Shoe

A shoe is an item of footwear intended to protect and

comfort the human foot. Though the human foot can adapt
to varied terrains and climate conditions, it is vulnerable,
and shoes provide protection. Form was originally tied to
function, but over time, shoes also became fashion items.
Some shoes are worn as safety equipment, such as steel-toe
boots, which are required footwear at industrial worksites.

Additionally, shoes have often evolved into many different

designs, such as high heels, which are most commonly
worn by women during fancy occasions. Contemporary
footwear varies vastly in style, complexity and cost. Basic A variety of shoes displayed at the Nordic
sandals may consist of only a thin sole and simple strap Museum, including models from 1700 to the
and be sold for a low cost. High fashion shoes made by 1960s.
famous designers may be made of expensive materials, use
complex construction and sell for large sums of money.
Some shoes are designed for specific purposes, such as boots designed specifically for mountaineering or
skiing, while others have more generalized usage such as sneakers which have transformed from a special
purpose sport shoe into a general use shoe.

Traditionally, shoes have been made from leather, wood or canvas, but are increasingly being made from
rubber, plastics, and other petrochemical-derived materials.[1] Globally, the shoe industry is a $200 billion a
year industry.[1] 90% of shoes end up in landfills, because the materials are hard to separate, recycle or
otherwise reuse.[1]

History

Antiquity

Earliest evidence
The earliest known shoes are sagebrush bark sandals dating from approximately 7000 or 8000 BC, found in
the Fort Rock Cave in the US state of Oregon in 1938.[5] The world's oldest leather shoe, made from a
single piece of cowhide laced with a leather cord along seams at the front and back, was found in the Areni-
1 cave complex in Armenia in 2008 and is believed to date to 3500 BC.[6][7] Ötzi the Iceman's shoes,
dating to 3300 BC, featured brown bearskin bases, deerskin side panels, and a bark-string net, which pulled
tight around the foot.[6] The Jotunheimen shoe was discovered in August 2006: archaeologists estimate that
this leather shoe was made between 1800 and 1100 BC,[8][9] making it the oldest article of clothing
discovered in Scandinavia. Sandals and other plant fiber based tools were found in Cueva de los
Murciélagos in Albuñol in southern Spain in 2023, dating to approximately 7500 to 4200 BC, making them
what are believed to be the oldest shoes found in Europe.[10]
It is thought that shoes may have been used long before this, but because
the materials used were highly perishable, it is difficult to find evidence of
the earliest footwear.[11]

Footprints suggestive of shoes or sandals due to having crisp edges, no

signs of toes found and three small divots where leather tying laces/straps
would have been attached have been at Garden Route National Park, Addo
Elephant National Park and Goukamma Nature Reserve in South
Africa.[12] These date back to between 73,000 and 136,000 PB. Consistent
with the existence of such shoe is the finding of bone awls dating back to
this period that could have made simple footwear.[12]

Another source of evidence is the study of the bones of the smaller toes (as
opposed to the big toe), it was observed that their thickness decreased
approximately 40,000 to 26,000 years ago. This led archaeologists to
deduce the existence of common rather than an occasional wearing of shoes
as this would lead to less bone growth, resulting in shorter, thinner toes.[13]
The oldest known leather
These earliest designs were very simple, often mere "foot bags" of leather shoe, about 5500 years old,
to protect the feet from rocks, debris, and cold. found in Armenia

Americas
Many early natives in North America wore a similar type of
footwear, known as the moccasin. These are tight-fitting, soft-soled
shoes typically made out of leather or bison hides. Many moccasins
were also decorated with various beads and other adornments.
Moccasins were not designed to be waterproof, and in wet weather
and warm summer months, most Native Americans went
barefoot.[14] The leaves of the sisal plant were used to make twine
for sandals in South America while the natives of Mexico used the Esparto sandals from the 6th or 5th
Yucca plant.[15][16] millennium BC found in Spain

Africa and Middle East

As civilizations began to develop, thong sandals (precursors to the
modern flip-flop) were worn. This practice dates back to pictures of
them in ancient Egyptian murals from 4000 BC. "Thebet" may
have been the term used to describe these sandals in Egyptian times,
possibly from the city Thebes. The Middle Kingdom is when the
first of these thebets were found, but it is possible that it debuted in
Roman shoes: a man's,[2] a
the Early Dynastic Period.[17] One pair found in Europe was made
woman's[3] and a child's[4] shoe from
of papyrus leaves and dated to be approximately 1,500 years old.
Bar Hill Roman Fort, Scotland.
They were also worn in Jerusalem during the first century of the
Christian era.[18] Thong sandals were worn by many civilizations
and made from a vast variety of materials. Ancient Egyptian sandals were made from papyrus and palm
leaves. The Masai of Africa made them out of rawhide. In India they were made from wood.
While thong sandals were commonly worn, many people in ancient times, such as the Egyptians, Hindus
and Greeks, saw little need for footwear, and most of the time, preferred being barefoot.[19] The Egyptians
and Hindus made some use of ornamental footwear, such as a soleless sandal known as a "Cleopatra",
which did not provide any practical protection for the foot.

Asia and Europe

The ancient Greeks largely viewed footwear as self-indulgent, unaesthetic and unnecessary. Shoes were
primarily worn in the theater, as a means of increasing stature, and many preferred to go barefoot.[19]
Athletes in the Ancient Olympic Games participated barefoot—and naked.[20] Even the gods and heroes
were primarily depicted barefoot, as well as the hoplite warriors. They fought battles in bare feet and
Alexander the Great conquered his vast empire with barefoot armies. The runners of Ancient Greece had
also been believed to have run barefoot.[21]

The Romans, who eventually conquered the Greeks and adopted

many aspects of their culture, did not adopt the Greek perception of
footwear and clothing. Roman clothing was seen as a sign of
power, and footwear was seen as a necessity of living in a civilized
world, although the slaves and paupers usually went barefoot.[19]
Roman soldiers were issued with chiral (left and right shoe
different) footwear.[22] Shoes for soldiers had riveted insoles to
extend the life of the leather, increase comfort, and provide better
traction. The design of these shoes also designated the rank of the
officers. The more intricate the insignia and the higher up the boot
went on the leg, the higher the rank of the soldier.[23] There are
references to shoes being worn in the Bible.[24] In China and Japan,
rice straws were used.

Starting around 4 BC, the Greeks began wearing symbolic

footwear. These were heavily decorated to clearly indicate the status
of the wearer. Courtesans wore leather shoes colored with white, Footwear of Roman soldiers
green, lemon or yellow dyes, and young woman betrothed or newly (reconstruction)
married wore pure white shoes. Because of the cost to lighten
leather, shoes of a paler shade were a symbol of wealth in the upper
class. Often, the soles would be carved with a message so it would imprint on the ground. Cobblers became
a notable profession around this time, with Greek shoemakers becoming famed in the Roman empire.[25]

Middle Ages and early modern period

Asia and Europe

A common casual shoe in the Pyrenees during the Middle Ages was the espadrille. This is a sandal with
braided jute soles and a fabric upper portion, and often includes fabric laces that tie around the ankle. The
term is French and comes from the esparto grass. The shoe originated in the Catalonian region of Spain as
early as the 13th century, and was commonly worn by peasants in the farming communities in the area.[16]
New styles began to develop during the Song dynasty in China, one of them being the debut of foot straps.
It was first used by the noble Han classes, but soon developed throughout society. Women would use these
shoes to develop their "lotus feet", which would entice the males. The practice allegedly started during the
Shang dynasty, but it grew popular by c. AD 960.[26]

When the Mongols conquered China, they dissolved the practice in 1279, and the Manchus banned foot
binding in 1644. The Han people, however, continued to use the style without much government
intervention.[26]

In medieval times shoes could be up to two feet long, with their toes
sometimes filled with hair, wool, moss, or grass.[27] Many medieval
shoes were made using the turnshoe method of construction, in
which the upper was turned flesh side out, and was lasted onto the
sole and joined to the edge by a seam.[28] The shoe was then turned
inside-out so that the grain was outside. Some shoes were
developed with toggled flaps or drawstrings to tighten the leather
around the foot for a better fit. Surviving medieval turnshoes often
fit the foot closely, with the right and left shoe being mirror Dutch pattens, c. 1465. Excavated
images.[29] Around 1500, the turnshoe method was largely replaced from the archeological site of
by the welted rand method (where the uppers are sewn to a much Walraversijde, near Ostend, Belgium
stiffer sole and the shoe cannot be turned inside-out).[30] The turn
shoe method is still used for some dance and specialty shoes.

By the 15th century, pattens became popular by both men and women in Europe. These are commonly seen
as the predecessor of the modern high-heeled shoe,[31] while the poor and lower classes in Europe, as well
as slaves in the New World, were barefoot.[19] In the 15th century, the Crakow was fashionable in Europe.
This style of shoe is named because it is thought to have originated in Kraków, the capital of Poland. The
style is characterized by the point of the shoe, known as the "polaine", which often was supported by a
whalebone tied to the knee to prevent the point getting in the way while walking.[32] Also during the 15th
century, chopines were created in Turkey, and were usually 7–8 in (180–200 mm) high. These shoes
became popular in Venice and throughout Europe, as a status symbol revealing wealth and social standing.
During the 16th century, royalty, such as Catherine de Medici or Mary I of England, started wearing high-
heeled shoes to make them look taller or larger than life. By 1580, even men wore them, and a person with
authority or wealth was often referred to as, "well-heeled".[31] In 17th century France, heels were
exclusively worn by aristocrats. Louis XIV of France outlawed anybody from wearing red high heels
except for himself and his royal court.[33]

Eventually the modern shoe, with a sewn-on sole, was devised. Since the 17th century, most leather shoes
have used a sewn-on sole. This remains the standard for finer-quality dress shoes today. Until around 1800,
welted rand shoes were commonly made without differentiation for the left or right foot. Such shoes are
now referred to as "straights".[34] Only gradually did the modern foot-specific shoe become standard.

Industrial era

Asia and Europe

Shoemaking became more commercialized in the mid-18th century,
as it expanded as a cottage industry. Large warehouses began to
stock footwear, made by many small manufacturers from the area.

Until the 19th century, shoemaking was a traditional handicraft, but

by the century's end, the process had been almost completely
mechanized, with production occurring in large factories. Despite
the obvious economic gains of mass production, the factory system
produced shoes without the individual differentiation that the
traditional shoemaker was able to provide.

The 19th century was when Chinese feminists called for an end to
the use of foot straps, and a ban in 1902 was implemented. The ban
was soon repealed until it was banned again in 1911 by the new
Nationalist government. It was effective in coastal cities, but
countryside cities continued without much regulation. Mao Zedong
enforced the rule in 1949 and it continues throughout contemporary A shoemaker in the Georgian era,
times. A number of people still have lotus feet today.[26] from The Book of English Trades,
1821.
The first steps towards mechanisation were taken during the
Napoleonic Wars by the engineer, Marc Brunel. He developed
machinery for the mass production of boots for the soldiers of the
British Army. In 1812, he devised a scheme for making nailed-boot-
making machinery that automatically fastened soles to uppers by
means of metallic pins or nails.[35] With the support of the Duke of
York, the shoes were manufactured, and, due to their strength,
cheapness, and durability, were introduced for the use of the army.
In the same year, the use of screws and staples was patented by
Richard Woodman. Brunel's system was described by Sir Richard
Phillips as a visitor to his factory in Battersea as follows: Woman's shoe, China, possibly
Shanxi or Ningbo style, late 19th to
early 20th century
In another
building I was
shown his
manufactory of
shoes, which,
like the other,
is full of
By the late 19th century, the ingenuity, and,
shoemaking industry had migrated to in regard to
the factory and was increasingly subdivision of
mechanized. Pictured, the bottoming
labour, brings
room of the B. F. Spinney & Co.
this fabric on a
factory in Lynn, Massachusetts,
1872. level with the
oft-admired
manufactory of
pins. Every
 step in it is affected b
performed by one han
the hide, as supplied b
All the details are perf
parts are characterised
step in the process, w
follow him, so the per
to learn their respectiv
to Government is 6s.
unequal and cobbled a

However, when the war ended in 1815, manual labour became much cheaper, and the demand for military
equipment subsided. As a consequence, Brunel's system was no longer profitable and it soon ceased
business.[35]

Americas
Similar exigencies at the time of the Crimean War stimulated a renewed interest in methods of
mechanization and mass-production, which proved longer lasting.[35] A shoemaker in Leicester, Tomas
Crick, patented the design for a riveting machine in 1853. His machine used an iron plate to push iron rivets
into the sole. The process greatly increased the speed and efficiency of production. He also introduced the
use of steam-powered rolling-machines for hardening leather and cutting-machines, in the mid-1850s.[37]

The sewing machine was

introduced in 1846, and
provided an alternative
method for the
mechanization of
shoemaking. By the late
1850s, the industry was
beginning to shift towards
Attila, a former shoe factory from the
the modern factory, mainly
1910s in Tampere, Finland in the US and areas of
England. A shoe-stitching
machine was invented by
the American Lyman Blake in 1856 and perfected by 1864.
Entering into a partnership with McKay, his device became known
as the McKay stitching machine and was quickly adopted by
Advertisement in an 1896 issue of
manufacturers throughout New England.[38] As bottlenecks opened McClure's for "The Regal".
up in the production line due to these innovations, more and more
of the manufacturing stages, such as pegging and finishing, became
automated. By the 1890s, the process of mechanisation was largely complete.
On January 24, 1899, Humphrey O'Sullivan of Lowell, Massachusetts, was awarded a patent for a rubber
heel for boots and shoes.[39]

Globalization
A process for manufacturing stitchless, that is, glued, shoes—AGO—was developed in 1910. Since the
mid-20th century, advances in rubber, plastics, synthetic cloth, and industrial adhesives have allowed
manufacturers to create shoes that stray considerably from traditional crafting techniques. Leather, which
had been the primary material in earlier styles, has remained standard in expensive dress shoes, but athletic
shoes often have little or no real leather. Soles, which were once laboriously hand-stitched on, are now
more often machine stitched or simply glued on. Many of these newer materials, such as rubber and
plastics, have made shoes less biodegradable. It is estimated that most mass-produced shoes require 1000
years to degrade in a landfill.[40] In the late 2000s, some shoemakers picked up on the issue and began to
produce shoes made entirely from degradable materials, such as the Nike Considered.[41][42]

In 2007, the global shoe industry had an overall market of $107.4 billion, in terms of revenue, and is
expected to grow to $122.9 billion by the end of 2012. Shoe manufacturers in the People's Republic of
China account for 63% of production, 40.5% of global exports and 55% of industry revenue. However,
many manufacturers in Europe dominate the higher-priced, higher value-added end of the market.[43]

Culture and folklore

As an integral part of human culture and civilization, shoes have
found their way into our culture, folklore, and art. A popular 18th-
century nursery rhyme is There was an Old Woman Who Lived in a
Shoe. This story tells about an old woman living in a shoe with a lot
of children. In 1948, Mahlon Haines, a shoe salesman in Hallam,
Pennsylvania, built an actual house shaped like a work boot as a
form of advertisement. The Haines Shoe House was rented to
newlyweds and the elderly until his death in 1962. Since then, it has
served as an ice cream parlor, a bed and breakfast, and a museum. It Haines Shoe House in Hallam,
still stands today and is a popular roadside attraction.[44] Pennsylvania

Shoes also play an important role in the fairy tales Cinderella and
The Red Shoes. In the movie adaption of the children's book The
Wonderful Wizard of Oz, a pair of red ruby slippers play a key role
in the plot. The 1985 comedy The Man with One Red Shoe features
an eccentric man wearing one normal business shoe and one red
shoe that becomes central to the plot.

One poem, written by Phebus Etienne with the title "Shoes",

focuses on them. It describes religious messages and is 3 stanzas Sports shoes in Hong Kong
long. The first stanza is one line, whereas the second is 13 lines and
the third being 14 lines. Throughout the poem the main character
talks about their dead mother and their routine with her grave. Haitians are said to "not put shoes on the
dead." as it makes spirits easier to "step over the offerings".[45]
Athletic sneaker collection has also existed as a part of
urban subculture in the United States for several
decades.[46] Recent decades have seen this trend
spread to European nations such as the Czech
Republic.[47] A Sneakerhead is a person who owns Children's shoes at school in Ladakh
multiple pairs of shoes as a form of collection and
fashion. A contributor to the growth of sneaker
collecting is the continued global popularity of the Air Jordan line of sneakers designed by Nike for
Basketball star Michael Jordan.

In the Bible's Old Testament, the shoe is used to symbolize something that is worthless or of little value. In
the New Testament, the act of removing one's shoes symbolizes servitude. Ancient Semitic-speaking
peoples regarded the act of removing their shoes as a mark of reverence when approaching a sacred person
or place.[48] In the Book of Exodus, Moses was instructed to remove his shoes before approaching the
burning bush:

Put off thy shoes from off thy feet, for the place whereon thou standest [is] holy ground.[49]

The removal of the shoe also symbolizes the act of giving up a legal
right. In Hebrew custom, if a man chose not to marry his childless
brother's widow, the widow removed her brother-in-law's shoe to
symbolize that he had abandoned his duty. In Arab custom, the
removal of one's shoe also symbolized the dissolution of
marriage.[48]
Salt Crystal Shoes, art installation at
In Arab culture, showing the sole of one's shoe is considered an
the Dead Sea by Israeli artist Sigalit
insult, and to throw a shoe and hit someone with it is considered an
Landau
even greater insult. Shoes are considered to be dirty as they
frequently touch the ground, and are associated with the lowest part
of the body—the foot. As such, shoes are forbidden in mosques, and it is also considered unmannerly to
cross the legs and display the soles of one's shoes during conversation. This insult was demonstrated in Iraq,
first when Saddam Hussein's statue was toppled in 2003, Iraqis gathered around it and struck the statue with
their shoes.[50] In 2008, United States President George W. Bush had a shoe thrown at him by a journalist
as a statement against the war in Iraq.[51] More generally, shoe-throwing or shoeing, showing the sole of
one's shoe or using shoes to insult are forms of protest in many parts of the world. Incidents where shoes
were thrown at political figures have taken place in Australia, India, Ireland, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Pakistan,
the United Kingdom, the United States, and most notably the Arab world.[52][53]

Empty shoes may also symbolize death. In Greek culture, empty shoes are the equivalent of the American
funeral wreath. For example, empty shoes placed outside of a Greek home would tell others that the
family's son has died in battle.[54] At an observation memorializing the 10th anniversary of the September
11 attacks, 3,000 pairs of empty shoes were used to recognize those killed.[55] The Shoes on the Danube
Bank is a memorial in Budapest, Hungary. Conceived by film director Can Togay, he created it on the east
bank of the Danube River with sculptor Gyula Pauer to honor the Jews who were killed by fascist Arrow
Cross militiamen in Budapest during World War II. They were ordered to take off their shoes and were shot
at the edge of the water so that their bodies fell into the river and were carried away. The memorial
represents their shoes left behind on the bank.
Construction
The basic anatomy of a shoe is recognizable, regardless of the specific style of footwear.

All shoes have a sole, which is the bottom of a shoe, in contact with the ground. Soles can be made from a
variety of materials, although most modern shoes have soles made from natural rubber, polyurethane, or
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) compounds.[56] Soles can be simple—a single material in a single layer—or they
can be complex, with multiple structures or layers and materials. When various layers are used, soles may
consist of an insole, midsole, and an outsole.[57]

The insole is the interior bottom of a shoe, which sits directly beneath the foot under the footbed (also
known as sock liner). The purpose of the insole is to attach to the lasting margin of the upper, which is
wrapped around the last during the closing of the shoe during the lasting operation. Insoles are usually made
of cellulosic paper board or synthetic non woven insole board. Many shoes have removable and replaceable
footbeds. Extra cushioning is often added for comfort (to control the shape, moisture, or smell of the shoe)
or health reasons (to help deal with differences in the natural shape of the foot or positioning of the foot
during standing or walking).[57]

The outsole is the layer in direct contact with the ground. Dress shoes often have leather or resin rubber
outsoles; casual or work-oriented shoes have outsoles made of natural rubber or a synthetic material like
polyurethane. The outsole may comprise a single piece or may be an assembly of separate pieces, often of
different materials. On some shoes, the heel of the sole has a rubber plate for durability and traction, while
the front is leather for style. Specialized shoes will often have modifications on this design: athletic or so-
called cleated shoes like soccer, rugby, baseball and golf shoes have spikes embedded in the outsole to
improve traction.[57]

The midsole is the layer in between the outsole and the insole, typically there for shock absorption. Some
types of shoes, like running shoes, have additional material for shock absorption, usually beneath the heel of
the foot, where one puts the most pressure down. Some shoes may not have a midsole at all.[57]

The heel is the bottom rear part of a shoe. Its function is to support the heel of the foot. They are often made
of the same material as the sole of the shoe. This part can be high for fashion or to make the person look
taller, or flat for more practical and comfortable use.[57] On some shoes the inner forward point of the heel
is chiselled off, a feature known as a "gentleman's corner". This piece of design is intended to alleviate the
problem of the points catching the bottom of trousers and was first observed in the 1930s.[58] A heel is the
projection at the back of a shoe which rests below the heel bone. The shoe heel is used to improve the
balance of the shoe, increase the height of the wearer, alter posture or other decorative purposes. Sometimes
raised, the high heel is common to a form of shoe often worn by women, but sometimes by men too. See
also stiletto heel.

The upper helps hold the shoe onto the foot. In the simplest cases, such as sandals or flip-flops, this may be
nothing more than a few straps for holding the sole in place. Closed footwear, such as boots, trainers and
most men's shoes, will have a more complex upper. This part is often decorated or is made in a certain style
to look attractive. The upper is connected to the sole by a strip of leather, rubber, or plastic that is stitched
between it and the sole, known as a welt.[57]
Most uppers have a mechanism, such as laces, straps with buckles, zippers, elastic, velcro straps, buttons, or
snaps, for tightening the upper on the foot. Uppers with laces usually have a tongue that helps seal the laced
opening and protect the foot from abrasion by the laces. Uppers with laces also have eyelets or hooks to
make it easier to tighten and loosen the laces and to prevent the lace from tearing through the upper
material. An aglet is the protective wrapping on the end of the lace.

The vamp is the front part of the shoe, starting behind the toe, extending around the eyelets and tongue and
towards back part of the shoe.

The medial is the part of the shoe closest to a person's center of symmetry, and the lateral is on the opposite
side, away from their center of symmetry. This can be in reference to either the outsole or the vamp. Most
shoes have shoelaces on the upper, connecting the medial and lateral parts after one puts their shoes on and
aiding in keeping their shoes on their feet. In 1968, Puma SE introduced the first pair of sneakers with
Velcro straps in lieu of shoelaces, and these became popular by the 1980s, especially among children and
the elderly.[59][60]

The toe box is the part that covers and protects the toes. People with toe deformities, or individuals who
experience toe swelling (such as long-distance runners) usually require a larger toe box.[61]
 Diagram of a typical dress shoe. A shoemaker making turnshoes at
The area labeled as the "Lace the Roscheider Hof Open Air
guard" is sometimes considered Museum. English subtitles.
part of the quarter and sometimes
part of the vamp.

Cutaway view of a typical shoe.

Types
Most types of shoes are designed for specific activities. For example, boots are typically designed for work
or heavy outdoor use. Athletic shoes are designed for particular sports such as running, walking, or other
sports. Some shoes are designed to be worn at more formal occasions, and others are designed for casual
wear. There are also a vast variety of shoes designed for different types of dancing. Orthopedic shoes are
special types of footwear designed for individuals with particular foot problems or special needs. Clinicians
evaluate patient's footwear as a part of their clinical examination. However, it is often based on each
individual's needs, with attention to the choice of footwear worn and if the shoe is adequate for the purpose
of completing their activities of daily living.[62] Other animals, such as dogs and horses, may also wear
special shoes to protect their feet as well.

Depending on the activity for which they are designed, some types of footwear may fit into multiple
categories. For example, Cowboy boots are considered boots, but may also be worn in more formal
occasions and used as dress shoes. Hiking boots incorporate many of the protective features of boots, but
also provide the extra flexibility and comfort of many athletic shoes. Flip-flops are considered casual
footwear, but have also been worn in formal occasions, such as visits to the White House.[63][64]

Athletic
Athletic shoes are designed for various sports activities, focusing on
maximizing friction between the foot and the ground. These shoes
often utilize materials like rubber to achieve this purpose.[65] The
earliest athletic shoes, dating to the mid-19th century, were track
spikes with metal cleats for increased traction. Over time, athletic
shoe design evolved, with companies like Reebok and Adidas
contributing to the development of modern athletic shoes. Notable
innovations include rubber-soled athletic shoes and the introduction A pair of athletic running shoes
of specialized shoes for different sports, such as basketball and golf.
More recently, minimalist shoes have gained popularity as barefoot
running became popular by the late 20th and early 21st century,
maintaining optimum flexibility and natural walking while also
providing some degree of protection. Their purpose is to allow
one's feet and legs to feel more subtly the impacts and forces
involved in running, allowing finer adjustments in running
style.[66][16] [67]

The earliest rubber-soled athletic shoes date back to 1876 in the Bowling centers maintain bowling
United Kingdom, when the New Liverpool Rubber Company shoes for rental to patrons, to
made plimsolls, or sandshoes, designed for the sport of croquet. prevent damage to lane approaches.
Similar rubber-soled shoes were made in 1892 in the United States
by Humphrey O'Sullivan, based on Charles Goodyear's technology.
The United States Rubber Company was founded the same year and produced rubber-soled and heeled
shoes under a variety of brand names, which were later consolidated in 1916 under the name, Keds. These
shoes became known as, "sneakers", because the rubber sole allowed the wearer to sneak up on another
person. In 1964, the founding of Nike by Phil Knight and Bill Bowerman of the University of Oregon
introduced many new improvements common in modern running shoes, such as rubber waffle soles,
breathable nylon uppers, and cushioning in the mid-sole and heel. During the 1970s, the expertise of
podiatrists also became important in athletic shoe design, to implement new design features based on how
feet reacted to specific actions, such as running, jumping, or side-to-side movement for men and women.[16]

Shoes specific to the sport of basketball were developed by Chuck Taylor, and are popularly known as
Chuck Taylor All-Stars. In 1969, Taylor was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
in recognition of this development, and in the 1970s, other shoe manufacturers, such as Nike, Adidas,
Reebok, and others began imitating this style of athletic shoe.[68] In April 1985, Nike introduced its own
brand of basketball shoe which would become popular in its own right, the Air Jordan, named after the
then-rookie Chicago Bulls basketball player, Michael Jordan. The Air Jordan line of shoes sold $100
million in their first year.[69]

As barefoot running became popular by the late 20th and early 21st century, many modern shoe
manufacturers have recently designed footwear that mimic this experience, maintaining optimum flexibility
and natural walking while also providing some degree of protection. Some of these shoes include the
 Vibram FiveFingers,[70] Nike Free,[71] and Saucony's Kinvara and
Hattori.[72][73] Mexican huaraches are also very simple running shoes,
similar to the shoes worn by the Tarahumara people of northern Mexico,
who are known for their distance running abilities.[74] Wrestling shoes are
also very light and flexible shoes that are designed to mimic bare feet while
providing additional traction and protection.

Many athletic shoes are designed with specific features for specific
activities. One of these includes roller skates, which have metal or plastic
wheels on the bottom specific for the sport of roller skating. Similarly, ice
skates have a metal blade attached to the bottom for locomotion across ice.
Skate shoes have also been designed to provide a comfortable, flexible and
A pair of Converse All-Stars
durable shoe for the sport of skateboarding.[75] Climbing shoes are rubber-
soled, tight-fitting shoes designed to fit in the small cracks and crevices for
rock climbing. Cycling shoes are similarly designed with rubber soles and a tight fit, but also are equipped
with a metal or plastic cleat to interface with clipless pedals, as well as a stiff sole to maximize power
transfer and support the foot.[76] Some shoes are made specifically to improve a person's ability to weight
train.[77] Sneakers that are a mix between an activity-centered and a more standard design have also been
produced: examples include roller shoes, which feature wheels that can be used to roll on hard ground, and
Soap shoes, which feature a hard plastic sole that can be used for grinding.

Boot
Boots are a specialized type of footwear that covers the foot and
extends up the leg. They serve both functional and fashion
purposes, offering protection from elements like water, snow, and
mud while also being a fashion statement.

Cowboy boots, for instance, are known for their distinctive style
and are popular among cowboys in the western United States.
Hiking boots, on the other hand, are designed for comfort and
support during long walks in rough terrains. Snow boots are ideal
for wet or snowy weather, providing warmth and protection against A pair of steel-toed safety boots
the elements. Additionally, boots are used in specialized activities
like skiing, ice skating, and climbing due to their unique features
tailored to these activities.[78][79][80][81]

Boots may also be attached to snowshoes to increase the distribution of weight over a larger surface area for
walking in snow. Ski boots are a specialized snow boot which are used in alpine or cross-country skiing
and designed to provide a way to attach the skier to his/her skis using ski bindings. The ski/boot/binding
combination is used to effectively transmit control inputs from the skier's legs to the snow. Ice skates are
another specialized boot with a metal blade attached to the bottom which is used to propel the wearer across
a sheet of ice.[82] Inline skates are similar to ice skates but with a set of three to four wheels in lieu of the
blade, which are designed to mimic ice skating on solid surfaces such as wood or concrete.[83]

Boots are designed to withstand heavy wear to protect the wearer and provide good traction. They are
generally made from sturdy leather uppers and non-leather outsoles. They may be used for uniforms of the
police or military, as well as for protection in industrial settings such as mining and construction. Protective
features may include steel-tipped toes and soles or ankle guards.[84]

Dress and casual

Dress shoes are characterized by their smooth leather uppers, leather soles, and sleek design, suitable for
formal occasions. In contrast, casual shoes have sturdier leather uppers, non-leather outsoles, and a wider
profile for everyday wear. Some dress shoe designs are unisex, while others are specific to men or women.

Men's

Men's dress shoes include styles like Oxfords, Derbies, Monk-

straps, and Slip-ons, each with its unique characteristics in terms of
lacing, decoration, and formality.

Women's
Women's shoes cover a wide range of styles, including high heels,
mules, slingbacks, ballet flats, and court shoes, with high-heeled
footwear being a popular choice for formal occasions. This male dress shoe, known as a
derby shoe, is distinguished by its
open lacing.
Unisex
Clog
Platform shoe: shoe with very thick soles and heels
Sandals: open shoes consisting of a sole and various straps,
leaving much of the foot exposed to air. They are thus popular
for warm-weather wear, because they let the foot be cooler than
a closed-toed shoe would.
Saddle shoe: leather shoe with a contrasting saddle-shaped
band over the instep, typically white uppers with black "saddle".
Slip-on shoe: a dress or casual shoe without shoelaces or
fasteners; often with tassels, buckles, or coin-holders (penny
loafers).
Boat shoes, also known as "deck shoes": similar to a loafer, but
more casual. Laces are usually simple leather with no frills. High heel sandals
Typically made of leather and featuring a soft white sole to avoid
marring or scratching a boat deck. The first boat shoe was
invented in 1935 by Paul A. Sperry.
Slippers: For indoor use, commonly worn with pajamas.

Dance
Dancers use a variety of footwear depending on the style of dance and the surface they will be dancing on.
Pointe shoes, for instance, are designed for ballet dancing, featuring a stiffened toe box and hardened sole to
allow dancers to stand on the tips of their toes. Ballet shoes, on the other hand, are soft, pliable shoes made
of canvas or leather, providing flexibility and comfort for ballet dancing. Other dance shoe types include
jazz shoes, tango, and flamenco shoes, ballroom shoes, tap shoes, character shoes, and foot thongs, each
designed to meet the specific needs of different dance styles.
 Pointe Ballet shoes Jazz shoes. This style is frequently A foot thong,
shoes worn by acro dancers viewed from the
bottom

Ghillies Ladies' ballroom shoes Men's ballroom shoes

Tap shoes Kierpce Children's shoe from

the early 80s.

Orthopedic
Orthopedic shoes are specially designed to alleviate discomfort
associated with various foot and ankle disorders, such as blisters,
bunions, calluses, and plantar fasciitis. They are also used by
individuals with diabetes, unequal leg length, or children with
mobility issues. [85][86] [87] These shoes typically feature a low
heel, wide toe box, and firm heel for added support. Some
orthopedic shoes come with removable insoles or orthotics to
provide extra arch support.[16]
Orthopedic heavy duty black leather
Measures and sizes school uniform shoes

Shoe sizes are indicated by a numerical value representing the

length of the shoe, with different systems used globally. European sizes are measured in Paris Points, while
the UK and American units are based on whole-number sizes spaced at one barleycorn (1/3 inch) with UK
adult sizes starting at size 1 = 82 ⁄3 in (22.0 cm). In the US, this is size 2. Men's and women's shoe sizes
often use different scales, and some systems are measured using a Brannock Device which considers the
width and length size values of the feet. The Mondopoint system, introduced in the 1970s by International
Standard ISO 2816:1973 "Fundamental characteristics of a system
of shoe sizing to be known as Mondopoint" and ISO 3355:1975
"Shoe sizes – System of length grading (for use in the Mondopoint
system)" includes measurements of both length and width of the
foot.[88] [89]

Accessories
Various accessories are used to enhance the functionality and
World's largest pair of shoes,
comfort of shoes. Crampons provide traction on icy terrain, foam
Riverbank Center, Philippines—5.29
taps adjust shoe fit, heel grips prevent slipping, and ice cleats metres (17.4 ft) long and 2.37 metres
enhance stability on slippery surfaces. Overshoes protect shoes (7 ft 9 in) wide, equivalent to a
from rain and snow, while shoe bags are used for storage. Shoe French shoe size of 75.
brushes and polishing cloths maintain shoe appearance, while shoe
inserts offer additional comfort.

Removal of shoes
In many places in the world, shoes are removed when moving from
exteriors to interiors, particularly in homes[90][91] and religious
buildings.[92] In many Asian countries, outdoor shoes are
exchanged for indoor shoes or slippers.[93] Fitness center etiquette
encourages the exchange of outdoor shoes for indoor shoes, both to
Toddler-sized shoe.
prevent dirt and grime from being transferred to the equipment and
to ensure that participants are wearing the right shoes for their
activities.[94][95]

See also
Foot binding
List of shoe companies
List of shoe styles
Locomotor effects of shoes
Runner's toe, injury from malfitting shoes "Plzz REMOVE YOUR SHOES" sign
Shoe dryer at entrance to stupa. Nubra, India
Shoe rack
Shoe tossing
Trousers
Shoe fetish

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Bibliography
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Swann, June. History of Footwear in Norway, Sweden and Finland: Prehistory to 1950,
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Further reading
Design Museum. Fifty Shoes That Changed the World (https://www.goodreads.com/book/sh
ow/30656443-fifty-shoes-that-changed-the-world). London: Conran Octopus, 2009.
ISBN 978-1-84091-539-6.

External links
Bata Shoe Museum's online exhibits on the history and variety of footwear: "All About
Shoes" (https://web.archive.org/web/20221005164952/http://www.allaboutshoes.ca/en/).
Archived from the original (http://www.allaboutshoes.ca/en/) on 2022-10-05.
"Footwear History" (https://web.archive.org/web/20060813085112/http://www.footwearhistor
y.com/). Archived from the original (http://www.footwearhistory.com/) on 2006-08-13.
"International Shoe Size Conversion Charts" (http://www.i18nguy.com/l10n/shoes.html).,
from i18nguy's website, offers more information.
"Shoe Care" (https://archive.today/20121218002956/http://www.schuh-lexikon.de/en/shoe-c
are.html). Archived from the original (http://www.schuh-lexikon.de/en/shoe-care.html) on
2012-12-18.
Illustrated "Glossary of Shoe Terms" (https://web.archive.org/web/20220319083936/https://w
ww.candefashions.com/about/glossary-of-shoe-terms/). Archived from the original (https://ww
w.candefashions.com/about/glossary-of-shoe-terms/) on 2022-03-19.
Map: "Medieval shoes in museums" (https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=1M-CQxx
bfVfh7GtlSsNhZa5MTteiI2Dbb&ll=38.964142178237196%2C2.784477716013839&z=2).

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