Hydro

Problem 1 Horton's Equation
a) Using the rainfall below and a Horton infiltration curve with the parameters k = 0.1 hr -1, fc =
0.5 cm/hr and f0 = 0.7 cm/hr,
 Determine the infiltration capacity over the 3.5-hr period. What is the total infiltration, in
cm, over the 3.5-hr period?
 Plot the hyetograph and infiltration capacity on the same chart.
 Determine and graph the excess rainfall (ER) that would occur. Calculate the excess
rainfall as the difference between the rainfall intensity and the average infiltration over
half-hour intervals.
 ALWAYS label charts and axes.
0
0. 1. 1. 2. 2. 3.
-
5- 0- 5- 0- 5- 0-
Time (hr) 0
1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3.
.
0 5 0 5 0 5
5
1
0. 2. 2. 2. 1. 0.
Rainfall (cm/hr) .
7 0 5 8 5 5
0
b) Determine a Horton equation to fit the following times and infiltration capacities by
identifying fo, fc and k.
Time (hr) f (in/hr)

1 3.17
2 2.60
6.5 1.25
∞ 0.60
Problem 2 Phi-Index Method
The mass curve of an isolated storm in a 500 ha watershed is as follows:
Time (hr) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Cumulative
0 0.8 2.6 2.8 4.1 7.3 10.8 11.8 12.4 12.6
rainfall (cm)
If the direct runoff produced by the storm is measured at the outlet of the watershed as 0.340M
m3,
 Determine the total ER and infiltration in cm.
 Estimate the Φ-index of the storm and the duration of the rainfall
excess.
 Plot the hyetograph showing the Φ-index.
 Plot the ER.
Problem 3 Permeability Tests
A constant head permeameter, 85 mm in diameter containing fine sand sample 450 mm long,
allowed water to flow at a rate of 184 mL/min under steady flow conditions. Given the
difference in head between two points 240 mm apart was 375 mm, determine the coefficient of
permeability in mm/s. When the same sample size is tested in a falling head apparatus using a
stand-pipe of 32.5 mm diameter, calculate the time required for the water in the stand-pipe to
drop from 1750 mm to 1000 mm above the outflow level.
Problem 4 Effective Permeability
a) A confined stratified aquifer has a total thickness of 16 m and is made up of four layers. The
bottom layer has a coefficient of permeability of 30 m/day and a thickness of 5.0 m. Above it is a
layer 4 m thickness with a coefficient of permeability of 35 m/day. The third & fourth layers
have a permeability of 20 m/day and 45 m/day respectively and are of equal thickness. Calculate
the equivalent permeability and transmissivity if the flow is along the stratification.
b) A pipe of 1.2 m diameter was provided in a reservoir to act as an outlet. Due to disuse, it was
buried and completely clogged for some length by sediment. Measurements indicated the
presence of fine sand (K1 = 10 m.day) deposit for a length of 100 m, at the upstream end and
coarse sand (K2 = 50 m/day) at the downstream end for a length of 50 m. In between these two
layers, the presence of silty sand (K3 = 0.10 m/day) for some length is identified. For a head
difference of 20 m on either side of the clogged length, the seepage discharge is found to be 0.8
m3/day. Estimate the length of the pipe filled up by silty sand. Some notes:
 The flow is normal to the layers of deposit.
 Recall Darcy's Law for flow in porous media.
Problem 5 Flow Through an Aquifer
A canal and a stream run parallel to each other at a separation distance of 400 m. Both of them
completely penetrate an unconfined aquifer (K = 3.0 m/day) located above a horizontal
impervious bed. The aquifer forms the separation landmass between the two water bodies. The
water surface elevations in the canal and the stream are 5.0 and 3.0.
i. the uniform infiltration rate that will create a water table divide at a distance of 100 m
from the canal
ii. the elevation of the water table divide
iii. the seepage discharge into the two water bodies
iv. Plot the water table.
v.
Problem 6 Flow in Wells
a) A 30-cm well completely penetrates an artesian aquifer. The length of the strainer* is 25 m.
Determine the discharge from the well when the drawdown at the pumping well is 4.0 m. The
coefficient of permeability of the aquifer is 45 m/day. Assume the radius of influence of the well
is 350 m.
*length of strainer = thickness of the aquifer
b) A 30-cm well fully penetrates an unconfined aquifer of saturated depth 25 m. When a
discharge of 2100 lpm was being pumped for a long time, observation wells at radial distances of
30 m and 90 m indicated drawdown of 5 and 4 m respectively.
i. Estimate the coefficient of permeability and transmissibility of the aquifer.
ii. What is the drawdown at the pumping well?
*lpm = liters per minute
*h = H - s, where H = saturated depth


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Problem 1 Horton's Equation

Time (hr) f (in/hr)

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