Course: Introduction to Social Work: Methods in Social Work (4696)

Semester: Autumn, 2022

ASSIGNMENTS No.2
Q.1 Define social work. What is the nature of social work.
Social work is a practice-based profession that promotes social change, development, cohesion and the
empowerment of people and communities. Social work practice involves the understanding of human
development, behavior and the social, economic and cultural institutions and interactions. Social work
professionals working with families and institutions have helped to provide and advance the following social
impacts:
 Civil Rights
 Unemployment Insurance
 Disability Pay
 Workers’ Compensation
 Reduced Mental Health Stigma
 Medicaid and Medicare
 Child Abuse and Neglect Prevention
In the United States, social work has been around for over 100 years, with notable pioneers such as Jane
Addams, Frances Perkins, Whitney M. Young, Jr., Harry Hopkins, Dorothy Height and Jeannette Rankin.
3 Levels of Social Work
Generally, there are three levels of social work practice: micro, mezzo and macro social work. At each level,
social work professionals provide slightly different services to target populations.
 Micro Social Work: At the micro level, social workers provide one-on-one, family and small-group
services to individuals addressing a wide range of social issues. These may include housing support,
substance abuse counseling and mental health therapy.
 Mezzo Social Work: Social workers who operate at the mezzo level work with groups of people,
such as in a school, prison, hospital or neighborhoods. They may help students struggling
academically, address substance abuse recovery with prison inmates or help coordinate care for
patients who are admitted to hospitals for long-term care.
 Macro Social Work: Macro-level social work encompasses policy making, research and community
based initiatives. Social workers at this level of practice are more likely to focus on and help address
larger societal issues like homelessness, substance abuse, housing and more.
Social workers are professionals who aim to enhance overall well-being and help meet basic and complex needs
of communities and people. Social workers work with many different populations and types of people,
particularly focusing on those who are vulnerable, oppressed and living in poverty.
Depending on their specialty, job title and place of employment, a social worker may be required to participate
in legislative processes that often result in the formation of social policies. They lean on social work values and
principles, as well as academic research to carry out their work.
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 Course: Introduction to Social Work: Methods in Social Work (4696)
Semester: Autumn, 2022
Social workers are educated and trained to address social injustices and barriers to their client’s overall
wellbeing. Some of these include poverty, unemployment, discrimination and lack of housing. They also
support clients and communities who are living with disabilities, substance abuse problems or experience
domestic conflicts.
Social workers often fine-tune their practice with a focus on a level of interventions and types of communities
they wish to serve. A clinical social worker, for example, focuses on diagnoses, treatments and prevention of
mental, emotional and behavioral issues. On the other hand, a social worker may focus on research and
development for small or large-scale programs to help the community, like Medicaid.
Is a career in social work worth it? For you, it could be. Before you settle on any profession, whether it is in
social work or a related discipline, consider your personal interests, unique abilities and professional goals.
Your career as a social worker should align with these three things. Consider asking yourself these questions to
determine if a social work career is worth it for you:
 Does diversity drive you or is your cultural competence what draws others to you?
 Do you currently spend your spare time mentoring disadvantaged youth or support children and
adolescents who have experienced trauma or abuse at the hands of family members?
 Are you emotionally resilient, and do you seek out challenges in the workplace, always proposing
new solutions?
 Are you praised for your patience, professionalism and ability to read people?

The roles of a social worker include many diverse specializations. Here are some common responsibilities of
social workers organized by different specialty areas:
Child, family and school social workers help children, school staff and family members resolve problems. In
some instances, this may mean placing children in foster care. Child, family and school social workers may also
connect struggling parents with resources to help better care for and raise their children. They work alongside
students and teachers to address bullying, learning disabilities and other impairments/barriers.
Medical and public health social workers help the seriously ill and those with chronic health problems to find
adequate care, access public resources like Medicare and Medicaid or locate services such as in-home nursing
care. They often play a critical role in supporting clients as they navigate the numerous healthcare and public
service systems that coordinate healthcare.
Mental health and substance abuse social workers support people with mental health or substance abuse
problems. Therapy is one common intervention used by social workers to help clients address these problems.
Assisting people to find financially accessible rehabilitative programs or long-term mental healthcare is another
service that is offered. Mental health and substance abuse social workers may also participate in outreach and
preventative programs that seek to address problems before they become exacerbated.

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 Course: Introduction to Social Work: Methods in Social Work (4696)
Semester: Autumn, 2022
Q.2 What is the role of social work in bringing betterment in human lives.
Social workers have an immense impact on communities and the people that occupy them. However, the social
worker role has shifted over the last few years and continues to evolve to match the rapid changes of the 21st
century.
Social workers’ roles have grown to include crisis management as well as roles of empowerment and advocacy.
Social workers can empower communities by encouraging individuals to take an active role in shaping social
services, providing education programs and enabling economic independence long-term.
A notable example is the inspiring story of Nadine who was abandoned at the age of nine at a funeral in Lusaka,
Zambia. Eleven years later Nadine is healthy and happy pursuing a social sciences degree at a university to
educate and inspire kids who share a similar past.
Nadine's success was made possible by the social workers who started Empowerment Village in Zambia. This
community was established to provide collective family, house, and education for abandoned children that
operate under the creed, "All children need love, respect and security. It is their right."
Social workers’ efforts have the capacity to transform lives at the individual level while also creating a ripple
effect at the community-level, to continue a wave of inspiration and motivation for generations.
Social workers assist people to cope with life's challenges by acting as an advocate to raise awareness for client
needs and connecting them to solution-based programs and services.
CSW and LCSW provide individual, group, family and couples therapy. Their specialized training allows them
to develop strategies to change behavior or cope with challenging situations. Social workers with clinical
training may involve other healthcare disciplines to create treatment plans for their client.
Yet another social worker role is the role of macro social work, referring to the interaction between social
workers and groups, community organizations and policymakers to develop or improve programs, services,
policies and social conditions for communities.
The social worker’s responsibility involves a combination of research, personal interaction, solution
development and maintenance of programs and services for vulnerable populations.
According to The Bureau of Labor Statistics the typical social worker role includes the following duties and
social worker responsibility:
 “Identify people and communities in need of help”
 “Assess clients’ needs, situations, strengths and support networks to determine their goals”
 “Help clients adjust to changes and challenges in their lives, such as illness, divorce or unemployment”
 “Research, refer and advocate for community resources, such as food stamps, childcare and health care
to assist and improve a client’s well-being”
 “Respond to crisis situations such as child abuse and mental health emergencies”
 “Follow up with clients to ensure that their situations have improved”
 “Maintain case files and records”
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 Course: Introduction to Social Work: Methods in Social Work (4696)
Semester: Autumn, 2022
 “Develop and evaluate programs and services to ensure that basic client needs are met
 “Provide psychotherapy services”
It’s undeniable that the social worker role is changing. The basic structure of the social worker role is evolving
to better address the needs of communities by supporting self-development and using technology to enable
educational programs.
Rory Tuell from The Guardian remarked on this evolving model when he said, “Our approach of tackling the
many effects of poverty and marginalization and working with and alongside communities for their self-led
development is the profession’s key contribution in solving social problems.
This approach needs to replace the old welfare model, where governments and international agencies provide
last-minute assistance (if at all), rather than listening to and working with people and communities.”
The social worker responsibility has begun to include becoming more connected online, more specialized in
their role and increasingly concerned with providing people educational programs and resources.
Types of Social Workers
The social worker role falls into a variety of categories. Some social workers occupy a more general role and
others work with specific groups of individuals to provide support and coping strategies. The following are the
primary types of social work practice.
Child and Family Social Worker Role
Child welfare social workers aim to strengthen family units and provide support to children and families. These
social workers sometimes intervene to protect children from physical or emotional harm or neglect.
For example, a child may have experienced tremendous loss, experienced substance abuse or the effects of it,
among other emotionally traumatic experiences.
In these cases, social workers are sometimes called upon to investigate allegations and may testify in court
proceedings and cooperate with the courts regarding these allegations.
They may also be instructed to conduct follow up visits with children in the household or the foster care
environment where they were placed to ensure the safety of the child in the cases where abuse was found.
Therapy and counseling often follow as the social worker aims to provide children with the best possible
environment that offers love, respect and security.
School Social Worker Role
School social workers are an essential link between students, schools and the family. The social worker's
responsibility at school involves providing leadership, mental health support, clarity around school discipline
and other services.
More schools are operating online and school social workers can interact with students online to provide career
counseling, school admission information and coping strategies on how to excel in online learning.
Health Care Social Worker Role

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 Course: Introduction to Social Work: Methods in Social Work (4696)
Semester: Autumn, 2022
Health care social workers play a critical role in improving the physical and mental health of American citizens,
especially vulnerable populations. They are often involved at a policy-level to solve biopsychosocial issues that
contribute to poor health.
But it also should be noted that they are often at the personal-level providing case management for patients who
need their services.
Mental Health and Substance Use Social Worker Role
Social workers that deal with mental health as addiction can fall under the broad category of clinical social work
(CSW) and help with the assessment, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mental health issues and other
behavioral disorders.
The uncertainty caused by the global pandemic and consequential economic disparity in the U.S. has created an
increasing need for mental health support and active coping mechanisms for American people and families.
Clinical social workers are trained to provide individuals with counseling and therapy to better manage their
mental health and improve their quality of life.

Q.3 Relate the importance of social work with Islam.

"It is not righteousness that you turn your faces towards East or West; but it is righteousness to believe in Allah
and the Last Day and the Angels and the Book and the Messengers; to spend of your substance out of love for
Him, for your kin, for orphans, for the needy, for the wayfarer, for those who ask; and for the ransom of slaves;
to be steadfast in prayers and practice regular charity; to fulfill the contracts which you made; and to be firm
and patient in pain (or suffering) and adversity and throughout all periods of panic. Such are the people of truth,
the God fearing"(Quran 2: 177).
The above verse is the concept of social work in Islam. It is however more than a philosophical concept but a
practical draft that outlines the why, whom, and who of service delivery.
we believe form of worship incomplete without helping deeds
· Whom — categories of people and groups and issues related to be met
· Who — characteristics of workers
Analysis of the Quranic concept of social work
Why?
The question of why we should establish formal social services in our communities is explained in this verse.
Allah is advising us that our worship is incomplete without helping deeds. So after having believed in Allah, the
angels, the Prophets, the Books and the Last Day we must translate our Iman (faith) our beliefs into actions of
service to humankind.
In fact it is incumbent on believers to fulfill this duty of service to those who need their help. Each and every
Muslim is to contribute to the welfare of society. Therefore by establishing social services within Muslim
communities, every Muslim can indirectly participate through financial and moral support. When professionals
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 Course: Introduction to Social Work: Methods in Social Work (4696)
Semester: Autumn, 2022
administer social services with the support of the community at large. It would help all of us to fulfill our social
responsibility as believers.
1. Duty — as a believer;
2. True righteousness;
3. Love of Allah
One Hadith states that Abu Hurairah related: The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Whosoever
removes a worldly grief from a believer, Allah will remove from him one of the grieves on the Day of
Judgment. Whosoever alleviates [the] lot of a destitute person, Allah will alleviate his lot in this world and the
next. Whosoever conceals the faults of a Muslim, Allah will conceal his faults in this world and the next. Allah
will aid a servant (of His) so long as the servant aids his brother."
Who?
The question of who is best qualified to carry out the duty of serving the community in the area of social
services, is again outlined in this verse as one who believes in the Unity of Allah, the Last Day, the Angels,
Books and Messengers of Allah. In other words, the verse emphasizes the significance of Iman and Mufassil as
the defining characteristic of a Muslim — one who having believed totally completely and with understanding
is then compelled by his belief to act upon them through service to humanity thus completing their faith.
1. Believer in Unity of Allah
2. The Last Day
3. Angels
4. Books
5. Messenger
Hadith: Humility and Courtesy are acts of piety. Modesty and chastity repasts of faith. Verily those who are
patient in adversity and forgive wrongs are the doers of excellence. The best of alms is that which the right hand
giveth and the left hand knoweth not.
For Whom?
The above verse also outlines broad categories that would include those towards whom these services should be
directed. Let's briefly look at the categories.
Spend of your substance for:
1. Kin: This would be anyone related either by blood or marriage. This would be more of an individual
responsibility. If however a person was unable to adequately meet the needs of his kin he could on their
behalf seek help from the community-based social services.
2. Orphans: Technically this would apply to children whose fathers have died. In an Islamic society the
orphans then become the responsibility of the state. New Muslims who lose their families because of
conversion must also be included in this category. Orphans could also apply to children of dysfunctional
families that are taken away be CFS. For all facts and purposes they are orphans. The spirit of Islamic
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 Course: Introduction to Social Work: Methods in Social Work (4696)
Semester: Autumn, 2022
charity would therefore dictate that we provide for these orphans by providing foster care, housing and
material and spiritual needs consistently, professionally and compassionately.
3. Needy: This is a broad term and should be interpreted to mean any need. Therefore a family needing
counseling to resolve a conflict or a couple in a marital crisis or an abused spouse should be included in
the category as well as those who are in need of financial assistance. The situation could be of a
temporary nature or long term. The Muslim community should be equipped with services that can
address the needs of these people.
4. Wayfarer: the term usually used for a traveler or a transient, could also apply in present day to foreign
students or workers who come to our communities on a temporary basis. Islamic social services should
be prepared to serve this particular segment of our community.
5. Those Who Ask: Anyone who asks for help and is a genuine case must be helped. We should not hold
it against them. Therefore a formal mechanism must be in place in our communities where people can
confidently apply for help.
6. Ransom of Slaves: Many could say that Islam eradicated slavery therefore this is a moot point.
However if we were to look around us many of our Muslim brothers and sisters could qualify to apply
for this category to be freed — e.g. — the landing fee that the Canadian government has put in place is
putting extreme pressure on families that cannot reunite because they cannot afford to pay it.
I believe to help them would amount to paying ransom for slaves. The spirit is to free a human from bondage
and oppression and exploitation. Therefore the ransom of slaves would in my humble opinion apply to all these
categories.
How?
When we are asked how are we to achieve these objectives of Islamic social services the Quran once again
gives us assistance by laying out the principle on which we not only base our social services but through which
we achieve our goals. In short, these principles define a Muslim social worker and also empower and enable
them to better serve their clients.
1. Steadfast in prayer: The one best equipped to help others is one who is steadfast in prayer. "Thee alone
we worship, Thee alone we ask for help". In a Muslim community persons nominated for social work
must posses this fundamental trait of a Muslim. If they are to be effective and productive it is also a
reminder to those of us working in the field that we must be steadfast in prayer.
2. Regular Charity: This of course fosters a personality that is giving and develops a character that is
empathetic to the needs of others. Communities where members give regular charity of all kinds both
compulsory and voluntary benefit each other and feel responsible for each other.
3. Fulfill Contract: Muslims working in the field of social services must be trustworthy, honest, and
conscientious of their duty to their clients. Services delivered cannot be haphazard or half-hearted. When

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 Course: Introduction to Social Work: Methods in Social Work (4696)
Semester: Autumn, 2022
we make a pledge we honor it when we make a promise we keep it and when we set ourselves up as
helpers we fulfill that task to the best of our ability.
4. Patience in pain, suffering, adversity and panic: These are characteristics that are essential for Muslim
social workers, counselors, Imams, and leaders. When people depend on us for support and rely on our
counsel we cannot be hasty, impatient, or panic at first sign of difficulty. The task for Muslim workers in
the area of social services is soul wrenching and requires a personality that is blessed with Taqwa (God
consciousness) and Sabr (patience). However, the levels of Taqwa (God consciousness) may vary but it
is an evolutionary process in which one can develop the personality of a Mutaqi (one who has God
consciousness).
5. Truth: As the Prophet Muhammad stated: " A Muslim can not be a liar". Truth and honesty is the
cornerstone of any public service. Lies stand in the way of trust without which a Muslim social worker
or counselor is not viable. We must be honest in our dealings with our client and not use any
underhanded ways. Truth is also a virtue that is admired universally and inspires respect, trust, and
reliability.
6. God Fearing: One, who fears Allah and is always conscious of her duty to her Creator, will never harm
or put in harms way those who are under their care. Sense of accountability and responsibility to Allah
must be the core trait of a Muslim community worker. This keeps in check our egos and focuses on the
objective that our service must gain the pleasure of Allah not the pleasure of making a name for us.
Sayings of Prophet Muhammad:
· What actions are most excellent? To gladden the heart of a human being, to feed the hungry, to help the
afflicted, to lighten the sorrow of the sorrowful, and to remove the wrongs of the injured.
· He who tries to remove the want of his brother, whether he be successful or not, God will forgive his sins.
Q.4 Define case work process. Write down various phases of case work process in detail.
1. Intake phase
This is the first stage of social case work process. The client who is in need of help will meet the agency for the
professional help by the social case worker. During this period the relationship between two person of unequal
position and power is developed. The social case worker accepts the client as a person who is in a very stressful
situation. He respects the client personality and promise to solve the problem of the client. In other word, the
social case workers picks up the client from stressful situation and help him/her to regain personal and social
balance which is satisfying in the relationship. During rapport building process the case worker tries to have
following information regarding the client.
1. The stage of the problem at which the client is in.
2. Through whom or for what reason the client comes to this agency.
3. The nature of relation to the problem, cause of the client’s problem and how client see the problem.
4. His/her adjustment to the social function in job, family, society etc.
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 Course: Introduction to Social Work: Methods in Social Work (4696)
Semester: Autumn, 2022
5. The state of his physical and mental health.
6. His appearance including dress, hairstyle etc. in his first meeting.
7. Level of motivation, how quick the client has desire or need to get rid of the problems.
8. Nature of family, family status, norms and values, relationship with family members
2. Study phase Social, study is a systematic study of the client and his/her circumstances in relation to his/her
problem. In this phase the case worker makes initial assessment or diagnosis of the client current relevant past
and possible future modes of adaptation to stressful situation to have normal living situation. It requires an
analysis of social, psychological and biological determinants of client’s current stressful situation. The case
worker should get following information regarding the client’s problem.
3. Assessment / diagnosis phase
Assessment is aimed at finding answers to three major questions: What is the problem? How has it arisen? What
can be done to solve it? The operation underlying social assessment is that of making a conceptual picture of the
problem, leading to a plan of action. It means linking up the contributory factors meaningfully with the help of
theoretical knowledge. Further collecting of data and deciding the best course of action to solve the problem is
carried by case worker. This helps to arrive at the exact possible situation of the client and also help to
understand both psychological and personality factor which leads the client to difficulties. Data related to
assessment or diagnosis can be collected by interview observation, lab test etc. Diagnosis or assessment should
contain following information:
1. Nature of problem and client relationship.
2. Nature of person who bears problems.
3. Nature and purpose of agency and kind of help it can afford or make available. Types of assessment or
diagnosis
1. Clinical diagnosis:
• In this diagnosis the person is described by the nature of illness. Like typhoid, hypertension, hepatitis etc.
• The clinical diagnosis is used in medical field.
• It is used in minimum case work practice.
• It is very important in medical and psychological field.
2. Etiological:
• In this process the worker tries to find out the cause and development of the present difficulty.
• The case worker also searches about the history of the client
3. Dynamic diagnosis:
• Proper evaluation of the client’s current problem.
• Role of psychological, biological, social and environmental factors for problem evaluation.
• No attempts to dig life history of client.
• Case worker and client are engaged in appropriate action or treatment. The steps used in diagnosis process
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 Course: Introduction to Social Work: Methods in Social Work (4696)
Semester: Autumn, 2022
1. Case worker begin to focus on problematic behavior.
2. Behavior and client’s environment are studied.
3. Complex behaviors are breakdown into clear components.
4. Data are collected by various methods.
5. Information and data are summarized to find out any major problems for treatment.
6. Selected data are used for treatment in the final step of diagnosis.
4. Treatment plan / Intervention phase
According to Hamilton, “Treatment is the sum total of all the activities and services directed towards helping
the individual with solution of their problems.” The treatment is the main part of social case work with different
steps and techniques. The case worker should plan about the treatment in different way thoroughly. The
treatment plan is different in different case works according to the change of the client, problem, situation etc.
But every social case work is done through the same methods. The focus in treatment should be given to the
immediate problems. Total social casework process includes three stages or three phases they are the beginning,
middle and ending. While treatment or intervention process different techniques are used for the identification
and eradication of their problem. The techniques used in the treatment are as follows:
1. Support : Social case worker should give total support to the client to improve his weak personality. In this
process social case worker tries to make good and strong relationship with client.
2. Clarification: The social case worker should be clear on the client’s personality, family background, personal
history, family, history, social aspect etc.
3. Insight: The social case worker tries to find out the actual cause of the client’s problem. He goes deep into to
the clients mind and find out the root causes of his problems. This is possible only with the help of the client
and family members near and dear ones.
4. Identification: Here the social case worker will identify the client’s total personality, his problems, strength,
weakness etc. This will help the client to get rid of his problems.
5. Resource utilization: Social case worker should use all the resources available to improve the progress of
client like yoga, meditation etc. Some case worker tries to find out good jobs for the client if he is unemployed
one or help client to get loan to start his own business.
6. Evaluation: After completing all the above techniques, the case worker should record his work with the
client, so that he can evaluate his work easily. During evaluation if the case worker finds his work not
satisfactory, he can make further correction. Thus, his evaluations also help for the better follow up process.
7. Modification of environment: Sometime after solving problems there may be a chance that problem may
arise again so the case worker should make the client’s environment suitable for his personality group. (e.g., In
case of drug addiction and alcoholism the family members will not accept and behave with client properly.)
Thus, the social case worker must provide counseling service to the client’s family to change or modify as
environment for the client to overcome from his personal problem. Objectives of social case work treatment
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 Course: Introduction to Social Work: Methods in Social Work (4696)
Semester: Autumn, 2022
1. To prevent social breakdown and bring back to social functioning.
2. To conserve clients strength.
3. To restore social functioning of the client.
4. To provide happy experience to the client.
5. To create opportunities for growth and development of the client.
6. To preserve psychological damage to client.
7. To increase capacity for self-determination.
8. To increase client’s social contribution.
5. Evaluation and monitoring
Evaluation is one of the important steps in social case work. Evaluation is the activity of ascertaining whether
casework service has achieved the desired result in a case. It is the social worker’s reviewing of all the other
components of the casework process to make an appraisal of the result. Evaluation is also an ongoing activity,
although as a component of the casework process, it finds full scope and expression only after a period of
activity. As the social worker continues to offer the service or services, evaluative discernment occurs to
him/her at specific points of time regarding the strength, weakness or gaps in his/her social assessment and
regarding the success or failure of his/her ways of helpfulness. Evaluation provides feedback to the case worker
regarding the client like:
1. Whether the treatment plan is successful or not according to the desire.
2. Whether the established goal has been achieved or not.
3. Modifications in program are essential or not.
4. The client is being helped in real sense or not.
These all will help the social case worker to monitor the activities of client. If goals are not achieved in case
work, then it is called crisis in social case work process. Non motivated client becomes challenge to social case
worker. Dealing with such client and situation requires special knowledge and process. This special knowledge
is used as term as crisis intervention. Importance of Evaluation
1. Evaluation helps to check the efforts of the case worker in case working.
2. It helps to know what are outcome.
3. It helps to check the efforts are meaningful or not.
4. It helps for the further strengthening the relationship between the case worker and client.
5. Provides motivation to the client to work towards his goal.
6. It helps to check the effectiveness of the process or services.
7. It also helps to tell the public that the process used by the case worker is beneficial and effective.
8. Social case worker can enhance his own image and also helps to increase public relation of the agency.

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 Course: Introduction to Social Work: Methods in Social Work (4696)
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6. Follow up and termination
It is necessary to check the work done by the case worker. For this the social case worker needs to do follow up
process after evaluation of the activities done during the intervention. This will help the agent to get the
information regarding the client’s improvements. The follow up process is to be done to help the client to
maintain the improvements and to get information about the client and his problem. During follow up the client
is helped to discuss the problem which he is still facing. If client require he is referred to the proper source for
help and service. If he is improving in social functioning he is not prefer. The follow up should be planned in
descending order. (e.g., the social worker will meet the client in descending order like after two week, then in a
month, then six month and a year.) Following this follow up process will lead to the termination process. The
follow up process can also be done by reviewing the record, by asking the questions through telephone calls,
home visit, observation etc. Termination refers to the process of formally ending the individual social worker-
client relationship. It is a feature of practice with a variety of client systems, from individuals and families to
task groups, coalitions, and communities, and it occurs regardless of the duration of the helping relationship.
Terminations can occur when goals are met, when clients make a transition to other services, when time-limited
services are concluded, and when social workers or clients leave the helping relationship. Even if clients are
likely to “come and go” form service over a period of time as their concerns and needs change, it is important to
draw closure to each unique episode of care. The notion of ending is often introduced at the beginning of
service, when the social worker notes the likely duration of care, the number of sessions allotted, or the goals
that will guide the helping process. In some time treatment models, the fixed length of care is part of informed
consent discussions at the outset. For e.g., the social worker might explain, “we believe that brief treatment is
effective and helps both you and me make efficient use of our time together. So we’ll begin today by getting an
idea of the goals you want to work on and the best way to use our time over the next 6 to 8 weeks to achieve
those goals.” Whether in short-or long-term therapy models, successful termination involves preparing clients
adequately for separation from the social worker and/or group and accomplishing other tasks that facilitate the
transition from being a client to being “on one’s own”:
1. Evaluating the service provided and the extent to which goals were accomplished.
2. Determining when to implement termination.
3. Mutually resolving emotional reactions experienced during the process of ending.
4. Planning to maintain gains achieved and to achieve continued growth. The significance of these tasks and the
extent to which they can be successfully accomplished are determined in large measure by the context in which
the helping relationship takes place. The intensity of the termination process is affected by factors such as the
type of contact (voluntary or involuntary), the size and characteristics of the client system, and the nature of the
intervention used. Emotional reactions will vary depending on the nature and length of the helping relationship.
That is, involuntary clients and those with more structured and time limited services will be less likely to
experience a sense of loss at termination than those who have engaged in longer and more voluntary
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 Course: Introduction to Social Work: Methods in Social Work (4696)
Semester: Autumn, 2022
relationships with the social worker. For example, termination of a time-limited educational group may be less
intense and require less preparation of members than would getting an idea of the goals you want to work on
and the best way to use our time over the next 6 to 8 weeks to achieve those goals.” Whether in short-or long-
term therapy models, successful termination involves preparing clients adequately for separation from the social
worker and/or group and accomplishing other tasks that facilitate the transition from being a client to being “on
one’s own”:
1. Evaluating the service provided and the extent to which goals were accomplished.
2. Determining when to implement termination.
3. Mutually resolving emotional reactions experienced during the process of ending.
4. Planning to maintain gains achieved and to achieve continued growth.
The significance of these tasks and the extent to which they can be successfully accomplished are determined in
large measure by the context in which the helping relationship takes place. The intensity of the termination
process is affected by factors such as the type of contact (voluntary or involuntary), the size and characteristics
of the client system, and the nature of the intervention used. Emotional reactions will vary depending on the
nature and length of the helping relationship. That is, involuntary clients and those with more structured and
time limited services will be less likely to experience a sense of loss at termination than those who have
engaged in longer and more voluntary relationships with the social worker.
Q.5 Discuss different models of Community Development.
Community development models allow individuals living in a certain area to improve their immediate
surroundings. Models vary widely based on many factors, a few of which include individuals, available funds,
community needs, and current economic situations. The different types of community development models are
needs based, goal oriented, and asset based. A community may use one model or more, either at one time or
over a long period of time, covering many different community stages. Local governments may be the catalysts
that drive community changes through these models. Needs-based community development models focus on the
specific needs of individuals or groups in a given area. For example, needs may arise for more schools, police
services, or fire departments as the community’s population increases. Other times, infrastructure — such as
roads and communal buildings — may create a need for community improvements. Community managers and
other local officials may need to hold meetings with the local community members when using this model. The
meeting’s purpose is to define the greatest needs among the community and then spend funds on rectifying the
issues through development projects. Goal-oriented models are much different than needs-based community
development. Here, local officials may set goals — with or without community approval — that need
accomplishing through community funds. The goals may be set in order to improve ong-term development.
Goals can be wide ranging and may not exactly meet the needs of a community. In short, goals are necessary to
create a stable business environment, attract new companies, and increase the livelihoods of those living in the
surrounding areas. Goal-oriented models are much different than needs-based community development. Here,
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 Course: Introduction to Social Work: Methods in Social Work (4696)
Semester: Autumn, 2022
local officials may set goals — with or without community approval — that need accomplishing through
community funds. The goals may be set in order to improve ong-term development. Goals can be wide ranging
and may not exactly meet the needs of a community. In short, goals are necessary to create a stable business
environment, attract new companies, and increase the livelihoods of those living in the surrounding areas.

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