CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (Câu điều kiện) Unit 5

1. Type 1: Future real condition : (điều kiện có thể xảy ra ở tương lai)
a. If + S + V1, S+ will/ can/ may + V1 Eg: If you are not careful, you will cut yourself with that knife
b. If + S + V1 , S + V1 (chỉ sự thật) eg: If we heat irons, they expand
c. Vbare ( mệnh lệnh)……if + S +V1 eg: Give me her address if you know.

* Hình thức phủ định:

+ to be : If + S + am/is/are not……, S + won’t, can’t, may not +V1
+ Động từ thường: If + S + don’t / doesn’t +V1, S + won’t/can’t +V1

2. Type 2: Present unreal condition: (điều kiện không thể xảy ra ở hiện tại) ( today, now, thì hiện tại)
a. If + S + V2/ed / were, S + would / could +V1 (hình thức xác định)
b. If + S + didn’t +V1 / weren’t, S + would / could not +V1 (hình thức phủ định)

Eg: - If I knew the answer, I would tell you now.

- If I were you, I wouldn’t do that silly thing.
Eg: The weather is bad so we can’t continue our trip. ( đề cho thì hiện tại : dk loai 2) , làm ngược lại tình huống
→ If the weather were not bad, we could continue our trip.

3. Type 3: Past unreal condition: (điều kiện không thể xảy ra ở quá khứ)
If + S + had (not) + V3/ed , S + would / could / might (not) + have + V3/ed

Eg: If I had known her address, I would have visited her. ( I didn’t know her address so I didn’t visit her)
Eg: Tom drove so fast. Therefore, he caused a terrible accident. (đề cho thì quá khứ)
→ If Tom had not driven so fast, he would not have caused a terrible accident.

4. Mixed conditional sentence ( loại 2+3) thời gian ở quá khứ và hiện tại
If + S + had (not) +V3/ed, S + would ( not) +V1 ( now, today)

Eg: Tom drank too much wine yesterday so he feels bad now. ( loại 3+ 2)
⭢ If Tom had not drunk too much wine yesterday, he wouldn’t feel bad now.

5. Cấu trúc If it were for …………… và if it had been for ……………. ( nếu không phải vì ….thì )
a. If it were (not ) for + noun, S + would (not) + V1 (loại 2) → Were it (not) for + noun, S + would+ V1 (loại 2) (đảo ngữ)

Eg: If it weren’t for your progress, I wouldn’t be here.

→ Were it not for your progress, I wouldn’t be here.

b. If it had (not ) been for + Noun, S + would have + V3/ed (loại 3) → Had it (not) been for ……, S + would have + V3/ed (loại 3)

Eg: If it hadn’t been for hot weather, we would have had a wonderful holiday.
→ Had it not been for hot weather, we would have had a wonderful holiday.

6. Inversion ( đảo ngữ) : Lưu ý trong dạng đảo ngữ ta không dùng If và không dùng hinh thức phủ định viết tắt ( weren’t / hadn’t ,
shouldn’t …..khi đảo ngữ)
* loại 1: - If + S + V1, S+ will/ can/ may + V1 → Should + S + Vbare, S + will/ can/ may + V1
Eg: If I have enough money, I will buy a new bike. → Should I have enough money, I will buy a new bike.

* loại 2: - If + S + were, S + would / could +V1 → Were + S ( not) + ……, S + would / could +V1 (to be)
Eg: If I were you, I wouldn’t do that silly thing. → Were I you, I wouldn’t do that silly thing.
- If + S + V2/ed, S + would / could +V1 → Were +S ( not) + to V , S + would / could +V1 (động từ thường)
Eg: If I knew the answer, I would tell you. → Were I to know the answer, I would tell you.

* loại 3:
- If + S + had + V3/ed , S + would / could / might + have + V3/ed. → Had + S + V3/ed , S + would / could / might + have + V3/ed
- If + S + had not + V3/ed , S + would / could / might + have + V3/ed.→ Had + S + not + V3/ed , S + would / could / might + have + V3/ed

Eg: She didn’t work harder last year so she failed the exam.
⭢ If she had worked harder last year, she wouldn’t have failed the exam.
⭢ Had she worked harder last year, she wouldn’t have failed the exam.

* Loại hỗn hợp: If + S + had +V3/ed, S + would +V1 ( now, today) → Had + S +V3/ed, S + would +V1
Eg: If Tom had not drunk too much wine yesterday, he would not feel bad now. ( loại 3+ 2)
→ Had Tom not drunk too much wine yesterday, he would not feel bad now.
Note: Các cấu trúc câu điều kiện ngoài if
1. Unless: nếu không = If … not → Unless + S + V , ……………….. ( unless luôn dùng ở câu khẳng định)
Eg: If she does not water these trees, they will die. → Unless she waters these trees, they will die.
If we had more rain, our crops would grow faster. → Unless we had more rain, our crops would not grow faster.

* If …not = UNLESS + S + V (khẳng định)

If + S + V (khẳng định) ⭢ UNLESS + S + V (khẳng định) , S + V (mệnh đề chính phủ định)

3. Or / otherwise, ( nếu không) / or else + S + V + O ( không dùng ở đầu câu)

Eg: If you don’t leave here, I will call the phone. → Leave here or / or else/ otherwise I will call the phone.

4. Without ( nếu không) + noun / Ving → If there be not + noun/ Ving

Eg: If there were not the sun, man would live in the darkness. → Without the sun, man would live in the darkness.
Noun
5. But for +noun / Ving : nếu không vì / do / nhờ : thay thế cho cấu trúc if …not
Eg: If you hadn’t helped us, we would have been in trouble. → But for your help, we would have been in trouble.

6. Cấu trúc viết lại từ but for/ without + noun về dạng câu điều kiện loại 2 và 3 hoặc ngược lại.
a. Without / But for + noun , S + would+ V1 (loại 2)
→ If + S + did not +V1 hoặc were not, S + would / could +V1
→ Were + S (not) + ……, S + would / could +V1 / Were + S ( not) + Vto , S + would / could +V1
→ If it were not for + noun, S + would+ V1 (loại 2)
⭢ Were it not for + noun, S + would / could +V1 ( Đảo ngữ)

eg: But for Jack’s help, I would not pass the exam. ( loại 2)
→ If Jack did not help me, I would not pass the exam.
→ Were Jack not to help me, I would not pass the exam.
→ If it were not for Jack’s help, I would not pass the exam.
→ Were it not for Jack’s help, I would not pass the exam.

b. Without / But for + noun , S + would / could / might (not) + have + V3/ed (loại 3)
→ If + S + had not + V3/ed , S + would / could / might (not) + have + V3/ed
→ Had + S + not + V3/ed , ……………………. (đảo ngữ)
→ If it had not been for + Noun, S + would have + V3/ed (loại 3)
→ Had it not been for ……, S + would have + V3/ed (loại 3) (đảo ngữ)

Eg: Without your directions to the house, we wouldn’t have found it. ( direct so to do sth)
→ If you had not given us your directions to the house, we wouldn’t have found it.
→ Had you not given us your directions to the house, we wouldn’t have found it.
→ If it had not been for your directions to the house, we wouldn’t have found it.
→ Had it not for your directions to the house, we wouldn’t have found it.

7. ta còn dùng các liên từ sau đê chỉ câu điều kiện : provided that ( miễn là), as long as, so long as, supposing that
Eg: As long as you keep calm, you will finish an exam better. (As long as =if)

8. Cấu trúc với HAPPEN TO + Verb: dùng để nhấn mạnh sự tình cờ hoặc cơ hội của sự việc
Eg: If you happen to meet John, please ask her to call me.

EXERCISE:
1. I am flying to the States tonight. I ______ you a ring if I can find a phone.
a. will give b. would give c. could give d. have given
2. We'll need more staff _______ we start the new project. a. unless b. whether c. in case d. or
3. If I _______ 10 years younger, I _______ the job.
a. am / will take b. was / have taken c. had been / will have taken d. were / would take
4. _______ I had learnt English when I was at high school. a. Unless b. Even if c. If d. If only = wish
● If only = wish (quá khứ) : S + HAD (NOT) + VED

5. You are not allowed to use the club's facilities ( thiết bị) _____ you are a member.
a. unless b. if c. provided = IF d. supposed =IF
6. If she _______ the train last night, she _____here now. ( loại 3+ 2) dk hỗn hợp
a. took / were b. were taking / is c. had taken / would have been d. had taken / would be
7. _______ if a war happened?
a. What you would do b. What would you do c. What will you do d. What will you do
8. I would send her a fax if I _______ her number. a. know b. knew c. had known d. could know
9. _______ it were well paid, I would accept this proposal. a. Providing = if b. Unless c. But for d. If only
10. _______ more carefully, he would not have had the accident yesterday:
a. If Peter driven b. If had Peter driven c. Had Peter driven d. Unless Peter had driven
11. If you _______ to my advice, you _______ in trouble now. ( dk 3+2) if + s + had + Ved, S + would +V1 today, now
a. listened / were not b. listen / are not. c. had listened / would not have been d. had listened / would not be
12. If you take the 8 a.m. flight to New York you _______ change planes.
a. could not have to b. will not have to c. had not had to d. would not to have to
 Tóm tắt
+ TLAI – TLAI : Loại 1 ( IF + S + V1, S + will, can, may + V1 / If + S + V1, Vbare )
+ Htại – Htại : loại 2 ( IF + S + V2/ed , + S + would, could, might + V1)
+ QK – QK : loại 3 ( IF + S + HAD + VED , S + would/ could + have + Ved)
+ QK – HT : Loại 3, 2 ( If + S + had + Ved , S + would/ could +V1 now/ today)

13. If it _______ warm yesterday, we would have gone to the beach. a. was b. were c. had been d. could be
14. If it _______ an hour ago, the streets _______ wet now. Loại 3, 2
a. were raining / will be b. had rained / would be c. rained / would be d. had rained / would have been
15. _______ here, he would help us with these troubles. ( Were + S, S + would + V1)
a. Were Peter b. If were Peter c. Unless were Peter d. Unless Peter were
16. _______ that problem with the car, we wouldn't have missed the speech.
a. If we had had b. If had we had c. Unless we had had d. Provided that we had had
17. If I were a little taller, I _____ be able to water the plant on the top shelf.
a. did b. would c. had d. would have
18. If you hear from Susan today, _______ her to ring me. a. tell b. to tell c. telling d. will tell
19. She had to have the operation ( phẫu thuật) _______.
a. unless she would dies b. if she would die c. otherwise she will die ( she would die) d. or she would die
20. If the traffic _______ bad, I may get home late. a. is b. were c. was d. had been

21. John speaks Chinese fluently because he used to live in China for ten years.

+ Mệnh đề chính + because + if

+ if + so /that’s why + mệnh đề chính
+ làm ngược đề cho :
+ xác định câu điều kiện: xác định thì của đề : HTAI + QK : Loại 2,3

⭢ ( If + S + had (not) + Ved , S + would/ could ( not) +V1 now/ today)

a. Suppose John has lived in China for ten years, he can speak Chinese fluently. ( loại 1)
b. Provided that John lived in China for ten years, he could speak Chinese fluently. (loại 2)
c. Unless John had lived in China for ten years, he could not have spoken Chinese fluently. ( loại 3)
d. John could not speak Chinese fluently if he had not lived in China for ten years.

22. I will agree to these conditions provided that they increase my salary.
a. They did not increase my salary so I quit the job. b. I will only agree these conditions if they give me more money.
c. They give me more money or I will only agree these conditions. d. Unless they give me more money, I will only agree these conditions.

23. If you had tried your best, you _______ disappointed about the result now. ( loại 3+2)
A. won’t be B. wouldn’t be C. wouldn’t have D. wouldn’t have been
24. I won’t accept unless ____________.
A. Tom to apologize B. Tom is apologizing C. Tom apologizes D. When Tom apologizes
25. I would have told you if I ________ him. A. had meet B. had met C. meet D. met

26. I didn’t listen to him and I didn’t succeed. ( qk – qk : loại 3)

A. If I listened to him, I would have succeed. B. If I had listened to him, I’d have succeeded.
C. If I had listened to him, I would succeed. D. If I listened to him, I would succeed.
27. If he doesn’t apologize, I will never invite him here again.
A. Unless he apologizes, then I will never invite him here again. B. Unless he apologizes, or I will never invite him here again.
C. Unless he doesn’t apologize, I will never invite him here again. D. Unless he apologizes, I will never invite him here again.

28. Do your homework first and I’ll let you play the computer games.
A. I won’t allow you to do homework when you play the computer games.
B. Let’s play the computer games without doing your homework.
C. You are allowed to play the computer games without doing your homework.
D. Unless you do homework first, I won’t let you play the computer games.

29. I don’t have enough money with me now; otherwise I would buy that coat. ( loại 2)
A. If I didn’t have money with me now, I would buy that coat. B. If I had money with me now, I would buy that coat.
C. If I had money with me now, I wouldn’t buy that house. D. If I didn’t have money with me now, I wouldn’t buy that house.

30. You drink too much coffee, that's why you can't sleep. If + THAT’S WHY = SO + mệnh dề chính ( ht – ht: loại 2)
A. If you drank less coffee, you would be able to sleep. B. You drink much coffee and you can sleep.
C. You wouldn’t sleep well if you hadn't drink any coffee. D. You can sleep better without coffee.
( IF + S + V2/ed , + S + would, could, might + V1)

31. Susan felt sick because she got caught in the rain. ( qk –qk : loại 3)
⭢ If + S + had +Ved , S + would /could/ might have +Ved

A. If Susan got caught in the rain, she would felt sick. ( loại 2)
B. If Susan hadn't got caught in the rain, she wouldn't have felt sick.
C. If Susan hadn't got caught in the rain, she wouldn't feel sick. ( loại 3+2)
D. Susan got caught in the rain and she still felt sick.
 32. He didn't hurry so he missed the plane.

A. If he hurried, he wouldn't miss the plane. B. If he had hurried, he might catch the plane.
C. If he had hurried, he could have caught the plane. D. He didn't miss the plane because he hurried.

33. If you ________ English, you will get along with them perfectly. A. can speak B. had spoken C. speaks D. spoke
34. If it _____ last night, it _______ so hot today. ( qk – htai) dkien loại 3+2
⭢ If + S + had ( not) +Ved, S + would / could (not) +V1
a. rained / is not b. was raining / were not
b. had rained / would not have been d. had rained / would not be

35. Without your recommendation, we _______ any successes last year.

⭢ Without + Noun, S + would/ could/ might ( not) have +Ved ( đề cho quá khứ)

a. had not got b. did not get c. will not have got d. would not have got

36. _____ he gets here soon, we will have to start the meeting without him. a. Suppose b. Provided c. Unless d. If
37. _______ as much money as Bill Gates of Microsoft, I would retire. ( nghỉ hưu)
⭢ If + S + Ved , S + would/ could +V1 ( loại 2) ⭢ Were + S +Vto/ Did + S +V1, S + would/ could +V1 ( đảo ngữ loại 2)

a. Did I have ( If I had) b. If did I have c. Unless I had d. If I had had

38. If I _______ it was a formal party, I wouldn't have gone wearing jeans and a jumper.
a. knew b. had known c. had been knowing d. could know
39. Tom's company will almost certainly fire ( sa thải) him _______ he improves his attitude. ( cải thiện thái độ)
a. unless b. or c. otherwise d. if
40. If my client _______ me her fax number, I _______ to post a letter to her.
a. gave / will not have b. will give / do not have
c. had given / wouldn't have had d. had given / will not have had
41. _______ I had brought my laptop to the meeting yesterday. a. If b. If only c. Even if d. As if /as
though ( dường như)

● Cấu trúc ước làm gì ( không làm gì)

+ IF ONLY / WISH + S + HAD (NOT) + VED (qk) eg: I wish she had passed an exam last year.
+ If only / wish + S + Ved / (didn’t) + V1 ( hiện tại) eg: If only I had much money now./I wish I had much money.
+ If only / wish + S + would +V1 ( tương lai) eg: I wish I would meet my old teachers next year.

42. If I _______ the lottery last week, I _______ rich now.

a. had won / would be b. had won / would have been c. won / would be d. won / would have been
43. Carrie said she will join the company if the starting salary _______ her expectations.
a. meets b. met c. has met d. had met

44. It is the earth's gravity that gives us our weight.

a. If there were not the earth's gravity, we would be weightless. b. Due to the earth's gravity we cannot weigh anything.
c. We are overweight because of the earth's 'gravity. d. The earth's gravity is given weight by people.
45. It was your assistance that enabled us to get achievement.
a. But for you assistance, we could not have, got achievement. b. Your assistance discouraged us from get achievement.
c. If you assisted us, we could not get achievement. d. Without your assistance, we could get achievement.
46. The tourists weren’t wearing life-jackets, perhaps that’s why they were drowned.
A. If the tourists had wore life-jackets, they mightn’t have been drowned.
B. If the tourists had been worn life-jackets, they mightn’t have been drowned.
C. If the tourists had been wearing life-jackets, they mightn’t have been drowned.
D. If the tourists had been wearing life-jackets, they wouldn’t have drowned.
47. She helped us a lot with our project. We couldn’t continue without her.
A. Provided her contribution wouldn’t come, we couldn’t have continued with the project.
B. Unless we had her contribution, we couldn’t have continued with the project.
C. If she hadn’t contributed positively, we couldn’t have continued with the project.
D. But for her contribution, we could have continued with the project
48. There is no point in taking the exam when you are not prepared for it.
A. The exam is pointless even if you are prepared for it.
B. You are not allowed to take the exam without preparing for it.
C. You will get a very low point without a good preparation for the exam.
D. You shouldn't take the exam if you don't prepare well for it.
49. We’d better leave them a note. It’s possible they’ll arrive later.
A. If they arrive late, we’d better leave them a note.
B. We’d better leave them a note because they possibly arrive later.
C. They’ll probably arrive later so that we’d better leave them a note.
D. We’d better leave them a note in case they arrive later.
50. You didn't listen to my advice in the first place, so you are in the mess now.
A. You wouldn’t be in the mess now if you listened to my advice in the first place.
B. If you could listen to my advice in the first place, you aren't in the mess now.
 C. Unless you listened to my advice in the first place, you weren't in the mess now.
D. If you had listened to my advice in the first place, you wouldn’t be in the mess now.
51. We don’t seem to enjoy the party very much because it is raining.
A. Because the heavy rain, we wouldn’t enjoy the party. B. Were it not for the rain, we would enjoy the party.
C. If it doesn’t rain, we seem to enjoy the party. D. Unless it rained, we wouldn’t enjoy the party.
52. The government did not take better care of farmers. Their life was not good.
A. Had the government done take better care of farmers, their life would be good.
B. If the government had done take better care of farmers, their life wouldn’t have been good.
C .Had the government taken better care of farmers, their life would have been good.
D. If the government had not taken better care of farmers, their life would not have been good.
53. He behaved so recklessly, so he would be disqualified from keeping his last job.
A. If he hadn’t behaved so recklessly, he hadn’t quit his last job. B. Without his reckless behavior, he would have lost his last job.
C.Had he not behaved so recklessly, he wouldn’t have been fired from his last job.
D. He didn’t quit his job because he knew that he had behaved so recklessly.
54. The only thing that prevented the passing of the bill was the death of the Prime Minister.
A. The death of the Prime Minister was the reason why the bill was prevented passing.
B. Had it not been for the death of the Prime Minister, the bill would have been passed.
C. But for the Prime Minister died, the bill wouldn’t be prevented from passing.
D. Preventing the passing of the bill was that the Prime Minister’s death.

RELATIVE CLAUSE ( Mệnh đề quan hệ) Unit 6

1. Noun (person) + WHO + verb
eg 1: I know the woman. She has a very huge collection of stamps. → I know the woman who has a very huge collection of stamps
eg 2: Mrs Jones lives next to my house. She is my aunt. → Mrs Jones, who lives next to my house is my aunt.

2. Noun ( person ) + WHOM + S + V

Eg: The man whom (who) you met last night is my brother.
Eg: The woman is my teacher. You were talking to her yesterday. → The woman whom you were talking to yesterday is my teacher.

3. Noun (thing) + WHICH + S + V/ Verb

Eg: The book which you bought yesterday is about some kinds of birds.
Eg: This is the house. We often stay in this house this summer.
→ This is the house which we often stay in this summer. = This is the house in which/ where we often stay this summer.

4/. Noun (chủ sở hữu ) +WHOSE / of which + Noun (thay cho my, his, her, its ,our, your, their và sở hữu cách
(Noun’s)
Eg: The woman whose son won the scholarship is my aunt.
Eg: The man is my father. I respect his opinion best. → The man whose opinion I respect best is my father.

5/ where: chỉ nơi chốn → Noun (place) + WHERE + S + V …. / (WHERE = ON / IN / AT + WHICH)

Eg: He came back to the town where / in which he was born ( = born in the town)

6/ when: chỉ thời gian → Noun (time) + WHEN + S + V … / (WHEN = ON / IN / AT + WHICH)

Eg: We will never forget the day when / on which we first met. ( = met on the day)

7/ why: chỉ lý do, thường thay cho cụm for the reason, for that reason.….. → Noun (reason) + WHY / for which + S + V …
Eg : Please tell me the reason why / for which you didn’t go to the class yesterday.

8. Which là liên từ nối ( connector) → which sẽ thay cho đại từ It, This, That và sau which luôn có dấu phảy
eg: He was late. This made everybody annoyed. → He was late, which made everybody annoyed.

9. Câu chẻ với That : It + be + noun / adv + that ……… Eg: It was my father that has much affect on my life.

10. - That thay cho who, which, whom , so sánh nhất , các từ all ,every, first, second, only, last,
- That không dùng sau dấu phẩy và giới từ
- That thay cho danh từ chỉ cả người và vật
Eg: I saw cattle and people that went to the market / She is the most beautiful woman that I have ever seen.
He is the man about whom I talked to you. ( not about that )

11. Relative clause with prepositions : Mệnh đề quan hệ có giới từ theo sau
+ Noun + preposition ( at, with , on ..) + whom/ which
+ Noun + neither, either, none , most , all , both, one, two, three, any, some, many…..of + which / whom
Eg: The man is Mr Pike. You were talking to him at the party last night.
→ The man whom/ who/ that you were talking to at the party last night is Mr Pike.
→ The man to whom you were talking at the party last night is Mr Pike.

Eg: He has just bought a house. The windows of the house are painted blue.
→ He has just bought a house, the windows of which are painted blue.
Eg: I have three cousins. None of them get married.
→ I have three cousins, none of whom get married.
12. Reduce relative clauses : rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ: ta bỏ who, whom, which, that

a. dạng 1: dùng To infinitive ( active ) / to be +V3/ed ( passive ) nếu trước danh từ có the first , the only, the second, the third ….
dùng To infinitive ( active ) nếu mệnh đề quan hệ chỉ mục đích có modal verbs can , could, must, have to ,will …

Eg1: Jane is the person that can help you. → Jane is the person to help you.
eg2: He is the first person who comes to my party. → He is the first person to come to my party.
He was the second person who was killed in the forest. → He was the second to be killed in the forest.
Eg3: Juri Gagarin was the first person _____( fly/ to be flown/ to fly/ flying) in the space.

b. dạng 2: dùng Ving ( present participle) : active meaning : (nghĩa chủ động)

→ Noun + who/which/that+ Verb … → Noun + Ving ….

eg: The man who stands in front of the class is Mr Pike. → The man standing in front of the class is Mr Pike.
The streets ______( to lead/ to be led/ led/ leading) to the villages are narrow.

c. Dang 3: dùng V3/ed ( past participle) : passive meaning (nghĩa bị động)

→ Noun + who,which,that + be+ V3/ed → Noun +V3/ed ….. ( bỏ who, which, that và be)

eg: They visited the old building which was built 2 hundred years ago. → They visited the old building built 2 hundred years ago.
The thieves ________ ( to arrest/ arrested/ to be arrested/ arresting) this morning has been found by the police.

13. Omit relative pronouns : ta bỏ who/ whom/ which/ that khi là tân ngữ
Noun + who/ whom/ which/ that + S +V ⭢ Noun + S + V
Object
Eg: The man (who/ whom/ that ) you were talking to is my father. ⭢ The man you were talking to is my father.
O S V
+ Note: Ta không được bỏ đại từ quan hệ who, whom, which, that đứng sau dấu phẩy và đứng sau giới từ, làm chủ ngữ
Eg: The man to whom you were talking is my father. ( ta k bỏ whom vì đứng sau giới từ)
Nguyen Du, who wrote Kieu’s story, is a great poet. ( ta k bỏ who vì có dấu phẩy và làm chủ ngữ)

EXERCISE:

1. My father works for a construction company in _______.

a. Winchester, which is a city in the U.K. b. Winchester, that is a city in the U.K.
c. Winchester is a city in the U.K. d. Winchester where is a city in the U.K.
2. Ms Young, to _______ many of her students are writing, is living happily and peacefully in Canada.
a. who b. whom c. that d. whose
3. I saw a lot of new people at the party, _______ seemed familiar.
a. some of whom b. some of who c. whom d. some of that
4. My friend eventually decided to quit her job, _______ upset me a lot
a. that b. when c. which d. who
5. He is the man _______ car was stolen last week. a. whom b. that c. which d. whose
6. They have just found the couple and their car _______ were swept away during the heavy storm last week.
a. that b. which c. whose d. when
7. It was the worst winter _______ anyone could remember. a. when b. which c. where d. why
8. I would like to know the reason _______ he decided to quit the job. a. why b. which c. that d. when
9. _____ instructed me how to make a good preparation for a job interview.
a. John Robbins to that I spoke by telephone, b. John Robbins, that I spoke to by telephone,
c. John Robbins I spoke to by telephone, d. John Robbins, whom I spoke to by telephone,
10. He was always coming up with new ideas, ______ were absolutely impracticable. Come up with ( v) : đối phó
a. most of whom b. that c. most of which d. most of that
11. She always had wanted to go to places _______ she could speak her native tongue.
a. that b. in that c. which d. where
12. February is the month ____ many of my colleagues take skiing holidays.
a. when b. that c. in that d. which

Error Identification.
13. Anyone where works is regarded as a useful member of our society. ( regard as = consider : xem như) / Regardless of : k xét đến)
A B who C D
14. We are working, that means that we are contributing goods and services to our society ( contribute to : đóng góp)
A which B C .D
15. Do you ever feel that life is not being fair to you because you cannot seem to get the job where you want or that really suits you?
A B C D which
16. There was no one _______. ( cấu trúc omit relative pronoun) no one (whom) I could ask
a. I could ask for help b. when I could ask for help c. I could ask whom for help d. for that I could ask for help
17. The children were quite attracted by the tamer and his animals _______ were performing on the stage. ( người + vật : that)
 a. that b. which c. whom d. who

18. Is there anything else _______ you want to ask?

a. what b. where c. whom d. that
19. I come from the Seattle area, _______ many successful companies such as Microsoft and Boeing are located. ( locate in the Seatle)
a. which b. that c. where d. whom
20. They have just visited the town _______ location was little known.
a. where b. whose c. which d. that
21. _______ one of the most creative artists in rock 'n roll, came from California.
a. Frank Zappa, who was b. Frank Zappa was c. Frank Zappa, that was d. Frank Zappa whom was
22. He came to the party wearing only a pair of shorts and a T-shirt, _______ was a stupid thing to do.
a. who b. whom c. which d. that
23. He lives in a small town _______.
a. where is called Taunton b. which is called Taunton c. is called Taunton d. that called Taunton
24. The house _______ is more than 100 years old.
a. where I live b. in where I live ( in which I live) c. in that I live d. where I live in ( where= in which)
25. _______ want to get a god job have to have certain qualifications ( trình độ ) and experience.
a. Who b. Those which c. Those who d. Those whom
26. Wild fires are common in the forest areas of Australia, of the US and Canada, _______ the climate is moist. ( ẩm ướt)
a. in where b. in that c. where d. which
27. King Henry, _______ was Elizabeth I, led England into the Age of Empire.
a. daughter b. whom daughter c. which daughter d. whose daughter

Choose the sentence which has the closest meaning to the original one.
28. Those who are riding a motorbike are not allowed to take off their helmet. (take off = remove : cởi ra) / lift : cất cánh)
a. Those who are wearing a helmet are not allowed to ride a motorbike.
b. It is the helmet that one needn't wear when he is riding a motorbike. ( it + be + noun /adv …..+ that ….: chinh là)
c. You should not wear a helmet when you are riding a motorbike.
d. People must never take their helmet off while they are riding a motorbike.
( be not allowed = be not permitted = prohibit = mustn’t: cấm )

29. Frank invited Janet, _______, to the party.

a. met in Japan b. meeting in Japan
c. whom he had met in Japan d. that he had met in Japan
30. The singer, _______ most recent recording has had much success, is signing autographs. ( bút tích)
a. whose b. that c. who d. whom
31. He likes shopping between 1.00 and 3.00 pm, _______ most people are at home.
a. when b. where c. in which d. at that
32. He took me to an expensive restaurant where we enjoyed a good meal.
a. enjoyed a good meal ( and enjoyed) b. to enjoy a good meal ( chỉ muc đích dùng Vto)
c. and enjoying a good meal ( bỏ and) d. we enjoyed a good meal in which ( in which = where we enjoyed ….)
33. The fishermen and their boats _______ were off the coast three days ago have just been reported to be missing.
a. which b. that c. who d. whom
34. The banker to _______ I gave my check was quite friendly. ( prep + whom/ which)
a. who b. that c. whom d. which
35. Birds make nests ( tổ) in trees _______ they can hide their young in the leaves and branches. ( branch : chi nhánh, nhánh cây)
a. which b. where c. that d. in that
36. He lent me _______ yesterday. ( Omit relative pronoun : He lent me the book which/ that I need)
a. the book I need b. the book when I need c. which book I need d. the book whose I need
37. _______ cheat on the exam have to leave the room.
a. Those b. Who c. Those whom d. Those who
38. _______ really a fish, has no brain, no bones, and no face.
a. A jelly fish is not b. A jelly fish, it is not c. A jelly fish, which is not d. A jellyfish, that is not
39. We have a lot of things that we have to do today. ( Rút MĐQH có modal verbs : Vto)
a. doing b. to do c. done d. do
40. The young man who lives next door is very kind to my family. ( chủ động: Ving)
a. to live next door b. he lives next door c. living next door d. lived next door
41. Most of the classmates couldn't come. He invited them to the birthday party.
⭢ Most of the classmates (whom) he invited to the birthday party couldn't come.

A. Most of the classmates he invited to the birthday party couldn't come.

B. Most of the classmates he was invited to the birthday party couldn't come. ( bỏ whom)
C. Most of the classmates that he invited them to the birthday party couldn't come. ( bỏ them)
D. Most of the classmates which he invited to the birthday party couldn't come. ( sai which)
42. She received three letters this morning. All of them were from Tony. Noun, all of/ most of …. + whom/ which
A. All of the letters from Tony were received by her this morning. ( all of three letters )
B. She received three letters this morning, all of which were from Tony.
C. Three of the letters she received this morning were from Tony.
D. All letters from Tony were received by her this morning.
43. Ann jogs every morning. It is very good for her health. S + V, which + V ( which thay cho it, this, that )
A. Ann jogs every morning, and is very good for her health. ( thiếu ít)
B. Ann jogs every morning, which is very good for her health.
C. Ann jogs every morning, and then it is very good for her health. ( dư then)
 D. Ann jogs every morning that it is very good for her health.

44. London was once the largest city in the world, but the population of it is now falling.
A. The population of London which was once the largest city in the world is now falling.
B. London, the population of which is now falling, was once the largest city in the world.
C. The population of London, that was once the largest city in the world, is now falling.
D. The population of London, which was once the largest city in the world, is now falling.
45. The girl went to the police station. Her case was stolen.
A. The girl whose case was stolen went to the police station.
B. The girl her case was stolen went to the police station.
C. The girl the case of which was stolen went to the police station.
D. The girl who’s case was stolen went to the police station.
46. Hartford is the capital of Connecticut. It is the second largest city in the state.
⭢ Harford, which is the second largest city in the state, is the capital of Connecticut. ( 1)
Harford, which is the capital of Connecticut, is the second the largest city in the state. (2)
⭢ Hartford, the capital of Connecticut, is the second largest city in the state.

NOUN + WHICH/ WHO/ THAT + BE + NOUN⭢ NOUN + NOUN + VERB …..

A. The capital of Connecticut, Hartford which is the second largest city in the state.
B. Hartford, the capital of Connecticut, is the second largest city in the state. (Rút gọn mdquan hệ cho danh từ)
C. Hartford, the second largest city in the state, which is the capital of Connecticut.
D. Hartford, the capital of Connecticut, that is the second largest city in the state.

47. No member in the team came to his birthday party. But Julia did come. ( came)
A. Julia was the only member in the team to come to his birthday party.
B. Not only did Julia come to his birthday party but also other members did. (sai nghĩa đề)
C. Julia was one of the members who came to his birthday party. (sai nghĩa đề)
D. Every member in the team came to his birthday party. (sai nghĩa đề)
⭢
Not only …. But also ( không chỉ …mà còn)
Cấu trúc đảo ngữ

NOT ONLY + do/ does/ did / can …+ S +V1 + but also + S +V / but + S + V + as well.
Eg: Mai not only sings well but also dances gracefully.
⭢ Not only does Mai sing well but also dances gracefully./but she dances gracefully as well.

48. Nobody seemed to be delighted at her success. That upset her a lot. ( that thay cho cả câu)/ that / this /it = which ( liên từ nối)
A. Nobody seemed to be delighted at her success, it upset her a lot.
B. Nobody seemed to be delighted at her success, which upset her a lot.
C. Nobody who upset her a lot seemed to be delighted at her success.
D. Nobody that upset her a lot seemed to be delighted at her success.
Seem + Vto : dường như
Be lighted at ( v) : vui mừng
 WISH CLAUSE / IF ONLY
1. Future wish: S + WISH + S + would/ could + V1 / IF ONLY + + S + would/ could + V1
Eg: I can’t speak English well. → I wish I could speak English fuently / If only I could speak English well

2. Present wish: S+ wish + s + were ( not) / V2/ed / didn’t + V1 / IF ONLY + S + V2/ed

Eg: My friends don’t take part in the game → I wish my friend took part in the game / If only my friends took part
in the game

3. Past wish: S + Wish + S + had (not) +V3/ed / IF ONLY + S + had (not) +V3/ed
→Eg: I didn’t know that Alice was ill. → I wish I had known that Alice was ill / IF only I had known that Alice was ill

EXERCISE

1. I don't understand this point of grammar. I wish I ______ it better.

A. understood B. would understand C. had understood D. understands
2. It never stops raining here. I wish it ______ raining.
A. stopped B. would stop C. had stopped D. will stop
3. I miss my friends. I wish my friends ______ here right now.
A. were B. would be C. had been D. was
4. My face is bright red. I wish I ______ in the sun so long yesterday
A. didn't sit B. wouldn't sit C. hadn't sat D. sat
5. It was supposed to be a secret. I wish you ______ him.
A. didn't tell B. wouldn't tell C. hadn't told D. tell
6. They didn't offer me the job. I wish they ______ it to me.
A. offered B. would offer C. had offered D. offer
7. It’s a pity I didn’t take my doctor’s advice.
-I wish you __________ the doctor's advice.
A. took B. would take C. had taken D. could take
8. Susan regretted not buying that villa.
A. Susan wished she had bought that villa. B. Susan wished she bought that villa.
C. Susan wished she could buy that villa. D. Susan wished she hadn’t bought that villa.
9. It’s a pity that you didn’t tell us about this.
A. I wish you told us about this. B. I wish you would tell us about this.
C. I wish you had told us about this. D. I wish you have told us about this.
10. I’m afraid he won’t get over his illness.
A. I wish he will get over his illness. B. I wish he would get over his illness.
C. I wish he got over his illness. D. I wish he had got over his illness.
11. Peter regretted buying the secondhand computer.
A. Peter didn’t want to buy the secondhand computer. B. Peter wished he didn’t buy the secondhand
computer.
C. Peter wished he hadn’t bought the secondhand computer. D. Peter was glad to buy the secondhand computer.
12. I regret that you didn’t give me a chance to tell you the truth.
A. I wish you didn’t give me a chance to tell you the truth .B. I wish you gave me a chance to tell you the truth.
C. I wish you had given me a chance to tell you the truth. D. I wish you hadn’t given me a chance to tell you the truth.
Mark the letter A, B, C or D to show the underlined part that needs correction.
13. I sometimes wish that I will have another car.
A B C D
14. I wishes you had been at the meeting yesterday.
A B C D
15. I wish I didn’t say that to him yesterday.
A B C D
16. She wishes that we didn’t send her the candy yesterday because she’s on a diet.
A B C D
17. I really wish we can make a trip around the world.
A B C D
18. He got bad marks. He wishes he reviewed his lesson carefully.
A B C D
19. I wish I didn’t speak to him so severely yesterday.
A B C D
 WISH CLAUSE / IF ONLY
1. Future wish: S + WISH + S + would/ could + V1 / IF ONLY + + S + would/ could + V1
Eg: I can’t speak English well. → I wish I could speak English fuently / If only I could speak English well

2. Present wish: S+ wish + s + were ( not) / V2/ed / didn’t + V1 / IF ONLY + S + V2/ed

Eg: My friends don’t take part in the game → I wish my friend took part in the game / If only my friends took part
in the game

3. Past wish: S + Wish + S + had (not) +V3/ed / IF ONLY + S + had (not) +V3/ed
→Eg: I didn’t know that Alice was ill. → I wish I had known that Alice was ill / IF only I had known that Alice was ill

EXERCISE

1. I don't understand this point of grammar. I wish I ______ it better.

A. understood B. would understand C. had understood D. understands
2. It never stops raining here. I wish it ______ raining.
A. stopped B. would stop C. had stopped D. will stop
3. I miss my friends. I wish my friends ______ here right now.
A. were B. would be C. had been D. was
20. My face is bright red. I wish I ______ in the sun so long yesterday
A. didn't sit B. wouldn't sit C. hadn't sat D. sat
21. It was supposed to be a secret. I wish you ______ him.
A. didn't tell B. wouldn't tell C. hadn't told D. tell
22. They didn't offer me the job. I wish they ______ it to me.
A. offered B. would offer C. had offered D. offer
23. It’s a pity I didn’t take my doctor’s advice.
-I wish you __________ the doctor's advice.
A. took B. would take C. had taken D. could take
24. Susan regretted not buying that villa.
A. Susan wished she had bought that villa. B. Susan wished she bought that villa.
C. Susan wished she could buy that villa. D. Susan wished she hadn’t bought that villa.
25. It’s a pity that you didn’t tell us about this.
A. I wish you told us about this. B. I wish you would tell us about this.
C. I wish you had told us about this. D. I wish you have told us about this.
26. I’m afraid he won’t get over his illness.
A. I wish he will get over his illness. B. I wish he would get over his illness.
C. I wish he got over his illness. D. I wish he had got over his illness.
27. Peter regretted buying the secondhand computer.
A. Peter didn’t want to buy the secondhand computer. B. Peter wished he didn’t buy the secondhand
computer.
C. Peter wished he hadn’t bought the secondhand computer. D. Peter was glad to buy the secondhand computer.
28. I regret that you didn’t give me a chance to tell you the truth.
A. I wish you didn’t give me a chance to tell you the truth .B. I wish you gave me a chance to tell you the truth.
C. I wish you had given me a chance to tell you the truth. D. I wish you hadn’t given me a chance to tell you the truth.
Mark the letter A, B, C or D to show the underlined part that needs correction.
29. I sometimes wish that I will have another car.
A B C D
30. I wishes you had been at the meeting yesterday.
A B C D
31. I wish I didn’t say that to him yesterday.
A B C D
32. She wishes that we didn’t send her the candy yesterday because she’s on a diet.
A B C D
33. I really wish we can make a trip around the world.
A B C D
34. He got bad marks. He wishes he reviewed his lesson carefully.
A B C D
35. I wish I didn’t speak to him so severely yesterday.
A B C D