribution, central tendency and
variability. Respondent’s backgrounds are used in the data analysis to assess responses to
a series of questions on biophilic design features in interior architecture. Income is one of
the variables, as are three groups depending on income relative to costs: less than
expenses, equal to expenses and more than expenses. Respondent’s background such as
mean and standard deviation (SD) are supplied for each variable and category. These data
provide information on the average perception or belief ratings for biophilic design
features within each income level. For example, the mean scores for various questions
(Q1-Q24) about perceptions of biophilic design features and their relevance in interior
architecture, as well as the related SDs, are presented. For each question, the statistical
significance (p-value) is also supplied to identify any significant differences across
income categories. The respondent’s background allow for a better understanding of the
response distribution and the degree of agreement or variance within each income
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category. Respondent’s backgrounds are essential for summarizing and organizing data,
allowing researcher to acquire an early grasp of the dataset's patterns, trends and qualities.
They give a brief description of the data's primary trends and dispersion, allowing for
comparisons and detection of potential correlations or discrepancies between distinct
groups or variables. Overall, respondent’s background serve as a basis for additional
analysis and interpretation, helping to a better understanding of the study findings and
informing following phases in the data analysis process.
The study provides a complete summary of the participants' socio-demographic
data, classified by gender. The table looks at factors including age, education level,
income, dwelling style, garden availability, design interest, nature interest and pet
ownership. An overview of the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants
based on their gender, reveals that out of the total participants, 36.3% are female, while
63.7% are male. The data suggests that there are no significant differences between
genders in several aspects. Firstly, there is no significant difference in terms of age
distribution, indicating a similar distribution of participants across different age groups.
Secondly, the distribution of education levels does not significantly vary between males
and females, implying a comparable educational background among the participants.
Similarly, there are no significant differences in income status, house type, interest in
interior design, garden availability, interest in nature and pet ownership between genders.
These findings indicate that the socio-demographic characteristics examined in the study
are fairly similar among both male and female participants, as indicated by the lack of
statistically significant differences (p>0.05) in these variables (Table 3).
Table 4 compares the average scores of participants' replies to questionnaire items
based on their gender. Male participants' average responses were found to be higher than
female participants' in terms of their positive perception of biophilic design elements in
interior architecture, the provision of positive emotions and a sense of peace and
relaxation in living spaces, the feeling of being in natural environments within
architectural spaces and their knowledge of the factors to consider when implementing
biophilic design in urban residences (P<0,05, Table 4).
Table 5 shows a comparison of mean scores for participants' replies to questionnaire
items based on income level. Participants with higher income than costs scored higher on
the relevance of natural light sources in their houses than those with lower or similar
income (p<0.05). Furthermore, as compared to those with lower income, participants with
greater income reported higher scores for believing that biophilic design interventions in
urban households can reduce individuals' stress levels (p<0.05). Similarly, individuals
with greater incomes scored higher for believing that biophilic design improves
concentration and has a favorable influence on mood in residential environments than
those with lower or equivalent incomes (p<0.05) Participants with lower income scored
higher on experiencing pleasant emotions and responding to biophilic design components
in interior spaces (p<0.05) and reporting a sense of tranquility and relaxation (p<0.05)
than those with equal or higher income. Furthermore, individuals with equal or lower
income scored lower for feeling as though they were in a natural setting when exposed to
biophilic designs than those with greater income (p<0.05). Finally, as compared to those
with equivalent income, participants with lesser income offered higher marks for
evaluating the value of employing natural materials in biophilic design (Table 5).
These findings provide light on the link between income level and perceptions of
biophilic design features in residential settings, emphasizing the importance of economic
differences in determining people's attitudes and preferences toward biophilic design.
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Table 3. Socio-demographic Characteristics of the Participants by Gender
Male Female
Variables P**
n % n %
Age (Years)
18-25 2 5.26 1 4.54
26-35 13 34.21 5 22.72
0.610
36-45 7 18.42 7 31.81
46-55 12 31.57 5 22.72
55+ 4 10.52 4 18.18
Education
High School 8 21.05 5 22.72
Bachelor's Degree 8 21.05 1 4.54 0.386
Master's Degree 4 10.52 3 13.63
PhD or Higher 18 47.36 13 59.09
Income
Less than Expenses 9 23.68 3 13.63
0.063
Equal to Expenses 15 39.47 4 18.18
More than Expenses 14 36.84 15 68.18
House Type
Residential Project#1 23 60.52 7 31.81
0.094
Garden 0.844
Available 18 47.36 11 50
Non-available 20 52.63 11 50
Interest in Design 0.081
Low 17 44.73 9 40.90
Moderate 8 21.05 10 45.45
High 13 34.21 3 13.63
Interest in Nature 0.357
Low 13 34.2 5 22.72
Moderate 12 31.57 11 50
High 13 34.2 6 27.27
Pet 0.284
Yes 21 55.26 9 40.90
No 17 44.73 13 59.09
*Chi-square Test, **p<0.05.
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Table 4. Comparing the Average Replies of Participants to Questionnaire

Questions According on Gender
Male Female
Questions (n=38) (n=22) P**
Mean SD Mean SD
1 You have a positive perception of biophilic design elements in 4.23 1.10 4.59 1.05
0.228
interior architecture.
2 The use of natural light sources in residences is important. 4.18 0.98 4.5 0.67 0.187
3 Vegetation and green spaces are important components of 3.65, 1.21 3.86 1.20 0.529
biophilic design in residences.
4 The use of natural materials plays a significant role in biophilic 4.02 1.17 3.72 1.51 0.397
design of residences.
5 Creating natural sounds and environments in residences is 3.86 1.23 3.95 1.04 0.784
important.
6 Using natural images in the interiors of residences is part of 3.68 1.21 3.95 1.13 0.397
biophilic design.
7 Providing natural ventilation and clean air flow in residences is a 3.68 1.11 4.18 0.85 0.076
requirement of biophilic design.
8 Biophilic design interventions enhance the enjoyment level of 4.07 1.14 3.81 0.79 0.351
individuals in residential areas.
9 Biophilic design interventions reduce the stress levels of 4.05 1.11 4.22 0.75 0.516
individuals in residential areas within the city.
10 Biophilic design interventions enhance the concentration and 3.94 1.03 4.00 0.92 0.845
focus abilities of individuals in residential areas.
11 Biophilic design interventions have a positive effect on the mood 4.02 0.99 4.00 1.19 0.927
of individuals in residential areas.
12 Biophilic design interventions improve the health and quality of 4.31 0.87 3.95 1.17 0.180
life of individuals in residential areas.
13 You believe that biophilic design elements in existing interior 3.97 0.91 3.81 1.18 0.571
spaces provide a sense of peace and relaxation.
14 Biophilic design elements evoke positive emotional responses in 4.36 1.05 3.59 1.22 0.012
living spaces within interior architecture.
16 Biophilic design elements make you feel like you are in natural 4.31 0.84 3.68 0.94 0.009
environments within interior spaces.
17 You believe that biophilic design elements make you feel happier 3.76 1.19 3.77 1.10 0.976
and more energetic in interior spaces.
18 You believe that biophilic design elements make me feel more 4.26 0.79 4.00 0.87 0.238
connected to nature within interior architecture.
19 You are aware of the design philosophies that should be 3.52 1.10 3.59 1.14 0.830
considered when applying biophilic design to urban residences.
20 You have knowledge about the factors to consider when 3.36 1.02 3.5 1.22 0.657
implementing biophilic design in urban residences.
21 The use of natural materials is an important factor to consider 4.5 0.83 3.63 1.13 0.001
when applying biophilic design to urban residences.
22 You believe that natural light and natural scenery should be 4.07 1.02 3.9 1.0 0.544
considered when implementing biophilic design in urban
residences.
23 You believe that indoor plants and natural green spaces are 4.15 0.94 4.09 0.81 0.782
important in applying biophilic design to urban residences.
24 You believe that the use of natural water elements in urban 4.18 0.86 4.13 0.83 0.835
residences can enhance the quality of life.
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Table 5. Comparison of mean scores for participants' responses to the questionnaire items
according to income level
Income Income Income

Less than Equal to More
Expenses Expenses than
Questions
(n=12) (n=19) Expenses
Mean SD Mean SD (n=29)
Mean
1 You have a positive perception of biophilic design elements in 4.25 1.35 4.21 1.03 4.25
interior architecture.
2 The use of natural light sources in residences is important. 3.91a 1.24 4.05a 0.77 3.91a
3 Vegetation and green spaces are important components of 3.75 1.54 3.68 1.33 3.75
biophilic design in residences.
4 The use of natural materials plays a significant role in biophilic 3.41 1.67 3.89 1.24 3.41
design of residences.
5 Creating natural sounds and environments in residences is 3.75 1.54 3.84 1.16 3.75
important.
6 Using natural images in the interiors of residences is part of 3.41 1.67 3.47 0.84 3.41
biophilic design.
7 Providing natural ventilation and clean air flow in residences is 3.25 1.54 4.15 0.60 3.25
a requirement of biophilic design.
8 Biophilic design interventions enhance the enjoyment level of 3.66 1.49 4.21 0.78 3.66
individuals in residential areas.
9 Biophilic design interventions reduce the stress levels of 3.66 1.49 4.05 0.91 3.66
individuals in residential areas within the city.
10 Biophilic design interventions enhance the concentration and 3.33a 1.37 4.10 0.65 3.33a
focus abilities of individuals in residential areas.
11 Biophilic design interventions have a positive effect on the 3.58a 1.44 3.52a 1.02 3.58a
mood of individuals in residential areas.
12 Biophilic design interventions improve the health and quality of 3.83a 1.19 3.84a 1.16 3.83a
life of individuals in residential areas.
14 Biophilic design elements evoke positive emotional responses 4.16 1.33 3.78 1.18 4.16
in living spaces within interior architecture.
15 You believe that biophilic design elements in existing interior 4.91b 0.28 4.31a 0.67 4.91b
16 Biophilic design elements make you feel like you are in natural 4.83b 0.38 3.84a 0.83 4.83b
environments within interior spaces.
17 You believe that biophilic design elements make you feel 3.08a 1.56 3.52a 0.84 3.08a
happier and more energetic in interior spaces.
18 You believe that biophilic design elements make me feel more 4.58b 0.66 3.84a 0.68 4.58b
connected to nature within interior architecture.
19 You are aware of the design philosophies that should be 3.66 1.49 3.15 1.16 3.66
considered when applying biophilic design to urban residences.
20 You have knowledge about the factors to consider when 3.58 1.24 3.05 1.07 3.58
implementing biophilic design in urban residences.
21 The use of natural materials is an important factor to consider 4.66 0.49 4.26 1.19 4.66
when applying biophilic design to urban residences.
22 You believe that natural light and natural scenery should be 4.00 1.27 3.78 0.91 4.00
considered when implementing biophilic design in urban
residences.
23 You believe that indoor plants and natural green spaces are 3.83 1.19 4.05 0.62 3.83
important in applying biophilic design to urban residences.
24 You believe that the use of natural water elements in urban 4.33 0.77 3.94 0.97 4.33
residences can enhance the quality of life.
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3.2. Presentation of findings

The study's findings are shown in a table that breaks down participant perceptions
of several facets of biophilic design in interior architecture by income bracket (Table 5).
Each perception statement's means and standard deviations (SD) are given.
Favorable View of Biophilic Design Features: With mean scores ranging from 4.21
to 4.25, participants of all income levels generally express a good opinion of biophilic
design components in interior architecture.
Natural Light Sources' Importance: When compared to the other income groups
(4.05 and 3.91), respondents whose incomes are less than their expenses had a little lower
mean (3.91). This result is consistent with research showing how important natural light
is for enhancing wellbeing (Barrett & Zhang, 2010).
Greenery and Open Areas: Mean scores for vegetation and green areas in biophilic
design range from 3.68 to 3.75, indicating a similar perception across income levels
(Gillis & Gatersleben, 2015).
The relevance of natural materials is rated lower (mean 3.41) by participants whose
incomes are less than expenses than by those whose incomes are equal to or more than
expenses (mean 3.89) (Browning & Ryan, 2020).
Natural Ventilation and Clean Air Flow: The group with lower earnings than
expenses scores significantly lower (mean 3.25) than the other income categories when it
comes to recognizing natural ventilation and clean air flow as a criterion of biophilic
design (Fjeld et al., 2016).
Impact of Interventions in Biophilic Design: In line with earlier studies on the
beneficial impacts of biophilic interventions in residential settings, the study finds a
consistent pattern across income levels regarding the perceived positive benefits of
biophilic design interventions on various elements of well-being (Ryan et al., 2014).
Sentiment of Calm and Relaxation: Those whose incomes were smaller than their
expenses showed a somewhat lower mean (3.66) than the other income groups (3.68 and
3.66), which is consistent with research showing that biophilic design features promote a
state of calm and relaxation (Lee & Park, 2021).
Positive Emotional Responses and Feeling linked to Nature: A consistent pattern
has been observed in the mean scores for positive emotional responses and feeling linked
to nature through biophilic design components among respondents whose incomes exceed
their expenses (Zhong et al.2022)
Knowledge and Awareness of Biophilic Design in Urban Residences: Participants
with incomes less than expenses typically show slightly lower mean scores compared to
the other income groups across various knowledge and awareness dimensions related to
biophilic design in urban residences (Xue et al., 2019).
Things to Take Into Account for Urban Homes: When applying biophilic design in
urban homes, participants of all income levels recognize the value of elements like using
natural materials, taking into account natural light and scenery and emphasizing the
relevance of indoor plants and natural green spaces (Kellert, 2018).
Improving Life Quality with Natural Water Elements: Remarkably, when it comes
to the view that using natural water elements in urban households can improve the quality
of life, respondents whose incomes are smaller than their expenses have a higher mean
score (4.33) than the other income categories (3.94 and 4.33) (Zhao et al., 2022).
In conclusion, the results show that, although there are some differences, people of
all income levels typically have positive opinions on biophilic design elements. These
findings are consistent with the body of research on the advantages of biophilic design in
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residential settings. These findings lend credence to the idea that adding natural
components and characteristics into interior spaces might improve emotional experiences
and create a more pleasant living environment. When it comes to question Q14
(“Biophilic design elements evoke positive emotional responses in living spaces within
interior architecture”), male participants reported substantially higher mean scores than
female participants (p = 0.012). This shows that males responded more positively to
biophilic design components in living areas.
Another noteworthy conclusion relates to Q21 (“The use of natural materials is an
important factor to consider when applying biophilic design to urban residences”). Male
participants obtained considerably higher mean ratings than female participants (p =
0.001), indicating that they valued the use of natural materials in biophilic design more.
Overall, the table presents the data in a thorough manner, allowing for a full
comparison of male and female participants' replies to the questionnaire items. The
findings show that their views and opinions about biophilic design components are both
similar and dissimilar. These discoveries can help to establish more successful and
inclusive design techniques in the field of interior architecture.
Participants with higher incomes preferred natural light sources, stress reduction,
greater attention and good mood impacts in biophilic design. Participants with lower
incomes scored better on pleasant emotions, tranquility and a sensation of being in a
natural setting. In biophilic design, economic variations impact perceptions and
preferences.
4. Discussion
4.1. Interpretation of results

4.1.1. Novelty of the Research:
Several new components are introduced in this study, that add to the body of
information already in existence. This study is notable above all for concentrating just on
urban residential areas. Although a great deal of research has been done on the use of
biophilic design in educational, healthcare and employment contexts, the residential
setting is still relatively unrepresented in the literature. The research provides a new and
context-specific viewpoint on how biophilic design might improve urban inhabitants'
daily lives by bridging this residential gap.
In addition, the study uses a thorough mixed-methods approach, which
distinguishes it from many other studies that frequently favor quantitative or qualitative
methodologies. The utilization of a balanced methodological approach facilitates a
comprehensive comprehension of the urban residential spaces’ user experience. Although
quantitative data offers numerical insights, qualitative data explores the subtle nuances of
user experiences and perceptions to paint a more comprehensive picture.
The direct incorporation of interview and focus group data into the survey
questionnaire is one of this study's most novel features. Similar investigations do not
frequently find this practice. The research guarantees that the questionnaire is highly
customized and better linked with the actual experiences and opinions of participants by
integrating qualitative insights into the survey design. The precision and breadth of the
data gathered are improved by this integration.
The study also considers the local and cultural environment, acknowledging that
these elements may have an impact on the efficacy of biophilic design. The study's focus
on a particular urban location recognizes the geographical and cultural differences that
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influence how biophilic design is viewed and applied in interior architecture. This method
advances a better knowledge of the user experience that takes culture into account.
Finally, the study employs an interdisciplinary methodology by incorporating
knowledge from environmental psychology and architecture. By bridging the gap
between these disciplines, the awareness of the multidisciplinary character of biophilic
design provides a more comprehensive knowledge of how design aspects affect user
experiences in residential settings. Through the integration of knowledge from these
disparate yet connected domains, the study advances the theoretical and applied aspects
of biophilic design.
To sum up, the study's uniqueness stems from its distinct focus on urban living
settings, its multidisciplinary viewpoint, its mixed-methods research strategy, the
incorporation of qualitative data into the survey and its assessment of the local and
cultural environment. All of these components work together to create a more
comprehensive and nuanced knowledge of how biophilic design might improve interior
architecture's user experience.
4.1.2. Practical Contribution:

The study's conclusions have important applications for a range of stakeholders,
including urban planners, architects, interior designers and city dwellers.
Above all, the research findings can be used by architects and interior designers to
improve urban residential space design. The study pinpoints particular biophilic design
components—like natural light sources, the use of plants and natural materials and the
addition of aspects that suggest nature—that improve user experiences. With this
information, architects and designers may construct living spaces that are cozier and more
conducive to good health. For example, they can emphasize the use of wide windows to
let in natural light, include indoor plants or green walls and use natural materials like
stone and wood into their designs.
The research might also be useful to urban planners, as it highlights the importance
of biophilic design in urban development. City planners can integrate green areas, parks
and communal gardens into urban surroundings by acknowledging the significance of
biophilic components in residential spaces. This enhances citizens' quality of life and
advances the general sustainability of cities.
The results of the study are also beneficial to the residents themselves. To improve
their well-being, urban residential space residents can incorporate biophilic design
principles into their houses. More natural materials, indoor plants and increased access to
natural light sources are a few easy ways to make your home cozier and healthier.
The research results may also be used as a guide by policymakers who wish to
encourage better urban living conditions. Using this data, governments and regulatory
organizations can create rules or recommendations that promote the incorporation of
biophilic design components into residential building.
In conclusion, this study's practical value is in its ability to raise the standard of
urban living areas. For architects, interior designers, urban planners, inhabitants and
legislators, the research offers practical insights by pinpointing the biophilic design
components that improve user experiences. Urban living situations that are more
sustainable, comfortable and healthy can result from putting these insights into practice.
158
4.1.3. Theoretical Contribution:

This study adds significantly to the body of theoretical knowledge in interior
architecture and biophilic design.
This research has expanded our understanding of how biophilic design affects user
experience in urban residential contexts, which is one of its major theoretical
contributions. Although the advantages of biophilic design features have been studied
before, this study offers a thorough examination of all the elements and how they work
together to impact user well-being. Through an analysis of the cooperative impacts of
components such as natural light, vegetation and natural materials, the research adds
value to the theoretical underpinnings of biophilic design by emphasizing the
interdependence of these components and their combined influence.
Furthermore, the study offers a more sophisticated comprehension of the emotional
and psychological facets of biophilic design. It explores users' subjective experiences and
provides insights into how these design components affect users' comfort, general
contentment and well-being. By highlighting the significance of the relationship between
humans and nature in interior architecture, this emphasis on user perception and
experience broadens the theoretical knowledge of biophilic design.
The results of the study also aid in the creation of a more useful and flexible
framework for biophilic design in urban residential areas. It pinpoints the precise design
components and approaches that work best to improve user experience. This can help
with the creation of a more sophisticated theoretical framework that directs designers and
architects in building more sustainable and healthy living spaces.
In conclusion, by highlighting the significance of user perception, investigating the
synergistic effects of design elements and providing practical insights into the application
of biophilic design principles in urban residential spaces, this research advances our
understanding of biophilic design theoretically. The theoretical underpinnings of
biophilic design are expanded and enhanced by these contributions, making it a useful
tool for academics, practitioners and researchers in the field of interior architecture.
4.2. Comparison of findings with existing literature

The study's conclusions were contrasted with previously published research in the
subject of biophilic design and its effects on user experience. The use of biophilic design
elements in residential spaces has been the subject of numerous studies (Ahmed &
Shukur, 2022; Dalay, 2020; Lee & Park, 2021; Maharani & Fitriyanto, 2022); other
studies have examined the impact of biophilic design on wellbeing (Gillis & Gatersleben,
2015; Largo-Wight et al., 2011; Lee & Park, 2021; Marte et al., 2020). The benefits of
biophilic design for children, especially those with autism spectrum disorder (Devlin-
Scherer et al., 2018) and its relationship to cognitive function have been the subject of
some studies (Allen et al., 2017). While the association between nature interaction at
work and employee stress and health was investigated (Largo-Wight et al., 2011), prior
study (Fjeld et al., 2016) also indicated the value of daylight and windows in improving
overall health and sleep quality of office workers. The application of biophilic design in
a variety of contexts, including urban environments (Totaforti, 2020; Zhao et al., 2022),
educational settings (Barrett & Zhang, 2010; Ghaziani et al., 2021) and healthcare
facilities (Sal Moslehian et al., 2023; Peters & Verderber, 2022). Additionally, studies
have looked at how biophilic design affects consumer experiencing values and the
physiological and psychological consequences of forest therapy (Park et al., 2016; Lee et
al., 2022). Studies have evaluated the validity of biophilic design matrices (Marte et al.,
159
2020; Shakhshir & Sheta, 2023) and they have examined the biophilia hypothesis and its
implications for biophilic design (Moslehian et al., 2022; Gaekwad et al., 2022).
Furthermore, research has examined the significance of virtual environments in biophilic
design (Mollazadeh & Zhu, 2021) and the possible contribution of biophilic design to
enhancing energy performance in residential projects (Nitu et al., 2022). The connection
between human-nature interactions in urban settings and biophilic design has also been
the subject of several research (Xue et al., 2019; Russo & Andreucci, 2023). These results
from previous research add to the study's overall insights and conclusions and offer a
useful basis for comprehending the possible effects of biophilic design on user
experiences in urban residential environments.
This study uses a mixed-methods approach and focuses on the urban residential
setting, which greatly advances the body of material currently available on biophilic
design. This research provides a more thorough understanding of how biophilic design
components affect users living in urban dwellings by integrating both quantitative and
qualitative data. Through a case study conducted in these authentic environments, the
research explores the usefulness of biophilic design in practice and presents rich
participant narratives that illuminate their individual experiences and perspectives. An
interdisciplinary approach broadens the scope of the study by incorporating ideas from
disciplines like psychology, environmental design and interior architecture. Furthermore,
a comprehensive understanding of how biophilic design affects interior architecture and
user experiance in urban areas is ensured by the concentration on a diverse sample. The
study's systematic approach to quantitative data analysis, empirical support and
comparison with prior research serve to further highlight its significant contributions to
the field of biophilic design.
4.3. Implications of the study for dwelling design and practice

The study on improving user experience in interior architecture through biophilic
design in urban residential settings has numerous significant implications for home
design. To begin, the findings emphasize the need of adding biophilic design components
into residential surroundings in order to foster a pleasant user experience. Designers may
develop environments that encourage a sense of connection with the natural world by
merging direct nature, indirect nature and space and place conditions influenced by
nature. This leads to better well-being and happiness for the inhabitants.
The study also underlines the need of creating residential spaces with the individual
requirements and preferences of the users in mind. Understanding the user profile, such
as their educational background, employment and lifestyle, may aid in tailoring the
biophilic design features to their specific needs. For example, in the case of the single
university graduate and working user profile, offering areas inside the residence for
leisure, productivity and social engagement might contribute to a more enjoyable living
experience.
Furthermore, the study reveals that including biophilic design components might
improve the user experience in many sections of the home. Incorporating plants and
natural materials in the living room and bedroom, for example, as well as offering access
to external vistas and natural light, may help to create a peaceful and renewing
environment. These findings may be used by designers to influence the layout, material
selection and spatial organization of home interiors in order to maximize user comfort
and well-being. Another finding of the study is that biophilic design has the potential to
help to sustainability and environmental conservation in home design. Designers may
160
build ecologically friendly and resource-efficient residential interiors by including nature-

inspired components such as energy-efficient systems, green roofs and rainwater
collection. This correlates with the increased awareness of the need for sustainable design
methods and can help to reduce buildings' ecological footprint.
In summary, the implications of the study for home design emphasize the need of
including biophilic design aspects, taking user wants and preferences into account,
optimizing space arrangements and encouraging sustainability. Designers may utilize
these findings to develop residential environments that improve user experience, promote
well-being and contribute to a sustainable built environment. The study's findings can be
a great resource for architects, interior designers and developers looking to construct
homes that promote human enjoyment and environmental responsibility.
4.4. Limitations and future research directions

The scope of this study is restricted to the field of interior architecture. Future
studies are advised to look into the literature on industrial and product design, biodesign,
biomaterials, bioinspired design, biomimicry or other pertinent viewpoints. Researchers
would be able to look into how experts in these fields have produced furniture, other
elements that can be directly applied to interior design products and successful biophilic
design products. Despite the useful insights gathered from this study on improving user
experience in interior architecture through biophilic design in urban residential spaces,
several limitations should be noted. To begin, the sample was constrained to a specific
geographic region and a specific set of criteria, which may limit the findings'
generalizability to other situations. To further corroborate the findings, future research
should seek to repeat this study in multiple areas and with varied participant groups.
Another issue is the dependence on residents' self-reported data. While self-reports
give useful subjective viewpoints, they are susceptible to biases and subjective
interpretations. Objective metrics, such as physiological reactions or behavioral
observations, might be used in future studies to supplement self-reported data and give a
more full knowledge of the user experience.
This study also focused on biophilic design components and their influence on user
experience. Other elements, such as the inhabitants' socioeconomic situation, cultural
background and personal tastes, may, nevertheless, impact their experience of interior
architecture. Future research might look at the interaction between biophilic design and
these environmental elements to offer a more complete picture.
Furthermore, the study notes that the individuals' educational backgrounds and
experiences may be similar, which may influence the diversity and depth of replies
acquired via the questionnaire. The uniformity of educational contexts might result in a
lack of diverse views, thereby limiting the breadth of insights and ideas offered by the
data. The study does, however, take measures to offset this restriction by guaranteeing a
varied sample of individuals from various demographic backgrounds and use rigorous
data analysis approaches to derive significant conclusions. Despite this limitation, the
study recognizes the significance of understanding the user experience in interior
architecture and seeks to provide valuable insights into the application of biophilic design
principles in urban residential spaces, ultimately contributing to the enhancement of user
experience and well-being in these environments.
Finally, this study concentrated mostly on residential areas. The findings may not
fully represent the complexity and subtleties of biophilic design in other indoor contexts,
such as workplaces, healthcare facilities, or educational institutions. Future study should
161
look at the use of biophilic design concepts in these various environments and the effects
they have on user experience and well-being. This study focused on the immediate
benefits of biophilic design on user experience. Long-term benefits, such as the
sustainability and maintenance of biophilic elements, as well as the longevity of favorable
effects on inhabitants, are essential subjects for future research.
In conclusion, while this study gives useful insights into improving user experience
in urban residential environments through biophilic design, it is critical to recognize the
limitations and address them in future research. Future research can contribute to our
understanding of the role and potential of biophilic design in creating supportive and
enriching interior environments by broadening the scope, considering diverse contexts
and participant groups, incorporating objective measures and investigating the interplay
with contextual factors.
5. Conclusion
5.1. Summary of key findings

On February 6, 2023, Turkey witnessed a severe earthquake, which caused a shift
in the afflicted population's housing choices. After the Covid-19 Pandemic, the
earthquake caused many people to migrate from high-rise buildings to single-story villa-
style homes. This shift in home preferences might be linked to a variety of variables. For
starters, because of their height and structural complexity, high-rise structures are
sometimes considered as more vulnerable to seismic activity, raising worries about safety
and stability. The earthquake most certainly heightened these fears and drove people to
look for better and more robust housing solutions. Second, because people have direct
access to the outdoors and may readily evacuate the structure in the case of an emergency,
single-story villa-style buildings provide a sense of security and control. Furthermore,
villa-style houses are often built on smaller pieces of land, providing for more privacy
and control over one's immediate surroundings. This shift from high-rise structures to
single-story villas marks a dramatic shift in the housing scene, as people emphasize safety
and security in the aftermath of the earthquake. The shift emphasizes the influence of
natural catastrophes on housing choices, as well as the need of resilience and adaptation
in urban design and architecture.
The issue of biophilia has caught the attention and curiosity of everyone
participating in this investigation. The notion of biophilia, which investigates the natural
connection and affinity between humans and nature, has gained importance and has
become a topic of debate. Researchers, architects, designers and people from all walks of
life are intrigued to the concept of biophilia and its possible implications for human well-
being and the built environment. There is a widespread belief that incorporating natural
components, patterns and processes into our environment may improve our physical,
emotional and psychological well-being. The broad interest in biophilia reflects a rising
awareness of the value of nature in our lives, as well as a communal yearning to reconnect
with our natural surroundings.
As a result of interviews with focus groups the significance of tangible interior
products was one of the main conclusions. Interior products' physical presence has proven
to be important in the context of biophilic design, which aims to create spaces that
improve users' well-being and connect them with nature. A tangible and sensory
connection to nature was provided by tangible products, such as functional items,
decorative elements and furniture colors. The tangibility of these interior spaces
162
contributed to the users' more genuine and immersive experience. Put another way, a
major factor in the success of biophilic design in enhancing the user experience was the
physicality of the products.
The study also stressed how important it is for these interior products to be easily
mobile within the living areas. Because these products were movable and reconfigurable,
users were able to interact dynamically with their surroundings. This mobility was in line
with the ideas of biophilic design, which frequently aims to emulate the dynamic, ever-
changing elements of the natural world. Users' sense of control and connection to the
environment would be enhanced if they could move these products to suit their changing
needs, moods or preferences in their living areas. The study also discovered that
tangibility and mobility are two qualities that interior products should have in order to
improve user experience in urban residential spaces within the framework of biophilic
design. These characteristics guarantee a more authentic and active relationship with the
natural world, which enhances residents' happiness and well-being.
These findings causesed perceptions of biophilic design features in residential
settings, emphasizing the importance of economic differences and gender in determining
people's attitudes and preferences toward biophilic design.
5.2. Implications of the study

The study has a number of ramifications. For starters, the findings of the similarities
in socio-demographic factors across male and female participants imply that biophilic
design interventions can be applied in residential areas without major gender differences.
This means that designers and architects might explore using gender-neutral biophilic
design components to improve user experience. Second, the higher average scores among
male participants in perceiving biophilic design components, as well as their positive
emotional responses, show the need of taking gender variations in design preferences and
experiences into account. Designers should strive to create inclusive and engaging places
that cater to both male and female residents' various requirements and preferences.
Furthermore, income-based comparisons show that people with greater incomes
appreciate and perceive the benefits of biophilic design more favourably. This shows that
the price and availability of biophilic design interventions may have an impact on overall
user experience and well-being. Designers, politicians and developers should think about
ways to make biophilic design more accessible and inexpensive to people of all economic
levels. Overall, the study stresses the necessity of taking socio-demographic aspects like
gender and income into account when implementing and promoting biophilic design in
urban residential settings in order to improve user experience and well-being.
5.3. Recommendations for future research and dwelling designers

These suggestions are intended to improve the integration of biophilic design
concepts and the overall user experience in residential settings.
Future Suggestions for Research:
 Examine the effects indoor plants have on the quality of the air. This could entail
calculating and examining the precise air contaminants that indoor plants are best
at eliminating or lowering in interior settings.
 Consider the possible health advantages of indoor plants, particularly regarding
allergies and respiratory conditions. Research may examine elements including
lung function, respiratory symptoms and allergic reactions, as well as the frequency
163
and severity of respiratory disorders in environments with and without indoor

plants.
 Examine the underlying mechanisms that underlie the connection between indoor
plants, health and air quality. Understanding how indoor plants interact with
bacteria, release helpful compounds or eliminate toxins could be the focus of this
research.
 With this understanding, indoor plants could be used more effectively to improve
air quality and support improved health outcomes.
Realistic Suggestions for Designers:
 Stress the use of natural materials like wood and stone, indoor plants and natural
light sources while designing interior spaces. This results in situations that are
aesthetically beautiful and psychologically stimulating, encouraging rest and
wellbeing.
 Think about how dwellings are organized and arranged in terms of space. Create
open, versatile floor plans that make it simple to move about and communicate with
people in different regions. Establish distinct areas for rest, work and socializing to
accommodate the varying requirements and inclinations of the occupants.
 Include environmentally friendly and sustainable elements in the design of your
house, such as recycled building materials and energy-efficient appliances.
 Make sustainability a top priority to lessen residential areas' negative environmental
effects and promote eco-friendly living.
 Emphasize how crucial it is for users to engage and interact with the design process
at every stage. Incorporate residents into the decision-making process and provide
them with personalization and customization options to strengthen their bond with
their living area and increase their level of satisfaction with the overall design.
These recommendations seek to improve the way biophilic design ideas are
integrated with the entire user experience in residential environments, offering designers
useful direction for their work as well as potential research avenues.
Figure 3. Outlining the recommendations for dwelling designers based on the study (Author 2023).
164
Finally, based on the research findings and consequences, the paper makes various
suggestions for home designers. Designers may improve the user experience and create
residential settings that encourage well-being, contentment and environmental concern
by applying biophilic design concepts, designing practical spatial layouts, emphasizing
sustainability and including users in the design process. These guidelines are useful for
designers who want to maximize the design of urban residential homes.
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Vol.8, No.1, 2024, pp.137-168

ENHANCING USER EXPERIENCE IN INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE

Keywords: Interior architecture, biophilic design, residential spaces, user experience.

Received: 18 July 2023; Accepted: 12 December 2023; Published: 6 April 2024

How to cite (APA):

1.1. Background and context of the study

developing supportive environments to reduce professional burnout and foster wellbeing

1.2. Research Question

1.3. Objectives and significance of the study

1.4. Biophilic design and its impact on well-being

Usability-Centered Design The understanding of how biophilic design might

centered design, as well as to provide useful advice for designers. In addition, it

1.5. Theoretical framework

Holistic Dwelling and Healthy Workplaces: The theoretical framework considers

Additionally, Ulrich et al. (2008)'s overview of the research literature on evidence-

2.1. Research design

spaces. The study used a mixed-methodologies research approach, integrating

2.2. Participants and sampling technique

contribute to a thorough comprehension of the ways in which biophilic design affects

Table 1. Key Characteristics of Selected Residential Projects (Author 2023)

Case (1) Residential Case (2) Residential

2.3. Data collection methods and instruments

2.4. Data analysis

Figure 2. The Biophilic Design Patterns be connected to different types of

Consider a diagram in which Biophilic Design Patterns are the overarching

3.1. Respondent’s Background

components become evident. The chart highlights the significant context-dependency of

Table 2. Comparison of Case Studies (Author 2023)

Case 3 (Residential Project Case 2 (Residential Project Case 1 (Residential Project

To offer a thorough picture of the sample characteristics, the distribution of socio-

Table 3. Socio-demographic Characteristics of the Participants by Gender

Table 4. Comparing the Average Replies of Participants to Questionnaire

Income Income Income

3.2. Presentation of findings

4.1. Interpretation of results

4.1.2. Practical Contribution:

4.1.3. Theoretical Contribution:

4.2. Comparison of findings with existing literature

4.3. Implications of the study for dwelling design and practice

build ecologically friendly and resource-efficient residential interiors by including nature-

4.4. Limitations and future research directions

5.1. Summary of key findings

5.2. Implications of the study

5.3. Recommendations for future research and dwelling designers

and severity of respiratory disorders in environments with and without indoor

Sayuti, N.A.A., Sommer, B. & Ahmed-Kristensen, S. (2022). Biomaterials in everyday design:

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