Lesson 1 Gender and Sexuality As A Social Reality

Unit 1
Gender and
Sexuality
as a
Social Reality
The socially constructed roles, behaviors,
Gender expressions and identities of girls,

women, boys, men, and gender diverse
people.
A group of people who live in a definable
Society
community and share the same cultural
components. It is consists of people, institutions
around us, shared beliefs, and our cultural ideas.
Gender ++ Society
Gender Society
Concepts, principles, and approaches in the
understanding of genders in the Philippine towards an
effective gender responsive society.
Sex, Gender, and
Sexuality
Sex/ Sex Characteristics
Biological dimension of your gender and
sexuality
Also referred to as biological sex of

physical sex.
Sex is often assigned at birth.

How do we determine a
person’s sex?
Chromosomes
Biological These are protein structures
which contain your genetic
Determinants materials. Sex chromosomes mark

a person’s biological sex.
of Sex Hormones
These are chemicals in our body
that are responsible for sustaining
bodily processes are also used as
markers.
Hermaphroditism or
Intersexuality
When the baby’s genitals appear to be a

conglomerate of male and female organs
such that it may be difficult to classify the
baby’s sex without further examination.
What does it mean if you
received either of the emoji’s
below?
Humans are
meaning-making
organisms.
Gender
The social dimension of one’s sexuality.
The social and cultural meanings that a society attach to sex which in
turn affect the acceptable behaviors and expectations we have for each
sex.
What are the ways
through which
gender is
manifested?
Heteronormativity
Determining the normality of a

behavior based on whether it
conforms or not to the
expectations relative to one’s
biological sex.
Do we see and
experience ourselves
as a man, a woman,
or neither?
Gender Identity
Refers to each person’s deeply felt internal and individual experience of
gender, which may or may not correspond with the sex assigned at
birth.
Personal and psychological This is our sense of who we

concept of self. are.
Transgender/ trans
This is an umbrella term for people whose gender identity and/or
expression is different from those typically associated with the sex
assigned to them at birth.
Transgender/ trans
Transgender woman
Cisgender
A male at birth who does not feel
or cis, is the term used to describe comfortable identifying as a man.
people whose gender identity
and/or expression aligns with
those typically associated with the
sex assigned to them at birth. Transgender man
A female at birth who does not feel
comfortable identifying as a woman.
Who do I love?
Sexual Orientation
Refers to a person’s physical, romantic, and/or emotional
attraction towards other people.
● Straight/ heterosexual- people wo are attracted to the opposite sex

● Homosexual/gay/lesbian- people who are attracted to people of the
same sex
● Bisexual/ bi- people who are attracted to both sexes, male or female.
● LGBT refers to the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender
community.
Gender Expression
Refers to the external presentation of a person’s gender identity
through clothing, haircut, voice, bodily movements, and the ways one
interacts with others.
May or may not conform to socially defined behaviors and

characteristics typically associated with being either masculine or
feminine.
Gender Expression
Gender A term used to describe people
Non-Conforming whose gender expression is

different from conventional
expectations of masculinity and
femininity.
Appreciating Diversity
● We can only truly tell if the person is gay, lesbian, or bisexual if
the person shares with us his or her experiences and feelings of
attraction towards them.
● People who experience prejudice and discrimination suffer
negative psychological effects, so we must work towards an
inclusive environment where everyone feels safe.
Is there a difference
on how the society
perceive Gender and
Sexuality during the
past and at the
present?
Gender and
Sexuality
Across Time
During the
Human societies have high regard
for women.
Dawn of Divine feminine- the sacredness of the
Civilization woman due to her ability to conceive

children
Egalitarian society- men and women

have equitable power and roles.
The societies’ views on men and women
shifted during the Industrial era.
Productive Sphere Reproductive Sphere

World of the public World of the
world. home.
Gender disparity intensified and preferential treatment were given to men.

Patriarchy
Patriarchy is from the Greek word Patriarkhes
which means “the rule of the father”.
A system based on the control and oppression of

women wherein they are perceived to be the weaker
sex.
It is a structure that upholds male supremacy in

the law, at home, in the work place, and in the
society.
Historical Views on Gender
Greek Egypt
Aristotle, Plato, and other
Greek philosophers viewed Herodotus, a Greek historian,
women as the inferior sex and observed the Egyptian civilization
citing that Egyptian women
are properties of men whose enjoyed higher social status
only job was to obey their because they can inherit property
husbands, bear children, and and engage in trade and politics.
take the care of households.
Historical Views on Gender
China
Confucianism has stringent written rules that
dictate how women should conduct themselves.
The written documents entitled “Three
obedience’s and four virtues” and “Precepts of
women” stated that women should only obey
their father, when married she is to obey her
husband, and when widowed she is to obey her
son.
What rights were
denied to women in
the past?
Subtle forms of oppression
● Sexism- prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination
based on sex.
● Gender pay gap- men earn more than women
● Underrepresentation in politics, military, executive
positions, etc;
● Rape on women and the stigma making women
ashamed to report the crime
Subtle forms of oppression
● Very conservative expectations on women on how
they behave
● Unrealistic depictions of women in fiction, often very
sexualized
● Women do more housework and childcare
● Boys were trained to be leaders while women were
trained to do house chores.
Women
Empowerment
During the 19th and early 20th century, the first wave of feminism spread
across the western countries as women demanded for their right to
vote or participate in elections and be allowed to own properties.
In France, Simone de Beauvoir’s book entitled “The Second Sex”

outlined how the patriarchal society disadvantaged women. This book
was instrumental in awakening women and inspired them to write.
In Europe, the Women’s Liberation Movement sought the right to

education, right to work, and right to vote. This liberation movement
viewed the intersectionality of economic status to patriarchy.
Salient Points Women Suffrage
that Women were not allowed to vote before
because they were viewed as irrational and
Feminism
temperamental and therefore, not able to
make rational decisions.
demands: Equality in politics and Society
Representation is very important for women,

so that their genuine concerns are heard in
politics and in society.
Salient Points that Feminism demands:
Protection from
Reproductive Rights
Domestic Violence
Protection from
Right to divorce, equitable wages,
Sexual harassment and
equal employment opportunities
Sexual violence
Gender and
Sexuality as a
Subject of
Inquiry
Gender Studies
As an area of knowledge, is about looking into, analyzing, and examining
society in order to notice power in the seemingly “simple things.”
This emerge from the need to analyze how gender, sex, and sexuality
impact our lives, especially how it creates gender inequality.
Gender studies is not just for women or all about women, it

is about everyone.
Gender Roles
- or sex roles are “ sets of culturally In a Binary system of viewing
defined behaviors such as masculinity gender roles, we only see the
and femininity”.
male and the female where men
- These involve the norm or the accepted
standards of how to behave like a are expected to be masculine
woman (mahinhin) or how to behave like while women are expected to be
a man (matipuno/matapang). feminine.
In gender studies, we are asked to disrupt and question these

kinds of social expectations, gender roles, and gender norms.
Gender roles are socially constructed and society, through a lifelong
process of normalization encourages or reprimands behaviors to make
a person adapt to these social expectations.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people often do not fit in the
traditional binary gender roles so they are often subjected to hate,
bullying and discrimination.
Gender studies lets us analyze the creation and maintenance of these

gender norms so that it does not create inequalities in our social,
political, and economic spheres.
Gender Studies Qualitative Approach
This focuses more on the meaning
and Research created and interpretations made by
people about their own personal or
vicarious (observed) experiences.
As a subject of inquiry, Gender
• Phenomenology – lived experiences
Studies utilizes a systematic
and understanding
approach in identifying problems, • Hermeneutics – understanding the
making hypotheses, and meaning of texts (literary works)
assumptions, gathering data, and • Ethnography and Ethnomethodology
making conclusions. This – immersing in a community
systematic process is referred to
as the research process.
Gender Studies Quantitative Approach
This focuses more on characterizing a
and Research population (total number of individual in
a group) or a sample (a sub-group within
the population), and in some cases,
making generalizations about the
As a subject of inquiry, Gender population based on the behavior of a
Studies utilizes a systematic sample.
approach in identifying problems,
• Survey – collecting information from a
making hypotheses, and sample
assumptions, gathering data, and • Experiment – creating actual set-ups
making conclusions. This to observe behavior of people
systematic process is referred to
as the research process.
Ethics in Gender and Sexuality Research
Confidentiality and
Informed Consent
anonymity
Non-maleficence and
beneficence
Distributive Justice
We would stand against
inequality if we actually
understood what we learned.

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Unit 1

Gender expressions and identities of girls,

A group of people who live in a definable

Also referred to as biological sex of

Sex is often assigned at birth.

Determinants materials. Sex chromosomes mark

When the baby’s genitals appear to be a

Determining the normality of a

Personal and psychological This is our sense of who we

● Straight/ heterosexual- people wo are attracted to the opposite sex

May or may not conform to socially defined behaviors and

Gender A term used to describe people

Non-Conforming whose gender expression is

Dawn of Divine feminine- the sacredness of the

Civilization woman due to her ability to conceive

Egalitarian society- men and women

Productive Sphere Reproductive Sphere

Gender disparity intensified and preferential treatment were given to men.

A system based on the control and oppression of

It is a structure that upholds male supremacy in

In France, Simone de Beauvoir’s book entitled “The Second Sex”

In Europe, the Women’s Liberation Movement sought the right to

demands: Equality in politics and Society

Representation is very important for women,

Gender studies is not just for women or all about women, it

In gender studies, we are asked to disrupt and question these

Gender studies lets us analyze the creation and maintenance of these

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