International Journal of Computer Science Trends and Technology (IJCST) – Volume 12 Issue 2, Mar - Apr 2024

RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

A Comprehensive Survey on Edge Computing Security:

Challenges, Solutions, and Future Directions
Berthille Igiraneza
Computer Software, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, China

ABSTRACT
This survey paper provides an exhaustive examination of the security landscape within edge computing, identifying and
dissecting the multifaceted security challenges that arise from its decentralized nature and widespread application across
various domains such as Internet of Things (IoT), healthcare, smart cities, and autonomous driving. As edge computing
pushes data processing to the edge of the network, closer to data sources, it introduces unique vulnerabilities and security
concerns distinct from traditional cloud computing paradigms. This paper categorizes these security challenges into data
security, network security, authentication, scalability, manageability, and privacy concerns. Through a systematic review, we
evaluate a spectrum of existing security solutions, ranging from cryptographic methods and secure architectures to advanced
authentication mechanisms and privacy-preserving techniques. Furthermore, the paper delves into emerging technologies like
blockchain, artificial intelligence (AI), and quantum computing, exploring their potential to fortify security in edge
computing environments. By highlighting current gaps, open issues, and potential future threats, this survey underscores the
critical need for continued research, development of adaptive security strategies, and cross-disciplinary collaboration to
navigate the evolving security landscape of edge computing. Through this comprehensive analysis, the paper aims to propel
forward the discourse on edge computing security, paving the way for more secure, efficient, and reliable edge computing
architectures.
Keywords :- Edge Computing Security, Cryptographic Methods, Privacy-preserving Techniques.

security challenges posed by edge computing architectures,

I. INTRODUCTION reviewing existing solutions and technologies aimed at
In the ever-evolving landscape of digital technology, edge mitigating these risks, and exploring future directions for
computing has emerged as a transformative force, ushering in research and development in this domain. Through this paper,
a new era of data processing and analysis. By decentralizing readers can expect to gain a comprehensive understanding of
computing resources and bringing them closer to the source of the security landscape of edge computing, including insights
data—be it IoT devices, sensors, or smartphones—edge into the latest trends, potential vulnerabilities, and cutting-edge
computing significantly reduces latency, minimizes bandwidth security measures.
usage, and enhances overall system efficiency. This paradigm The paper is structured as follows: Section 2 provides a
shift not only accelerates real-time data processing but also background on edge computing, including its evolution,
supports a myriad of applications, from autonomous vehicles architecture, and key applications. Section 3 delves into the
and smart cities to healthcare monitoring systems, thereby security challenges specific to edge computing, categorizing
playing a pivotal role in the modern digital ecosystem. them into distinct areas for detailed analysis. Section 4 reviews
However, the distributed nature of edge computing existing security solutions, spanning from cryptographic
introduces a complex array of security challenges. Traditional methods to privacy-preserving techniques, and evaluates their
security models, often designed for centralized data processing applicability to edge computing. Section 5 explores emerging
environments, fall short in addressing the vulnerabilities technologies and their potential impact on enhancing security
inherent in the decentralized, heterogeneous, and highly in edge environments. In Section 6, we discuss current gaps,
dynamic edge environments. The proliferation of edge devices, open issues, and anticipate future threats. Section 7 concludes
each potentially becoming a new attack vector, underscores the the paper with a summary of findings and recommendations for
importance of robust security measures. Moreover, the critical future research directions. Through this structured approach,
application areas of edge computing, many of which involve the paper aims to shed light on the pivotal role of security in
sensitive personal data or mission-critical operations, further enabling the safe and effective deployment of edge computing
amplify the need for comprehensive security solutions. The technologies.
unique architecture of edge computing, combined with its
broad application spectrum, thus demands a re-evaluation of II. BACKGROUND AND EVOLUTION OF
conventional security strategies and the development of EDGE COMPUTING
innovative solutions tailored to its specific needs. Edge computing refers to a distributed computing paradigm
The primary objective of this survey is to provide a that brings computation and data storage closer to the location
thorough analysis of the current state of security within the where it is needed, to improve response times and save
realm of edge computing. This includes identifying the unique bandwidth. Unlike traditional cloud computing, which relies on

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International Journal of Computer Science Trends and Technology (IJCST) – Volume 12 Issue 2, Mar - Apr 2024
centralized data centres far from the end-user, edge computing • IoT: In IoT, edge computing facilitates real-time data
processes data near the source of data generation. This processing, enabling smart home devices, industrial
approach minimizes latency, reduces the load on the network, automation, and energy management systems to
and enables real-time processing capabilities crucial for many function efficiently [7].
modern applications [1, 2].
• Healthcare: Edge computing supports telemedicine,
A. Historical Development patient monitoring, and wearable health devices by
providing immediate data analysis, which is crucial
The concept of edge computing has evolved significantly
for life-saving decisions [8].
over the past decade, driven by the exponential growth of IoT
• Smart Cities: In smart cities, edge computing enables
devices and the increasing demand for real-time computing.
traffic management, public safety, and environmental
The term itself was coined in the early 2000s, but it gained
monitoring through the immediate processing of data
significant traction in 2016 when the Edge Computing
from various sensors and cameras [9].
Consortium was established. Key milestones include the
development of edge-specific technologies and standards, the • Autonomous Vehicles: For autonomous vehicles,
introduction of edge computing platforms by major tech edge computing provides the necessary real-time
companies, and the integration of AI and machine learning processing to support navigation, obstacle detection,
algorithms into edge devices, enhancing their processing and vehicle-to-vehicle communication [10].
capabilities [3, 4].
B. Architecture I. III. SECURITY CHALLENGES IN EDGE
The architecture of edge computing is hierarchical and COMPUTING
typically consists of three layers: the cloud, the edge, and the
devices. The cloud layer houses centralized services and A. Data Security
extensive computing resources. The edge layer includes edge In edge computing environments, data security is
servers and gateways located close to the data sources, which paramount due to the dispersed nature of data storage,
perform data processing and analytics. The device layer transmission, and processing across the network edge. Edge
contains IoT devices and sensors that generate and initially devices generate substantial volumes of data, often processed
process data. This architecture supports various functionalities, locally, introducing risks such as data tampering, unauthorized
including data caching, local analytics, and decision-making access, and leakage [11]. The limited security capabilities of
processes, enabling faster response times and reduced edge devices, compared to centralized data centres, exacerbate
bandwidth usage [5, 6]. these vulnerabilities [12]. Furthermore, data in transit between
edge devices and servers, or among edge devices themselves,
faces risks of interception and eavesdropping, necessitating
robust end-to-end encryption and integrity verification methods
[13].
B. Network Security
Securing the communication channels within edge
computing frameworks is critical to thwart attacks like man-in-
the-middle, DoS, and spoofing. The reliance on wireless
networks for such communications introduces additional
vulnerabilities targeted by adversaries [14]. Implementing
comprehensive security protocols to protect data in transit in
these resource-constrained environments is challenging yet
essential [15]. The network's dynamic topology, with devices
frequently joining and leaving, further complicates network
security management.
C. Authentication and Access Control
Ensuring that only authorized entities can access edge
computing resources is crucial. The diversity of devices, each
with varying capabilities and security levels, poses significant
Fig. 1 Hierarchical architecture of edge computing
challenges in deploying uniform authentication and access
C. Application Areas control mechanisms [16]. Traditional authentication methods
Edge computing has found applications across a wide range may not suit the limited power and computational resources of
of sectors: many edge devices. This scenario calls for lightweight, secure
authentication protocols tailored for rapid processing needs
[17, 18].

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International Journal of Computer Science Trends and Technology (IJCST) – Volume 12 Issue 2, Mar - Apr 2024
D. Scalability and Manageability aspect of edge computing environments. This includes
The management and scalability of security policies deploying security services directly on edge devices or
across the multitude of devices in edge computing are through edge servers, integrating intrusion detection systems
hindered by their diversity in hardware and software (IDS), and employing security information and event
configurations. Automating the security policy deployment management (SIEM) systems tailored for edge environments.
and updates across such a vast, dynamic environment remains Such architectures often leverage virtualization and
a formidable challenge [19]. Security solutions must be containerization to isolate sensitive computations and data,
scalable and adaptable, without overwhelming the minimizing the attack surface. Software-Defined Networking
computational capabilities of edge devices [20]. (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) also play
roles in dynamically managing network security policies and
E. Privacy resources.
Privacy in edge computing is a critical concern, C. Authentication Mechanisms
especially as devices in various environments collect sensitive
personal information. The risk of privacy breaches increases Authentication mechanisms in edge computing
in distributed processing settings, where data may traverse ensure that only authorized devices and users can access
multiple potentially vulnerable nodes [21]. Implementing resources. Traditional approaches like username/password are
privacy-preserving techniques like data anonymization in such increasingly supplemented or replaced by more secure and
settings is complex, yet crucial for maintaining user privacy convenient methods. Biometric authentication leverages
and compliance with regulations like GDPR [22]. unique physical characteristics, offering a high level of
security and ease of use. Blockchain technology, with its
decentralized nature, provides a robust framework for secure,
TABLE I EDGE COMPUTING SECURITY CHALLENGES SUMMARY tamper-proof authentication and access control, ensuring
Security Challenge Description device and user authenticity across distributed networks [25,
Data Security Concerns related to data storage, transmission,
26].
and processing at the edge.
D. Privacy-preserving Solutions
Network Security Challenges in securing the communication
between edge devices and central servers or Preserving privacy in edge computing, especially when
between edge devices themselves. processing personal data, is critical. Federated learning, a
Authentication and Access Issues in ensuring that only authorized devices
machine learning approach, allows edge devices to
Control and users can access and execute computing collaboratively learn a shared model while keeping all the
tasks. training data on device, thus not exposing it to central servers
Scalability and The difficulty of maintaining security policies or potential adversaries. Differential privacy introduces noise
Manageability across numerous and often heterogeneous
to datasets or query results, making it difficult to infer
devices.
Privacy Ensuring user privacy when personal data is individual data points while still allowing for accurate
processed closer to its source. aggregate analysis. These techniques ensure that user data is
protected and that privacy regulations are complied with [27,
28].
II. IV. REVIEW OF EXISTING SECURITY E. Case Studies
SOLUTIONS Real-world applications of these security solutions
A. Cryptographic Techniques highlight their practical value and effectiveness. For instance,
in smart healthcare systems, cryptographic techniques secure
Cryptographic techniques are fundamental to securing data patient data transmitted from wearable devices to healthcare
within edge computing environments, both at rest and in providers. Secure architectures with embedded IDS have been
transit. Encryption algorithms, such as Advanced Encryption deployed in smart grid systems to detect and mitigate threats
Standard (AES) and public-key infrastructures (PKIs), provide in real-time. Blockchain-based authentication mechanisms are
the means to securely encrypt data, ensuring that even if data increasingly used in supply chain management to verify the
is intercepted, it remains unintelligible to unauthorized parties. authenticity of products and participants. In smart city
Hash functions and digital signatures further ensure data projects, federated learning and differential privacy techniques
integrity and non-repudiation, crucial for maintaining trust in are applied to traffic and pollution monitoring data to optimize
distributed systems. Symmetric key algorithms offer city management without compromising the privacy of
efficiency for resource-constrained devices, while asymmetric citizens [29, 30].
cryptography facilitates secure key exchange over unsecured
channels [23, 24]. III. V. EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND
B. Secure Architectures FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Developing secure architectures involves creating designs A. Blockchain
and frameworks that inherently incorporate security as a core

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International Journal of Computer Science Trends and Technology (IJCST) – Volume 12 Issue 2, Mar - Apr 2024
Blockchain technology stands at the forefront of across the industry, providing clear guidelines for the
revolutionizing security in edge computing through its development, deployment, and evaluation of secure edge
inherent characteristics of decentralization, transparency, and computing solutions. Standardization not only facilitates
immutability. It offers a robust solution for secure, interoperability among diverse edge devices but also ensures
decentralized integrity verification and management of that security considerations are uniformly addressed across
transactions and interactions between edge devices. By different platforms and applications [35, 36].
leveraging blockchain, edge computing networks can establish
trust among devices, manage identities securely, and ensure IV. VI. CHALLENGES AND OPEN ISSUES
data integrity without relying on centralized authorities. This A. Technical Limitations
technology is particularly promising for applications requiring Despite significant advancements, edge computing faces
stringent security measures, such as smart contracts in supply technical limitations that hinder the deployment of effective
chains or identity verification in smart cities, where the security measures. These limitations include constrained
integrity and non-repudiation of transactions are critical [31, computational resources, limited battery life of edge devices,
32]. and the inherent complexity of managing a vast network of
B. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning distributed nodes. Such constraints make it challenging to
implement sophisticated security algorithms that require
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning substantial computational power and energy. Moreover, the
(ML) technologies are increasingly being integrated into edge vast and varied nature of edge devices introduces complexities
computing to enhance security through predictive analytics, in deploying uniform security protocols, making some devices
anomaly detection, and automated threat responses. Machine more vulnerable to attacks than others.
learning models can analyze patterns from vast amounts of
data generated at the edge to identify potential security threats B. Adaptability
in real-time. AI algorithms can then automate responses to The dynamic nature of edge computing,
these threats, enhancing the resilience of edge networks. characterized by constantly evolving architectures and threat
Moreover, AI-driven security systems can adapt to evolving landscapes, demands highly adaptable security solutions.
threats over time, learning from new data and attacks to Traditional security mechanisms, designed for static networks,
continuously improve their defense mechanisms. This struggle to cope with the fluidity of edge environments.
adaptive security approach is crucial in the dynamically Security solutions must, therefore, be capable of automatically
changing environments of edge computing [33]. adapting to changes in network topology, device
C. Quantum Computing configurations, and emerging threats. This adaptability is
crucial for maintaining the integrity and confidentiality of data
The advent of quantum computing presents both as new types of devices are added and as the applications of
opportunities and challenges for the security of edge edge computing expand into new domains.
computing. On one hand, quantum computing threatens to
break current cryptographic protocols by solving problems C. Interoperability
that are infeasible for classical computers, such as factoring Interoperability remains a significant challenge in
large primes used in RSA encryption. On the other hand, it edge computing, given the diversity of devices,
also offers the potential for quantum-resistant cryptographic manufacturers, and protocols within the ecosystem. Ensuring
algorithms and quantum key distribution (QKD), which could compatibility among these diverse components is essential for
provide unprecedented levels of security. As such, the edge seamless operation and for implementing end-to-end security
computing community must anticipate the impact of quantum measures. The lack of standardized protocols exacerbates this
computing on security paradigms and begin integrating challenge, leading to potential security gaps where
quantum-resistant cryptographic methods to safeguard future interoperability is forced through ad-hoc solutions. Efforts
communications and data [34]. toward standardization and the development of universal
D. Regulatory and Standardization Efforts security protocols are necessary to address these
interoperability challenges and to ensure that security
The role of regulations and standardization is becoming measures are comprehensive and uniformly applied across all
increasingly crucial in shaping security practices within edge devices and layers of the network.
computing. Regulatory frameworks, such as the General Data
Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the European Union, set D. Future Threats
stringent requirements for data privacy and security, driving As edge computing technologies advance, they will
the need for compliant security solutions in edge computing inevitably face new types of security threats. These future
environments. Similarly, standardization bodies, such as the threats may exploit vulnerabilities unique to edge computing
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and architectures, such as the decentralized nature of data
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), are processing or the use of predictive analytics. For instance, AI
working to establish security standards specific to edge and ML models deployed at the edge for security purposes
computing. These efforts aim to harmonize security practices themselves may become targets, with attackers using

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International Journal of Computer Science Trends and Technology (IJCST) – Volume 12 Issue 2, Mar - Apr 2024
adversarial techniques to manipulate these models. reach its full potential in driving forward our increasingly
Anticipating and mitigating such threats require ongoing connected world.
research and development efforts focused on understanding In conclusion, while the journey to securing edge
potential vulnerabilities and on designing security measures computing is fraught with challenges, it also presents an
that can evolve in response to new types of attacks. opportunity for innovation, collaboration, and progress. By
addressing the highlighted security challenges head-on, the
VII. CONCLUSION global community can unlock the transformative potential of
A. Summary edge computing, paving the way for a more efficient,
The exploration of security in edge computing responsive, and secure digital future.
reveals a landscape rich with potential yet fraught with
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