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    Given A Potential Energy Graph, Oscillations Will Occur Between Turning Points Determined by

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    jdlawlis
    The document discusses oscillations and harmonic motion. It covers topics like simple harmonic motion, the harmonic oscillator equation, energy considerations, vertical springs, the torsion pendulum, simple pendulum, and compound pendulum. It provides equations and examples to describe the periodic motion in each case.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    Given A Potential Energy Graph, Oscillations Will Occur Between Turning Points Determined by

    Uploaded by

    jdlawlis
    125 views9 pages
    The document discusses oscillations and harmonic motion. It covers topics like simple harmonic motion, the harmonic oscillator equation, energy considerations, vertical springs, the torsion pendulum, simple pendulum, and compound pendulum. It provides equations and examples to describe the periodic motion in each case.

    Original Description:

    presentation for AP Physics

    Original Title

    Oscillation s

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    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

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    The document discusses oscillations and harmonic motion. It covers topics like simple harmonic motion, the harmonic oscillator equation, energy considerations, vertical springs, the torsion pendulum, simple pendulum, and compound pendulum. It provides equations and examples to describe the periodic motion in each case.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    125 views9 pages

    Given A Potential Energy Graph, Oscillations Will Occur Between Turning Points Determined by

    Uploaded by

    jdlawlis
    The document discusses oscillations and harmonic motion. It covers topics like simple harmonic motion, the harmonic oscillator equation, energy considerations, vertical springs, the torsion pendulum, simple pendulum, and compound pendulum. It provides equations and examples to describe the periodic motion in each case.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 9

    Given a potential energy graph, oscillations will occur between turning points

    determined by
    ( )
    t
    x U E =
    E
    t
    x
    Even the most asymmetric well can be approximated by a parabola if the system
    stays close to the bottom.
    2
    2
    1
    kx U =
    Simple Harmonic Motion
    k and x need not refer to
    spring parameters, but the
    spring-mass system is an
    important example
    kx
    dx
    dU
    F = =
    2
    2
    dt
    x d
    m ma kx = =
    0
    2
    2
    = + x
    m
    k
    dt
    x d
    Standard form of harmonic oscillator equation
    Solution:
    ( ) ( ) | e + = t A t x cos
    m
    k
    =
    2
    e
    | and A
    determined by initial conditions
    Exercise: A spring-mass with k = 25 N/m and m = 5 kg is pulled out 2 m and released.
    Find its position at any later time.
    amplitude phase angle

    phase
    angular frequency
    ( ) 2 cos 0 = = | A x
    ( ) 0 sin 0 = = | eA v
    ( ) ( ) | e e + = t A t v sin
    2
    0
    =
    =
    A
    |
    ( ) ( ) t t x 5 cos 2 =
    The motion will have completed one full cycle when the phase has
    increased by 2. This time interval is called the period of the oscillation.
    ( ) t | e | e 2 + + = + + t T t
    e
    t 2
    = T
    Energy Considerations
    How can the total energy be constant when both K and U depend on time?
    2 2
    2
    1
    2
    1
    kx mv E + =
    ( ) ( )
    2 2
    cos
    2
    1
    sin
    2
    1
    t A k t A m E e e e + =
    ( ) t t kA E e e
    2 2 2
    cos sin
    2
    1
    + =
    2
    2
    1
    kA E =
    Vertical Springs
    When a spring mass-system
    vibrates vertically, an extra
    force, gravity is involved.
    How does this affect the
    motion?
    k
    m
    x
    m
    kx
    kx mg netF =
    g x
    m
    k
    dt
    x d
    = +
    2
    2
    ?
    Rewrite: 0
    2
    2
    =
    |
    .
    |

    \
    |
    +
    k
    mg
    x
    m
    k
    dt
    x d
    Define new displacement:
    k
    mg
    x x =
    '
    Note that:
    2
    2
    2
    2
    dt
    x d
    dt
    x d
    =
    '
    Then we have:
    0
    2
    2
    =
    '
    +
    '
    x
    m
    k
    dt
    x d
    Gravity does not change the period.
    All effects of gravity can be ignored if we choose to measure X from the new
    equilibrium point.
    mg
    Example: A 1 kg mass hangs vertically from a spring with k = 20 N/m. A .1 kg dart
    moving at 20 m/s is fired into the mass and sticks into it. Find the period and
    amplitude of the resulting harmonic motion.
    kg 1
    f
    P P =
    0
    ( ) V 1 . 1 20 1 . =
    s
    m
    V 82 . 1 =
    The new equilibrium point is
    ( )
    m x
    f
    55 .
    20
    10 1 . 1
    0
    = =
    The period just depends on k and the mass oscillating:
    s
    k
    m
    T 47 . 1
    20
    1 . 1
    2 2 = = = t t
    Use energy conservation with x referred to new equilibrium point:
    f
    E E =
    0
    ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
    2 2 2
    20
    2
    1
    05 . 20
    2
    1
    82 . 1 1 . 1
    2
    1
    A = +
    m A 43 . =
    The old equilibrium point is
    ( )
    m x
    i
    50 .
    20
    10 1
    0
    = =
    Other Oscillators
    Torsion Pendulum
    As wire twists, a restoring
    torque is exerted.
    u t k =
    I
    Fixed axis rotation
    o t I =
    2
    2
    dt
    d
    I k
    u
    u =
    0
    2
    2
    = + u
    u
    I
    k
    dt
    d
    k
    I
    T t 2 =
    ( ) ( ) | e u u + = t t
    m
    cos
    Simple Pendulum
    u
    T
    mg
    L
    ( ) o u t I L mg = = sin
    2
    mL I =
    0 sin
    2
    2
    = + u
    u
    L
    g
    dt
    d
    ?
    Small angle approximation:
    u u ~ sin
    0
    2
    2
    = + u
    u
    L
    g
    dt
    d
    g
    L
    T t 2 =
    Compound Pendulum
    -
    H
    u

    CM
    ( ) o u t I H mg = = sin
    0 sin
    2
    2
    = + u
    u
    I
    mgH
    dt
    d
    Small angle approximation:
    u u ~ sin
    0
    2
    2
    = + u
    u
    I
    mgH
    dt
    d
    mgH
    I
    T t 2 =
    About pivot

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