Contents

List of Figures ...................................................................................................... xiii

Preface ................................................................................................................... xxi

Part I Governing Equations

1. Basic Conservation Laws ..............................................................................3

1.1 Statistical and Continuum Methods ..................................................3
1.2 Eulerian and Lagrangian Coordinates ..............................................6
1.3 Material Derivative ...............................................................................7
1.4 Control Volumes....................................................................................8
1.5 Reynolds’ Transport Theorem ............................................................9
1.6 Conservation of Mass ......................................................................... 12
1.7 Conservation of Momentum ............................................................. 14
1.8 Conservation of Energy ..................................................................... 17
1.9 Discussion of Conservation Equations ............................................ 21
1.10 Rotation and Rate of Shear ................................................................22
1.11 Constitutive Equations ....................................................................... 26
1.12 Viscosity Coefficients..........................................................................30
1.13 Navier–Stokes Equations ................................................................... 32
1.14 Energy Equation .................................................................................. 33
1.15 Governing Equations for Newtonian Fluids .................................. 35
1.16 Boundary Conditions ......................................................................... 37
Problems .......................................................................................................... 38

2. Flow Kinematics ........................................................................................... 41

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2.1 Flow Lines ............................................................................................ 41

2.1.1 Streamlines ............................................................................. 41
2.1.2 Pathlines .................................................................................. 45
2.1.3 Streaklines............................................................................... 46
2.2 Circulation and Vorticity ................................................................... 47
2.3 Stream Tubes and Vortex Tubes ........................................................ 49
2.4 Kinematics of Vortex Lines ................................................................ 50
Problems .......................................................................................................... 52

3. Special Forms of the Governing Equations ............................................ 57

3.1 Kelvin’s Theorem ................................................................................ 57
3.2 Bernoulli Equation .............................................................................. 60
3.3 Crocco’s Equation ................................................................................63
3.4 Vorticity Equation ............................................................................... 66

vii

Currie, IG 2012, Fundamental Mechanics of Fluids, Taylor & Francis Group, Bosa Roca. Available from: ProQuest Ebook Central. [29 November 2023].
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Problems .......................................................................................................... 69
Further Reading—Part I ............................................................................... 70

Part II Ideal-Fluid Flow

II.1 Governing Equations and Boundary Conditions .......................... 71
II.2 Potential Flows .................................................................................... 72

4. Two-Dimensional Potential Flows............................................................ 75

4.1 Stream Function .................................................................................. 75
4.2 Complex Potential and Complex Velocity ....................................... 79
4.3 Uniform Flows ..................................................................................... 82
4.4 Source, Sink, and Vortex Flows .........................................................83
4.5 Flow in Sector ...................................................................................... 87
4.6 Flow around Sharp Edge ................................................................... 89
4.7 Flow due to Doublet ...........................................................................90
4.8 Circular Cylinder without Circulation ............................................ 93
4.9 Circular Cylinder with Circulation .................................................. 95
4.10 Blasius Integral Laws ........................................................................ 101
4.11 Force and Moment on Circular Cylinder ...................................... 105
4.12 Conformal Transformations ............................................................ 107
4.13 Joukowski Transformation .............................................................. 112
4.14 Flow around Ellipses ........................................................................ 116
4.15 Kutta Condition and Flat-Plate Airfoil ........................................... 120
4.16 Symmetrical Joukowski Airfoil....................................................... 123
4.17 Circular-Arc Airfoil .......................................................................... 129
4.18 Joukowski Airfoil .............................................................................. 134
4.19 Schwarz–Christoffel Transformation ............................................. 136
4.20 Source in Channel ............................................................................. 139
4.21 Flow through Aperture .................................................................... 142
4.22 Flow Past Vertical Flat Plate ............................................................ 148
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Problems ........................................................................................................ 155

5. Three-Dimensional Potential Flows ...................................................... 165

5.1 Velocity Potential .............................................................................. 166
5.2 Stokes’ Stream Function ................................................................... 167
5.3 Solution of Potential Equation ......................................................... 169
5.4 Uniform Flow .................................................................................... 172
5.5 Source and Sink ................................................................................. 174
5.6 Flow due to Doublet ......................................................................... 176
5.7 Flow near Blunt Nose ....................................................................... 178
5.8 Flow around Sphere.......................................................................... 180
5.9 Line-Distributed Source ................................................................... 181
5.10 Sphere in Flow Field of Source ........................................................ 184
5.11 Rankine Solids ................................................................................... 186

Currie, IG 2012, Fundamental Mechanics of Fluids, Taylor & Francis Group, Bosa Roca. Available from: ProQuest Ebook Central. [29 November 2023].
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 Contents ix

5.12 D’Alembert’s Paradox ....................................................................... 188

5.13 Forces Induced by Singularities ...................................................... 192
5.14 Kinetic Energy of Moving Fluid ..................................................... 196
5.15 Apparent Mass .................................................................................. 199
Problems ........................................................................................................ 200

6. Surface Waves .............................................................................................. 205

6.1 General Surface-Wave Problem....................................................... 205
6.2 Small-Amplitude Plane Waves ........................................................ 208
6.3 Propagation of Surface Waves ......................................................... 210
6.4 Effect of Surface Tension .................................................................. 214
6.5 Shallow-Liquid Waves of Arbitrary Form ..................................... 217
6.6 Complex Potential for Traveling Waves ......................................... 221
6.7 Particle Paths for Traveling Waves ................................................. 224
6.8 Standing Waves ................................................................................. 227
6.9 Particle Paths for Standing Waves .................................................. 229
6.10 Waves in Rectangular Vessels ......................................................... 231
6.11 Waves in Cylindrical Vessels ........................................................... 235
6.12 Propagation of Waves at Interface .................................................. 239
Problems ........................................................................................................ 245
Further Reading—Part II ............................................................................ 251

Part III Viscous Flows of Incompressible Fluids

7. Exact Solutions ............................................................................................ 257

7.1 Couette Flow ...................................................................................... 257
7.2 Poiseuille Flow .................................................................................. 260
7.3 Flow between Rotating Cylinders .................................................. 262
7.4 Stokes’ First Problem ........................................................................ 265
7.5 Stokes’ Second Problem ................................................................... 269
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7.6 Pulsating Flow between Parallel Surfaces .................................... 272

7.7 Stagnation-Point Flow ...................................................................... 274
7.8 Flow in Convergent and Divergent Channels .............................. 279
7.9 Flow over Porous Wall ..................................................................... 282
Problems ........................................................................................................ 285

8. Low Reynolds Number Solutions ........................................................... 293

8.1 Stokes Approximation ...................................................................... 293
8.2 Uniform Flow .................................................................................... 296
8.3 Doublet ............................................................................................... 296
8.4 Rotlet ................................................................................................... 297
8.5 Stokeslet .............................................................................................. 303
8.6 Rotating Sphere in Fluid ..................................................................308
8.7 Uniform Flow Past Sphere ...............................................................309

Currie, IG 2012, Fundamental Mechanics of Fluids, Taylor & Francis Group, Bosa Roca. Available from: ProQuest Ebook Central. [29 November 2023].
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8.8 Uniform Flow Past Circular Cylinder ............................................ 312

8.9 Oseen Approximation ...................................................................... 315
Problems ........................................................................................................ 316

9. Boundary Layers ......................................................................................... 321

9.1 Boundary-Layer Thicknesses .......................................................... 322
9.2 Boundary-Layer Equations .............................................................. 324
9.3 Blasius Solution ................................................................................. 328
9.4 Falkner–Skan Solutions.................................................................... 333
9.5 Flow over a Wedge ............................................................................ 338
9.6 Stagnation-Point Flow ......................................................................340
9.7 Flow in Convergent Channel .......................................................... 341
9.8 Approximate Solution for Flat Surface...........................................342
9.9 General Momentum Integral...........................................................348
9.10 Kármán–Pohlhausen Approximation ............................................ 350
9.11 Boundary-Layer Separation............................................................. 360
9.12 Stability of Boundary Layers ........................................................... 362
Problems ........................................................................................................ 367

10. Buoyancy-Driven Flows ............................................................................ 373

10.1 Boussinesq Approximation ............................................................. 374
10.2 Thermal Convection ......................................................................... 375
10.3 Boundary-Layer Approximations................................................... 377
10.4 Vertical Isothermal Surface ............................................................. 380
10.5 Line Source of Heat ........................................................................... 385
10.6 Point Source of Heat ......................................................................... 392
10.7 Stability of Horizontal Layers ......................................................... 395
Problems ........................................................................................................ 401
Further Reading—Part III ........................................................................... 403

Part IV Compressible Flow of Inviscid Fluids

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IV.1 Governing Equations and Boundary Conditions ........................ 406

11. Shock Waves ................................................................................................ 409

11.1 Propagation of Infinitesimal Disturbances ................................... 409
11.2 Propagation of Finite Disturbances ................................................ 414
11.3 Rankine–Hugoniot Equations ......................................................... 419
11.4 Conditions for Normal Shock Waves .............................................422
11.5 Normal-Shock-Wave Equations ...................................................... 426
11.6 Oblique Shock Waves ....................................................................... 429
Problems ........................................................................................................434

12. One-Dimensional Flows ........................................................................... 439

12.1 Weak Waves ....................................................................................... 439

Currie, IG 2012, Fundamental Mechanics of Fluids, Taylor & Francis Group, Bosa Roca. Available from: ProQuest Ebook Central. [29 November 2023].
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12.2 Weak Shock Tubes.............................................................................443

12.3 Wall Reflection of Waves ..................................................................446
12.4 Reflection and Refraction at Interface ............................................448
12.5 Piston Problem................................................................................... 452
12.6 Finite-Strength Shock Tubes ............................................................454
12.7 Nonadiabatic Flows .......................................................................... 459
12.8 Isentropic-Flow Relations ................................................................463
12.9 Flow through Nozzles ...................................................................... 465
Problems ........................................................................................................ 467

13. Multidimensional Flows ........................................................................... 471

13.1 Irrotational Motion ........................................................................... 471
13.2 Janzen–Rayleigh Expansion ............................................................ 473
13.3 Small-Perturbation Theory .............................................................. 476
13.4 Pressure Coefficient .......................................................................... 479
13.5 Flow over Wave-Shaped Wall ......................................................... 481
13.6 Prandtl–Glauert Rule for Subsonic Flow ....................................... 487
13.7 Ackeret’s Theory for Supersonic Flows ......................................... 489
13.8 Prandtl–Meyer Flow ......................................................................... 494
Problems ........................................................................................................ 498
Further Reading—Part IV........................................................................... 502

Part V Methods of Mathematical Analysis

14. Some Useful Methods of Analysis .........................................................505

14.1 Fourier Series ..................................................................................... 506
14.2 Complex Variables ............................................................................ 510
14.2.1 Analytic Functions .............................................................. 510
14.2.2 Integral Representations ..................................................... 511
14.2.3 Series Representations ........................................................ 513
14.2.4 Residues and Residue Theorem ......................................... 514
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14.2.5 Conformal Transformations ............................................... 516

14.3 Separation of Variable Solutions ..................................................... 517
14.4 Similarity Solutions .......................................................................... 522
14.5 Group Invariance Methods.............................................................. 528
Problems ........................................................................................................534
Further Reading—Part V ............................................................................ 541
Appendix A: Vector Analysis ..........................................................................543
A.1 Vector Identities .................................................................................543
A.2 Integral Theorems .............................................................................543
A.3 Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates ............................................544
Appendix B: Tensors ......................................................................................... 549
B.1 Notation and Definition ................................................................... 549

Currie, IG 2012, Fundamental Mechanics of Fluids, Taylor & Francis Group, Bosa Roca. Available from: ProQuest Ebook Central. [29 November 2023].
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 xii Contents

B.1.1 Notation................................................................................. 549

B.1.2 Definition .............................................................................. 549
B.2 Tensor Algebra................................................................................... 550
B.2.1 Addition ................................................................................ 550
B.2.2 Multiplication ....................................................................... 550
B.2.3 Contraction ........................................................................... 550
B.2.4 Symmetry .............................................................................. 550
B.3 Tensor Operations ............................................................................. 551
B.3.1 Gradient ................................................................................. 551
B.3.2 Divergence ............................................................................ 551
B.3.3 Curl......................................................................................... 551
B.4 Isotropic Tensors ............................................................................... 552
B.4.1 Definition .............................................................................. 552
B.4.2 Isotropic Tensors of Rank 0 ................................................ 552
B.4.3 Isotropic Tensors of Rank 1 ................................................ 552
B.4.4 Isotropic Tensors of Rank 2 ................................................ 552
B.4.5 Isotropic Tensors of Rank 3 ................................................ 552
B.4.6 Isotropic Tensors of Rank 4 ................................................ 552
B.5 Integral Theorems ............................................................................. 553
B.5.1 Gauss’ Theorem (Divergence Theorem) ........................... 553
B.5.2 Stokes’ Theorem ................................................................... 553
Appendix C: Governing Equations................................................................ 555
C.1 Cartesian Coordinates ...................................................................... 555
C.2 Cylindrical Coordinates ................................................................... 556
C.3 Spherical Coordinates ...................................................................... 557
Appendix D: Fourier Series ............................................................................. 561
Appendix E: Thermodynamics ....................................................................... 565
E.1 Zeroth Law ......................................................................................... 565
E.2 First Law ............................................................................................. 565
E.3 Equations of State .............................................................................. 565
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E.3.1 Thermally Perfect Gas ......................................................... 566

E.3.2 Van der Waals Equation ...................................................... 566
E.4 Enthalpy ............................................................................................. 566
E.5 Specific Heats ..................................................................................... 567
E.5.1 Constant Volume.................................................................. 567
E.5.2 Constant Pressure ................................................................ 567
E.5.3 Perfect Gas ............................................................................ 567
E.6 Adiabatic, Reversible Processes ...................................................... 568
E.7 Entropy ............................................................................................... 568
E.8 Second Law ........................................................................................ 568
E.9 Canonical Equations of State ........................................................... 569
E.10 Reciprocity Relations ........................................................................ 569
Index ..................................................................................................................... 571

Currie, IG 2012, Fundamental Mechanics of Fluids, Taylor & Francis Group, Bosa Roca. Available from: ProQuest Ebook Central. [29 November 2023].
Created from aston on 2023-11-29 19:24:55.