Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity
Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity
Chapter 1 Limits and Continuity
MAT060
NORMALAH S. ABDULCARIM,PhD
Mathematics Department
College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics
Mindanao State University-Marawi
[email protected]
February 2, 2024
or
Example 1.1
Consider the function f defined by f (x) = 2x + 4 and a = 3.
Investigate the function value f (x) when x is close to a = 3 but
not equal to 3.
Example 1.2
x2 − 2x
Consider the function f defined by f (x) = and a = 2.
x−2
Investigate the function value f (x) when x is close to a = 2 but
not equal to 2.
lim k = k.
x→a
Illustration:
1 lim (−4) = −4. 2. lim (ln 2) = ln 2.
x→2 x→0
lim x = a.
x→a
Illustration:
1 lim (x) = −4. 2. lim x = π.
x→−4 x→π
Illustration:
1 lim −2x = −2 lim x = −2(3) = −6.
x→3 x→3
3 3 3
2 lim x = lim x = π
· π = 3.
x→π π π x→π
lim (mx + b) = ma + b.
x→a
Illustration:
1 lim (2x − 7) = 2(5) − 7 = 3.
x→5
1
2 lim1 (−2x − 5) = −2 · − 5 = −6
x→ 2 2
That is,
lim [f (x) + g(x)] = lim f (x) + lim g(x),
x→a x→a x→a
That is,
lim [f (x) · g(x)] = lim f (x) · lim g(x).
x→a x→a x→a
Illustration:
lim [(2x − 7)(−5x + 1)] = lim (2x − 7) lim (−5x + 1)
x→0 x→0 x→0
= [2(0) − 7][−5(0) + 1]
= (−7)(1) = −7.
f (x) L
lim = .
x→a g(x) M
That is,
f (x) lim f (x)
x→a
lim =
x→a g(x) lim g(x)
x→a
Theorem 1.2.9
If lim f1 (x) = L1 , lim f2 (x) = L2 ,... and lim fn (x) = Ln , then
x→a x→a x→a
Theorem 1.2.10
If lim f1 (x) = L1 , lim f2 (x) = L2 ,... and lim fn (x) = Ln , then
x→a x→a x→a
Illustration:
h i5
lim (2x − 12)5 = lim (2x − 12) = [2(5) − 12]5
x→5 x→5
= [10 − 12]5 = (−2)5 = −32.
Corollary 1.2.12
lim xn = an .
x→a
Theorem 1.2.14
If lim f (x) = L, then
x→a
p
n
q √
n
lim f (x) = n lim f (x) = L,
x→a x→a
√
n
provided L ∈ R.
Illustration:
√ q p √
lim 3 −8 + 21x = 3 lim (−8 + 21x) = 3 −8 + 21(0) = 3 −8 = −2.
x→0 x→0
Theorem 1.2.16
If F and G are two functions such that F (x) = G(x) for all
x 6= a, and if lim G(x) exists, then lim F (x) exists. Moreover,
x→a x→a
Theorem 1.3.2
lim f (x) exists if and only if lim+ f (x) and lim− f (x) both exist
x→a x→a x→a
and are equal. Moreover,
Example 1.3.4
|x|
Does lim exist?
x→0 x
Example 1.3.5
Does lim H(x) exist where H(x) is defined as follows:
x→2
3x, if x ≤ 2
H(x) =
10 − x2 , if x > 2
1
As x approaches to 0 from the right, values of f (x) = x−1 increase
without bound. In this case, we say that f (x) goes to positive
infinity as x approaches 1 from the right, and we write
1
lim+ = +∞.
x→1 x−1
Theorem 1.4.6
If r is a positive integer, then
1
1 lim+ r = +∞
x→0 x
1 −∞, if r is odd
2 lim− r =
x→0 x +∞, if r is even
f (x)
lim = +∞
x→a g(x)
f (x)
lim = −∞
x→a g(x)
f (x)
lim = −∞
x→a g(x)
f (x)
lim = +∞
x→a g(x)
lim g(x) = 0+ .
x→a
lim g(x) = 0− .
x→a
Theorem 1.4.10
If lim f (x) = −∞ and lim g(x) = c, where c is a nonzero real
x→a x→a
number , then
x2
Consider the function f (x) = . We now observe the values
x2 + 2
of f as x increases without bound.
x 0 1 10 100 1000
x2
f (x) = x2 +2
0 0.33 0.980 0.998 0.99998
we write
lim f (x) = L.
x→∞
5x3
2 lim
x→∞ x + 3
3x + 4
3 lim √
x→−∞ 5x2 − 2
√3
4x3 + 3x
4 lim
x→−∞ 2x + 3
Theorem 1.6.1
For a real number a in the domain of the given trigonometric
function, we have the following:
Example 1.6.4
Evaluate the following limits:
sin 2x
1. lim .
x→0 3x
sin 5x
2. lim
x→0 sin 3x
4x
3. lim
x→0 sin x
cos x − 1
4. lim
x→0 x2
N.S.A MAT060 February 2, 2024 47 / 55
Exercise
Evaluate the following limits:
sin 2x + 1
1 lim1
x→− 2 6x + 3
sin(1 + x)
2 lim
x→−1 x+1
2 cos(1 − 2x) sin(1 − 2x) + (2x − 1) cos(1 − 2x)
3 lim
x→ 12 x − 12
tan 2x
4 lim
x→0 x
5 lim+ 3x cot 2x
x→0
tan3 2x
6 lim
x→0 x3
i. f (x) = 2x + 5 at x = −3.
1 + x, if x ≤ 2
ii. F (x) = at x = 2
2 − x, if x > 2
√
x+1−1
iii. G(x) = at x = 0.
x
The discontinuity is said to be an essential discontinuity, if
condition (2) fails to hold, that is, lim f (x) does not exist. Also,
x→a
the discontinuity is said to be a removable discontinuity, if
condition/s (1) and/or (3) fail/s to hold, that is, f (a) is not
defined or lim f (x) 6= f (a).
x→a