Gender Society  Women are passive, emotional, loving, Vanity - Women are "pretty".

g, Vanity - Women are "pretty". men are Intersex: A person born with characteristics
patient, self-sacrificing, and peaceful., "handsome." that are not easily categorized as male or
I. Gender and sexuality as a social reality
 Men are to be stronger than women. GENDER IDENTITY female (e.g., reproductive organs,
WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE A FEMALE OR
MALE?  Men are said to be aggressive, Each person’s internal and individual chromosomes, hormones). For example, a
independent, and good at controlling experience of gender. It is a person’s sense of man could be born with ovaries instead of
• Women can give birth to children. emotions. being a woman, a man, neither, nor anywhere testes or a woman could be born with XY
• Men cannot cry. along the gender spectrum. A person’s gender chromosomes.
• Women cannot become engineers. GENDER EQUALITY STEREOTYPES identity may be the same as or different from
• Men can ejaculate. SEXUAL ORIENTATION
What is gender stereotyping? their birth-assigned sex. It is a feeling that
• Women should stay at home to do begins early in life.
household chores. According to the Psychological Association of
Gender stereotyping refers to the practice of
• Men are stronger than women. Must-Know Gender Identity Terms the Philippines, typically at the ages 6 or 8, we
ascribing to an individual woman or man
• Men can have more spouses. specific attributes, characteristics, or roles by experience or develop an attraction to other
• Women should stay virgins before  Genderfluid people. By adolescence, we already know who
reason only of her or his membership in the
marriage.  Non-binary we are attracted to and would experiment
social group of women or men.
 Transgender through dating and relationships.
When a person is expected to act in a certain  Genderqueer
way based on society’s expectations related to  Intersex Heterosexuals or straight
Sex vs Gender
their gender.  Agender
Female People who are attracted to the opposite sex.
10 Examples of Harmful Traditional Gender Agender: Referring to a person who does not
Gender is culturally defined- Roles Homosexual, gay, or lesbian
identify with any gender identity, most people
who use agender don't feel that they have a people who are attracted to people of the same
 Roles and responsibilities Caring Cooking - Women are to cook, and men are to
be fed. gender at all. sex.
Service jobs.
 Attributes Fragile Emotional Dressing - Women can wear pants but men Genderfluid: This refers to a person who shifts Bisexual
 Entitlements Inferior healthcare to must not wear skirts. between genders or who feels as though their
men financial dependence gender changes over time either rapidly or people who are attracted to both sexes.
Working - Men are encouraged to work, and gradually.
Sex is biological. women are encouraged to be homemakers. Omnisexual
Nonbinary: Nonbinary (sometimes called enby
 Chromosomes Childhood - Boys are encouraged to play or nb) is an umbrella term for anyone who falls People who are attracted to all genders.
 Reproductive organs and genitalia outside, and girls are handed dolls. outside the gender binary of male or female.
 Hormones Some people simply identify as non-binary, and
Care-Taking - Women are told that they need to
Male some identify as a specific type of nonbinary According to the American Psychological
be nurturing and caring.
identity. Examples include genderqueer, Association (APA), nature and nurture play a
 Gender is culturally defined- Sensitivity - Any man who cries is seen as genderfluid, agender, bigender, etc. complex role in shaping our sexual orientation.
 Roles and responsibilities effeminate. Homosexuality and heterosexuality are part of
Transgender/Trans: Transgender is an
Construction Defense human sexuality and are a large part of the
Aggression - Women mustn't be angry while umbrella term for anyone who identifies as a
 Attributes Risk-taking Aggression human experience.
male anger knows no bounds. gender other than the one, they were assigned
 Entitlements Higher workforce at birth. This includes trans men or women and
participation financial autonomy Dating - A man is expected to pay, and a According to the Psychological Association of
non-binary identities such as genderfluid,
woman is expected to be coy. the Philippines, “We can only truly tell if the
GENDER IDEOLOGY genderqueer, and agender.
person is gay, lesbian, or bisexual if the person
Marriage - The man "must" provide, and the Gender Queer: Referring to a person who
 Women are seen as only fit for shares with us his or her experiences and
woman "must" nurture. does not align with the gender binary of man
household work. feelings of attraction towards them”.
vs. woman.
I. Gender and sexuality as a social reality thus, women are treated equally with men. This exists within all of us. Many ancient EGALITARIAN
makes societies egalitarian. cultures have a Divine Feminine
Lesson 2 Gender and Sexuality Across the concept. The Egyptians had Isis, the Egalitarianism is that all people are
time WHAT IS THE DIVINE FEMININE? Greeks had Aphrodite, and the Hindus fundamentally equal. Everyone should be
have Shakti. treated equally and have equal opportunities
Archeological artifacts reveal that in the distant  The Divine Feminine is the feminine and access in society, no matter their gender,
past, during the dawn of civilizations, human aspect of the divine power that connects  The sacredness of a woman due to her
race, or religion.
societies have high regard for women. The and binds the Earth together. In other ability to conceive children.
concept of divine feminine has prevailed, and words, it is the goddess energy that PATERNITY
Fatherhood or role of a father in conception. A patrilineal society often follows a patriarchal their husband, bear children, and take care of  Unrealistic depictions of women in
society, this means only men can inherit the households. They were forbidden to learn fiction, often very sexualized
However, human's discovery of paternity, property and the family name. Women were left philosophy, politics and science.  Underrepresentation in politics, military,
presumably during the agricultural era, when with no inheritance and are expected to marry executive position, etc.
societies began to establish communities and a man who can support her economically.
tame rear cattle and stocks, have also changed  Women do more housework and
how societies have viewed women and men In fact, women were not allowed to go to Egypt childcare
therefrom. schools, or even vote, because they are  Rape on women and the stigma making
Herodotus, a Greek historian, observed the
viewed as a weaker sex and should not women ashamed to report the crime
For the longest time thereafter, societies have Egyptian civilization citing the Egyptian women
concern themselves in learning science or enjoyed higher social than Greek women  Boys were trained to be leaders while
privileged men over other genders, mainly politics. women were trained to do house
because of the preferential given to them in the because they can inherit property and engage
in trade politics. However, Greek influence chores.
productive sphere (world of public work). Patriarchy is viewed by most sociologist as a
Women who have been revered due to their social construct and not as a biological quickly spread in Egypt through the conquests
ability to conceive have been viewed as solely phenomenon. This is because history proves of Alexander the Great and Africa.
Women Empowerment
capable only of reproductive affairs (world of that in the prehistoric hunter-gatherer tribes China
home and related tasks such as suckling the and civilization, they provide equality of all Women's liberation movement, women's
young, child rearing and home management). members, male and female. History suggests Confucianism has stringent written rules that movement, or feminism is a continuing series
an egalitarian system rather than a patriarchal dictate how women should conduct of social movements that aim to challenge the
The gender disparity w was intensified by the system. Men and women contribute to society, themselves. The written documents titled patriarchal society that creates theses
industrial era where factors were built, and men and they enjoy the same social status. "Three Obedience's and four virtues" and oppressive political structures, beliefs, and
were preferred because they did not have to "Percepts of women" states that women should practices against women.
bear children for nine months and because Friedrich Engels, a German Philosopher and obey their father, when married she is to obey
they perceived physical strength. sociologist, argues that patriarchy came about her husband, and widowed she is to obey her During the 19th century and early 20th century,
when people started having private property son. first-wave feminism spread across the Western
Patriarchy instead of communal living. The development countries as women demanded for their right to
Is from the Greek word Patriarkhes which in agriculture and domestication of animals led vote or participate in elections and to be able to
means "the rule of the father". to creating product surplus which allows people Women have come a long way since the legally own property.
to have private property. As a way to control ancient times through the feminist In France, Simone de Beauvoir wrote book
the excess wealth generated by these movement, however, patriarchy has taken titled " The Second Sex" in 1949. It outlined
It is a social system where men primarily holds advancements, male dominancewaas asserted on subtle forms of oppression that often go how patriarchal society disadvantaged women
power in the political and the private spheres. over women so only the male heir can inherit unnoticed such as: by slowly raising her into submission and
family wealth.
hindering their productivity and happiness by
In the social, legal, political and economic  Sexism-prejudice, stereotype, and
spheres, men are expected to lead while HISTORICAL VIEWS ON GENDER relegating them to housecleaning.
discrimination based on sex,
women are expected to obey and are relegated Greek  Very conservative expectations on
to house chores, bearing children and women on how they behave.
childcare. Aristotle, Plato and other Greek philosophers This inspired many women to write and speak
 Gender pay gap- men earn more than
viewed women as the inferior sex and are their truth, such as
women
properties of men whose only job was to obey

 Betty Friedan (The Feminine Mystique, liberation movement views the intersectionality  The United Nations report that women 1. Women suffrage were not allowed to vote
2963) of economic status or class to patriarchy. do more wok than men because even before because they were viewed as irrational
 Kate Millet (Sexual Politics, 1969) when they work at the, they are still and temperamental and therefore, not able to
 Germaine Greer (The Female Eunuch, expected to do the household task. make rational decisions. This changed after
1970  Second-wave feminism in 1960% Another report from UN, women states World War 1 (1914 to 1918) wherein women
through the 80's women drew attention that "women were perform 66 percent of were uprooted from the household. They took
to various social and cultural inequalities the world work, produce 50 percent of on jobs and made significant contributions to
Le Mouvement de Liberation des Femmes such as domestic violence especially the food, but carn 10 of the income and their country. Many countries soon started
or the women's liberation movement was marital rape, reproductive rights, wage own Ipercent of the propetty. letting women vote since they can no longer
formed in Europe, and they sought the right to inequality, and etc. argue that women are "irrational and
education, right to work, and right to vote in the  The 90's gave buth to the 3 wave and temperamental".
1940s. 2012 started the fourth-wave. These To put simple, feminism demands equality.
movement only show that there is still Herer are a few salient points that feminism
Later, they also won women's right to decide on much to be done for women's right demands. 2. Equality in politics and society- for hundreds
their own bodies and their sexualities. This of years, women's voices were silenced, so
society must make an effort to restore their
rights. Representation is very important for herself on what she sees is best for her. as part of a "marriage". Although we have RA estimates that one woman or child is rape
women, so that their genuine concerns are Contraception, abortion, and other reproductive 9262 or anti violence against women and their every hour mostly by someone they know.
heard in politics and in society. Feminist have options should be available to women because children, our culture still dismiss such incidents
always criticized that old, privileged men it is their body. as "away magasawa".
always make the decisions for women at home 6. Other rights include the right to divorce their
and in politics. husbands, the right to make decisions on her
3. Reproductive rights means the woman is in 4. Domestic violence- such as marital rape and 5. Sexual harassment and sexual violence- the pregnancy, equitable wages, and equal
control of her body, and she can decide for physical abuse are often dismissed by tsociety center for women's resources in the Philippines employment opportunity.