Univariate Data, 2155

Univariate, Bivariate and Multivariate data and its analysis
In this article,we will be discussing univariate, bivariate, and multivariate data and their
analysis.
Univariate data:
Univariate data refers to a type of data in which each observation or data point corresponds
to a single variable. In other words, it involves the measurement or observation of a single
characteristic or attribute for each individual or item in the dataset. Analyzing univariate
data is the simplest form of analysis in statistics.
Heights (in cm) 164 167.3 170 174.2 178 180 186
Suppose that the heights of seven students in a class is recorded (above table). There is
only one variable, which is height, and it is not dealing with any cause or relationship.
Key points in Univariate analysis:
1. No Relationships: Univariate analysis focuses solely on describing and

summarizing the distribution of the single variable. It does not explore
relationships between variables or attempt to identify causes.
2. Descriptive Statistics: Descriptive statistics, such as measures of central

tendency (mean, median, mode) and measures of dispersion (range, standard
deviation), are commonly used in the analysis of univariate data.
Bivariate data
Bivariate data involves two different variables, and the analysis of this type of data focuses
on understanding the relationship or association between these two variables. Example of
bivariate data can be temperature and ice cream sales in summer season.
Temperature Ice Cream Sales
20 2000
25 2500
35 5000
Suppose the temperature and ice cream sales are the two variables of a bivariate data(table
2). Here, the relationship is visible from the table that temperature and sales are directly
proportional to each other and thus related because as the temperature increases, the sales
also increase.
Key points in Bivariate analysis:
1. Relationship Analysis: The primary goal of analyzing bivariate data is to

understand the relationship between the two variables. This relationship could
be positive (both variables increase together), negative (one variable increases
while the other decreases), or show no clear pattern.
2. Scatterplots: A common visualization tool for bivariate data is a scatterplot,

where each data point represents a pair of values for the two variables.
Scatterplots help visualize patterns and trends in the data.
3. Correlation Coefficient: A quantitative measure called the correlation

coefficient is often used to quantify the strength and direction of the linear
relationship between two variables. The correlation coefficient ranges from -1
to 1.
Multivariate data
Multivariate data refers to datasets where each observation or sample point consists of
multiple variables or features. These variables can represent different aspects,
characteristics, or measurements related to the observed phenomenon. When dealing with
three or more variables, the data is specifically categorized as multivariate.
Example of this type of data is suppose an advertiser wants to compare the popularity of
four advertisements on a website.
Click
Advertisement Gender
rate
Ad1 Male 80
Ad3 Female 55
Ad2 Female 123
Ad1 Male 66
Ad3 Male 35
The click rates could be measured for both men and women and relationships between
variables can then be examined. It is similar to bivariate but contains more than one
dependent variable.
Key points in Multivariate analysis:
1. Analysis Techniques:The ways to perform analysis on this data depends on the

goals to be achieved. Some of the techniques are regression analysis, principal
component analysis, path analysis, factor analysis and multivariate analysis of
variance (MANOVA).
Difference between Univariate, Bivariate and Multivariate data
Univariate Bivariate Multivariate
It only summarize
It only summarize two It only summarize more than 2
single variable at a
variables variables.
time.
It does not deal with It does deal with causes and

It does not deal with causes and
causes and relationships and analysis
relationships and analysis is done.
relationships. is done.
It does not contain

It does contain only one It is similar to bivariate but it contains
any dependent
dependent variable. more than 2 variables.
variable.
The main purpose is The main purpose is to The main purpose is to study the
to describe. explain. relationship among them.
Example, Suppose an advertiser wants

to compare the popularity of four
advertisements on a website.
The example of a The example of bivariate
univariate can be can be temperature and ice Then their click rates could be
height. sales in summer vacation. measured for both men and women
and relationships between variable can
be examined

Univariate Data, 2155

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Univariate, Bivariate and Multivariate data and its analysis

Key points in Univariate analysis:

1. No Relationships: Univariate analysis focuses solely on describing and

2. Descriptive Statistics: Descriptive statistics, such as measures of central

Key points in Bivariate analysis:

1. Relationship Analysis: The primary goal of analyzing bivariate data is to

2. Scatterplots: A common visualization tool for bivariate data is a scatterplot,

3. Correlation Coefficient: A quantitative measure called the correlation

Ad2 Female 123

Key points in Multivariate analysis:

1. Analysis Techniques:The ways to perform analysis on this data depends on the

Univariate Bivariate Multivariate

It does not deal with It does deal with causes and

It does not contain

Example, Suppose an advertiser wants

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