MODULE 1 HOUSING

HOUSING HOUSING IN THE PHILIPPINES

● Generally refers to the social ● The World Bank estimates that
problem of ensuring that members of three billion people will live in
the society have a home in which to substandard housing by 2030.
live. ● In the Philippines alone, 70 million
● Public Housing - the property is people live in substandard housing,
owned by a government authority and this is projected to grow to 113
which may either be local or million people by 2030. Housing
national. indicators are sliding backward;
● Social Housing - rental housing that rapid urbanization is driving
may be owned and managed by the precarious construction in oftentimes
state, by a non-profit organization, or risky locations.
by a combination of the two, usually ● The Philippines ranks as the third
to provide affordable housing. most disaster-prone country in the
world based on the World Risk
IMPORTANCE OF HOUSING Index.
● Housing provides shelter.
● Housing is a location for business
and provides other intangible HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS IN THE
emotional and cultural benefits. PHILIPPINES (2015 CENSUS)
● Housing activities in developing
countries have economic benefits
beyond the housing sector.
● Housing is most importantly a
human right.
● The role of housing as a social
determinant of health is
well-established, but the causal
pathways are poorly understood
beyond the direct effects of physical
housing defects.
● Decent shelter is something
everyone needs to thrive. A decent,
affordable home helps people to
create a better life for themselves
and their families.

FACTORS THAT AFFECT HOUSING

NEEDS
● Climate
● Location
● Cost
● Lifestyle/culture
HOUSING PROBLEMS IN THE would give the owners a heavily
PHILIPPINES laden life, “mabigat na buhay”.
● Migration of people from rural to ● One says to twist or affix the posts in
urban a way that its own shadow will point
● Rapid population growth directly to the east whenever the sun
● Poverty sets.
● Industrialization
● Job wages MORNING SUN
● The house must receive an
abundance of sunlight as it will give
CULTURAL BELIEFS IN HOUSING IN THE the owner a bright and prosperous
PHILIPPINES life.
● Lots preferably be open to the east
ORO, PLATA, MATA because houses that face the east
● One of the most famous housing will receive the first light at dawn,
superstitions in the country, it giving the homeowners a very bright
involves the number of steps that life.
make up the staircase of a home. It’s ● To follow this up, houses should be
believed to have come from the built with as many and as large of
Spaniards. windows as possible inorder to let in
● The number of steps in a staircase the most light possible throughout
should never end in mata” or it will the day.
bring misfortune or even death.
● Translating to “Gold, Silver,Death”, KNOTTY WOOD
it’s believed that a staircase ending ● Wood was a major material used in
in Oro or Plata will give them Pre-SpainPhilippines. In almost all of
immense wealth,while Mata wishes the regions, they actively avoided
them misfortune and death. using wood that had a lot of knots.
● Because of its notoriety, it is It’s believed that these knots are the
sometimes blamed for tragedies that eyes of the forest spirits and using
happen to owners. them in your home would grant them
● Most ancestral homes in the country seeing into your life.
have integrated this superstition into ● When choosing wood, avoid the one
the staircases of their homes. with a lot of knots. They are believed
to be the eyes of the forest spirits.
SOLITARY OR FREESTANDING POSTS
● Posts should not be built in the
middle of any room as it will give the
owners a heavy life.
● It is advised to also affix the
foundation posts in a manner that no
room or space in the house will have
a solitary post in the middle as it
HOUSING THEORY ● Stringency of building codes in the
Theory plays an essential role for the area.
advancement of knowledge in housing as ● Laws that are wholly incompatible
guides of community development. with local conditions.

INTRODUCTION SELF-HELP HOUSING PROGRAM

The application of housing theory is useful ● NGO groups advocating for housing
in the examination of the complex process rights actively search out planners
by which families make decisions about how and technocrafts to elicit from them
society and their families are being housed. ideas about how to develop
communities.
The study is focused primarily on human ● Organized families, to construct their
behavior as it relates to housing. own houses through low-interest
loans.
● The idea of people-centered
solutions to housing problems
BARRIERS RELATED TO
highlights the importance of people’s
HOUSING access to and control of their own
resources, and their ability to
CLASS, RACE, AGE, AND GENDER participate in larger decision-making
DISCRIMINATION processes that are related to their
lives.
SCARCITY OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING
AND ACCESS TO CREDIT GAWAD KALINGA COMMUNITY
Even when housing is available, the ● These communities produced locally
prohibitive costs of renting or purchasing and affordable housing, where
and the lack of easy access to mortgage or provision for the poor and homeless
lending systems place decent housing residents are seen as tourist
beyond the reach of ordinary citizens. attractions.
● The process of housing provides a
INSECURITY OF TENURE AND model for upholding the principles of
PROPERTY RIGHTS ecotourism, leading to the creation
In Southeast Asia, the lack of secure titles of new communities as well as the
and the prevalence of informal ties to land upgrading of existing ones. It may be
often result in eviction. Without proper improved if the housing process is
documentation of ownership, those evicted, integrated in the plans and policies
usually poor and the marginalized, have no of tourism development.
recourse to the law.
PRO-POOR LAND AND HOUSING
ROLE OF GOVERNMENT ● The Philippines is beset with a huge
Overregulation and bureaucratic rigidity. backlog in providing for land security
● The provision of infrastructural and housing for the poor. In the face
necessities like sewage, water, and of high rates of population increase
the like. and with urban areas continuing to
 be magents of hope for economic MISINTERPRETATION AND/OR
opportunities, the demand for NON-IMPLEMENTATION
affordable land and housing remains The provisions set by the Urban
a huge challenge. Development and Housing Act (UDHA) and
● This was the prognosis of the United its implementing rules and regulations.
Nations Human Settlements
Programme Document NO SHELTER PLANS AND PROGRAMS
(UN-HABITAT) as stated in its Facilitate pro-active planning and
Country Programme Document results-based targeting local concerns,
(2008-2009) – Philippines. resulting in non-appropriation of budgets.

THE LAND MARKET PROVISION OF LAND AND HOUSING

● Prices of land in urban areas remain For internally displaced persons (IDPs) due
way beyond the means of families to natural hazards and armed conflicts.
whose incomes fall within the bottom
30% of the income strata. DEVELOPED RESETTLEMENT SITES
● The Annual Poverty Indicator Survey For NHA’s reconstruction program affected
of the government (2004) revealed by typhoons.
that four out of every 10 Filipino
families do not own their house and
lot. It is evidenced by the MAJOR HOUSING PROBLEMS
proliferation of informal settlers in
urban and peri-urban areas HIGH LAND MARKET VALUES
throughout the country, as well as by Market values of residential lands in Metro
the increasing number of families Manila, for example, range from PHP 3000
sharing dwelling units. to as high as PHP 42,000 per square
● This aggravates the deteriorating meter, far beyond the incomes earned by
quality of life of the poor as cramped the majority of the urban poor.
spaces result in higher incidence of
sickness and violence that mostly But because people need to live in areas
affects women and children. where economic opportunities, including
● Apart from poverty, there are other informal activities, are present, it becomes
bottlenecks and issues hampering expedient for most of them to occupy idle
pro-poor land and housing lands owned by the government or the
programs. private sector.

● EFFECTS
BOTTLENECKS AND ISSUES ○ The proliferation of slums
in the Philippine cities is thus
HIGH TRANSACTION COSTS seen as a coping mechanism
unclear land use policies; non-cooperation for urban dwellers with
of landowners in the Community Mortgage incomes that are too fragile
Program (CMP) to afford land ownership.
 ○ Slum areas are often resulted in an increase in the supply of
blighted, overcrowded, and basic life necessities for the street
lacking in standard homeless.
conveniences.
These conditions have worsened the
HOUSING ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS worker’s situation:
● Extended by government institutions ● Some workers had part-time jobs
such as: with the informal sector:
1. Social Security System ● Other workers transferred from
(SSS) companies to informal occupations
2. Pag-IBIG economically depressed people
● Housing programs that cater to the become homeless.
urban poor included those
implemented through Presidential
land proclamations and the DEADLOCKED POLICIES
Community Mortgage Program Globalization has given birth to a financially
(CMP). slim government through neoliberalism, and
● The Housing and Urban has accelerated the financial crisis of the
Development Coordinating developing country.
Council (HUDCC) reports that the
102 presidential issuances as of FOUR DEADLOCK POLICIES
2006 covered 26,367 hectares, most 1. JOB CREATION
of them in Metro Manila and For the urban poor, especially the
occupied by more than 195,000 squatter inhabitants.
informal settler families. 2. RELOCATION AND HOUSE
CONSTRUCTION
INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS For squatter inhabitants
● Nowhere is the housing problem (compensation to those evicted was
more evident than in the only paid to some of the squatter
phenomenon of slums and inhabitants).
squatter settlements. 3. PAUPER AND HOMELESS
● Recent estimates show that more 4. EMPLOYMENT AND WELFARE
than a third of urban populations POLICIES
reside in slum areas and squatter To provide relief to the street
settlements. homeless.
● In Metro Manila, a little less than
four out of 10 residents are living
in slums and squatter settlements in RIGHT TO ADEQUATE HOUSING
2002. Ranges front he narrow – equating
homelessness to “rooflessness” – to the
broad, based on the adequacy of the
GLOBALIZATION dwelling, the risk of becoming homeless, the
Globalization has brought about the time exposed to homelessness and
expansion of the service economy and has responsibilities for taking alleviating action.
For statistical purposes, the United Nations 3. TRANSACTIONAL THEORY
has defined homeless households as Holistic system showing all the
“households without a shelter” that elements of the whole is
would fall within the scope of living quarters. inseparable. The entry of Front
Porch in plan will embed physical,
temporal and social
8 HOUSING THEORIES OF HUMAN environments.
BEHAVIOR
4. SYMBOLIC INTERACTION
1. HOUSING ADJUSTMENT THEORY THEORY
A sociological behavior where Reciprocal relations between
people seek self respect and seek individual and society by
to change housing made below architectural restrictions.
society’s norms for corrective ● Religion
measures undertaken to remedy ● Power
the situation. ● Status
● Conflict
3 POSSIBLE CORRECTIVE
MEASURES: Symbolism through architectural
Housing adjustment space.
● Moving to a different
dwelling. 5. DIFFUSION OF INNOVATION
● House alteration. THEORY
Consumers' decision making
Adaptation process of accepting or rejecting an
● Changes made by reducing innovation (anything perceived as
needs, constraints and new both socially and
resources. technologically.)

Regeneration 4 Foundations of Diffusion

● Disintegration and Process:
reorganization of household ● Innovation
or society. ● Communication channel
● Social system
2. PERSON-ENVIRONMENT ● Time
CONGRUENCE THEORY
● Dynamic relationship 6. SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY
between human behavior Social interactions and relationships
and physical environment. are exchangers of valued resources.
● Appropriate care for older Mental bookkeeping tha balances of:
people examining the fit ● Rewards
between environment and ○ Social approval
people to include ○ Love
interactions. ○ Gratitude
 ○ Security
● Costs
○ Social disapproval
○ Damage self esteem
● Barriers
○ Discriminations
(elderly)
○ Rental
advertisements in
newspaper
(prohibition of PWD)
○ Racial discriminations
○ Black renter/white
renter

7. THEORY OF HUMAN MOTIVATION

People are motivated by a guest to
fulfill their own needs and strive to
reach the highest levels of
capabilities.
● Human needs
○ Hierarchy (food,
shelter and clothing)
● Psychological needs
○ Psychological
○ safety/security
○ love/belonging
○ Self esteem
○ Self actualization

8. PREFERENCE THEORY
Cognitive model of effective
experience dealing with people
making aesthetic choices.