Grade 10 Term 1 Learner Guide SSIP 2024

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SECONDARY SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT

PROGRAMME (SSIP) 2024
GRADE 10
SUBJECT: PHYSICAL SCIENCES
LEARNER GUIDE
2024
© Gauteng Department of Education

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Session Topic Page

1 Transverse pulses & Superposition of pulses 4 - 13
2 Transverse waves 14- 21
3 Longitudinal waves 22 -26
4 Sound waves 27 -31
5 Electromagnetic Radiation 32 -41

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How to use this study guide?

This booklet aims to provide an overview of key topics covered throughout the first term. it
is not intended to replace other materials that can be helpful, therefore it must be used in
conjunction with those required textbooks and any other pertinent study resources.
Definitions and examination guidelines are included in the booklet to give the learner
guidance on how far they should progress in mastering the content covered. For simplicity
of comprehension, misconceptions are also explained. Since the exercises in this booklet
will not guarantee enough practice, the learners should add more practice to what they do.

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SESSION: 1
TOPIC: TRANSVERSE PULSES
CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
Medium Material in which the pulse moves.
Pulse A single disturbance in a medium

A pulse in which the particles of the medium move at right angles
Transverse pulse
(perpendicular) to the direction of motion of the pulse.
The maximum disturbance of a particle from its rest (equilibrium)
Amplitude
position.
Pulse length Distance from the starting point to the endpoint of a pulse.
Rest The position in a medium (e.g rope or spring) where there is no
(equilibrium) disturbance.
position
The distance travelled by a pulse per unit time (per second). SI unit
Pulse speed (v)
its m.s-1.
EXAMINATION GUIDELINES
Transverse pulses on a string or spring
(This section must be read in conjunction with the CAPS, p. 26.)
Pulse, Amplitude
• Define a pulse as a single disturbance in a medium.
• Define a transverse pulse as a pulse in which the particles of the medium move at
right angles to the direction of motion of the pulse.
• Define amplitude as the maximum disturbance of a particle from its rest (equilibrium)
position.

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Pulse
A single disturbance in a medium .
Particles of the medium -

Hand makes up
move perpendicular to the down movement
direction of motion of the pulse
Direction of motion
Transverse pulse
Direction ofdisturbance
Distance (d)
Speed =
Time (∆t)
pulse speed
displacement of particles
rest (equilibrium) position

p
Pulse length
Distance

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Experiment 1: Generating a Transverse pulse
Aim: To generate a transverse pulse in a spring or rope.
Apparatus
• Slinky (spiral spring) or a strong rope
• Piece of string or ribbon
Method
1. Fasten the ribbon to one of the spirals of the slinky. Hold the slinky on the floor.
2. Let a friend hold the other end of the spring tightly or fasten it to an object.
3. Pull the free end of the spring and quickly move it to one side and back to its original
position. Observe the motion of the ribbon.
Questions
1. Sketch the pulse observed in the spring. On the sketch indicate the following:
Rest position, direction of movement of pulse, direction of displacement
(disturbance)
2. In which direction did the pulse travel?
3. In which direction is the disturbance?
4. The ribbon represents a particle on the spring. Does the ribbon move in the
direction of the pulse or in the direction of the disturbance?
Solutions
1.
direction of motion
displacement
rest (equilibrium) position
2. Right/ left
3. Up and down / perpendicular to the direction of motion of the pulse
4. Direction of the disturbance

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Activity 1.1: Classwork/Homework
1. Define the following terms:

1.1 Pulse.
1.2 Transverse pulse.
2. A learner generates a transverse pulse in a slinky spring. The diagram below

represents the pulse generated.
30 cm
550 mm
2.1 Explain how the learner must move the hand to generate a transverse pulse.
2.2 How does the direction of motion of the coils of the spring compare to the
direction of motion of the pulse?
2.3 Write down the magnitude of the amplitude in metres
2.4 Write down the magnitude of the pulse length in metres
3. The generated pulse covers a distance of 2,5 m in 1,6 s. Calculate the pulse
speed.

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SUPERPOSITION OF PULSES
Interference The effect observed when two pulses in the same medium meet at
of pulses the same point at the same time.
Constructive The phenomenon where the crest of one pulse overlaps with the
interference crest of another to produce a pulse of increased amplitude.
Destructive The phenomenon where the crest of one pulse overlaps with the
interference trough of another, resulting in a pulse of reduced amplitude.
Principle of The algebraic sum of the amplitudes of two pulses that occupy the
superposition same space at the same time.
Crest Highest point (peak) in a pulse
Trough Lowest point in a pulse
Transverse pulses on a string or spring
(This section must be read in conjunction with the CAPS, p.26.)
Superposition of pulses
• Define the principle of superposition as the algebraic sum of the amplitudes
of two pulses that occupy the same space at the same time.
• Define constructive interference as the phenomenon where the crest of one
pulse overlaps with the crest of another to produce a pulse of increased
amplitude.
• Define destructive interference as the phenomenon where the crest of one
pulse overlaps with the trough of another, resulting in a pulse of reduced
amplitude.
• Apply the principle of superposition to pulses to explain, using diagrams, how
two pulses that reach the same point in the same medium superpose
constructively and destructively and then continue in the original direction of
motion.

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Superposition of pulses
Pulses approach from Pulses overlap and pulse Pulses continue in their
.
different directions has twice its height original directions.
Principle of Superposition
When two pulses meet simultaneously at the same point in a medium, the instantaneous
displacement at the point is the algebraic sum of the displacements of each pulse at the moment.
Occurs when two or more pulses

Meet in the same space at the .same time
Interference
Constructive Destructive
Two pulses on opposite sides of the rest position
interference
interference
Two pulses on the same side of the
rest position meet and STRENGTHEN other meet and WEAKEN each other causing
other to form a bigger resultant pulse. no pulse or a smaller resultant pulse.
Two similar pulses move towards each other. Two similar pulses move towards each other
The pulses interfere constructively.

The pulses interfere destructively.
The pulses move away from each other with their

original amplitudes in their original direction The pulses move away from each other with their original
amplitudes in their original directions.

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Example 1:
1. Write down the principle of superposition of pulses in words.
2. Differentiate between constructive and destructive interference.
3. Copy and complete the diagrams below to show how two pulses that reach the
same point at the same time in the same medium superpose. Identify the resultant
pulse as either constructive or destructive interference.
4. The generated pulse travels at a speed of 2,3 m.s -1 . Calculate the distance
travelled in 1,75 s.
Solutions
1. Principle of superposition is the algebraic sum of the amplitudes of two pulses
that occupy the same space at the same time.
2. Constructive interference as the phenomenon where the crest of one pulse
overlaps with the crest of another to produce a pulse of increased amplitude.
Destructive interference as the phenomenon where the crest of one pulse
overlaps with the trough of another, resulting in a pulse of reduced amplitude.
OR

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Constructive interference occurs when the crest of one pulse overlaps with the
crest of another to produce a pulse of increased amplitude.
Destructive interference occurs when the crest of one pulse overlaps with the
trough of another, resulting in a pulse of reduced amplitude.
3.1 Destructive interference
Amplitude = a + (-a) = 0
3.2
2a
Constructive Interference
Amplitude = a + a = 2a
𝑑
4. v= ∆𝑡
𝑑
2,3 = 1,75
d = 4,025 m

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1. Two pulses are travelling towards each other along a string, as shown in the diagram
below
When the centres of the two pulses meet at point Q, the amplitude of the resultant
pulse will be…
A. x + y
B. 2(x +y)
C. y – x
D. 2(y - x)
E.
2. Pulses P and Q approach each other at a speed of 0,5 m·s-1. The pulses are in the
positions as shown below at time t = 0 s. Each block represents 50 mm x 50 mm.
2.1 Calculate the time it takes for one pulse to move each 50 mm.
2.2 At what time did points a and b on the two pulses meet?
2.3 At what time did the two pulses superimpose?

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SESSION: 2
TOPIC: TRANSVERSE WAVES

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Amplitude The maximum displacement of a particle from its equilibrium position
Crest The highest point (peak) on a wave.
Frequency (f) The number of wave pulses per second
Period (T) The time taken for one complete wave pulse
Two points in phase are separated by a whole number (1; 2; 3; …)
multiple of complete wavelengths.
Points in phase Two points on a wave that move in the same direction at the same
speed and have the same displacement from the position of rest.
(Examples: x and y or any two crests or any two troughs)
Point out of Points that are not separated by a whole number multiple of complete
phase wavelengths.
A wave in which the particles of the medium vibrate at right angles to
Transverse wave
the direction of motion of the wave.
Trough The lowest point on a wave.
Wave Regular succession/sequence of pulses.
Wavelength (λ) The distance between two successive points in phase.
Waves speed (v) Distance travelled by a point on a wave per unit time.
Transverse waves
(This section must be read in conjunction with the CAPS, p. 27.)
Wavelength, frequency, amplitude, period, wave speed
• Define a transverse wave as a wave in which the particles of the medium vibrate at
right angles to the direction of motion of the wave. A transverse wave is a
succession of transverse pulses.

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• Define the terms wavelength, frequency, period, amplitude, crest and trough of a
wave.
• Wavelength: The distance between two successive points in phase.
• Frequency: The number of wave pulses per second.
• Period: The time taken for one complete wave pulse.
• Amplitude: The maximum displacement of a particle from its equilibrium position.
• Crest: Highest point (peak) on a wave.
• Trough: Lowest point on a wave.
• Explain the wave concepts in phase and out of phase.
• In phase: Two points in phase are separated by a whole number (1; 2; 3; …)
multiple of complete wavelengths.
• Out of phase: Points that are not separated by a whole number multiple of
complete wavelengths.
• Identify the wavelength, amplitude, crests, troughs, points in phase and points out
of phase on a drawing of a transverse wave.
• Use the relationship between frequency and period, i.e. T= 1/f and f =1/T, to solve
problems.
• Define wave speed as the distance travelled by a point on a wave per unit time.
• Use the wave equation v = fλ to solve problems involving waves.

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TRANSVERSE WAVES

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Example 2.
The diagram below represents a water wave moving from left to right. The time
between two consecutive crests is 0,5 s.
1. What type of wave is a water wave?

2. Write down the amplitude of the wave
3. Define the term wavelength.
4. Determine the wavelength of the wave.
5. Name TWO points on the wave form above that are in phase.
Calculate:
6. The time taken for FOUR crests to move past a certain point in the path of the wave
7. The speed of the wave.
Solutions:
1. Transverse
2. 1,5 m
3. The distance between two consecutive points in phase
OR
The distance between two consecutive crests or two consecutive troughs.
4. λ = 4 m (6 m =1,5 waves)
5. Any one of: A and E; B and J; D and F
6. 4 crests implies 3 waves

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3 x 0,5 = 1,5 s (3 waves x 0,5 seconds per wave)
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 6
7. Speed = = 0,75 = 8m.s-1
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
OR
∆𝑥 4
v= = 0,5 = 8m.s-1
∆𝑡

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SESSION: 3
TOPIC: LONGITUDINAL WAVES
The maximum displacement of the medium from its position of rest.

Amplitude (Maximum distance from the position of rest of the medium to a
compression or a rarefaction.)
Compression The region of high pressure in a longitudinal wave.
The number of waves/vibrations (compressions/rarefactions) that pass
Frequency
a point per unit time (in one second).
Longitudinal A wave in which particles of the medium vibrate parallel to the direction
wave of motion of the wave.
Period The time taken for one complete wave/vibration/cycle to move past a
point.
Rarefaction The region of low pressure in a longitudinal wave.
The distance between two successive points in phase. (Distance
Wavelength between the centres of two successive compressions or two successive
rarefactions.)
Wave speed The distance travelled by a point on a wave per unit time.
Longitudinal waves
(This section must be read in conjunction with the CAPS, p. 27-28.)
On a spring
• Define a longitudinal wave as a wave in which the particles of the medium vibrate
parallel to the direction of motion of the wave.
• Draw a diagram to represent a longitudinal wave in a spring, showing the direction
of motion of the wave relative to the direction in which the particles move.
Wavelength, frequency, amplitude, period, wave speed
• Define the wavelength and amplitude of a longitudinal wave.

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Wavelength: The distance between two successive points in phase.

Amplitude: The maximum displacement of a particle from its equilibrium position.
• Define a compression as a region of high pressure in a longitudinal wave.
• Define a rarefaction as a region of low pressure in a longitudinal wave.
• Differentiate between longitudinal and transverse waves.
• Define the period and frequency of a longitudinal wave.
Frequency: The number of wave pulses per second.
Period: The time taken for one complete wave pulse.
• Use the relationship between frequency and period, i.e., T= 1/f and f =1/T, to solve
problems.
• Use the wave equation v=fλ to solve problems involving longitudinal waves.

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Experiment 3: Generating a longitudinal wave in a slinky spring
Aim: To generate longitudinal wave in a slinky spring.
Method
1. Place a slinky on the floor or on the table.
2. Connect one end of the slinky to a fixed end.
3. Tie a coloured ribbon to one of the coils. The ribbon represents a particle of the
Slinky spring the wave moves
4. Now move the spring to and fro as illustrated
through.
below
Hand moves to and fro
Questions
1. In which direction does the ribbon move?
2. In which direction does the wave move?
3. Write done a definition for a longitudinal wave.
Solutions:
1. Parallel to the direction of motion of a wave
2. Right/ left
3. Longitudinal wave is a wave in which particles of the medium vibrate parallel to the
direction of motion of the wave.

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Activity 3.1:
1. Differentiate between a longitudinal wave and transverse wave

2. Longitudinal waves in a spring have a wavelength of 25 cm. If the frequency of
vibration of the spring is 50 Hz, calculate the speed of the waves.
3. A longitudinal wave in a slinky has a compression-to-compression distance of 18 m
as shown below. It takes one complete wave 6 s to pass a point.
For the above wave, determine the:

3.1 Wavelength 3.2 Period
3.3 Frequency 3.4 Speed

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SESSION: 4
TOPIC: SOUND WAVES
Amplitude Maximum displacement from the rest position.

The number of waves/vibrations that passes a point per unit time (in one
Frequency
second)/produced by a vibrating body.
A subjective term describing the strength of the ear's perception of a sound.
Loudness (Loudness is proportional to amplitude – as the amplitude increases,
loudness also increases.)
Noise Irregular vibrations of an object.
An electronic instrument used to measure changing electric voltages. It
Oscilloscope
displays the waveforms of electric vibrations on a screen.
The effect perceived by the ear due to the sound of a particular frequency.
Pitch (Pitch is proportional to frequency – pitch increases with increase in
frequency.)
Tone Quality of a sound
Ultrasound Sound with frequencies higher than 20 000 Hz.
Wavelength Distance between two consecutive points in phase.
Sound
(This section must be read in conjunction with the CAPS, p. 28–29.)
Sound waves
• Explain that sound waves are created by vibrations in a medium in the direction
of propagation. The vibrations cause a regular variation in pressure in the
medium.
• Describe a sound wave as a longitudinal wave.
• Explain the relationship between wave speed and the properties of the medium
in which the wave travels (gas, liquid or solid).
• Describe echoes as reflections of sound waves.

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• Use the wave equation to solve problems involving sound waves that also
include echoes, e.g. sonar, bats and dolphins. v = fλ
Pitch, loudness, quality (tone)
• Relate the pitch of a sound to the frequency of a sound wave. Pitch is the effect
produced in the ear due to the sound of a particular frequency. Pitch is directly
proportional to frequency.
• Relate the loudness of a sound to both the amplitude of a sound wave and the
sensitivity of the human ear. Loudness is a subjective term describing the
strength of the ear's perception of a sound. Loudness is directly proportional to
amplitude.
• Relate quality of sound to the waveform as it appears to the listener. Two notes
of the same pitch and loudness, played on different instruments do not sound the
same because the waveforms are different and therefore differ in quality or tone.
• Distinguish between the shape of a pure note and the shape of a noise.
Ultrasound
• Describe sound with frequencies higher than 20 kHz up to about 100 kHz as
ultrasound
• Explain how an image can be created using ultrasound based on the fact that
when a wave encounters a boundary between two media, part of the wave is
reflected, part is absorbed, and part is transmitted.
• Describe some of the medical benefits and uses of ultrasound, e.g. safety,
diagnosis, treatment and pregnancy.

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EXAMPLE 3:
1. The lower limit of frequency that can be heard by the average human is about:
A 2 Hz
B 20 Hz
C 200 Hz
D 2 000 Hz
2. Which ONE of the following materials transplants sound the best?
A Air
B Steel
C Water
D Oil
3. The speed of sound in air at 20 °C is 343 ms-1. Calculate the wavelength of a
sound wave with a frequency of 18 Hz.
4. Calculate the frequency of sound waves of wavelength 3 m. Take the speed of
sound in air to be 330 m∙s-1.
Solutions:
1. D
2. B
3. v = fλ
343 = 18 x λ
λ = 19, 06 m
4. v = fλ
330 = f x 3
f = 110 m

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1. An airtight bell-jar is inverted on a platform connected to a vacuum pump. An
electric bell fitted into the jar is operating, but its sound cannot be heard. This is
because sound cannot travel through …
A a vacuum.
B air.
C glass.
D water
2. The number of sound vibrations per second is the:
A Period
B Frequency
C Amplitude
D Wavelength
3. Echoes are often heard when talking in empty rooms. What is meant by an
echo?
4. A boy fires a gun and hears the echo 2 seconds later. If he is 480 m away from
a wall, calculate the speed of sound in air.
5. A girl claps her hands and hears the echo after reflection from a cliff which is
660 m away. If the velocity of sound in air is 330 m s-1, calculate the time taken
for the echo to travel to the girl.

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Experiments were done to investigate the effect of temperature on the speed of sound.
One person beat a drum while another person, who was standing 50 m away from the
sound source, recorded the time travelled by the sound.
They performed the experiment at different temperatures at different times of the day.
They recorded their findings in the table below.
1.1 For the investigation, write down the:

1.1.1 Investigative question.
1.1.2 Independent variable.
1.1.3 Dependent variable.
1.2 Calculate the speed of sound at 20 °C.
1.3 Write down a conclusion for the investigation.
The person who beat the drum, noticed that the sound reflected back after a
while.
1.4 Name the term used to describe the reflection of sound waves.

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SESSION: 5
TOPIC: ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

Amplitude Maximum displacement from the position of rest.
Dual nature Light has a wave and particle nature.
Electromagnetic A kind of radiation in which electric and magnetic fields vary simultaneously and
radiation included visible light, radio waves, gamma rays, and X-rays.
The number of waves/vibrations that passes a point per unit time (in one
Frequency
second)/produced by a vibrating body.
EM radiation with the highest frequency/shortest wavelengths arising from the
Gamma rays radioactive decay of atomic nuclei. Gamma rays can easily penetrate object
and are a radiation hazard for the entire body.
EM radiation released by very hot objects and can be felt as heat. Longer
Infrared
wavelengths than visible light but shorter wavelengths than radio waves.
EM radiation with frequencies/wavelengths between radio waves and infrared
radiation. Microwaves are used for cooking and to carry high-speed data
Microwaves
transmissions between stations on Earth and between ground-based stations
and satellites and space probes.
An electronic instrument used to measure changing electric voltages. It displays
Oscilloscope
the waveforms of electric vibrations on a screen.
Photon An energy packet of electromagnetic radiation.
Quantum The smallest undividable amount of a physical quantity.
EM radiation with the longest wavelength and are used in communication.
Radio waves
Waves with long wavelengths bend around objects.
Colour band consisting of seven colours into which visible white light can be
Spectrum
divided.
Ultraviolet Non-ionising radiation emitted by the sun.
The only frequencies of the electromagnetic spectrum that humans can see.
Visible light The different frequencies of visible light are seen as the colours of the rainbow:
red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.
Wavelength Distance between two consecutive points in phase.
EM radiation of higher energy that can pass through most objects, including the
X rays body. Medical X rays are used to generate images of tissues and structures
inside the body.

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Electromagnetic radiation
(This section must be read in conjunction with the CAPS, p. 29–31.)
Dual (particle/wave) nature of electromagnetic radiation
• Explain that some aspects of the behaviour of electromagnetic radiation can best
be explained using a wave model and some aspects can best be explained using
a particle model.
Nature of electromagnetic radiation
• Describe the source of electromagnetic waves as an accelerating charge.
• Describe how an electromagnetic wave propagates when an electric field
oscillating in one plane produces a magnetic field oscillating in a plane at right
angles to it, which produces an oscillating electric field, and so on.
• State that these mutually regenerating fields travel through space at a constant
speed of 3 x 108 m·s-1, represented by c.
• List properties of electromagnetic waves:
o Originate from accelerating electric charges.
o Propagate as electric and magnetic fields that are perpendicular to each
other.
o Can travel through a vacuum.
o Have a speed of 3 x 108 m∙s-1
Electromagnetic spectrum
• Given a list of different types of electromagnetic radiation, arrange them in order

of frequency or wavelength.
• Given the wavelength of electromagnetic waves, calculate the frequency and
vice versa, using the equation, c =fλ.
• Give an example of the use of each type of electromagnetic radiation, i.e.
gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared, microwave and radio
and TV waves.

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• The penetrating ability of the different kinds of electromagnetic radiation and

relate it to energy of the radiation.
• Describe the dangers of gamma rays, X-rays and the damaging effect of ultra-
violet radiation on the skin.
Nature of electromagnetic as particle
• Define a photon as a packet of energy found in light.
• Relate the energy of a photon to the frequency and wavelength of the light.
• Calculate the energy of a photon using E=hf=hc/ λ where h = 6,63 x10-34 J.s is
8 -1
the Planck’s constant, λ is the wavelength and c= 3 x 10 m·s is the speed of
light in a vacuum.

35

36

37
Example 4
Different types of electromagnetic radiation have different frequencies. This can

influence their properties and what each could be used for in our daily lives.
1.1 . Choose the frequency from COLUMN B that matches the type of electromagnetic
radiation in COLUMN A. Write only the letter (A–C) next to the question number
(1.1.1–1.1.3) in the ANSWER BOOK, for example 1.1.4 D.
COLUMN A TYPE OF COLUMN B

RADIATION FREQUENCY IN Hz
1.1.1 Ultraviolet A 1023
1.1.2 Gamma B 107
1.1.3 Radio C
1016
1.2 Write down ONE use of each of the following types of radiation:
1.2.1 Infrared
1.2.2 Microwaves
1.3 When doctors need to establish the seriousness of a fracture, a picture is taken
of the broken bone. The picture below shows a fracture.
[Source: learning radiography.com]
Write down the following:
1.3.1 Name of the type of radiation used for this procedure

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1.3.2 Property of this type of radiation which enables it to perform this

procedure
1.3.3 Danger of overexposure to this type of radiation
1.4 A radio programme is transmitted in the FM band on a wavelength of 3 m.
Calculate the energy of a photon of the radio wave.
Solutions
1.1.1 C
1.1.2 A
1.1.3 B
1.2.1 • Keeping food warm

• Remote controls
• Optical fibres
• Animals like snakes which hunt
• Infrared scanners for picking up heat
1.2.2 • Telephone OR satellite OR cellphone connections

• RADAR systems
• RADAR speed traps
• Microwave ovens
Any ONE
1.3.1 X-ray
1.3.2 X-ray has a high frequency and can penetrate into soft tissues of
humans, but not bones.
1.3.3 X-rays can:
• damage living tissue
• cause cancer Any ONE

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𝑐
1.1 E = h 𝜆
3 𝑥 108
= 6,63 x 10-34 x 3
-26
= 6,63 x 10 J
1.1 Red light of frequency 𝑓 and wavelength 𝜆 shines on an object. The red
light is then replaced by light of a higher energy. How do the frequency and
the wavelength of light shining on the object now compare with that of red
light?
FREQUENCY WAVELENGTH
A Greater than 𝑓 Remains the same (𝜆)
B Less than 𝑓 Greater than 𝜆
C Greater than 𝑓 Less than 𝜆

D Remains the same (𝑓) Less than 𝜆

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1.2 The types of electromagnetic radiation are arranged according to

frequency in the table below.
TYPE OF FREQUENCY
RADIATION (Hz)
Radio waves 105 - 1010
Microwaves 1010 – 1011
Infrared 1011 - 1014
Visible light 1014 - 1015
Ultraviolet 1015 - 1016
X-rays 1016 - 1018
Gamma rays 1018 – 1021
1.2.1 How are electromagnetic waves generated?

1.2.2 What type of electromagnetic radiation has the highest energy?
1.2.3. Give a reason for the answer to QUESTION 1.2.2.
1.2.4. A certain type of electromagnetic radiation has a wavelength of
600 x 10-10 m.
(a) Identify the type of electromagnetic radiation by performing a
calculation.
(b) ONE application of the type of radiation identified in QUESTION (a).

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1.1 Which ONE of the combinations below is the CORRECT order of electromagnetic
waves in INCREASING WAVELENGTHS?
A Gamma ray → X-ray → ultraviolet → visible light → infrared →

microwave
B Radio wave → microwave → infrared → visible light→ ultraviolet →
X- ray
C X-ray → ultraviolet → infrared → visible light → radio wave →
microwave
D Gamma ray → X-ray → visible light → ultraviolet → infrared →
Microwave
1.2 Consider a laser pointer and cellphone, as shown below.
Laser pointer Cellphone
1.2.1 State the type of electromagnetic radiation that is emitted by the:
(a) Laser pointer
(b) Cellphone
1.2.2 A laser pointer uses red light photons with a wavelength of 620 nm.
(a) Define the term photon.

(b) Calculate the energy of a red light photon.
(c) Refer to the answer to QUESTION (b). Explain why it is very dangerous to shine a
laser pointer into a person's eyes.

42

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1

SECONDARY SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT

SUBJECT: PHYSICAL SCIENCES

© Gauteng Department of Education

Session Topic Page

© Gauteng Department of Education

How to use this study guide?

© Gauteng Department of Education

TOPIC: TRANSVERSE PULSES

CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

Medium Material in which the pulse moves.

Pulse A single disturbance in a medium

© Gauteng Department of Education

Particles of the medium -

rest (equilibrium) position

© Gauteng Department of Education

Experiment 1: Generating a Transverse pulse

Aim: To generate a transverse pulse in a spring or rope.

rest (equilibrium) position

© Gauteng Department of Education

Activity 1.1: Classwork/Homework

1. Define the following terms:

2. A learner generates a transverse pulse in a slinky spring. The diagram below

© Gauteng Department of Education

CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

Trough Lowest point in a pulse

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Occurs when two or more pulses

The pulses interfere constructively.

The pulses move away from each other with their

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© Gauteng Department of Education

© Gauteng Department of Education

Activity 1.2: Classwork/Homework

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Activity 1.3: Classwork/Homework

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TOPIC: TRANSVERSE WAVES

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CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

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1. What type of wave is a water wave?

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3 x 0,5 = 1,5 s (3 waves x 0,5 seconds per wave)

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Activity 2.3: Classwork/Homework

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TOPIC: LONGITUDINAL WAVES

CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

The maximum displacement of the medium from its position of rest.

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Wavelength: The distance between two successive points in phase.

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Experiment 3: Generating a longitudinal wave in a slinky spring

Aim: To generate longitudinal wave in a slinky spring.

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