SHREEYASH PRATISHTHAN’S SHREEYASH

POLYTECHNIC, AURANGABAD 2022-23

Micro Project Of M.I.C.

On

“PREPARE A REPORT ON ALP FOR FIND FACTORIAL OF A NUMBER”

Submitted in partial fulfillment for ‘I’ Scheme FOURTH semester of

Diploma in Computer Engineering

Abhinandan Kakde

Vishal Akolkar

Nayan Akolkar

Under the guidance of

Prof Mrs. R.K.Pathak

In Pursuit of Excellence

Maharashtra State Board of Technical

Education, Mumbai
(Autonomous) (ISO-9001-2008) (ISO/IEC 27001:2013)
 Certificate of Completion
This is to certify that Mr. Abhinandan Kakde has successfully completed his/her Micro-Project
entitled “PREPARE A REPORT ON ALP FOR FIND FACTORIAL OF A NUMBER " in the
Course/Subject of "micro project of M.I.C.."in the fourth semester during his/her tenure of completing
the Diploma in Computer Engineering From Shreeyash Polytechnic institute with institute code 1092.
R.K.Pathak Prof. A.C.Naik
Guide HOD
Prof. S.S. Khandagale
Principle
Type text] Page 3

[
 Acknowledgement

It gives us immense pleasure to present the-project

Micro named“PREPARE
“ A REPORT ON ALP
FOR FIND FACTORIAL A OF NUMBER” as prescribedin the curriculum.It is a matterof great
pleasureto ourdeepsenseof gratitudeto Mr.Prof.S.S.Khandagale., The Principal of Shreeyash
Polytechnic, Aurangabad, for his inspiration. We special thanks to Prof.A. forC.Naik
herEncouragement .Wewishto expressourprofoundthanksto Prof.MrsR..K.Pathak for her
valuableguidanceandcontinuoussupport.

YourObediently
student

Abhinandan
kakde
 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• INDEX ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

1. MICRO -PROJECTPROPOSAL ......................................................1 - 2

2. RATIONALE ......................................................................................... 3

3. AIMS / BENEFITS OF THE MICRO-PROJECT ................................. 4

4. LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................... 5-9

5. ACTUALPROCEDUREFOLLOWED.......................................... 10-11

6. OUTPUT OF THE MICRO-PROJECT .............................................. 12

7. SKILL DEVELOPED / LEARNINGOUTCOMES

OFMICRO-PROJECT ........................................................................ 13
8. APPLICATIONS OF MICRO-PROJECT .........................................14
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2
 2. RATIONALE
3. AIMS / BENEFITS OF THE MICROPROJECT

Microprocessor is the main component of computer where 8086 is the base of

 Micro - Project aims at
all upward developed processors till current processors. This course will cover the
To get the
 basics knowledge
of 8086 of Assembly
and its language
architecture along programming
with instruction
 set, assembly language
programming with effective use of procedure and macros. This course also covers the
To get information
 architectural issues about
such how to use instructions
as instruction and directives
set program and data in the program.
types.  the
On top that,
students are also introduced to the increasingly important area of parallel organization.
 To develop an ALP using arithmetic instruction.
This subject serves as a basic to develop hardware related projects. This course will
enable
Benefitsthe students to inculcate assembly language programming concepts and
of project:
methodology to solve problems.
 We learn to use instructions and directives in an ALP.

 We learn to find factorial of a number.

 We learn about the addressing modes.

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 4. LITERATURE REVIEW

 Introduction to how find factorial of a number:

Factorial of a whole number 'n' is defined as the product of that number with every whole number
till 1. For example, the factorial of 4 is 4×3×2×1, which is equal to 24. It is represented using the
symbol '!' So, 24 is the value of 4! .

❖ Factors that are used:

 Directives.
 Instructions.
 Assembly language program development tools.

1) Directives:
a. DB (Define Byte):
The directive DB is used to define byte type variable. It can be used to define
single or multiple byte variables.

General form:-
Name of_ variable DB Initialization value
Ex:- NUM1 DB 10: Allot one memory location.

NAME DB ‘VIJAY’: Allot five memory locations.

b. ASSUME:
The directive ASSUME informs the assembler the name of logical segment that
should be used for a specified segment.

General form:-
ASSUME Seg _reg : Seg _name,…..Seg reg : Seg _name.
Where ASSUME is a assembler directive and Seg reg is any one of the segment register
i.e., DS, ES, SS, Sc _name is the name of the user defined segment and must be any valid
symbol except reserve keywords.

Ex: - ASSUME DS: My_ data, CS: My _code.

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c. .CODE (Simplified Code Segment)
This simplified segment directive defines the code segment. All executable code
must be place in this segment. General form: -

.code

d. .DATA (Simplified Data Segment)

This simplified segment directive defines the data segment for initialized data. All
data definition and declaration must be placed in this segment. General form: -

.data

e. .MODEL
This simplified segment directive creates default segments.
General form: -
.model memory models.
Memory models are:
1) TINY: Used for .com program.
2) SMALL: All data in one segment and all code in one segment.
3) MEDIUM: Data in more than one segment but code in one segment.
4) LARGE: Both data and code in more than one segment.

f. END (End of the program)

The simplified segment directive defines the code segment. All executable code mustbe
place in this segment.

General form: - End.

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 2) Instructions:
a. Mov Destination , Source
This data transfer instruction transfer data from source to destination. Source may be
register, memory location or immediate data. Destination may be register or memory
location. It can’t be immediate data.

operation: - Destination, Source

Ex: -
MOV AL, [SI]

b. MUL Source
This instruction multiplies and unsigned bytes from the source with an and unsigned
byte in the AL register or an unsigned word from the source with an and unsigned
word in the AX register.

When a byte is multiplied with the byte in Al then result is stored in AX register
because the result of multiplication of two 8 bit number can be as long as 16 bit.
When a word is multiplied with a word in AX then MSW the result in stored in DX
and MSW of result in AX register because result of multiplication of two 16 bit
number that is word can be as large as 32 bit . Operation:

If source is byte:
a.AX AL unsigned *8bitsource
If source is word:
a. DX:AX AX unsigned * 16 bit Source
EX: -
MUL CX
MUL BL

c. DEC − Used to decrement the provided byte/word by 1

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 7

d. Loop Instruction
The LOOP instruction executes the group of instructions a number of times and it uses
relative addressing mode. The number of iterations will depend on the condition to be satisfied.
The CX register will perform the LOOP operation on the instructions to be iterated.

For every execution of LOOP instruction, the CX is automatically decremented by one without
affecting flags and performs a short jump to the target address. This loop will continue until the CX
becomes zero. When CX = 0, the execution of the loop will stop and the instructions after the
LOOP will start execution.

e. HLT Instruction :

The HLT instruction will cause the 8086 to stop fetching and executing instructions. The 8086 will
enter a halt state. The only ways to get the processor out of the halt state are with an interrupt
signal on the INTR pin, an interrupt signal on the NMI pin, or a reset signal on the RESET input.
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 Assembly language program development
tools: a. Editor:

Editor is a program which helps to construct assembly language program in a right

format so that assembler will translate it correctly to a machine language. This form of
program is called as a source program.

Ex: - EDIT, WORDSTAR, NORTAN EDITOR, ASSEMBLER.

b. Assembler:
Assembler is a program that translates assembly language program to the correct binary code
i.e. machine code for each instruction and generate the file called as object file with
extension .obj.

Ex: - Turbo assembler (TASM), Microsoft assembler (MASM).

c. Linker:
Linker is a program which combines frequested, more than on separately
assembled module into one executable program and also generate .exe module.

Ex: - TLINK (Turbo Linker), MLINK (Microsoft Linker).

d. Debugger:
Debugger is a program that allows the execution of a program in a single step mode under
the control of user. The process of locating and correcting error using debugger is known
as Debugging.

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 Ex: - DOS DEBUG COMMAND, TD (Turbo Debugger), MV (Microsoft Debugger).

5. PROCEDUREFOLLOWED
1.

6. OUTPUT OF MICROPROJECT

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7. SKILL DEVELOPED / LEARNING OUTCOMES OF MICRO PROJECT

1. Communication

2. Leadership

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3. Team management

4. Negotiation

5. Personal organization

6. Risk management

7. Critical thinking

8. Task management

9. Working with team

10. Logic development

11. Error handling

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 8. APPLICATIONS OF MICRO – PROJECT

1. It is used to develop an ALP for finding factorial.

2. It is used to develop different applications using ALP.

3. Studied different addressing modes.

4. Studied different instructions.

5. Used arithmetic in this program.

6. Used various directives and instructions.

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